1 00:00:00,200 --> 00:00:15,081 [ MUSIC ] 2 00:00:25,725 --> 00:00:26,659 >> HI, EVERYONE, 3 00:00:26,659 --> 00:00:27,794 AND WELCOME TO OUR ONGOING 4 00:00:27,794 --> 00:00:29,662 CELEBRATION OF 20 CONTINUOUS 5 00:00:29,662 --> 00:00:30,930 YEARS OF HUMAN PRESENCE ON 6 00:00:30,930 --> 00:00:32,665 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 7 00:00:32,665 --> 00:00:33,500 I'M TARA RUTTLEY, 8 00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:34,667 ASSOCIATE CHIEF SCIENTIST 9 00:00:34,667 --> 00:00:35,869 FOR GRAVITATIONAL RESEARCH 10 00:00:35,869 --> 00:00:37,036 AT NASA HEADQUARTERS 11 00:00:37,036 --> 00:00:38,772 IN WASHINGTON, DC. 12 00:00:38,772 --> 00:00:39,939 OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES, 13 00:00:39,939 --> 00:00:41,107 NASA AND ITS PARTNERS HAVE 14 00:00:41,107 --> 00:00:42,275 SUCCESSFULLY SUPPORTED 15 00:00:42,275 --> 00:00:43,910 HUMANS LIVING IN SPACE ABOARD 16 00:00:43,910 --> 00:00:45,545 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 17 00:00:45,545 --> 00:00:47,080 SINCE THE EXPEDITION ONE CREW 18 00:00:47,080 --> 00:00:49,149 OF COMMANDER WILLIAM SHEPHERD, 19 00:00:49,149 --> 00:00:50,216 SERGEI KRIKALEV, 20 00:00:50,216 --> 00:00:51,418 AND YURI GIDZENKO, 21 00:00:51,418 --> 00:00:54,087 WHO ARRIVED NOVEMBER 2, 2000. 22 00:00:54,087 --> 00:00:55,722 SO, THIS NOVEMBER 2ND, 23 00:00:55,722 --> 00:00:56,790 BEGAN THE 20TH YEAR OF 24 00:00:56,790 --> 00:00:58,191 CONTINUOUS HUMAN PRESENCE 25 00:00:58,191 --> 00:00:59,626 LIVING OFF THE PLANET 26 00:00:59,626 --> 00:01:01,561 ONBOARD THE STATION. 27 00:01:01,561 --> 00:01:03,263 A TRULY GLOBAL ENDEAVOR, 28 00:01:03,263 --> 00:01:04,397 THIS UNIQUE MICROGRAVITY 29 00:01:04,397 --> 00:01:05,532 LABORATORY HAS HOSTED 30 00:01:05,532 --> 00:01:07,367 MORE THAN 240 PEOPLE 31 00:01:07,367 --> 00:01:09,202 FROM 19 COUNTRIES, 32 00:01:09,202 --> 00:01:10,103 CONDUCTED MORE THAN 33 00:01:10,103 --> 00:01:11,671 3,000 EXPERIMENTS FROM 34 00:01:11,671 --> 00:01:14,474 OVER 4,000 RESEARCHERS 35 00:01:14,474 --> 00:01:15,708 WHO ARE FROM MORE THAN 36 00:01:15,708 --> 00:01:17,777 100 COUNTRIES THEMSELVES. 37 00:01:17,777 --> 00:01:18,878 AND THE STATION HAS HOSTED 38 00:01:18,878 --> 00:01:19,979 A VARIETY OF INTERNATIONAL 39 00:01:19,979 --> 00:01:22,115 AND COMMERCIAL SPACECRAFT. 40 00:01:22,115 --> 00:01:22,916 CONDUCTING SCIENCE ON 41 00:01:22,916 --> 00:01:23,850 THE STATION PROVIDES 42 00:01:23,850 --> 00:01:25,051 AN UNPARALLELED WAY TO 43 00:01:25,051 --> 00:01:26,019 ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES OF 44 00:01:26,019 --> 00:01:27,220 MOVING HUMANITY TOWARD 45 00:01:27,220 --> 00:01:28,254 THE MOON AND MARS, 46 00:01:28,254 --> 00:01:29,789 WHICH IS WHAT WE WANT TO DO, 47 00:01:29,789 --> 00:01:30,557 WHILE INCREASING 48 00:01:30,557 --> 00:01:31,991 KNOWLEDGE OF ENGINEERING, 49 00:01:31,991 --> 00:01:33,426 PHYSICAL SCIENCES, 50 00:01:33,426 --> 00:01:35,228 BIOLOGY, OUR OWN PLANET, 51 00:01:35,228 --> 00:01:36,963 AND THE UNIVERSE. 52 00:01:36,963 --> 00:01:38,198 IN THE 20 YEARS THAT HUMANS 53 00:01:38,198 --> 00:01:39,732 HAVE LIVED ON THE STATION, 54 00:01:39,732 --> 00:01:40,800 WE'VE BUILT OUR UNDERSTANDING 55 00:01:40,800 --> 00:01:42,502 OF HOW WE CAN SAFELY LIVE 56 00:01:42,502 --> 00:01:44,404 IN MICROGRAVITY AND WORK THERE 57 00:01:44,404 --> 00:01:46,573 AND STAY THERE LONGER AND LONGER 58 00:01:46,573 --> 00:01:47,407 AND WE'VE MADE SOME PRETTY 59 00:01:47,407 --> 00:01:49,175 GROUNDBREAKING DISCOVERIES. 60 00:01:49,175 --> 00:01:49,709 BUT TODAY, I GET 61 00:01:49,709 --> 00:01:50,910 THE FUN OPPORTUNITY TO CHAT 62 00:01:50,910 --> 00:01:52,545 WITH MY FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES, 63 00:01:52,545 --> 00:01:53,313 WHO I'VE WORKED WITH 64 00:01:53,313 --> 00:01:54,180 FOR MANY YEARS IN 65 00:01:54,180 --> 00:01:55,448 THE SPACE STATION PROGRAM DOWN 66 00:01:55,448 --> 00:01:56,983 AT THE JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, 67 00:01:56,983 --> 00:01:58,351 ABOUT THOSE DISCOVERIES 68 00:01:58,351 --> 00:01:59,886 AND THEIR EXPERIENCES WITH 69 00:01:59,886 --> 00:02:01,120 THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 70 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:02,622 ACTIVITIES HAPPENING 71 00:02:02,622 --> 00:02:03,490 ON THE STATION OVER 72 00:02:03,490 --> 00:02:05,758 THE PAST 20 YEARS. 73 00:02:05,758 --> 00:02:08,361 MARYBETH, KIRT, AND JENNIFER, 74 00:02:08,361 --> 00:02:10,530 SINCE I JOINED NASA IN 2001, 75 00:02:10,530 --> 00:02:11,331 THERE'S ALWAYS BEEN 76 00:02:11,331 --> 00:02:12,265 HUMANS IN SPACE. 77 00:02:12,265 --> 00:02:14,267 IT'S FOR MY ENTIRE CAREER. 78 00:02:14,267 --> 00:02:16,970 MANY OF THOSE WATCHING NOW 79 00:02:16,970 --> 00:02:18,304 ARE 20 YEARS AND YOUNGER 80 00:02:18,304 --> 00:02:19,405 AND THEY CAN ALSO SAY 81 00:02:19,405 --> 00:02:21,007 THEY'VE ALWAYS BEEN A PART OF 82 00:02:21,007 --> 00:02:21,741 A TIME WHEN HUMANS 83 00:02:21,741 --> 00:02:23,943 HAVE BEEN LIVING IN SPACE. 84 00:02:23,943 --> 00:02:24,377 WOULD YOU PLEASE 85 00:02:24,377 --> 00:02:25,645 INTRODUCE YOURSELVES, 86 00:02:25,645 --> 00:02:26,513 TELL US WHAT YOU DO FROM 87 00:02:26,513 --> 00:02:27,747 THE SPACE STATION PROGRAM, 88 00:02:27,747 --> 00:02:28,781 AND SHARE WITH US 89 00:02:28,781 --> 00:02:29,883 WHERE YOU WERE 90 00:02:29,883 --> 00:02:31,584 OR WHAT YOU WERE DOING 91 00:02:31,584 --> 00:02:33,453 NOVEMBER 2, 2000? 92 00:02:35,622 --> 00:02:37,023 MARYBETH? 93 00:02:39,359 --> 00:02:40,093 >> HI, TARA. 94 00:02:40,093 --> 00:02:41,528 SURE, I'D BE HAPPY TO. 95 00:02:41,528 --> 00:02:43,596 SO, MY NAME IS MARYBETH EDEEN. 96 00:02:43,596 --> 00:02:45,365 I MANAGE THE RESEARCH OFFICE 97 00:02:45,365 --> 00:02:47,300 AND OUR JOB IS TO GET ALL OF 98 00:02:47,300 --> 00:02:48,268 THAT RESEARCH THAT WE'RE 99 00:02:48,268 --> 00:02:49,769 GOING TO TALK ABOUT UP INTO 100 00:02:49,769 --> 00:02:51,571 THE SPACE STATION SO THAT IT 101 00:02:51,571 --> 00:02:53,940 CAN BE EXECUTED BY THE CREWS. 102 00:02:53,940 --> 00:02:56,509 UM, I'VE BEEN IN NASA 103 00:02:56,509 --> 00:02:57,877 FOR OVER 30 YEARS, 104 00:02:57,877 --> 00:03:00,179 AND ON NOVEMBER 2, 2000 105 00:03:00,179 --> 00:03:01,314 I WAS ACTUALLY WORKING ON 106 00:03:01,314 --> 00:03:02,649 THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS. 107 00:03:02,649 --> 00:03:03,449 I WAS A LIFE SUPPORT 108 00:03:03,449 --> 00:03:05,151 SYSTEM MANAGER. 109 00:03:05,151 --> 00:03:05,785 AND I WOULD HAVE BEEN ON 110 00:03:05,785 --> 00:03:07,086 CONSOLE IN THE MISSION 111 00:03:07,086 --> 00:03:08,221 EVALUATION ROOM IN 112 00:03:08,221 --> 00:03:10,723 THE BACK ROOM SUPPORTING 113 00:03:10,723 --> 00:03:12,158 THE FLIGHT TEAM, 114 00:03:12,158 --> 00:03:13,159 WATCHING FOR THE CREW TO 115 00:03:13,159 --> 00:03:14,661 ENTER THE SPACE STATION, 116 00:03:14,661 --> 00:03:16,162 AND MAKE SURE THE LITTLE BITTY 117 00:03:16,162 --> 00:03:17,096 LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 118 00:03:17,096 --> 00:03:18,331 WE HAD AT THAT TIME, 119 00:03:18,331 --> 00:03:19,399 WHICH WERE REALLY KIND OF 120 00:03:19,399 --> 00:03:22,135 JUST CHANCE AND MAYBE 121 00:03:22,135 --> 00:03:24,804 SOME AIRFLOW SYSTEMS 122 00:03:24,804 --> 00:03:25,972 AND SMOKE DETECTORS WERE 123 00:03:25,972 --> 00:03:27,473 WORKING PROPERLY WHEN 124 00:03:27,473 --> 00:03:29,175 THE CREW GOT ONBOARD. 125 00:03:32,579 --> 00:03:33,913 >> GREAT. THANKS, MARYBETH. 126 00:03:33,913 --> 00:03:35,415 AND HOW ABOUT YOU, KIRT? 127 00:03:37,584 --> 00:03:38,418 >> THANKS, TARA. 128 00:03:38,418 --> 00:03:40,320 HI, I'M KIRT COSTELLO. 129 00:03:40,320 --> 00:03:42,355 I'M THE ISS CHIEF SCIENTIST 130 00:03:42,355 --> 00:03:44,624 AND ALSO THE DEPUTY MANAGER 131 00:03:44,624 --> 00:03:46,793 FOR THE RESEARCH OFFICE. 132 00:03:46,793 --> 00:03:50,029 AND WHAT WE DO IS MAKE SURE 133 00:03:50,029 --> 00:03:51,631 THAT ALL OF OUR SPONSORS 134 00:03:51,631 --> 00:03:53,967 HAVE ACCESS TO THE ISS 135 00:03:53,967 --> 00:03:55,568 TO CONDUCT RESEARCH 136 00:03:55,568 --> 00:03:57,971 AND MAKE SURE THAT WE FOLLOW 137 00:03:57,971 --> 00:03:59,739 NASA'S PRIORITIES IN LAYING OUT 138 00:03:59,739 --> 00:04:02,375 HOW THAT RESEARCH GETS DONE. 139 00:04:02,375 --> 00:04:05,078 SO, BACK IN 2000, 140 00:04:05,078 --> 00:04:07,580 I HAD JUST STARTED WITH NASA. 141 00:04:07,580 --> 00:04:08,982 SO, IN FACT, 142 00:04:08,982 --> 00:04:10,149 THAT WAS IN SEPTEMBER. 143 00:04:10,149 --> 00:04:11,084 SO, IN NOVEMBER, 144 00:04:11,084 --> 00:04:13,119 I WAS PROBABLY STILL LEARNING 145 00:04:13,119 --> 00:04:15,088 NASA ACRONYMS AT THE TIME, 146 00:04:15,088 --> 00:04:15,888 ALTHOUGH I'D BEEN DOING 147 00:04:15,888 --> 00:04:18,458 SOME WORK BEFORE THEN 148 00:04:18,458 --> 00:04:21,260 WITH SOME FLIGHT SOFTWARE. 149 00:04:21,260 --> 00:04:22,362 I WAS HIRED ON AS 150 00:04:22,362 --> 00:04:24,197 A TRAINING INSTRUCTOR 151 00:04:24,197 --> 00:04:25,598 FOR THE ELECTRICAL POWER 152 00:04:25,598 --> 00:04:27,400 AND THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS. 153 00:04:27,400 --> 00:04:27,967 AND AT THAT TIME, 154 00:04:27,967 --> 00:04:29,869 I REMEMBER WE WERE-- 155 00:04:29,869 --> 00:04:31,104 WE WERE DESPERATELY TRYING TO 156 00:04:31,104 --> 00:04:32,639 GET READY FOR THE CREW TRAINING 157 00:04:32,639 --> 00:04:35,441 FOR THE ARRIVAL OF THE U.S. LAB. 158 00:04:35,441 --> 00:04:36,976 SO, WHILE THE NODE 159 00:04:36,976 --> 00:04:37,944 WAS ALREADY THERE 160 00:04:37,944 --> 00:04:39,812 AND I WAS GLAD THAT 161 00:04:39,812 --> 00:04:40,947 THEY HAD ACCESS TO THAT 162 00:04:40,947 --> 00:04:42,815 MODULE AND THE U.S. SOFTWARE 163 00:04:42,815 --> 00:04:44,517 TO MONITOR THAT MODULE, 164 00:04:44,517 --> 00:04:46,285 WE WERE WORKING ON THE NEXT 165 00:04:46,285 --> 00:04:48,688 BIG MODULE FOR THE U.S. LAB. 166 00:04:50,690 --> 00:04:51,124 >> THANKS, KIRT. 167 00:04:51,124 --> 00:04:51,557 YOU KNOW, ONE THING 168 00:04:51,557 --> 00:04:52,392 I REMEMBER ABOUT BEING 169 00:04:52,392 --> 00:04:53,326 A NEW EMPLOYEE, TOO, 170 00:04:53,326 --> 00:04:54,594 WAS LEARNING ALL THE ACRONYMS. 171 00:04:54,594 --> 00:04:57,030 NASA HAS LIKE A LINK TO, LIKE, 172 00:04:57,030 --> 00:04:58,698 A LIST OF ALL THE NASA ACRONYMS 173 00:04:58,698 --> 00:04:59,699 AND THEIR DEFINITIONS FOR 174 00:04:59,699 --> 00:05:00,566 ALL THE NEWBIES LIKE US. 175 00:05:00,566 --> 00:05:04,270 AND I STILL USE IT TO THIS DAY. 176 00:05:04,270 --> 00:05:05,238 ALL RIGHT, JENNIFER, 177 00:05:05,238 --> 00:05:06,572 TELL US ABOUT YOURSELF. 178 00:05:07,807 --> 00:05:08,908 >> HI, I'M JENNIFER BUCKLEY. 179 00:05:08,908 --> 00:05:09,842 I AM THE ISS 180 00:05:09,842 --> 00:05:11,778 DEPUTY CHIEF SCIENTIST. 181 00:05:11,778 --> 00:05:12,612 SO, SIMILAR TO WHAT 182 00:05:12,612 --> 00:05:14,280 KIRT MENTIONED, YOU KNOW, 183 00:05:14,280 --> 00:05:15,448 WE SUPPORT SCIENCE FOR 184 00:05:15,448 --> 00:05:16,916 THE ISS PROGRAM. 185 00:05:16,916 --> 00:05:18,184 AND SPECIFICALLY, 186 00:05:18,184 --> 00:05:19,352 I SPEND A LOT OF MY TIME 187 00:05:19,352 --> 00:05:20,486 MANAGING THE RESEARCH 188 00:05:20,486 --> 00:05:21,554 PRIORITIES FOR ISS, 189 00:05:21,554 --> 00:05:22,121 MAKING SURE THAT 190 00:05:22,121 --> 00:05:23,423 WE ARE UTILIZING 191 00:05:23,423 --> 00:05:24,991 THE SPACE STATION EFFICIENTLY 192 00:05:24,991 --> 00:05:26,059 AND ACCOMPLISHING SCIENCE 193 00:05:26,059 --> 00:05:28,428 FOR ALL OF OUR SPONSORS. 194 00:05:28,428 --> 00:05:31,097 IN NOVEMBER 2, 2000 195 00:05:31,097 --> 00:05:31,597 I WAS LIVING IN 196 00:05:31,597 --> 00:05:33,232 AUSTIN, TEXAS ATTENDING 197 00:05:33,232 --> 00:05:35,401 THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AUSTIN. 198 00:05:38,337 --> 00:05:39,272 >> OH BOY, OH BOY. 199 00:05:39,272 --> 00:05:39,939 YEAH... 200 00:05:39,939 --> 00:05:41,808 [ LAUGHING ] 201 00:05:41,808 --> 00:05:43,443 SOME-SOME NEWBIES 202 00:05:43,443 --> 00:05:44,811 AND SOME OF US 203 00:05:44,811 --> 00:05:46,245 A LITTLE BIT MORE VETERAN. 204 00:05:46,245 --> 00:05:46,679 BUT THAT'S GOOD. 205 00:05:46,679 --> 00:05:47,180 THAT'S WHAT MAKES US 206 00:05:47,180 --> 00:05:48,581 A GREAT PANEL. 207 00:05:48,581 --> 00:05:50,049 AND I'M THRILLED I GOT TO 208 00:05:50,049 --> 00:05:50,917 WORK WITH YOU GUYS. 209 00:05:50,917 --> 00:05:52,051 FOR MARYBETH, 210 00:05:52,051 --> 00:05:52,985 I THINK MY WHOLE CAREER 211 00:05:52,985 --> 00:05:54,020 SOMEWHERE ON AND OFF, 212 00:05:54,020 --> 00:05:55,321 AND THEN KIRT AND JENNIFER 213 00:05:55,321 --> 00:05:56,489 OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS. 214 00:05:56,489 --> 00:05:58,825 SO, THIS WILL BE A FUN HOUR. 215 00:05:58,825 --> 00:05:59,759 OKAY, SO I'VE GOT SOME 216 00:05:59,759 --> 00:06:01,294 QUESTIONS FOR YOU GUYS. 217 00:06:01,294 --> 00:06:01,928 THIS IS WHAT EVERYONE 218 00:06:01,928 --> 00:06:03,229 WANTS TO KNOW, RIGHT? 219 00:06:03,229 --> 00:06:05,865 AND THE FIRST ONE IS FOR KIRT. 220 00:06:05,865 --> 00:06:07,400 WE CONSTANTLY SAY THE ISS 221 00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:09,168 IS AN ORBITING LABORATORY 222 00:06:09,168 --> 00:06:10,002 AND THE POINT IS TO 223 00:06:10,002 --> 00:06:11,237 DO SCIENCE IN SPACE. 224 00:06:11,237 --> 00:06:11,804 BUT WHY? 225 00:06:11,804 --> 00:06:12,939 WHY BOTHER DOING SCIENCE 226 00:06:12,939 --> 00:06:14,941 IN SPACE TO BEGIN WITH? 227 00:06:17,777 --> 00:06:18,344 >> THANKS, TARA. 228 00:06:18,344 --> 00:06:20,346 THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 229 00:06:20,346 --> 00:06:21,647 IT'S REALLY A QUESTION, 230 00:06:21,647 --> 00:06:23,216 THOUGH, FOR ALL SCIENTISTS. 231 00:06:23,216 --> 00:06:25,017 AND WHY DO WE GO OUT INTO 232 00:06:25,017 --> 00:06:27,453 THE FIELD TO DO SCIENCE? 233 00:06:27,453 --> 00:06:28,454 IN THIS CASE, 234 00:06:28,454 --> 00:06:29,522 IT'S THE ENVIRONMENT 235 00:06:29,522 --> 00:06:31,290 OF LOW EARTH ORBIT. 236 00:06:31,290 --> 00:06:32,992 LOW EARTH ORBIT AND SPACE 237 00:06:32,992 --> 00:06:34,060 GIVE US SEVERAL UNIQUE 238 00:06:34,060 --> 00:06:35,361 CAPABILITIES THAT WE CAN'T 239 00:06:35,361 --> 00:06:37,730 GET TO HERE ON EARTH. 240 00:06:37,730 --> 00:06:38,765 FIRST OFF, THERE'S 241 00:06:38,765 --> 00:06:41,801 THE EXPOSURE TO MICROGRAVITY. 242 00:06:41,801 --> 00:06:43,269 WHEN YOU HAVE 243 00:06:43,269 --> 00:06:46,038 A MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT, 244 00:06:46,038 --> 00:06:46,873 THIS ELIMINATES 245 00:06:46,873 --> 00:06:49,041 BUOYANCY-DRIVEN CONVECTION 246 00:06:49,041 --> 00:06:52,078 AND IT ELIMINATES SEDIMENTATION. 247 00:06:52,078 --> 00:06:53,546 SO, THOSE TWO FACTORS 248 00:06:53,546 --> 00:06:54,747 NO LONGER OCCUR 249 00:06:54,747 --> 00:06:57,550 IN PHYSICAL PROCESSES. 250 00:06:57,550 --> 00:06:58,985 WHEN YOU DON'T HAVE THAT 251 00:06:58,985 --> 00:07:00,586 SINGLE FORCE OF GRAVITY 252 00:07:00,586 --> 00:07:03,289 ALWAYS PULLING DOWN ON YOU, 253 00:07:03,289 --> 00:07:04,557 YOU'RE ABLE TO LOOK AT 254 00:07:04,557 --> 00:07:07,760 SYSTEMS IN A WAY THAT IS 255 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:09,595 A LITTLE BIT LESS COMPLEX 256 00:07:09,595 --> 00:07:11,831 AND ALSO WHERE THOSE FORCES 257 00:07:11,831 --> 00:07:12,832 THAT ARE MASKED BY 258 00:07:12,832 --> 00:07:15,168 THE FORCE OF GRAVITY, UH, 259 00:07:15,168 --> 00:07:17,470 AREN'T ABLE TO BE OBSERVED. 260 00:07:17,470 --> 00:07:19,005 SO, MICROGRAVITY GIVES US 261 00:07:19,005 --> 00:07:20,406 A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY 262 00:07:20,406 --> 00:07:23,376 TO OBSERVE THOSE FORCES. 263 00:07:23,376 --> 00:07:24,844 THE SECOND IS PURELY 264 00:07:24,844 --> 00:07:25,812 THE ACCESS TO 265 00:07:25,812 --> 00:07:27,413 THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT. 266 00:07:27,413 --> 00:07:28,581 IN LOW EARTH ORBIT, 267 00:07:28,581 --> 00:07:30,316 WE'VE GOT TWO THINGS: 268 00:07:30,316 --> 00:07:31,217 THE EXPOSURE TO 269 00:07:31,217 --> 00:07:33,853 SPACE RADIATION AND THE 270 00:07:33,853 --> 00:07:36,422 SPACE RADIATION ENVIRONMENT. 271 00:07:36,422 --> 00:07:38,491 UNDERSTANDING HOW IT 272 00:07:38,491 --> 00:07:40,359 AFFECTS MATERIALS, 273 00:07:40,359 --> 00:07:42,595 HOW IT AFFECTS BIOLOGY 274 00:07:42,595 --> 00:07:44,730 WITHIN THE SPACE STATION EVEN, 275 00:07:44,730 --> 00:07:46,299 THAT'S ONE OF THE GOALS FOR US 276 00:07:46,299 --> 00:07:48,401 TO CONTINUE OUR EXPLORATION 277 00:07:48,401 --> 00:07:50,069 OUT INTO THE SOLAR SYSTEM 278 00:07:50,069 --> 00:07:51,103 AND BEYOND. 279 00:07:51,103 --> 00:07:51,838 AND THEN FINALLY, 280 00:07:51,838 --> 00:07:53,005 HAVING ACCESS TO 281 00:07:53,005 --> 00:07:55,374 EXTERNAL SIGHTS ON THE ISS 282 00:07:55,374 --> 00:07:58,644 GIVES US THE OPPORTUNITY TO BOTH 283 00:07:58,644 --> 00:08:00,580 LOOK UP AT THE HEAVENS ABOVE 284 00:08:00,580 --> 00:08:01,514 AND DOWN ON THE SURFACE 285 00:08:01,514 --> 00:08:03,983 OF THE EARTH BELOW. 286 00:08:03,983 --> 00:08:06,452 FROM THE ASTRONOMY STANDPOINT, 287 00:08:06,452 --> 00:08:07,753 WE'RE ABOVE THE ATMOSPHERE OF 288 00:08:07,753 --> 00:08:09,755 THE EARTH AND THAT ALLOWS US 289 00:08:09,755 --> 00:08:11,824 TO DO OBSERVATIONS THAT WOULD 290 00:08:11,824 --> 00:08:13,392 BE OBSCURED BY THE ATMOSPHERE 291 00:08:13,392 --> 00:08:15,228 HERE ON THE EARTH. 292 00:08:15,228 --> 00:08:15,795 FROM THE EARTH 293 00:08:15,795 --> 00:08:17,830 OBSERVATION STANDPOINT, 294 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:19,398 WE HAVE AN ORBIT THAT COVERS 295 00:08:19,398 --> 00:08:21,767 ABOUT 85% OF THE SURFACE OF 296 00:08:21,767 --> 00:08:24,136 THE EARTH AND WE ALSO HAVE 297 00:08:24,136 --> 00:08:25,638 THIS SPECIAL ORBIT THAT 298 00:08:25,638 --> 00:08:27,440 ALLOWS US TO GO OVER 299 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:29,408 THE SAME POINT ON THE SURFACE 300 00:08:29,408 --> 00:08:31,277 AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF DAY. 301 00:08:31,277 --> 00:08:32,745 SO, THAT ALLOWS SCIENTISTS 302 00:08:32,745 --> 00:08:34,247 TO LOOK INTO WHAT ARE CALLED 303 00:08:34,247 --> 00:08:35,948 DIURNAL EFFECTS OR 304 00:08:35,948 --> 00:08:37,216 WHAT HAPPENS AT 305 00:08:37,216 --> 00:08:39,018 DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAY. 306 00:08:39,018 --> 00:08:40,152 SO, YOU CAN TEASE OUT, 307 00:08:40,152 --> 00:08:41,587 THROUGH THOSE OBSERVATIONS, 308 00:08:41,587 --> 00:08:43,089 DIFFERENT BEHAVIORS THAT 309 00:08:43,089 --> 00:08:44,190 YOU REALLY DON'T GET THROUGH 310 00:08:44,190 --> 00:08:49,662 TRADITIONAL MEANS. 311 00:08:49,662 --> 00:08:50,162 >> YEAH, I'VE BEEN 312 00:08:50,162 --> 00:08:51,697 REALLY FORTUNATE TO WORK IN 313 00:08:51,697 --> 00:08:53,099 SPACE STATION MY WHOLE LIFE, 314 00:08:53,099 --> 00:08:54,166 OR MY WHOLE CAREER. 315 00:08:54,166 --> 00:08:54,667 I FEEL LIKE 316 00:08:54,667 --> 00:08:55,568 IT'S MY WHOLE LIFE! 317 00:08:55,568 --> 00:08:56,702 MY WHOLE CAREER. 318 00:08:56,702 --> 00:08:58,170 AND I'VE BEEN IN LOVE WITH 319 00:08:58,170 --> 00:08:58,971 SPACE MY WHOLE LIFE. 320 00:08:58,971 --> 00:09:00,373 BUT THE REALLY COOL THING IS, 321 00:09:00,373 --> 00:09:01,140 IF YOU'RE A SCIENTIST, 322 00:09:01,140 --> 00:09:02,808 THOSE DISCOVERIES THAT 323 00:09:02,808 --> 00:09:03,709 YOU CAN MAKE THAT NO ONE 324 00:09:03,709 --> 00:09:05,111 HAS EVER MADE BEFORE. 325 00:09:05,111 --> 00:09:05,578 THAT'S WHAT 326 00:09:05,578 --> 00:09:06,512 THE SPACE STATION OFFERS. 327 00:09:06,512 --> 00:09:07,079 LIKE YOU SAID, 328 00:09:07,079 --> 00:09:09,582 WITH GRAVITY GONE, 329 00:09:09,582 --> 00:09:11,117 ANYTHING-ANYTHING IS POSSIBLE 330 00:09:11,117 --> 00:09:12,084 THAT YOU MAY NOT HAVE 331 00:09:12,084 --> 00:09:13,185 EVEN SEEN BEFORE. 332 00:09:13,185 --> 00:09:15,121 SO, IT'S AN EXCITING TIME 333 00:09:15,121 --> 00:09:16,722 TO HAVE A RESEARCH PLATFORM 334 00:09:16,722 --> 00:09:18,424 THAT'S LASTED SO LONG 335 00:09:18,424 --> 00:09:21,260 AND HAS GIVEN US SO MUCH. 336 00:09:21,260 --> 00:09:22,061 MY NEXT QUESTION IS FOR 337 00:09:22,061 --> 00:09:23,229 ALL THREE OF YOU. 338 00:09:23,229 --> 00:09:25,631 EACH OF YOU CAN ANSWER. 339 00:09:25,631 --> 00:09:27,099 MANY PEOPLE MAY KNOW THAT 340 00:09:27,099 --> 00:09:27,733 THERE ARE ASTRONAUTS 341 00:09:27,733 --> 00:09:28,734 DOING SOMETHING UP THERE 342 00:09:28,734 --> 00:09:30,036 ON THE SPACE STATION, 343 00:09:30,036 --> 00:09:31,070 BUT THEY MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT 344 00:09:31,070 --> 00:09:32,038 THE BENEFITS THAT 345 00:09:32,038 --> 00:09:32,838 HAVE BEEN ROLLING IN 346 00:09:32,838 --> 00:09:34,273 FROM THE PAST 20 YEARS. 347 00:09:34,273 --> 00:09:36,375 A LOT HAS BEEN GOING ON. 348 00:09:36,375 --> 00:09:37,443 THE BENEFITS CAN APPLY TO 349 00:09:37,443 --> 00:09:38,678 THOSE OF US HERE ON EARTH 350 00:09:38,678 --> 00:09:40,813 AND ALSO IN ADVANCING 351 00:09:40,813 --> 00:09:43,049 HUMAN EXPLORATION OF SPACE 352 00:09:43,049 --> 00:09:44,817 SO WE CAN GO FURTHER. 353 00:09:44,817 --> 00:09:46,485 CAN YOU EACH SHARE AN EXAMPLE 354 00:09:46,485 --> 00:09:48,187 OF A BENEFIT THAT HAS 355 00:09:48,187 --> 00:09:49,722 COME FROM THE SPACE STATION 356 00:09:49,722 --> 00:09:51,724 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TESTING? 357 00:09:51,724 --> 00:09:52,158 AND I'LL START 358 00:09:52,158 --> 00:09:53,626 WITH YOU, MARYBETH. 359 00:09:55,795 --> 00:09:57,229 >> SURE, I'D BE HAPPY TO. 360 00:09:57,229 --> 00:09:58,364 SO, I'M GOING TO BUILD 361 00:09:58,364 --> 00:09:59,298 A LITTLE BIT ON WHAT 362 00:09:59,298 --> 00:10:00,599 KIRT WAS TALKING ABOUT 363 00:10:00,599 --> 00:10:01,100 ABOUT THOSE 364 00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:03,302 EARTH-OBSERVING INSTRUMENTS. 365 00:10:03,302 --> 00:10:04,770 ONE OF THE REAL BENEFITS THAT 366 00:10:04,770 --> 00:10:06,305 COME FROM SPACE STATION IS 367 00:10:06,305 --> 00:10:07,974 THAT PRECESSING ORBIT THAT 368 00:10:07,974 --> 00:10:09,008 HE MENTIONED AND HOW 369 00:10:09,008 --> 00:10:10,409 WE COVER, YOU KNOW, 370 00:10:10,409 --> 00:10:13,145 85% OF THE GLOBE AND 90% OF 371 00:10:13,145 --> 00:10:15,781 THE POPULATED LAND MASS. 372 00:10:15,781 --> 00:10:17,083 AND THE BEAUTY OF 373 00:10:17,083 --> 00:10:18,617 STATION'S ORBIT IS THAT 374 00:10:18,617 --> 00:10:19,719 IT CROSSES THE ORBIT OF 375 00:10:19,719 --> 00:10:21,354 A BUNCH OF OTHER INSTRUMENTS 376 00:10:21,354 --> 00:10:23,189 THAT ARE IN THE SKY. 377 00:10:23,189 --> 00:10:26,959 LOTS OF INSTRUMENTS THAT 378 00:10:26,959 --> 00:10:28,227 POINT AT A SINGLE-SINGLE 379 00:10:28,227 --> 00:10:30,129 POINT ON THE GLOBE. 380 00:10:30,129 --> 00:10:31,998 AND SO, BY CROSSING OUR 381 00:10:31,998 --> 00:10:33,132 ORBIT ACROSS THOSE WITH 382 00:10:33,132 --> 00:10:35,001 THE SIMILAR INSTRUMENTS, 383 00:10:35,001 --> 00:10:36,302 WE CAN CROSS CALIBRATE 384 00:10:36,302 --> 00:10:37,370 THOSE INSTRUMENTS 385 00:10:37,370 --> 00:10:39,071 AND OUR INSTRUMENTS 386 00:10:39,071 --> 00:10:39,739 AND THEN WE CAN REALLY 387 00:10:39,739 --> 00:10:42,174 EXPAND THOSE DATASETS 388 00:10:42,174 --> 00:10:43,642 BECAUSE WE CAN CROSS 389 00:10:43,642 --> 00:10:45,745 EUROPEAN INSTRUMENT ORBIT, 390 00:10:45,745 --> 00:10:47,046 WE CAN CROSS THE UNITED STATES 391 00:10:47,046 --> 00:10:47,980 INSTRUMENT ORBIT, 392 00:10:47,980 --> 00:10:49,215 WE CAN CROSS THE JAPANESE 393 00:10:49,215 --> 00:10:51,350 INSTRUMENT ORBIT, OR RUSSIAN, 394 00:10:51,350 --> 00:10:53,452 OR EVEN OTHER COUNTRIES. 395 00:10:53,452 --> 00:10:54,754 AND THEN WE CAN TAKE 396 00:10:54,754 --> 00:10:56,188 ALL OF THOSE DATASETS 397 00:10:56,188 --> 00:10:57,056 AND WE CAN SAY, OKAY, 398 00:10:57,056 --> 00:10:58,524 WELL, AT THIS POINT, 399 00:10:58,524 --> 00:10:59,325 ALL OF THESE THINGS-- 400 00:10:59,325 --> 00:10:59,925 THIS IS-- YOU KNOW, 401 00:10:59,925 --> 00:11:00,659 THIS IS HOW THESE 402 00:11:00,659 --> 00:11:01,594 INSTRUMENTS ARE ALL 403 00:11:01,594 --> 00:11:03,095 RELATED TO EACH OTHER. 404 00:11:03,095 --> 00:11:04,330 AND THEN WE'VE MADE THE VALUE 405 00:11:04,330 --> 00:11:06,265 OF THOSE INDIVIDUAL INSTRUMENT 406 00:11:06,265 --> 00:11:08,901 DATASETS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER 407 00:11:08,901 --> 00:11:10,469 BECAUSE WE'VE NOW BEEN ABLE TO 408 00:11:10,469 --> 00:11:13,572 COMPARE ACROSS THE WHOLE GLOBE. 409 00:11:13,572 --> 00:11:14,907 AS KIRT ALSO MENTIONED, 410 00:11:14,907 --> 00:11:16,208 THE DIURNAL CYCLE, 411 00:11:16,208 --> 00:11:17,143 THE DAY-NIGHT CYCLE. 412 00:11:17,143 --> 00:11:18,344 MOST OF THESE INSTRUMENTS 413 00:11:18,344 --> 00:11:20,112 ARE ON A STATIONARY ORBIT 414 00:11:20,112 --> 00:11:22,348 AND THEY SEE ONLY, YOU KNOW, 415 00:11:22,348 --> 00:11:23,616 DAYTIME OR ONLY NIGHTTIME, 416 00:11:23,616 --> 00:11:24,717 DEPENDING ON WHERE THEY ARE 417 00:11:24,717 --> 00:11:26,519 AND WHAT THEY'RE LOOKING AT. 418 00:11:26,519 --> 00:11:28,254 AND SO, BY HAVING INSTRUMENTS 419 00:11:28,254 --> 00:11:30,089 ON ISS THAT GIVE YOU 420 00:11:30,089 --> 00:11:31,323 DAY AND NIGHT DATA, 421 00:11:31,323 --> 00:11:33,526 THEN AS YOU THEN CROSS 422 00:11:33,526 --> 00:11:34,660 THESE OTHER INSTRUMENTS' 423 00:11:34,660 --> 00:11:35,528 ORBITS AND THINGS, 424 00:11:35,528 --> 00:11:36,929 YOU CAN ALSO THEN START TO 425 00:11:36,929 --> 00:11:38,998 TEASE OUT EVEN MORE INFORMATION 426 00:11:38,998 --> 00:11:41,100 ABOUT WHAT-WHAT 427 00:11:41,100 --> 00:11:42,068 YOU'VE BEEN ABLE-- 428 00:11:42,068 --> 00:11:43,202 WHAT THE INSTRUMENTS ARE 429 00:11:43,202 --> 00:11:46,539 TELLING YOU OVER TIME. 430 00:11:46,539 --> 00:11:48,307 AND THE OTHER THING THAT 431 00:11:48,307 --> 00:11:49,208 WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO DO 432 00:11:49,208 --> 00:11:50,176 WITH THESE INSTRUMENTS IS 433 00:11:50,176 --> 00:11:51,410 SOME OF THE INSTRUMENTS ARE 434 00:11:51,410 --> 00:11:53,312 GETTING VERY OLD IN ORBIT. 435 00:11:53,312 --> 00:11:55,314 AND THE ONE-- THERE WAS, 436 00:11:55,314 --> 00:11:56,782 A NUMBER OF YEARS AGO, 437 00:11:56,782 --> 00:11:57,716 AN INSTRUMENT THAT HAD 438 00:11:57,716 --> 00:11:59,251 EXPECTED LIFE OF-- 439 00:11:59,251 --> 00:12:00,119 I DON'T REMEMBER IF IT WAS, 440 00:12:00,119 --> 00:12:01,253 LIKE, 10 YEARS AND IT HAD BEEN 441 00:12:01,253 --> 00:12:03,456 UP THERE 15 AND THEY WERE VERY 442 00:12:03,456 --> 00:12:05,691 CONCERNED ABOUT IT FAILING, 443 00:12:05,691 --> 00:12:08,094 BUT IT WAS THE "GOLD STANDARD" 444 00:12:08,094 --> 00:12:08,994 FOR CALIBRATION OF 445 00:12:08,994 --> 00:12:10,563 THIS TYPE OF INSTRUMENT. 446 00:12:10,563 --> 00:12:11,831 AND SO, THEY PUT 447 00:12:11,831 --> 00:12:13,432 AN INSTRUMENT ON ISS 448 00:12:13,432 --> 00:12:15,568 AND THEY WERE ABLE TO TRANSFER 449 00:12:15,568 --> 00:12:17,703 THAT CALIBRATION STANDARD 450 00:12:17,703 --> 00:12:19,405 TO THE ISS INSTRUMENT UNTIL 451 00:12:19,405 --> 00:12:21,407 THE NEXT HIGHER-QUALITY 452 00:12:21,407 --> 00:12:22,775 INSTRUMENT GETS INTO ORBIT 453 00:12:22,775 --> 00:12:24,110 IN ITS OWN, YOU KNOW, 454 00:12:24,110 --> 00:12:24,977 UNIQUE ORBIT. 455 00:12:24,977 --> 00:12:28,547 SO, IT'S BEEN A MULTIPLIER 456 00:12:28,547 --> 00:12:29,915 OF THE VALUE OF MANY, 457 00:12:29,915 --> 00:12:31,283 MANY OTHER INSTRUMENTS, 458 00:12:31,283 --> 00:12:31,984 EARTH-OBSERVING 459 00:12:31,984 --> 00:12:33,853 INSTRUMENTS SPECIFICALLY, 460 00:12:33,853 --> 00:12:34,720 THAT OTHERWISE WOULDN'T HAVE 461 00:12:34,720 --> 00:12:36,422 BEEN ABLE TO BE DONE. 462 00:12:40,259 --> 00:12:40,626 >> RIGHT. 463 00:12:40,626 --> 00:12:41,427 AND OBSERVING THE EARTH 464 00:12:41,427 --> 00:12:43,028 FOR DISASTER RESPONSE 465 00:12:43,028 --> 00:12:45,297 OR LOOKING AT CROPS 466 00:12:45,297 --> 00:12:46,632 OR THINGS LIKE THAT 467 00:12:46,632 --> 00:12:47,633 ON OUR OWN PLANET. 468 00:12:47,633 --> 00:12:48,767 YEAH, THAT'S A HUGE, HUGE-- 469 00:12:48,767 --> 00:12:49,835 >> CO2 LEVELS-- 470 00:12:49,835 --> 00:12:50,436 >> YEP. 471 00:12:50,436 --> 00:12:52,938 >> MOISTURE, WATER VAPOR, 472 00:12:52,938 --> 00:12:53,839 ALL KINDS OF THINGS. 473 00:12:53,839 --> 00:12:54,640 >> ALL CLIMATE THINGS. 474 00:12:54,640 --> 00:12:55,708 >> LIGHTENING IMAGING, 475 00:12:55,708 --> 00:12:56,942 ALL KINDS OF CLIMATE 476 00:12:56,942 --> 00:12:59,778 AND WEATHER-RELATED ACTIVITIES. 477 00:12:59,778 --> 00:13:01,413 >> YEAH, EXCELLENT. 478 00:13:01,413 --> 00:13:02,248 OUR OWN PLANET. 479 00:13:02,248 --> 00:13:03,649 THANK YOU, MARYBETH. 480 00:13:03,649 --> 00:13:05,584 UM, JENNIFER, HOW ABOUT YOU? 481 00:13:08,487 --> 00:13:09,488 >> YEAH, SO ONE AREA 482 00:13:09,488 --> 00:13:10,489 THAT'S REALLY ACTIVE 483 00:13:10,489 --> 00:13:12,992 IN ISS RESEARCH IS BIOTECH 484 00:13:12,992 --> 00:13:14,927 AND BIOLOGICAL, INCLUDING 485 00:13:14,927 --> 00:13:16,962 PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH. 486 00:13:16,962 --> 00:13:17,696 SO, SOMETHING THAT 487 00:13:17,696 --> 00:13:19,932 WE KNOW FROM ISS IS THAT 488 00:13:19,932 --> 00:13:22,968 STRUCTURES MORE READILY FORM 489 00:13:22,968 --> 00:13:25,871 3D STRUCTURES IN MICROGRAVITY. 490 00:13:25,871 --> 00:13:27,339 SO, THINGS LIKE CELLS 491 00:13:27,339 --> 00:13:28,207 ADHERE TOGETHER TO 492 00:13:28,207 --> 00:13:30,709 FORM 3D STRUCTURES. 493 00:13:30,709 --> 00:13:31,477 YOU KNOW, TISSUE ENGINEERING 494 00:13:31,477 --> 00:13:34,246 IS A BIG AREA OF RESEARCH. 495 00:13:34,246 --> 00:13:35,381 AND THEN ANOTHER ONE FOR 496 00:13:35,381 --> 00:13:36,382 THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, 497 00:13:36,382 --> 00:13:36,916 IN PARTICULAR, 498 00:13:36,916 --> 00:13:39,752 IS PROTEIN CRYSTAL GROWTH. 499 00:13:39,752 --> 00:13:40,653 SO, WE HAVE DONE OVER 500 00:13:40,653 --> 00:13:43,422 500 PROTEIN CRYSTAL GROWTH, 501 00:13:43,422 --> 00:13:44,690 OR PCG, AS WE SAY, 502 00:13:44,690 --> 00:13:47,159 EXPERIMENTS ON ISS. 503 00:13:47,159 --> 00:13:48,327 SO, WHAT THIS IS IS 504 00:13:48,327 --> 00:13:49,995 THESE ARE PROTEINS THAT 505 00:13:49,995 --> 00:13:50,596 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH 506 00:13:50,596 --> 00:13:51,597 A DISEASE STATE HERE ON 507 00:13:51,597 --> 00:13:53,699 THE GROUND AND THEY CAN BE 508 00:13:53,699 --> 00:13:56,835 REALLY HARD TO MIMIC 509 00:13:56,835 --> 00:13:57,903 OR FORM AND THEN STUDY 510 00:13:57,903 --> 00:13:58,971 HERE ON THE GROUND. 511 00:13:58,971 --> 00:14:00,339 THEY'RE VERY FRAGILE, AND SO, 512 00:14:00,339 --> 00:14:01,240 WHEN YOU TAKE THEM OUT OF 513 00:14:01,240 --> 00:14:02,541 THE BODY AND YOU TRY TO 514 00:14:02,541 --> 00:14:03,642 CREATE THEM IN A LAB, 515 00:14:03,642 --> 00:14:05,744 GRAVITY TENDS TO PULL DOWN 516 00:14:05,744 --> 00:14:06,912 AND MAKE THESE STRUCTURES 517 00:14:06,912 --> 00:14:08,981 REALLY HARD TO CREATE. 518 00:14:08,981 --> 00:14:12,718 SO, USING ISS AS A PLATFORM, 519 00:14:12,718 --> 00:14:16,055 WE CAN HELP THESE COMPLEX 520 00:14:16,055 --> 00:14:18,591 STRUCTURES FORM IN A WAY 521 00:14:18,591 --> 00:14:21,060 THAT THEY ARE LARGER 522 00:14:21,060 --> 00:14:22,394 AND, YOU KNOW, 523 00:14:22,394 --> 00:14:23,629 HAVE A HIGHER YIELD THAN 524 00:14:23,629 --> 00:14:25,331 THEY WOULD HERE ON THE GROUND. 525 00:14:25,331 --> 00:14:25,998 SO, THIS REALLY AIDS 526 00:14:25,998 --> 00:14:27,933 IN DRUG DESIGN. 527 00:14:27,933 --> 00:14:28,968 WE'VE STUDIED THIS IN 528 00:14:28,968 --> 00:14:30,903 MULTIPLE DISEASE STATES, 529 00:14:30,903 --> 00:14:32,104 ALZHEIMER'S BEING ONE. 530 00:14:32,104 --> 00:14:33,239 ANOTHER ONE THAT HAS BEEN 531 00:14:33,239 --> 00:14:34,673 HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL HAS BEEN 532 00:14:34,673 --> 00:14:36,675 DUCHENNE'S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. 533 00:14:36,675 --> 00:14:38,577 SO, THIS IS A DISEASE STATE 534 00:14:38,577 --> 00:14:39,445 WITH PROGRESSIVE 535 00:14:39,445 --> 00:14:41,080 MUSCLE WASTING. 536 00:14:41,080 --> 00:14:41,847 SO, ONE OF THE EXPERIMENTS 537 00:14:41,847 --> 00:14:43,616 WE DID ON ISS, 538 00:14:43,616 --> 00:14:45,784 WE WERE ABLE TO ACTUALLY 539 00:14:45,784 --> 00:14:47,052 GROW THESE CRYSTALS ON 540 00:14:47,052 --> 00:14:48,887 THE SPACE STATION, RETURN THEM, 541 00:14:48,887 --> 00:14:50,723 AND THEN A PHARMACEUTICAL 542 00:14:50,723 --> 00:14:52,591 COMPANY DESIGNED A DRUG 543 00:14:52,591 --> 00:14:55,661 BASED ON THOSE CRYSTALS, 544 00:14:55,661 --> 00:14:57,363 WHICH IS NOW IN USE 545 00:14:57,363 --> 00:14:58,831 HERE ON EARTH IN HUMANS. 546 00:15:00,966 --> 00:15:01,467 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 547 00:15:01,467 --> 00:15:02,167 I REMEMBER THAT ONE. 548 00:15:02,167 --> 00:15:02,701 THAT WAS OUR 549 00:15:02,701 --> 00:15:04,136 JAXA COLLEAGUES, RIGHT? 550 00:15:04,136 --> 00:15:05,004 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 551 00:15:05,004 --> 00:15:06,005 >> YEAH, THAT WAS 552 00:15:06,005 --> 00:15:07,039 THE FIRST BIG ONE 553 00:15:07,039 --> 00:15:07,773 THAT WE WERE REALLY, 554 00:15:07,773 --> 00:15:08,874 REALLY EXCITED ABOUT. 555 00:15:08,874 --> 00:15:10,242 THE HIDDEN WATER MOLECULE. 556 00:15:10,242 --> 00:15:11,810 YEAH, THAT WAS GOOD. 557 00:15:11,810 --> 00:15:12,444 THANK YOU, JENNIFER. 558 00:15:12,444 --> 00:15:16,548 HOW ABOUT YOU, KIRT? 559 00:15:16,548 --> 00:15:17,283 >> UM, YEAH. 560 00:15:17,283 --> 00:15:19,251 FOR-FOR THOSE WHO WERE WONDERING 561 00:15:19,251 --> 00:15:20,452 WHAT I SAID, YOU KNOW, 562 00:15:20,452 --> 00:15:20,953 THE LACK OF 563 00:15:20,953 --> 00:15:23,722 BUOYANCY-DRIVEN CONVECTION, 564 00:15:23,722 --> 00:15:24,456 LET'S PAINT A LITTLE BIT 565 00:15:24,456 --> 00:15:25,691 OF THE PICTURE. 566 00:15:25,691 --> 00:15:27,393 IMAGINE YOU'RE NOW SITTING 567 00:15:27,393 --> 00:15:28,994 AROUND A CAMPFIRE. 568 00:15:28,994 --> 00:15:31,297 THAT CAMPFIRE FLAME IS-IS 569 00:15:31,297 --> 00:15:33,966 DANCING AND-AND BLAZING AWAY. 570 00:15:33,966 --> 00:15:35,634 BUT WHAT YOU'RE SEEING IS 571 00:15:35,634 --> 00:15:37,703 THE TURBULENCE CAUSED BY 572 00:15:37,703 --> 00:15:39,571 THAT CONVECTIVE AIR FLOW 573 00:15:39,571 --> 00:15:41,573 AND THE HOT GASES LEAVING THAT-- 574 00:15:41,573 --> 00:15:44,143 LEAVING THE FLAME ITSELF. 575 00:15:44,143 --> 00:15:47,112 IMAGINE IF YOUR JOB IS, 576 00:15:47,112 --> 00:15:49,448 AS A SCIENTIST, UM, 577 00:15:49,448 --> 00:15:51,984 TO HELP DEVISE A MORE 578 00:15:51,984 --> 00:15:54,286 FUEL-EFFICIENT, UH, CAR. 579 00:15:54,286 --> 00:15:54,887 YOU NEED TO KNOW 580 00:15:54,887 --> 00:15:56,055 ABOUT COMBUSTION. 581 00:15:56,055 --> 00:15:57,923 YOU NEED TO UNDERSTAND 582 00:15:57,923 --> 00:15:59,692 HOW THINGS BURN. 583 00:15:59,692 --> 00:16:01,660 AND NOW, IMAGINE 584 00:16:01,660 --> 00:16:02,695 THAT BEING YOUR JOB, 585 00:16:02,695 --> 00:16:04,096 SOMEBODY SAYS OKAY, WELL, 586 00:16:04,096 --> 00:16:05,964 YOUR JOB IS TO CREATE A MODEL 587 00:16:05,964 --> 00:16:07,800 OF THAT FIRE RIGHT THERE. 588 00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:09,601 ONE MATH MODEL TO EXPLAIN 589 00:16:09,601 --> 00:16:10,903 ALL THE DYNAMICS IN THAT 590 00:16:10,903 --> 00:16:12,638 FIRE IS GOING TO BE REALLY 591 00:16:12,638 --> 00:16:14,206 HARD TO DEVELOP. 592 00:16:14,206 --> 00:16:15,908 AND SO, 593 00:16:15,908 --> 00:16:18,143 PEOPLE GOT THE IDEA THAT 594 00:16:18,143 --> 00:16:20,512 STUDYING COMBUSTION IN SPACE 595 00:16:20,512 --> 00:16:22,247 IS GOING TO BE PARTICULARLY 596 00:16:22,247 --> 00:16:24,516 BENEFICIAL AND MICROGRAVITY, 597 00:16:24,516 --> 00:16:25,417 YOU DON'T HAVE THAT 598 00:16:25,417 --> 00:16:26,852 BUOYANCY-DRIVEN CONVECTION, 599 00:16:26,852 --> 00:16:27,786 SO YOU DON'T HAVE A LOT OF 600 00:16:27,786 --> 00:16:29,188 THE TURBULENCE INVOLVED IN 601 00:16:29,188 --> 00:16:32,057 THE COMBUSTION EFFECTS. 602 00:16:32,057 --> 00:16:33,625 AND SO, PEOPLE STARTED 603 00:16:33,625 --> 00:16:34,827 OBSERVING THE BURNING OF 604 00:16:34,827 --> 00:16:37,996 FLAMES IN SPACE TO BETTER 605 00:16:37,996 --> 00:16:40,499 UNDERSTAND THE MATHEMATICAL 606 00:16:40,499 --> 00:16:43,669 MODELS BEHIND COMBUSTION. 607 00:16:43,669 --> 00:16:45,137 ONE OF OUR EARLY EXPERIMENTS 608 00:16:45,137 --> 00:16:47,673 IN THIS AREA CALLED FLEX 609 00:16:47,673 --> 00:16:49,475 STUMBLED UPON THE FACT THAT 610 00:16:49,475 --> 00:16:52,444 THEY WERE SEEING EVIDENCE 611 00:16:52,444 --> 00:16:54,413 OF BURNING, COMBUSTION, 612 00:16:54,413 --> 00:16:56,382 AT MUCH LOWER TEMPERATURES THAN 613 00:16:56,382 --> 00:16:59,852 A CONVENTIONAL FIRE BURNS AT. 614 00:16:59,852 --> 00:17:01,353 WHAT THEY HAD STUMBLED ONTO 615 00:17:01,353 --> 00:17:03,922 WAS AN EFFECT CALLED COOL FLAME. 616 00:17:03,922 --> 00:17:05,324 THIS IS A VERY UNSTABLE 617 00:17:05,324 --> 00:17:08,127 EFFECT ON THE EARTH. 618 00:17:08,127 --> 00:17:09,895 YOU MIGHT EXPERIENCE IT WHEN 619 00:17:09,895 --> 00:17:11,063 YOU'VE GOT AN OLD CAR ENGINE 620 00:17:11,063 --> 00:17:12,464 THAT KNOCKS OR SPUTTERS WHEN 621 00:17:12,464 --> 00:17:14,433 YOU TRY AND TURN IT OFF. 622 00:17:14,433 --> 00:17:17,403 BUT IN SPACE, THAT BECOMES 623 00:17:17,403 --> 00:17:19,538 A MORE STABLE THING. 624 00:17:19,538 --> 00:17:20,539 SO, YOU CAN ACTUALLY 625 00:17:20,539 --> 00:17:22,441 STUDY IT OVER TIME. 626 00:17:22,441 --> 00:17:23,308 AND WE'VE DONE 627 00:17:23,308 --> 00:17:24,910 SUBSEQUENT EXPERIMENTS, 628 00:17:24,910 --> 00:17:26,311 BOTH IN THE FLEX SERIES, 629 00:17:26,311 --> 00:17:27,679 THE FLEX TIER, 630 00:17:27,679 --> 00:17:29,548 AND AN INVESTIGATION CALLED 631 00:17:29,548 --> 00:17:30,983 THE COOL FLAMES INVESTIGATION, 632 00:17:30,983 --> 00:17:32,684 AND HAVE GENERATED A TON OF 633 00:17:32,684 --> 00:17:35,821 DATA AS TO HOW THIS 634 00:17:35,821 --> 00:17:38,290 COOL FLAME ACTUALLY BURNS. 635 00:17:38,290 --> 00:17:39,658 AND WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? 636 00:17:39,658 --> 00:17:40,592 THAT MEANS WE'RE GETTING 637 00:17:40,592 --> 00:17:42,094 DATA BACK THAT COULD ONE DAY 638 00:17:42,094 --> 00:17:43,295 HELP US UNDERSTAND 639 00:17:43,295 --> 00:17:44,296 HOW TO DESIGN MORE 640 00:17:44,296 --> 00:17:46,331 FUEL-EFFICIENT ENGINES 641 00:17:46,331 --> 00:17:48,333 AND BURN AT LOWER TEMPERATURES 642 00:17:48,333 --> 00:17:49,768 MORE CONSISTENTLY. 643 00:17:49,768 --> 00:17:51,570 SO, THIS IS A GOOD THING 644 00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:52,371 FOR THE ENVIRONMENT. 645 00:17:52,371 --> 00:17:55,240 IT'S A GOOD THING FOR INDUSTRY. 646 00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:57,643 HOPEFULLY, IT WILL DEVELOP 647 00:17:57,643 --> 00:17:59,978 INTO THESE GREAT EXPERIMENTS. 648 00:17:59,978 --> 00:18:01,747 BUT IT WAS ALL ENABLED BY 649 00:18:01,747 --> 00:18:03,682 THE FACT THAT YOU WERE ABLE 650 00:18:03,682 --> 00:18:06,452 TO JUST DO THIS WITHOUT 651 00:18:06,452 --> 00:18:07,886 GRAVITY CAUSING ALL THIS 652 00:18:07,886 --> 00:18:11,256 TURBULENT BACKFLOW. 653 00:18:11,256 --> 00:18:11,723 >> THANKS, KIRT. 654 00:18:11,723 --> 00:18:12,891 I REMEMBER WHEN 655 00:18:12,891 --> 00:18:14,359 THAT CAME OUT, TOO. 656 00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:15,961 I REMEMBER HEARING ABOUT 657 00:18:15,961 --> 00:18:17,162 THE UNEXPECTED FINDING OF 658 00:18:17,162 --> 00:18:18,230 A COOL FLAME WHILE THEY WERE 659 00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:19,231 BURNING LIQUID DROPLETS 660 00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:20,666 IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER, 661 00:18:20,666 --> 00:18:22,167 AND THEN EVERYONE WAS 662 00:18:22,167 --> 00:18:23,168 TALKING ABOUT IT. 663 00:18:23,168 --> 00:18:25,571 AND-AND SHARING THE KNOWLEDGE 664 00:18:25,571 --> 00:18:26,171 AND TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 665 00:18:26,171 --> 00:18:27,172 WHAT THIS WAS 666 00:18:27,172 --> 00:18:28,106 THEY WERE LOOKING AT. 667 00:18:28,106 --> 00:18:29,308 AND WHEN THEY FIGURED IT OUT, 668 00:18:29,308 --> 00:18:30,108 IT-- LIKE YOU SAID, 669 00:18:30,108 --> 00:18:30,976 IT LED TO A SERIES OF 670 00:18:30,976 --> 00:18:32,144 WHOLE NEW INVESTIGATIONS. 671 00:18:32,144 --> 00:18:34,880 A WHOLE NEW PATH OF DISCOVERIES 672 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:35,414 THAT HAVE ALL THESE 673 00:18:35,414 --> 00:18:37,749 APPLICATIONS ON EARTH AND SPACE. 674 00:18:37,749 --> 00:18:39,017 SO, THAT WAS A GOOD ONE. 675 00:18:39,017 --> 00:18:40,252 AND I'LL NEVER LOOK AT 676 00:18:40,252 --> 00:18:41,687 MY CAMPFIRE THE SAME WHEN 677 00:18:41,687 --> 00:18:44,389 I'M BURNING MY S'MORES. 678 00:18:44,389 --> 00:18:44,923 I APPRECIATE THAT. 679 00:18:44,923 --> 00:18:46,925 I'LL BE THINKING OF STATION 680 00:18:46,925 --> 00:18:49,361 COMBUSTION FOREVER AND SHARING 681 00:18:49,361 --> 00:18:50,295 THAT WITH THE CHILDREN THAT 682 00:18:50,295 --> 00:18:52,764 I'M MAKING S'MORES FOR. 683 00:18:52,764 --> 00:18:53,899 UM, ALL RIGHT. 684 00:18:53,899 --> 00:18:54,466 SO, LET'S MOVE ONTO 685 00:18:54,466 --> 00:18:56,335 THE NEXT QUESTION. 686 00:18:56,335 --> 00:18:57,836 LET'S GO TO KIRT. 687 00:18:57,836 --> 00:18:59,137 BACK TO KIRT. 688 00:18:59,137 --> 00:19:00,205 NOT EVERY ASTRONAUT IS 689 00:19:00,205 --> 00:19:01,874 A CAREER SCIENTIST. 690 00:19:01,874 --> 00:19:03,108 SOME ARE MEDICAL DOCTORS, 691 00:19:03,108 --> 00:19:04,443 ENGINEERS, AND PILOTS. 692 00:19:04,443 --> 00:19:06,445 SO, HOW ARE THE ASTRONAUTS 693 00:19:06,445 --> 00:19:08,180 ABLE TO DO ALL THIS SCIENCE 694 00:19:08,180 --> 00:19:09,147 ON THE STATION IF IT'S 695 00:19:09,147 --> 00:19:10,582 NOT THEIR BACKGROUND? 696 00:19:13,719 --> 00:19:14,753 >> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 697 00:19:14,753 --> 00:19:15,587 YOU'RE RIGHT, 698 00:19:15,587 --> 00:19:16,622 EVERY ASTRONAUT DOESN'T 699 00:19:16,622 --> 00:19:17,990 COME TO US WITH 700 00:19:17,990 --> 00:19:19,791 A HARD SCIENCE DEGREE. 701 00:19:19,791 --> 00:19:21,126 AND EVEN THOUGH MORE OF THEM 702 00:19:21,126 --> 00:19:22,861 TODAY ARE COMING WITH 703 00:19:22,861 --> 00:19:26,064 THAT SCIENCE BACKGROUND, 704 00:19:26,064 --> 00:19:27,666 EVERY ASTRONAUT THAT COMES 705 00:19:27,666 --> 00:19:29,568 TO US I WOULD SAY 706 00:19:29,568 --> 00:19:32,237 COMES TO US AS AN EXPLORER. 707 00:19:32,237 --> 00:19:34,673 THEY JOIN NASA WITH THE VISION 708 00:19:34,673 --> 00:19:36,341 THAT THEY'RE GOING TO HELP US 709 00:19:36,341 --> 00:19:38,577 EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE. 710 00:19:38,577 --> 00:19:40,679 AND WHAT REALLY 711 00:19:40,679 --> 00:19:43,315 DRIVES EXPLORERS, 712 00:19:43,315 --> 00:19:44,216 THEY'RE CURIOUS ABOUT 713 00:19:44,216 --> 00:19:45,884 THE WORLD AROUND THEM. 714 00:19:45,884 --> 00:19:46,618 THEY'RE CURIOUS ABOUT 715 00:19:46,618 --> 00:19:47,653 THE WORLD AND THEY TURN 716 00:19:47,653 --> 00:19:50,088 THAT CURIOSITY INTO AN ACTION 717 00:19:50,088 --> 00:19:53,325 THAT LEADS THEM IN DISCOVERY. 718 00:19:53,325 --> 00:19:55,227 IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT, 719 00:19:55,227 --> 00:19:57,563 SCIENTISTS AREN'T REALLY 720 00:19:57,563 --> 00:19:58,230 THAT DIFFERENT. 721 00:19:58,230 --> 00:19:59,831 THEY USE THEIR CURIOSITY TO 722 00:19:59,831 --> 00:20:01,066 POSE QUESTIONS ABOUT 723 00:20:01,066 --> 00:20:03,168 THE UNIVERSE AND THEN THEY 724 00:20:03,168 --> 00:20:05,370 DEVISE EXPERIMENTS THAT HELP 725 00:20:05,370 --> 00:20:08,840 THEM TEST THOSE HYPOTHESES. 726 00:20:08,840 --> 00:20:10,909 IT DOESN'T TAKE A LOT OF 727 00:20:10,909 --> 00:20:13,645 EFFORT TO REALLY TURN 728 00:20:13,645 --> 00:20:17,516 AN EXPLORER INTO A SCIENTIST. 729 00:20:17,516 --> 00:20:19,651 NASA ALSO HAS A GREAT SYSTEM 730 00:20:19,651 --> 00:20:20,919 OF SUPPORT FOR OUR 731 00:20:20,919 --> 00:20:23,188 ASTRONAUT SCIENTISTS, 732 00:20:23,188 --> 00:20:25,390 FROM OUR PAYLOAD DEVELOPERS 733 00:20:25,390 --> 00:20:26,158 AND OUR PAYLOAD 734 00:20:26,158 --> 00:20:28,060 OPERATIONS SPECIALISTS WHO 735 00:20:28,060 --> 00:20:30,829 REALLY HELP CONFIGURE 736 00:20:30,829 --> 00:20:32,631 THE OPERATIONS ONBOARD SO 737 00:20:32,631 --> 00:20:34,199 IT'S EASY FOR OUR ASTRONAUTS 738 00:20:34,199 --> 00:20:36,868 TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SCIENCE. 739 00:20:36,868 --> 00:20:38,236 THE OTHER THING ABOUT 740 00:20:38,236 --> 00:20:40,339 OUR-OUR CREWMEMBERS, 741 00:20:40,339 --> 00:20:42,741 THEY'RE GREAT OBSERVERS. 742 00:20:42,741 --> 00:20:43,842 THEY'RE RIGHT THERE IN 743 00:20:43,842 --> 00:20:45,010 THE ACTION AND THEY'RE 744 00:20:45,010 --> 00:20:46,712 THE EYES AND EARS THAT 745 00:20:46,712 --> 00:20:48,180 OUR SCIENTISTS NEED TO 746 00:20:48,180 --> 00:20:50,382 UNDERSTAND WHEN SOMETHING 747 00:20:50,382 --> 00:20:53,385 ISN'T QUITE GOING AS PLANNED. 748 00:20:53,385 --> 00:20:54,319 THEY HAVE THE BENEFIT OF 749 00:20:54,319 --> 00:20:56,355 BEING ABLE TO JUMP IN THERE 750 00:20:56,355 --> 00:20:57,289 AND TELL THEM, HEY, 751 00:20:57,289 --> 00:20:57,856 WE'RE SEEING THIS 752 00:20:57,856 --> 00:20:59,358 REALLY NEAT EFFECT. 753 00:20:59,358 --> 00:21:00,993 AND THEY'VE DONE THIS BEFORE 754 00:21:00,993 --> 00:21:03,128 IN SOME OF OUR EXPERIMENTS. 755 00:21:03,128 --> 00:21:06,098 AND THEN HELPING THE PI REMAP 756 00:21:06,098 --> 00:21:08,834 HIS OR HER PLANS FOR 757 00:21:08,834 --> 00:21:10,268 HOW TO EXPERIMENT ON THAT 758 00:21:10,268 --> 00:21:11,803 TO CAPTURE THAT. 759 00:21:11,803 --> 00:21:13,405 THEY ALSO COME IN 760 00:21:13,405 --> 00:21:14,706 EXTREMELY HANDY WHEN 761 00:21:14,706 --> 00:21:15,741 SOMETHING DOESN'T GO 762 00:21:15,741 --> 00:21:17,609 AS EXPECTED ON ORBIT. 763 00:21:17,609 --> 00:21:18,543 AND WE'VE HAD THAT 764 00:21:18,543 --> 00:21:19,711 HAPPEN A LOT. 765 00:21:19,711 --> 00:21:22,681 AND A LOT OF PIs OWE THEIR 766 00:21:22,681 --> 00:21:24,182 SCIENCE TO THE INGENUITY 767 00:21:24,182 --> 00:21:25,183 OF OUR ASTRONAUTS IN 768 00:21:25,183 --> 00:21:27,853 HELPING THEM FIGURE OUT A FIX 769 00:21:27,853 --> 00:21:30,255 FOR HARDWARE THAT GOES AWRY. 770 00:21:30,255 --> 00:21:33,325 SO, IT DOESN'T TAKE 771 00:21:33,325 --> 00:21:35,160 ANY SPECIAL BACKGROUND 772 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:36,328 NECESSARILY TO DO 773 00:21:36,328 --> 00:21:40,332 SCIENCE ON ISS. 774 00:21:40,332 --> 00:21:40,999 IT JUST STARTS WITH 775 00:21:40,999 --> 00:21:42,467 BEING CURIOUS. 776 00:21:42,467 --> 00:21:45,070 SO, IF YOU ASK A QUESTION, 777 00:21:45,070 --> 00:21:46,972 DEVISE AN EXPERIMENT, 778 00:21:46,972 --> 00:21:47,873 WHETHER THAT'S IN YOUR 779 00:21:47,873 --> 00:21:50,676 KITCHEN OR YOUR BACKYARD, 780 00:21:50,676 --> 00:21:52,344 YOU COULD BE THE KEY TO 781 00:21:52,344 --> 00:21:56,748 THE NEXT BIG DISCOVERY ON ISS. 782 00:21:56,748 --> 00:21:57,382 >> THAT'S EXCITING. 783 00:21:57,382 --> 00:21:58,383 EVERYBODY SHOULD WANT TO 784 00:21:58,383 --> 00:21:59,184 BE THE NEXT BIG 785 00:21:59,184 --> 00:22:00,352 KEY DISCOVERY TO ISS. 786 00:22:00,352 --> 00:22:01,653 YOU HEAR THAT, VIEWERS? 787 00:22:01,653 --> 00:22:03,221 IT COULD BE YOU! 788 00:22:03,221 --> 00:22:03,989 YES! 789 00:22:03,989 --> 00:22:04,823 AND EVERYBODY IS 790 00:22:04,823 --> 00:22:06,091 AN EXPLORER AT HEART. 791 00:22:06,091 --> 00:22:07,025 YOU'RE RIGHT. 792 00:22:07,025 --> 00:22:08,293 I THINK THERE'S-- 793 00:22:08,293 --> 00:22:09,194 I THINK THE SPECIAL THING 794 00:22:09,194 --> 00:22:10,529 ABOUT SPACE STATION, TOO, 795 00:22:10,529 --> 00:22:12,330 IS HAVING PEOPLE ONBOARD. 796 00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:13,598 LIKE YOU SAID, THE HUMANS 797 00:22:13,598 --> 00:22:15,033 IN THE JUDGEMENT CALLS, 798 00:22:15,033 --> 00:22:16,234 IN THE-- IN THE MAKING 799 00:22:16,234 --> 00:22:18,270 CHANGES ON THE SPOT, 800 00:22:18,270 --> 00:22:19,771 IN COMMUNICATING WITH 801 00:22:19,771 --> 00:22:21,006 THE PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS 802 00:22:21,006 --> 00:22:23,041 ON THE GROUND IS CRITICAL. 803 00:22:23,041 --> 00:22:24,276 AND THEN TO MENTION-- 804 00:22:24,276 --> 00:22:25,510 NOT TO MENTION THE FACT THAT 805 00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:26,712 NOT ALL OF OUR INVESTIGATIONS 806 00:22:26,712 --> 00:22:27,813 NEED CREW TIME, RIGHT? 807 00:22:27,813 --> 00:22:29,648 WE HAVE SO MANY OF THOSE- 808 00:22:29,648 --> 00:22:30,882 THOSE 3,000 INVESTIGATIONS 809 00:22:30,882 --> 00:22:31,750 THAT I MENTIONED EARLIER 810 00:22:31,750 --> 00:22:33,118 THAT ARE ALSO AUTOMATED 811 00:22:33,118 --> 00:22:34,086 FROM THE GROUND AND THE CREW 812 00:22:34,086 --> 00:22:35,387 DOESN'T NEED TO TOUCH THOSE. 813 00:22:35,387 --> 00:22:37,956 SO, YOU DON'T HAVE ANYTHING 814 00:22:37,956 --> 00:22:39,157 LIKE THAT OFF THE PLANET 815 00:22:39,157 --> 00:22:40,826 WHERE YOU HAVE HUMAN JUDGEMENT 816 00:22:40,826 --> 00:22:42,661 IN THE MIX OF-OF EVEN 817 00:22:42,661 --> 00:22:44,463 AUTOMATED INSTRUMENTS. 818 00:22:44,463 --> 00:22:46,865 SO, VERY GOOD. 819 00:22:46,865 --> 00:22:48,200 OKAY, THE NEXT QUESTION 820 00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:48,967 IS FOR EVERYONE. 821 00:22:48,967 --> 00:22:49,868 AND I GUESS I'LL START WITH 822 00:22:49,868 --> 00:22:52,070 MARYBETH ON IT. 823 00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:53,939 ARTEMIS, THAT'S NASA'S PLAN 824 00:22:53,939 --> 00:22:54,706 FOR RETURNING HUMANS 825 00:22:54,706 --> 00:22:55,841 TO THE MOON SUSTAINABLY 826 00:22:55,841 --> 00:22:57,342 OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS. 827 00:22:57,342 --> 00:22:58,310 THE BIG ONE. 828 00:22:58,310 --> 00:22:59,878 EVERYONE'S EXCITED. 829 00:22:59,878 --> 00:23:01,513 THE PLAN IS FOR HUMANS TO 830 00:23:01,513 --> 00:23:02,848 STAY LONGER THAN WE DID 831 00:23:02,848 --> 00:23:04,049 DURING THE APOLLO MISSION. 832 00:23:04,049 --> 00:23:05,984 SO, IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT 833 00:23:05,984 --> 00:23:07,085 THAT WE DO ALL THE WORK NOW 834 00:23:07,085 --> 00:23:09,488 SO WE CAN PREPARE TO GO. 835 00:23:09,488 --> 00:23:11,189 HOW DOES THE WORK ON ISS 836 00:23:11,189 --> 00:23:11,990 PREPARE US FOR 837 00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:13,425 THAT ARTEMIS MISSION? 838 00:23:13,425 --> 00:23:15,727 MARYBETH? 839 00:23:15,727 --> 00:23:17,496 >> SO, I CAME FROM 840 00:23:17,496 --> 00:23:19,131 THE LIFE SUPPORT WORLD 841 00:23:19,131 --> 00:23:20,766 AND, YOU KNOW, 842 00:23:20,766 --> 00:23:21,933 ON THE APOLLO MISSIONS 843 00:23:21,933 --> 00:23:22,868 AND THE SHUTTLE MISSIONS, 844 00:23:22,868 --> 00:23:24,536 OUR LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 845 00:23:24,536 --> 00:23:26,037 CONSISTED LARGELY OF 846 00:23:26,037 --> 00:23:27,939 CONSUMABLE ITEMS 847 00:23:27,939 --> 00:23:28,840 THAT WE USED UP. 848 00:23:28,840 --> 00:23:30,675 WE HAD LITHIUM HYDROXIDE 849 00:23:30,675 --> 00:23:31,977 TO REMOVE CO2. 850 00:23:31,977 --> 00:23:34,379 BUT ONCE THE LITHIUM HAD 851 00:23:34,379 --> 00:23:36,047 THE CO2 ABSORBED ON IT 852 00:23:36,047 --> 00:23:37,415 AND BECAME LITHIUM CARBONATE, 853 00:23:37,415 --> 00:23:38,617 THEN YOU COULDN'T USE IT 854 00:23:38,617 --> 00:23:39,518 ANYMORE AND YOU HAD TO 855 00:23:39,518 --> 00:23:40,852 PUT IN A NEW CAN OF LIO, 856 00:23:40,852 --> 00:23:42,721 AS THEY CALLED IT. 857 00:23:42,721 --> 00:23:44,589 THE TOILET, YOU-YOU KNOW, 858 00:23:44,589 --> 00:23:46,358 YOU VENTED URINE OVERBOARD 859 00:23:46,358 --> 00:23:49,828 AND-AND THE OXYGEN CAME OUT 860 00:23:49,828 --> 00:23:53,064 OF TANKS AFTER SPLITTING 861 00:23:53,064 --> 00:23:54,232 THE WATER IN THE FUEL CELL-- 862 00:23:54,232 --> 00:23:56,301 OR OUT OF TANKS FOR 863 00:23:56,301 --> 00:23:58,737 THE CREW TO BREATHE IN. 864 00:23:58,737 --> 00:23:59,671 ON SPACE STATION, 865 00:23:59,671 --> 00:24:00,739 WE TRIED TO DEVELOP 866 00:24:00,739 --> 00:24:01,940 LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS THAT 867 00:24:01,940 --> 00:24:03,041 WERE WHAT WE REFERRED TO 868 00:24:03,041 --> 00:24:03,842 AS REGENERATIVE, 869 00:24:03,842 --> 00:24:05,210 THAT WOULD RECYCLE 870 00:24:05,210 --> 00:24:07,512 THE URINE AND WATER-- 871 00:24:07,512 --> 00:24:09,147 WASTE WATER INTO DRINKING WATER 872 00:24:09,147 --> 00:24:11,883 THAT WOULD REMOVE THE CO2 873 00:24:11,883 --> 00:24:13,885 BUT NOT WITH A MATERIAL 874 00:24:13,885 --> 00:24:15,020 THAT WAS CONSUMED, 875 00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:15,987 BUT IT WAS A MATERIAL THAT 876 00:24:15,987 --> 00:24:17,355 WOULD ABSORB IT AND THEN 877 00:24:17,355 --> 00:24:20,892 DESORB IT OVERBOARD. 878 00:24:20,892 --> 00:24:22,294 SO, WE DID 879 00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:23,728 A PRETTY GOOD JOB WITH 880 00:24:23,728 --> 00:24:26,565 SPACE STATION AND WE WERE ABLE 881 00:24:26,565 --> 00:24:28,266 TO CLOSE-- WHAT WE CALL 882 00:24:28,266 --> 00:24:29,301 CLOSE THE LOOP. 883 00:24:29,301 --> 00:24:30,802 IN OTHER WORDS, RECYCLE 884 00:24:30,802 --> 00:24:33,438 A LOT OF THE COMPONENTS. 885 00:24:33,438 --> 00:24:35,307 SO, OUR WATER LOOP IS 886 00:24:35,307 --> 00:24:37,108 ABOUT HIGH 80s TO 887 00:24:37,108 --> 00:24:39,511 LOW 90% CLOSED, RIGHT? 888 00:24:39,511 --> 00:24:40,145 SO, THE WATER THAT 889 00:24:40,145 --> 00:24:40,879 WE PUT UP THERE, 890 00:24:40,879 --> 00:24:42,480 WE USE OVER AND OVER AGAIN 891 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:45,150 AND WE END UP LOSING 10% 892 00:24:45,150 --> 00:24:47,352 TO 15% OF THE WATER 893 00:24:47,352 --> 00:24:49,287 AS-AS WASTE. 894 00:24:49,287 --> 00:24:50,655 AND THE OTHER 85% 895 00:24:50,655 --> 00:24:52,023 IS RECYCLED BACK INTO 896 00:24:52,023 --> 00:24:53,425 DRINKABLE WATER AND USED 897 00:24:53,425 --> 00:24:55,727 BY THE CREW AGAIN. 898 00:24:55,727 --> 00:24:57,295 INTERESTING FACT, 899 00:24:57,295 --> 00:24:58,997 THE WATER YOU DRINK TODAY 900 00:24:58,997 --> 00:25:00,365 TAKES ABOUT SEVEN DAYS TO GO 901 00:25:00,365 --> 00:25:01,666 THROUGH YOUR BODY AND THEN 902 00:25:01,666 --> 00:25:03,134 THROUGH THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS 903 00:25:03,134 --> 00:25:04,336 TO BE THE WATER YOU DRINK 904 00:25:04,336 --> 00:25:06,171 AGAIN SEVEN DAYS LATER. 905 00:25:06,171 --> 00:25:07,339 SO, SUNDAY'S COFFEE 906 00:25:07,339 --> 00:25:08,240 IS THE SAME AS 907 00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:10,408 SUNDAY'S COFFEE A WEEK AGO 908 00:25:10,408 --> 00:25:11,810 AND AS SUNDAY'S COFFEE 909 00:25:11,810 --> 00:25:15,513 A WEEK FROM NOW WILL BE. 910 00:25:15,513 --> 00:25:17,449 ON THE GROUND THAT TAKES LIKE 911 00:25:17,449 --> 00:25:18,583 TENS OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS, 912 00:25:18,583 --> 00:25:19,451 BUT IN SPACE STATION, 913 00:25:19,451 --> 00:25:20,418 IT TAKES A FEW DAYS. 914 00:25:20,418 --> 00:25:24,089 SO, JUST, YOU KNOW, FOR FUN. 915 00:25:24,089 --> 00:25:25,957 WHAT-- BUT OUR SYSTEM ON 916 00:25:25,957 --> 00:25:27,959 STATION STILL IS NOT CLOSED 917 00:25:27,959 --> 00:25:30,495 ENOUGH TO BE ABLE TO GO 918 00:25:30,495 --> 00:25:31,763 DO EXPLORATION OR DO 919 00:25:31,763 --> 00:25:34,266 A PERMANENT MODULE ON THE MOON 920 00:25:34,266 --> 00:25:36,534 OR GO DO EXPLORATION TO MARS. 921 00:25:36,534 --> 00:25:37,869 WE HAVE TO MAKE THEM BETTER. 922 00:25:37,869 --> 00:25:38,737 SO, ONE OF THE THINGS 923 00:25:38,737 --> 00:25:39,938 WE'RE CONTINUING TO DO 924 00:25:39,938 --> 00:25:42,107 ON SPACE STATION IS TO 925 00:25:42,107 --> 00:25:43,408 IMPROVE OUR LIFE SUPPORT 926 00:25:43,408 --> 00:25:44,809 SYSTEMS AND TO TRY OUT 927 00:25:44,809 --> 00:25:46,444 NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT GET US 928 00:25:46,444 --> 00:25:49,848 EVEN CLOSER TO BEING-BEING-- 929 00:25:49,848 --> 00:25:50,949 CLOSING OUR LOOPS. 930 00:25:50,949 --> 00:25:53,318 SO, RIGHT NOW ON SPACE STATION, 931 00:25:53,318 --> 00:25:54,419 THE URINE IS PROCESSED, 932 00:25:54,419 --> 00:25:55,720 BUT YOU END UP WITH A VERY 933 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:57,689 CONCENTRATED BRINE MATERIAL, 934 00:25:57,689 --> 00:25:59,057 VERY SALTY. 935 00:25:59,057 --> 00:26:00,425 THINK ABOUT-- THINK ABOUT 936 00:26:00,425 --> 00:26:01,259 TAKING SALT WATER, 937 00:26:01,259 --> 00:26:02,160 WHICH IS PRETTY MUCH 938 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:03,828 WHAT URINE IS, 939 00:26:03,828 --> 00:26:04,629 PUTTING IT ON THE STOVE 940 00:26:04,629 --> 00:26:05,764 AND BOILING IT AWAY 941 00:26:05,764 --> 00:26:06,564 AND YOU END UP WITH A REALLY 942 00:26:06,564 --> 00:26:09,234 SALTY SOLUTION AT THE END. 943 00:26:09,234 --> 00:26:09,734 RIGHT NOW, 944 00:26:09,734 --> 00:26:11,169 THAT'S WHAT WE THROW AWAY. 945 00:26:11,169 --> 00:26:12,203 BUT IF YOU WANT TO RECOVER 946 00:26:12,203 --> 00:26:13,505 THE WATER OUT OF THAT BRINE 947 00:26:13,505 --> 00:26:14,205 AND JUST END UP 948 00:26:14,205 --> 00:26:15,674 WITH THE SALT, 949 00:26:15,674 --> 00:26:17,976 THEN THERE'S A WAY TO RECOVER 950 00:26:17,976 --> 00:26:18,710 WHAT WE CALL THE BRINE 951 00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:19,678 RECOVERY SYSTEM TO 952 00:26:19,678 --> 00:26:20,745 RECOVER THE WATER. 953 00:26:20,745 --> 00:26:21,947 IF WE CAN DO THAT, 954 00:26:21,947 --> 00:26:23,048 THEN WE CAN CLOSE THE LOOP 955 00:26:23,048 --> 00:26:25,317 INTO THE HIGH 90%. 956 00:26:25,317 --> 00:26:26,251 THEN MAYBE YOU'RE GETTING 957 00:26:26,251 --> 00:26:27,185 CLOSE TO SOMETHING 958 00:26:27,185 --> 00:26:28,853 YOU CAN TAKE TO MARS. 959 00:26:28,853 --> 00:26:30,555 SO, THE NEXT PIECE GOING 960 00:26:30,555 --> 00:26:32,891 UP ON ISS TO BE TESTED, 961 00:26:32,891 --> 00:26:34,326 BEFORE WE DO EXPLORATION, 962 00:26:34,326 --> 00:26:36,928 IS A BRINE RECOVERY SYSTEM. 963 00:26:36,928 --> 00:26:38,096 SIMILARLY, ON THE-- 964 00:26:38,096 --> 00:26:39,431 ON THE AIR SIDE FOR 965 00:26:39,431 --> 00:26:41,199 OXYGEN AND CO2, 966 00:26:41,199 --> 00:26:42,100 PROVING OXYGEN 967 00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:44,569 AND REMOVING CO2, 968 00:26:44,569 --> 00:26:46,304 NEW TECHNOLOGIES THAT 969 00:26:46,304 --> 00:26:48,340 LOSE LESS AIR OVERBOARD. 970 00:26:48,340 --> 00:26:49,074 YOU KNOW, RIGHT NOW, 971 00:26:49,074 --> 00:26:50,976 WE ABSORB C02 ON 972 00:26:50,976 --> 00:26:52,711 A XYLITE MATERIAL AND THEN 973 00:26:52,711 --> 00:26:54,012 WE EXPOSE IT TO VACUUM 974 00:26:54,012 --> 00:26:55,714 AND THAT CO2 GOES OVERBOARD. 975 00:26:55,714 --> 00:26:57,315 BUT IF YOU THINK ABOUT 976 00:26:57,315 --> 00:26:58,450 CARBON DIOXIDE, 977 00:26:58,450 --> 00:26:59,985 IT'S GOT AN OXYGEN MOLECULE 978 00:26:59,985 --> 00:27:00,885 ON IT AND, GOSH, 979 00:27:00,885 --> 00:27:01,753 WOULDN'T IT BE GOOD TO 980 00:27:01,753 --> 00:27:02,587 BE ABLE TO USE THAT 981 00:27:02,587 --> 00:27:04,422 FOR OXYGEN AGAIN? 982 00:27:04,422 --> 00:27:05,523 SO, TECHNOLOGIES TO 983 00:27:05,523 --> 00:27:07,192 RECOVER THAT AND JUST HAVE 984 00:27:07,192 --> 00:27:09,861 CARBON AS YOUR WASTE MATERIAL 985 00:27:09,861 --> 00:27:11,029 ARE OTHER KEY THINGS 986 00:27:11,029 --> 00:27:12,163 WE WANT TO TEST. 987 00:27:12,163 --> 00:27:13,264 AND THOSE ARE BEING DEVELOPED 988 00:27:13,264 --> 00:27:15,600 AND TESTED ON-STATION. 989 00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:17,268 SIMILARLY, FOR PLANT GROWTH. 990 00:27:17,268 --> 00:27:17,936 IF YOU'RE GOING TO GO 991 00:27:17,936 --> 00:27:19,437 LONG PLACE, LONG DURATION, 992 00:27:19,437 --> 00:27:19,971 YOU'RE GOING TO MAKE 993 00:27:19,971 --> 00:27:21,406 A PERMANENT BASE ON THE MOON, 994 00:27:21,406 --> 00:27:22,974 YOU'RE GOING TO GO TO MARS, 995 00:27:22,974 --> 00:27:23,975 YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE TO GROW 996 00:27:23,975 --> 00:27:25,276 SOME FOOD BECAUSE YOU CAN'T 997 00:27:25,276 --> 00:27:27,078 TAKE ALL YOUR FOOD WITH YOU. 998 00:27:27,078 --> 00:27:27,912 SO, WE'RE DOING 999 00:27:27,912 --> 00:27:29,114 A LOT OF EXPERIMENTS 1000 00:27:29,114 --> 00:27:30,181 ON THE SPACE STATION FOR 1001 00:27:30,181 --> 00:27:32,450 PLANT GROWTH AND HOW TO, 1002 00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:33,651 YOU KNOW, 1003 00:27:33,651 --> 00:27:34,786 NOT JUST GROW THEM ONCE, 1004 00:27:34,786 --> 00:27:35,387 BUT GROW THEM, 1005 00:27:35,387 --> 00:27:36,354 TAKE THEM TO SEED, 1006 00:27:36,354 --> 00:27:37,255 TAKE THOSE SEEDS 1007 00:27:37,255 --> 00:27:38,757 AND REGROW THEM SO THAT YOU 1008 00:27:38,757 --> 00:27:42,660 CAN ACTUALLY FARM IN SPACE. 1009 00:27:42,660 --> 00:27:43,728 SO, THOSE ARE SOME OF 1010 00:27:43,728 --> 00:27:45,330 THE KEY AREAS WHERE 1011 00:27:45,330 --> 00:27:46,931 WE'RE USING SPACE STATION 1012 00:27:46,931 --> 00:27:49,134 TO REALLY HELP US MOVE FORWARD 1013 00:27:49,134 --> 00:27:49,801 AND PREPARE FOR 1014 00:27:49,801 --> 00:27:51,436 THE ARTEMIS MISSION 1015 00:27:51,436 --> 00:27:52,904 AND FOR FUTURE MARS 1016 00:27:52,904 --> 00:27:55,740 EXPLORATION MISSIONS. 1017 00:27:55,740 --> 00:27:56,141 >> GREAT. 1018 00:27:56,141 --> 00:27:57,742 THAT COVERS THE-THE FORCE 1019 00:27:57,742 --> 00:27:58,777 OF LIFE FOR HUMANS. 1020 00:27:58,777 --> 00:27:59,677 YOU'VE GOT TO BE ABLE TO- 1021 00:27:59,677 --> 00:28:01,179 TO SUSTAIN HUMAN LIFE 1022 00:28:01,179 --> 00:28:03,148 OFF OF THE PLANET, 1023 00:28:03,148 --> 00:28:04,449 OFF OF SPACE STATION, 1024 00:28:04,449 --> 00:28:05,817 AND ONTO THIS NEW PLACE, 1025 00:28:05,817 --> 00:28:06,684 THE MOON, 1026 00:28:06,684 --> 00:28:07,919 FOR LONGER AND LONGER-- 1027 00:28:07,919 --> 00:28:08,486 FOR STAYING THERE LONGER. 1028 00:28:08,486 --> 00:28:09,220 JENNIFER, DID YOU HAVE 1029 00:28:09,220 --> 00:28:09,721 ANYTHING YOU'D LIKE 1030 00:28:09,721 --> 00:28:13,458 TO ADD TO THAT? 1031 00:28:13,458 --> 00:28:14,692 >> SURE. 1032 00:28:14,692 --> 00:28:15,794 YOU KNOW, ONE AREA THAT 1033 00:28:15,794 --> 00:28:17,629 WE'RE TAKING A LOOK AT 1034 00:28:17,629 --> 00:28:19,464 IS REALLY FROM THE HUMAN 1035 00:28:19,464 --> 00:28:20,398 HEALTH PERSPECTIVE, TOO. 1036 00:28:20,398 --> 00:28:22,000 SO, AS MARYBETH MENTIONED, 1037 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:23,068 YOU KNOW, 1038 00:28:23,068 --> 00:28:23,868 WE NEED TO GROW PLANTS, 1039 00:28:23,868 --> 00:28:25,904 WE NEED TO HAVE FOOD CROPS. 1040 00:28:25,904 --> 00:28:28,306 WE ALSO NEED TO UNDERSTAND 1041 00:28:28,306 --> 00:28:30,108 HOW THOSE THINGS AFFECT 1042 00:28:30,108 --> 00:28:31,709 OUR ASTRONAUTS IN SPACE. 1043 00:28:31,709 --> 00:28:33,178 AND SO, YOU KNOW, 1044 00:28:33,178 --> 00:28:33,978 IN RECENT YEARS, 1045 00:28:33,978 --> 00:28:35,013 WE'VE STARTED EXTENDING THEIR 1046 00:28:35,013 --> 00:28:36,414 MISSIONS ON SPACE STATION. 1047 00:28:36,414 --> 00:28:37,215 SO, WHEN WE FIRST STARTED, 1048 00:28:37,215 --> 00:28:38,883 WE WERE REALLY KEEPING TO, 1049 00:28:38,883 --> 00:28:40,552 YOU KNOW, SIX-MONTH MISSIONS. 1050 00:28:40,552 --> 00:28:42,454 AND RECENTLY, WE'VE DONE 1051 00:28:42,454 --> 00:28:42,887 SEVERAL THAT ARE 1052 00:28:42,887 --> 00:28:44,722 ALMOST A YEAR LONG. 1053 00:28:44,722 --> 00:28:45,824 SO REALLY, YOU KNOW, 1054 00:28:45,824 --> 00:28:47,592 HOW DO HUMANS ADAPT AS 1055 00:28:47,592 --> 00:28:49,594 THEY SPEND LONGER TIMES IN 1056 00:28:49,594 --> 00:28:51,663 SPACE AND OFF THE PLANET? 1057 00:28:51,663 --> 00:28:53,231 SO, WE'VE TALKED ABOUT, 1058 00:28:53,231 --> 00:28:54,165 UNDER ARTEMIS, 1059 00:28:54,165 --> 00:28:55,300 WE'RE GOING BACK TO THE MOON. 1060 00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:56,267 WE KNOW WE WANT TO STAY THERE 1061 00:28:56,267 --> 00:28:58,203 FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME 1062 00:28:58,203 --> 00:28:59,070 AND THEN EVENTUALLY 1063 00:28:59,070 --> 00:29:00,004 GO ON TO MARS. 1064 00:29:00,004 --> 00:29:01,639 AND SO, WE NEED TO 1065 00:29:01,639 --> 00:29:03,608 TAKE A LOOK AT PHYSIOLOGY, 1066 00:29:03,608 --> 00:29:05,143 HOW WE CAN SUPPORT OUR 1067 00:29:05,143 --> 00:29:05,977 ASTRONAUTS WITH THE BEST 1068 00:29:05,977 --> 00:29:08,513 COUNTERMEASURES TO MAKE SURE 1069 00:29:08,513 --> 00:29:09,380 THAT THEY'RE SUCCESSFUL. 1070 00:29:09,380 --> 00:29:10,181 THEY'RE GOING TO HAVE 1071 00:29:10,181 --> 00:29:11,216 THESE REALLY INTERESTING 1072 00:29:11,216 --> 00:29:13,451 GRAVITY TRANSITIONS OF 1073 00:29:13,451 --> 00:29:15,687 GOING FROM 1G TO 0G 1074 00:29:15,687 --> 00:29:16,287 AND THEN EITHER TO 1075 00:29:16,287 --> 00:29:17,589 LUNAR OR MARTIAN GRAVITY, 1076 00:29:17,589 --> 00:29:19,591 SO WHAT DOES THEIR PERFORMANCE 1077 00:29:19,591 --> 00:29:20,825 LOOK LIKE AND HOW DO WE 1078 00:29:20,825 --> 00:29:22,527 SUPPORT THEM OPERATIONALLY? 1079 00:29:22,527 --> 00:29:23,561 AND THEN ALSO 1080 00:29:23,561 --> 00:29:25,663 PHYSIOLOGICALLY, AS WELL, 1081 00:29:25,663 --> 00:29:26,598 WITH, YOU KNOW, 1082 00:29:26,598 --> 00:29:28,900 FOOD OR NUTRITION 1083 00:29:28,900 --> 00:29:29,634 AND THINGS TO HELP THEM 1084 00:29:29,634 --> 00:29:31,202 OPTIMIZE THEIR PERFORMANCE 1085 00:29:31,202 --> 00:29:33,004 AND THEIR SUCCESS? 1086 00:29:33,004 --> 00:29:33,972 >> GREAT. 1087 00:29:33,972 --> 00:29:34,606 THANK YOU, JENNIFER. 1088 00:29:34,606 --> 00:29:35,140 KIRT, DID YOU HAVE 1089 00:29:35,140 --> 00:29:35,640 ANYTHING YOU'D LIKE 1090 00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:38,042 TO ADD TO THAT? 1091 00:29:38,042 --> 00:29:39,477 >> SURE, SWITCHING GEARS 1092 00:29:39,477 --> 00:29:40,545 JUST A LITTLE BIT, 1093 00:29:40,545 --> 00:29:42,413 UH, NEW PROGRAMS REQUIRE 1094 00:29:42,413 --> 00:29:45,150 TESTING LOTS OF NEW MATERIALS. 1095 00:29:45,150 --> 00:29:46,251 AND SPACE STATION 1096 00:29:46,251 --> 00:29:48,353 IS A GREAT PLACE TO ALLOW 1097 00:29:48,353 --> 00:29:50,188 FOR THE TESTING AND PERFORMANCE 1098 00:29:50,188 --> 00:29:52,023 OF NEW MATERIALS 1099 00:29:52,023 --> 00:29:54,492 IN A NON CRITICAL SITUATION. 1100 00:29:54,492 --> 00:29:55,693 WE WANT TO KNOW HOW 1101 00:29:55,693 --> 00:29:56,995 A MATERIAL HOLDS UP, 1102 00:29:56,995 --> 00:29:58,129 WHAT ITS PROPERTIES ARE, 1103 00:29:58,129 --> 00:29:59,364 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU EXPOSE 1104 00:29:59,364 --> 00:30:01,065 IT TO ATOMIC OXYGEN, 1105 00:30:01,065 --> 00:30:02,834 RADIATION, SOLAR PARTICLES, 1106 00:30:02,834 --> 00:30:05,570 X-RAYS, BEFORE YOU HAVE 1107 00:30:05,570 --> 00:30:07,338 TO USE IT IN A CRITICAL 1108 00:30:07,338 --> 00:30:08,973 SPACE APPLICATION. 1109 00:30:08,973 --> 00:30:11,209 SO, THE ISS PROVIDES A GREAT 1110 00:30:11,209 --> 00:30:12,877 TEST BED AND IT DOES IT THROUGH 1111 00:30:12,877 --> 00:30:14,712 ONE OF OUR COMMERCIAL PARTNERS 1112 00:30:14,712 --> 00:30:18,550 UM, IN-IN THE MSIS PLATFORM, 1113 00:30:18,550 --> 00:30:19,951 WHICH STANDS FOR MATERIAL 1114 00:30:19,951 --> 00:30:21,419 SCIENCE IN SPACE, 1115 00:30:21,419 --> 00:30:24,088 THAT-THAT ALLOWS US TO GO OUT 1116 00:30:24,088 --> 00:30:25,757 AND TEST THESE COUPONS 1117 00:30:25,757 --> 00:30:27,091 OF TEST MATERIALS AND GET THEM 1118 00:30:27,091 --> 00:30:30,195 READY FOR THEIR NEXT MISSIONS. 1119 00:30:30,195 --> 00:30:32,730 WE ALSO CONSIDER, YOU KNOW, 1120 00:30:32,730 --> 00:30:35,400 WHAT KIND OF CONTAMINATION 1121 00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:36,701 DO WE HAVE AROUND 1122 00:30:36,701 --> 00:30:38,002 SPACE VEHICLES? 1123 00:30:38,002 --> 00:30:39,837 WE'VE GOT CONTAMINATION THAT 1124 00:30:39,837 --> 00:30:41,873 COMES OFF THE VISITING VEHICLES 1125 00:30:41,873 --> 00:30:43,308 AND WE WANT TO KNOW HOW THAT'S 1126 00:30:43,308 --> 00:30:45,443 GOING TO IMPACT INSTRUMENTS, 1127 00:30:45,443 --> 00:30:47,212 BUT WE ALSO HAVE 1128 00:30:47,212 --> 00:30:51,616 THIS POTENTIAL QUESTION OF DOES 1129 00:30:51,616 --> 00:30:54,619 HUMANITY CARRY CONTAMINATION 1130 00:30:54,619 --> 00:30:57,855 OF ITS OWN BIO WITH IT 1131 00:30:57,855 --> 00:30:59,891 ON-ON SPACE VEHICLES. 1132 00:30:59,891 --> 00:31:00,858 SO, WE'VE GOT SOME 1133 00:31:00,858 --> 00:31:02,293 INVESTIGATIONS COMING UP 1134 00:31:02,293 --> 00:31:04,028 TO HELP US UNDERSTAND 1135 00:31:04,028 --> 00:31:06,264 HEY, WHAT KIND OF MATERIALS 1136 00:31:06,264 --> 00:31:07,732 COLLECT ON THE OUTSIDE 1137 00:31:07,732 --> 00:31:10,034 OF THE ISS OVER TIME 1138 00:31:10,034 --> 00:31:12,270 AND ARE THERE LIVING MATERIALS 1139 00:31:12,270 --> 00:31:14,172 THAT COULD BE A QUESTION 1140 00:31:14,172 --> 00:31:15,440 AS WE GO TO THE MOON 1141 00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:16,608 AND OTHER PLACES 1142 00:31:16,608 --> 00:31:18,109 IN TERMS OF THE STERILITY 1143 00:31:18,109 --> 00:31:20,378 OF THAT ATMOSPHERE. 1144 00:31:20,378 --> 00:31:23,047 SO, THERE'S A LOT OF 1145 00:31:23,047 --> 00:31:24,616 DIFFERENT WAYS THAT ISS 1146 00:31:24,616 --> 00:31:26,284 CAN HELP SUPPORT 1147 00:31:26,284 --> 00:31:27,885 THESE EXPLORATION GOALS 1148 00:31:27,885 --> 00:31:30,421 MOVING FORWARD. 1149 00:31:30,421 --> 00:31:31,322 >> RIGHT. RIGHT. 1150 00:31:31,322 --> 00:31:32,790 THANK YOU, KIRT. 1151 00:31:32,790 --> 00:31:34,058 UM, JENNIFER, I WANT TO GO BACK 1152 00:31:34,058 --> 00:31:35,059 TO YOU BECAUSE YOU TALKED 1153 00:31:35,059 --> 00:31:35,960 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 1154 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:37,262 THE HUMAN BODY, UM, AND THERE 1155 00:31:37,262 --> 00:31:38,830 WILL BE LUNAR GRAVITY, 1156 00:31:38,830 --> 00:31:40,131 THERE WILL BE MARTIAN GRAVITY. 1157 00:31:40,131 --> 00:31:41,299 RIGHT NOW, OUR CREW 1158 00:31:41,299 --> 00:31:42,900 HAVE BEEN IN MICROGRAVITY. 1159 00:31:42,900 --> 00:31:45,270 SO, WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHANGES 1160 00:31:45,270 --> 00:31:47,338 OR ADAPTATIONS THAT HAPPEN 1161 00:31:47,338 --> 00:31:49,007 TO THE HUMAN BODY THAT WE NEED 1162 00:31:49,007 --> 00:31:51,476 TO UNDERSTAND AS THEY STAY 1163 00:31:51,476 --> 00:31:52,677 LONGER AND LONGER IN SPACE, 1164 00:31:52,677 --> 00:31:55,713 AT LEAST IN MICROGRAVITY? 1165 00:31:55,713 --> 00:31:56,881 >> YEAH, SO, TARA, 1166 00:31:56,881 --> 00:31:58,216 JUST AS-AS YOU SAID, 1167 00:31:58,216 --> 00:31:59,450 WHAT WE SEE IS THAT 1168 00:31:59,450 --> 00:32:00,785 THE HUMAN BODY ACTUALLY 1169 00:32:00,785 --> 00:32:02,086 ADAPTS TO MICROGRAVITY. 1170 00:32:02,086 --> 00:32:03,187 UM, SO, THIS IS 1171 00:32:03,187 --> 00:32:04,055 REALLY INTERESTING. 1172 00:32:04,055 --> 00:32:05,556 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES, 1173 00:32:05,556 --> 00:32:07,525 UM, KIND OF MEET THE ENVIRONMENT 1174 00:32:07,525 --> 00:32:09,127 THAT-THAT PEOPLE ARE PUT IN. 1175 00:32:09,127 --> 00:32:11,829 UM, SO, YOU KNOW, NASA 1176 00:32:11,829 --> 00:32:13,164 HAS DEVELOPED EXTENSIVE 1177 00:32:13,164 --> 00:32:14,232 COUNTERMEASURES TO KEEP 1178 00:32:14,232 --> 00:32:15,500 ASTRONAUTS HEALTHY, 1179 00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:17,268 UM, SO ONE OF THE THINGS 1180 00:32:17,268 --> 00:32:18,536 THAT-THAT WE WOULD SEE 1181 00:32:18,536 --> 00:32:20,071 WITHOUT THAT IS YOU WOULD SEE, 1182 00:32:20,071 --> 00:32:21,639 UM, MUSCLES ATROPHY, 1183 00:32:21,639 --> 00:32:23,675 YOU WOULD SEE BONE LOSS. 1184 00:32:23,675 --> 00:32:24,942 UM, AND SO, OUR ASTRONAUTS 1185 00:32:24,942 --> 00:32:26,778 EXERCISE EVERY DAY 1186 00:32:26,778 --> 00:32:28,579 FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME 1187 00:32:28,579 --> 00:32:30,548 TO HELP MITIGATE THAT LOSS 1188 00:32:30,548 --> 00:32:32,250 OF BONE AND MUSCLE. 1189 00:32:32,250 --> 00:32:33,384 AND THEY DON'T NECESSARILY NEED 1190 00:32:33,384 --> 00:32:34,952 IT AS MUCH IN MICROGRAVITY, 1191 00:32:34,952 --> 00:32:35,953 BUT THAT'S REALLY SUPPORTING 1192 00:32:35,953 --> 00:32:36,888 THEIR HEALTH WHEN THEY 1193 00:32:36,888 --> 00:32:37,889 COME BACK TO EARTH. 1194 00:32:37,889 --> 00:32:38,756 SO, THAT'S-- 1195 00:32:38,756 --> 00:32:39,590 LIKE WE TALKED ABOUT, 1196 00:32:39,590 --> 00:32:40,825 THOSE GRAVITY TRANSITIONS 1197 00:32:40,825 --> 00:32:42,060 THAT CAN BE REALLY HARD, 1198 00:32:42,060 --> 00:32:43,528 UM, WHEN YOU HAVE TO ADAPT BACK 1199 00:32:43,528 --> 00:32:45,363 TO YOUR EXPERIENCING GRAVITY. 1200 00:32:45,363 --> 00:32:46,898 WE ALSO SEE ASTRONAUTS 1201 00:32:46,898 --> 00:32:48,533 HAVE BLOOD VOLUME CHANGES. 1202 00:32:48,533 --> 00:32:50,468 UM, SO, WITHOUT GRAVITY PULLING 1203 00:32:50,468 --> 00:32:52,737 YOUR FLUID IN YOUR BODY DOWN, 1204 00:32:52,737 --> 00:32:55,006 YOU GET THIS FLUID SHIFT UPWARD. 1205 00:32:55,006 --> 00:32:56,107 AND SO, PEOPLE TALK ABOUT 1206 00:32:56,107 --> 00:32:57,375 WHEN THEY FIRST GET TO SPACE 1207 00:32:57,375 --> 00:32:58,609 OR ON THE SPACE STATION, 1208 00:32:58,609 --> 00:32:59,610 THAT THEIR PHOTOS 1209 00:32:59,610 --> 00:33:00,511 AND THEIR PICTURES THEIR FACE 1210 00:33:00,511 --> 00:33:01,746 WILL LOOK A LITTLE BIT PUFFIER. 1211 00:33:01,746 --> 00:33:03,548 UM, AND THAT'S BECAUSE THE FLUID 1212 00:33:03,548 --> 00:33:05,683 IN YOUR BODY STARTS TO RISE UP. 1213 00:33:05,683 --> 00:33:07,151 UM, AND THEN YOUR BODY STARTS TO 1214 00:33:07,151 --> 00:33:08,486 REALIZE IT DOESN'T NEED 1215 00:33:08,486 --> 00:33:09,954 AS MUCH FLUID. 1216 00:33:09,954 --> 00:33:11,122 IT'S NOT FIGHTING AGAINST 1217 00:33:11,122 --> 00:33:12,390 GRAVITY AND HAVING TO PUMP 1218 00:33:12,390 --> 00:33:14,459 AGAINST THAT TO GET FLUID 1219 00:33:14,459 --> 00:33:15,827 AND BLOOD, IN PARTICULAR, 1220 00:33:15,827 --> 00:33:16,894 TO YOUR BRAIN. 1221 00:33:16,894 --> 00:33:17,895 UM, SO, YOU START 1222 00:33:17,895 --> 00:33:19,263 TO LOSE THE FLUID. 1223 00:33:19,263 --> 00:33:21,265 UM, AND THEN MORE RECENTLY, 1224 00:33:21,265 --> 00:33:22,467 RESEARCHERS ARE STARTING TO TAKE 1225 00:33:22,467 --> 00:33:23,935 A LOOK AT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. 1226 00:33:23,935 --> 00:33:25,103 THIS IS A REALLY ACTIVE AREA 1227 00:33:25,103 --> 00:33:26,537 OF RESEARCH, UM, AND SEE 1228 00:33:26,537 --> 00:33:27,538 HOW THAT CHANGES 1229 00:33:27,538 --> 00:33:29,140 IN AN ISOLATED ENVIRONMENT. 1230 00:33:29,140 --> 00:33:30,608 UM, SO, SOME OF THESE 1231 00:33:30,608 --> 00:33:31,809 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES 1232 00:33:31,809 --> 00:33:33,344 THAT YOU SEE IN ASTRONAUTS, 1233 00:33:33,344 --> 00:33:34,545 UM, YOU CAN ALSO SEE 1234 00:33:34,545 --> 00:33:35,780 IN MODEL ORGANISMS. 1235 00:33:35,780 --> 00:33:37,482 UM, SO, WITH THINGS LIKE MICE, 1236 00:33:37,482 --> 00:33:39,050 THESE ARE A GOOD MODEL 1237 00:33:39,050 --> 00:33:41,652 FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND HOW YOU CAN 1238 00:33:41,652 --> 00:33:43,187 TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT 1239 00:33:43,187 --> 00:33:44,989 FOR THINGS LIKE MUSCLE WASTING 1240 00:33:44,989 --> 00:33:47,859 IN OSTEOPOROSIS AND DO RESEARCH 1241 00:33:47,859 --> 00:33:50,161 IN THOSE AREAS IN MICROGRAVITY. 1242 00:33:52,864 --> 00:33:53,731 >> THANK YOU, JENNIFER. 1243 00:33:53,731 --> 00:33:54,565 YEAH, THE HUMAN BODY 1244 00:33:54,565 --> 00:33:55,600 IS REALLY EFFICIENT, 1245 00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:56,901 SO IT'S USE IT OR LOSE IT 1246 00:33:56,901 --> 00:33:59,036 IS WHAT IT IS, RIGHT? 1247 00:33:59,036 --> 00:34:00,505 OKAY. 1248 00:34:00,505 --> 00:34:01,539 SO, THE NEXT QUESTION 1249 00:34:01,539 --> 00:34:02,473 IS FOR MARYBETH. 1250 00:34:02,473 --> 00:34:04,409 CUBESATS, CUBESATS, 1251 00:34:04,409 --> 00:34:06,043 THESE CUTE LITTLE CUBESATS. 1252 00:34:06,043 --> 00:34:07,578 WE HEAR A LOT ABOUT THEM, 1253 00:34:07,578 --> 00:34:08,446 ESPECIALLY OVER 1254 00:34:08,446 --> 00:34:09,447 THE LAST FEW YEARS. 1255 00:34:09,447 --> 00:34:10,381 TINY LITTLE THINGS. 1256 00:34:10,381 --> 00:34:11,215 WHAT ARE THEY? 1257 00:34:11,215 --> 00:34:12,049 THEY'VE BEEN 1258 00:34:12,049 --> 00:34:13,151 AN EXCITING DEVELOPMENT. 1259 00:34:13,151 --> 00:34:13,985 WHAT'S A CUBESAT 1260 00:34:13,985 --> 00:34:14,752 AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT 1261 00:34:14,752 --> 00:34:16,053 IN SCIENCE AND EVEN 1262 00:34:16,053 --> 00:34:17,388 IN DEVELOPING THE LOW EARTH 1263 00:34:17,388 --> 00:34:18,990 ORBIT ECONOMY? 1264 00:34:20,992 --> 00:34:23,227 >> SO, A CUBESAT IS JUST THAT. 1265 00:34:23,227 --> 00:34:25,696 IT'S A CUBE-SHAPED SATELLITE. 1266 00:34:25,696 --> 00:34:26,764 IT'S 10 CENTIMETERS 1267 00:34:26,764 --> 00:34:27,832 BY 10 CENTIMETERS 1268 00:34:27,832 --> 00:34:29,033 BY 10 CENTIMETERS. 1269 00:34:29,033 --> 00:34:30,802 THAT'S ONE UNIT. 1270 00:34:30,802 --> 00:34:32,437 THEY CALL IT A 1-U. 1271 00:34:32,437 --> 00:34:33,805 BUT THEN YOU CAN GANG THEM 1272 00:34:33,805 --> 00:34:34,705 TOGETHER AND YOU CAN MAKE 1273 00:34:34,705 --> 00:34:36,107 TWO Us OR THREE Us 1274 00:34:36,107 --> 00:34:37,708 AND NOW THEY DO SIX Us 1275 00:34:37,708 --> 00:34:38,743 AND NINE Us 1276 00:34:38,743 --> 00:34:39,677 AND THEY JUST KEEP MAKING 1277 00:34:39,677 --> 00:34:40,545 THEM BIGGER AND BIGGER. 1278 00:34:40,545 --> 00:34:41,345 AND THEN YOU START GOING 1279 00:34:41,345 --> 00:34:42,346 THAT'S NOT A CUBESAT ANYMORE, 1280 00:34:42,346 --> 00:34:43,414 THAT'S A SATELLITE, BUT 1281 00:34:43,414 --> 00:34:45,016 THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE ISSUE. 1282 00:34:45,016 --> 00:34:46,517 SO, THE BEAUTY OF THEM 1283 00:34:46,517 --> 00:34:48,219 IS THEY'VE BEEN STANDARDIZED. 1284 00:34:48,219 --> 00:34:49,287 THEY WERE DEVELOPED 1285 00:34:49,287 --> 00:34:50,621 BY A PROFESSOR OUT 1286 00:34:50,621 --> 00:34:52,757 IN CALIFORNIA AND, OF COURSE, 1287 00:34:52,757 --> 00:34:53,958 HIS NAME IS ESCAPING ME 1288 00:34:53,958 --> 00:34:54,725 FOR JUST A MOMENT, 1289 00:34:54,725 --> 00:34:55,626 BUT I'LL REMEMBER IT 1290 00:34:55,626 --> 00:34:56,461 IN A MINUTE. 1291 00:34:56,461 --> 00:34:57,595 IT'S THE SMALLEST TYPE 1292 00:34:57,595 --> 00:34:59,430 OF SATELLITE AND IT ALLOWS YOU 1293 00:34:59,430 --> 00:35:01,299 A CHEAPER WAY TO PERFORM 1294 00:35:01,299 --> 00:35:02,400 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1295 00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:03,801 DEMONSTRATIONS IN SPACE. 1296 00:35:03,801 --> 00:35:05,403 THE SIZE OF IT, THE 10 BY 10 1297 00:35:05,403 --> 00:35:08,005 BY 10 CENTIMETERS WAS ORIGINALLY 1298 00:35:08,005 --> 00:35:09,707 SET BECAUSE THAT IS 1299 00:35:09,707 --> 00:35:11,776 THE SMALLEST TRACKABLE OBJECT 1300 00:35:11,776 --> 00:35:14,378 THAT THE SPACE COMMAND GUYS 1301 00:35:14,378 --> 00:35:16,247 COULD FOLLOW, RIGHT? 1302 00:35:16,247 --> 00:35:17,482 AND SO, YOU WANTED TO KNOW WHERE 1303 00:35:17,482 --> 00:35:18,983 THE THING WAS SO THAT YOU KNEW 1304 00:35:18,983 --> 00:35:20,117 IF IT WAS GOING TO RUN INTO 1305 00:35:20,117 --> 00:35:22,286 SOMETHING, MOST NOTABLY FOR US 1306 00:35:22,286 --> 00:35:23,421 AT SPACE STATION BECAUSE 1307 00:35:23,421 --> 00:35:24,856 WE REALLY DON'T WANT CUBESATS 1308 00:35:24,856 --> 00:35:26,090 TO RUN INTO US. 1309 00:35:26,090 --> 00:35:29,360 UM, AND ANYTHING SMALLER WAS NOT 1310 00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:31,662 TRACKABLE BY THE GROUND SYSTEM. 1311 00:35:31,662 --> 00:35:34,599 SO, UM, BUT YOU CAN DO 1312 00:35:34,599 --> 00:35:36,367 AN AMAZING AMOUNT 1313 00:35:36,367 --> 00:35:37,368 OF THINGS WITH THEM. 1314 00:35:37,368 --> 00:35:38,669 BECAUSE THEY'VE BECOME 1315 00:35:38,669 --> 00:35:39,837 STANDARDIZED, THERE'S NOW 1316 00:35:39,837 --> 00:35:41,339 STANDARD COMMUNICATION BOARDS 1317 00:35:41,339 --> 00:35:42,607 THAT YOU CAN JUST BUY 1318 00:35:42,607 --> 00:35:43,841 FROM A COMPANY AND DROP IN 1319 00:35:43,841 --> 00:35:45,142 A COMMUNICATION BOARD 1320 00:35:45,142 --> 00:35:47,578 OR YOU CAN DROP IN A, YOU KNOW, 1321 00:35:47,578 --> 00:35:48,846 A DIFFERENT KIND OF ELECTRONIC 1322 00:35:48,846 --> 00:35:50,248 BOARD TO PROVIDE YOU DIFFERENT 1323 00:35:50,248 --> 00:35:51,749 INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA. 1324 00:35:51,749 --> 00:35:52,984 OR YOU CAN DROP IN A STANDARD 1325 00:35:52,984 --> 00:35:54,418 CAMERA IF YOU WANT TO BE 1326 00:35:54,418 --> 00:35:55,653 TAKING PICTURES. 1327 00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:59,657 AND SO, IT KIND OF IS LIKE 1328 00:35:59,657 --> 00:36:01,292 GOING TO THE MODEL ROCKET SHOP 1329 00:36:01,292 --> 00:36:02,260 AND BUYING DIFFERENT BITS 1330 00:36:02,260 --> 00:36:03,194 AND PIECES AND PUTTING 1331 00:36:03,194 --> 00:36:05,029 THEM IN YOUR CUBESAT. 1332 00:36:05,029 --> 00:36:07,098 THEY'VE BEEN USED FOR TECHNOLOGY 1333 00:36:07,098 --> 00:36:08,633 DEMONSTRATIONS OF DIFFERENT 1334 00:36:08,633 --> 00:36:09,767 NEW TECHNOLOGIES. 1335 00:36:09,767 --> 00:36:12,436 THEY'VE BEEN USED FOR PUTTING 1336 00:36:12,436 --> 00:36:14,005 FLUIDS IN, WHICH ARE REALLY 1337 00:36:14,005 --> 00:36:15,940 MICRO-- SMALL AMOUNTS OF FLUID 1338 00:36:15,940 --> 00:36:17,542 AND LIVING MATERIALS 1339 00:36:17,542 --> 00:36:19,076 AND TESTING OUT 1340 00:36:19,076 --> 00:36:20,578 HOW CELLS AND THINGS REACT 1341 00:36:20,578 --> 00:36:21,646 AND HOW THEY GROW 1342 00:36:21,646 --> 00:36:23,548 OR NOT IN MICROGRAVITY 1343 00:36:23,548 --> 00:36:25,583 AND IN THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT. 1344 00:36:25,583 --> 00:36:28,085 THEY, UM, THEY'VE JUMPSTARTED 1345 00:36:28,085 --> 00:36:30,154 RESEARCH IN A NUMBER OF AREAS. 1346 00:36:30,154 --> 00:36:32,757 THE BIGGEST AREA THEY'VE BEEN 1347 00:36:32,757 --> 00:36:34,792 USED IN, THOUGH, IS SATELLITE 1348 00:36:34,792 --> 00:36:37,929 COMPANIES USING THEM MOSTLY 1349 00:36:37,929 --> 00:36:40,498 TO BE ABLE TO QUICKLY MATURE 1350 00:36:40,498 --> 00:36:41,566 THEIR TECHNOLOGY 1351 00:36:41,566 --> 00:36:44,235 AND THEIR CAMERAS 1352 00:36:44,235 --> 00:36:46,070 AND DATA SYSTEMS AND OPTICS 1353 00:36:46,070 --> 00:36:47,638 TO BE ABLE TO GET 1354 00:36:47,638 --> 00:36:49,974 A COVERAGE OF THE ENTIRE GLOBE 1355 00:36:49,974 --> 00:36:53,344 AND GET DATA ON HOW THE WORLD 1356 00:36:53,344 --> 00:36:54,845 IS CHANGING WITH JUST 1357 00:36:54,845 --> 00:36:58,182 VISUAL CAMERAS DATA EVERY DAY, 1358 00:36:58,182 --> 00:37:00,184 YOU KNOW, OVER TIME. 1359 00:37:00,184 --> 00:37:01,619 SO, COMPANIES LIKE PLANET 1360 00:37:01,619 --> 00:37:03,621 AND SPIRE HAVE BEEN KIND OF 1361 00:37:03,621 --> 00:37:04,722 GROWN UP OUT OF 1362 00:37:04,722 --> 00:37:06,390 THIS CUBESAT MARKET. 1363 00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:08,159 ON SPACE STATION, THERE HAVE 1364 00:37:08,159 --> 00:37:09,393 BEEN A NUMBER OF COMPANIES 1365 00:37:09,393 --> 00:37:11,028 WHO HAVE DEPLOYED CUBESATS. 1366 00:37:11,028 --> 00:37:11,996 THERE HAVE BEEN NOW MORE THAN 1367 00:37:11,996 --> 00:37:14,799 250 DEPLOYED FROM STATION, 1368 00:37:14,799 --> 00:37:16,400 INITIALLY WITH NATARAX 1369 00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:18,135 AND OUR JAXA COLLEAGUES 1370 00:37:18,135 --> 00:37:19,236 AND NOW SEAOPS 1371 00:37:19,236 --> 00:37:22,206 AND SOME OTHERS HAVE STARTED. 1372 00:37:22,206 --> 00:37:23,474 BUT BECAUSE THEY'RE 1373 00:37:23,474 --> 00:37:25,443 STANDARDIZED, BECAUSE THEY'VE 1374 00:37:25,443 --> 00:37:27,044 MINIATURIZED A LOT OF THINGS, 1375 00:37:27,044 --> 00:37:28,779 THEY'RE PRETTY CHEAP 1376 00:37:28,779 --> 00:37:29,680 AND SO THAT'S MADE THEM 1377 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:30,648 VERY POWERFUL 1378 00:37:30,648 --> 00:37:33,017 FOR LEARNING EXPERIENCES. 1379 00:37:33,017 --> 00:37:34,819 THERE'S A LOT OF SENIOR-LEVEL 1380 00:37:34,819 --> 00:37:36,687 DESIGN CLASSES IN UNIVERSITIES 1381 00:37:36,687 --> 00:37:38,289 AND THE STUDENTS IN AEROSPACE, 1382 00:37:38,289 --> 00:37:40,157 THEY HAVE TO BUILD A CUBESAT. 1383 00:37:40,157 --> 00:37:41,425 UM, AND THEN THERE WAS 1384 00:37:41,425 --> 00:37:42,393 A BIG PROBLEM WITH THERE'S 1385 00:37:42,393 --> 00:37:43,728 ALL THESE CUBESATS ON THE GROUND 1386 00:37:43,728 --> 00:37:44,862 AND THEY COULDN'T GET LAUNCHED, 1387 00:37:44,862 --> 00:37:46,364 SO NASA STARTED THE CUBESAT 1388 00:37:46,364 --> 00:37:48,165 LAUNCH INITIATIVE AND WE STARTED 1389 00:37:48,165 --> 00:37:50,001 TAKING THOSE IN FROM ACADEMIA 1390 00:37:50,001 --> 00:37:52,870 AND FINDING WAYS TO DEPLOY THEM. 1391 00:37:52,870 --> 00:37:54,071 A LOT OF THE ONES DEPLOYED 1392 00:37:54,071 --> 00:37:55,306 FROM STATION WERE PART OF 1393 00:37:55,306 --> 00:37:56,941 THE CUBESAT LAUNCH INITIATIVE 1394 00:37:56,941 --> 00:37:58,809 WHERE WE ALLOWED ACADEMICS 1395 00:37:58,809 --> 00:38:00,277 WHO OTHERWISE COULDN'T AFFORD 1396 00:38:00,277 --> 00:38:02,513 TO LAUNCH THEIR CUBESATS, 1397 00:38:02,513 --> 00:38:03,481 BECAUSE LAUNCHES 1398 00:38:03,481 --> 00:38:04,615 ARE STILL VERY EXPENSIVE, 1399 00:38:04,615 --> 00:38:05,816 A WAY TO GET THOSE STUDENT 1400 00:38:05,816 --> 00:38:07,952 EXPERIMENTS INTO SPACE. 1401 00:38:07,952 --> 00:38:10,388 UM, IF THEY'RE COMMERCIAL, 1402 00:38:10,388 --> 00:38:11,255 THEN WE'VE SAID 1403 00:38:11,255 --> 00:38:12,123 YEAH, YOU'VE GOT TO BUY-- 1404 00:38:12,123 --> 00:38:12,990 YOU'VE GOT TO BUY 1405 00:38:12,990 --> 00:38:15,126 YOUR OPPORTUNITY, SO. 1406 00:38:15,126 --> 00:38:17,862 UM, BUT ALL OF THIS NEW BUSINESS 1407 00:38:17,862 --> 00:38:19,363 WAS REALLY THE FIRST BUSINESS 1408 00:38:19,363 --> 00:38:20,431 CASE THAT DEVELOPED 1409 00:38:20,431 --> 00:38:22,466 FROM SOME IDEA TO ACTUALLY 1410 00:38:22,466 --> 00:38:23,968 GENERATING REVENUE, 1411 00:38:23,968 --> 00:38:26,137 MAKING MONEY, UM, FOR 1412 00:38:26,137 --> 00:38:27,805 THE LOW EARTH ORBIT ECONOMY. 1413 00:38:27,805 --> 00:38:29,707 IT WAS-IT WAS KIND OF 1414 00:38:29,707 --> 00:38:33,077 THE UNEXPECTED FIRST... 1415 00:38:35,012 --> 00:38:35,880 PRODUCT 1416 00:38:35,880 --> 00:38:37,848 OR THING THAT COULD BE SOLD. 1417 00:38:37,848 --> 00:38:38,883 AND I'LL TELL YOU, 1418 00:38:38,883 --> 00:38:40,151 FOR SOME OF US IT WAS-- 1419 00:38:40,151 --> 00:38:41,919 IT WAS COMPLETELY UNEXPECTED. 1420 00:38:41,919 --> 00:38:42,787 WELL, FOR ALL OF US 1421 00:38:42,787 --> 00:38:44,221 IT WAS PRETTY MUCH UNEXPECTED 1422 00:38:44,221 --> 00:38:45,923 AND VERY EYE OPENING. 1423 00:38:45,923 --> 00:38:46,857 AND FOR SOME OF US, 1424 00:38:46,857 --> 00:38:49,460 IT WAS KIND OF FRUSTRATING 1425 00:38:49,460 --> 00:38:51,128 BECAUSE I USED TO TELL PEOPLE 1426 00:38:51,128 --> 00:38:52,096 LOOK, WE DIDN'T BUILD 1427 00:38:52,096 --> 00:38:53,497 THIS AMAZING SCIENCE PLATFORM 1428 00:38:53,497 --> 00:38:54,565 TO OPEN UP THE BACK DOOR 1429 00:38:54,565 --> 00:38:56,400 AND THROW STUFF OUT. 1430 00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:59,070 BUT THAT'S WHAT WE WERE DOING 1431 00:38:59,070 --> 00:39:00,638 IS THROWING STUFF OFF 1432 00:39:00,638 --> 00:39:03,240 THE BACK PORCH AND, UM-- 1433 00:39:03,240 --> 00:39:05,276 BUT IT WAS IMPORTANT BECAUSE 1434 00:39:05,276 --> 00:39:07,678 IT WAS A DIFFERENT KIND OF 1435 00:39:07,678 --> 00:39:09,580 SCIENCE THAN WE ENVISIONED, 1436 00:39:09,580 --> 00:39:12,416 BUT IT WAS ALSO COMMERCIAL 1437 00:39:12,416 --> 00:39:13,684 AND GENERATING REVENUE 1438 00:39:13,684 --> 00:39:15,920 AND REALLY REVOLUTIONIZING- 1439 00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:18,155 REVOLUTIONIZING AN INDUSTRY. 1440 00:39:18,155 --> 00:39:20,591 SO, SOMETIMES YOU HAVE TO GET 1441 00:39:20,591 --> 00:39:23,794 COMFORTABLE WITH USING 1442 00:39:23,794 --> 00:39:25,362 THE PLATFORM IN WAYS 1443 00:39:25,362 --> 00:39:27,398 THAT YOU REALLY DIDN'T-- 1444 00:39:27,398 --> 00:39:29,867 DIDN'T THINK OF AND THAT 1445 00:39:29,867 --> 00:39:31,135 WHEN THEY HAPPEN, 1446 00:39:31,135 --> 00:39:32,036 YOU JUST LOOK AT IT 1447 00:39:32,036 --> 00:39:33,904 AND GO SUCH A WASTE 1448 00:39:33,904 --> 00:39:36,207 OF SUCH A COOL PLATFORM! 1449 00:39:36,207 --> 00:39:38,042 AND REALIZE IT'S NOT A WASTE, 1450 00:39:38,042 --> 00:39:40,411 IT'S JUST A VERY DIFFERENT IDEA 1451 00:39:40,411 --> 00:39:42,179 THAN YOU HAD WHEN YOU STARTED, 1452 00:39:42,179 --> 00:39:44,348 AND THAT'S OKAY. 1453 00:39:44,348 --> 00:39:45,616 >> THANKS, MARYBETH. 1454 00:39:45,616 --> 00:39:46,717 I REMEMBER THE FIRST TIME 1455 00:39:46,717 --> 00:39:47,685 I WAS HEARING ABOUT 1456 00:39:47,685 --> 00:39:48,853 THE CUBESAT PROGRAM. 1457 00:39:48,853 --> 00:39:49,854 AND THE WAY THEY WORK 1458 00:39:49,854 --> 00:39:51,255 IS YOU PUT THEM ON A ROCKET-- 1459 00:39:51,255 --> 00:39:52,156 YOU PACKAGE THEM UP, 1460 00:39:52,156 --> 00:39:53,357 YOU PUT THEM ON A VEHICLE 1461 00:39:53,357 --> 00:39:54,492 THAT LAUNCHES TO STATION 1462 00:39:54,492 --> 00:39:55,926 AND THEN YOU LOAD THEM 1463 00:39:55,926 --> 00:39:56,861 IN THIS LAUNCHER, 1464 00:39:56,861 --> 00:39:58,129 WHICH IS LIKE A SOFT CANNON, 1465 00:39:58,129 --> 00:39:59,630 AND POOF, THEY JUST GO OUT. 1466 00:39:59,630 --> 00:40:01,298 THEY GO AWAY FROM STATION. 1467 00:40:01,298 --> 00:40:02,466 AND I REMEMBER THINKING, 1468 00:40:02,466 --> 00:40:03,434 LIKE YOU SAID, 1469 00:40:03,434 --> 00:40:04,401 THEY WANT TO WHAT? 1470 00:40:04,401 --> 00:40:06,070 LIKE SHOOT SOMETHING OUT 1471 00:40:06,070 --> 00:40:07,338 OF THE BACK OF SPACE STATION? 1472 00:40:07,338 --> 00:40:09,640 LIKE THAT-THAT'S INSANE! 1473 00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:10,908 BUT THE REALLY COOL THING 1474 00:40:10,908 --> 00:40:11,976 ABOUT WORKING IN STATION 1475 00:40:11,976 --> 00:40:13,110 IS WE DO THESE THINGS, 1476 00:40:13,110 --> 00:40:13,978 LIKE YOU SAID, 1477 00:40:13,978 --> 00:40:15,446 THAT WE WOULDN'T HAVE THOUGHT 1478 00:40:15,446 --> 00:40:16,881 TO DO UNLESS YOU-- 1479 00:40:16,881 --> 00:40:18,349 I MEAN, IT'S KIND OF CRAZY. 1480 00:40:18,349 --> 00:40:19,583 WE DO THE CRAZY THINGS 1481 00:40:19,583 --> 00:40:21,252 UM, AND IT'S REALLY USEFUL. 1482 00:40:21,252 --> 00:40:22,486 IT'S BEEN USEFUL FOR SCIENCE; 1483 00:40:22,486 --> 00:40:23,521 IT'S BEEN USEFUL 1484 00:40:23,521 --> 00:40:24,755 FOR THE ECONOMY. 1485 00:40:24,755 --> 00:40:27,057 SO, IT'S A REALLY COOL STORY 1486 00:40:27,057 --> 00:40:28,759 ABOUT CUBESATS. 1487 00:40:28,759 --> 00:40:30,060 UM, NOW I HAVE A QUESTION 1488 00:40:30,060 --> 00:40:30,995 FOR EACH OF YOU, 1489 00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:31,796 A LITTLE BIT MORE 1490 00:40:31,796 --> 00:40:32,863 ON THE PERSONAL LEVEL. 1491 00:40:32,863 --> 00:40:35,366 AND I WONDER, ARE THERE 1492 00:40:35,366 --> 00:40:36,534 ANY PARTICULAR STORIES 1493 00:40:36,534 --> 00:40:38,135 ABOUT YOUR TIME WORKING IN 1494 00:40:38,135 --> 00:40:39,336 THE SPACE STATION PROGRAM 1495 00:40:39,336 --> 00:40:42,072 THAT HAVE STOOD OUT TO YOU, 1496 00:40:42,072 --> 00:40:43,507 UM, EITHER SOMETHING HAPPENING 1497 00:40:43,507 --> 00:40:45,075 ON ORBIT OR IN TRAINING 1498 00:40:45,075 --> 00:40:46,944 OR ON THE GROUND? 1499 00:40:46,944 --> 00:40:47,812 UM, LET'S SEE, 1500 00:40:47,812 --> 00:40:49,480 I'LL START WITH KIRT. 1501 00:40:52,249 --> 00:40:54,018 >> OKAY, I WAS THINKING ABOUT 1502 00:40:54,018 --> 00:40:56,086 THIS THE OTHER DAY. 1503 00:40:56,086 --> 00:40:58,823 AND A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO, 1504 00:40:58,823 --> 00:41:00,291 ONE OF THE-ONE OF THE BENEFITS 1505 00:41:00,291 --> 00:41:01,759 OF BEING INVOLVED IN 1506 00:41:01,759 --> 00:41:04,662 THE SCIENCE PROGRAM FOR ISS 1507 00:41:04,662 --> 00:41:06,163 IS GETTING TO GO OUT 1508 00:41:06,163 --> 00:41:08,199 AND INTERACT WITH ALL 1509 00:41:08,199 --> 00:41:09,667 THE PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES 1510 00:41:09,667 --> 00:41:11,001 THAT ARE OUT THERE. 1511 00:41:11,001 --> 00:41:12,970 AND ONE OF THEM THAT SERVES 1512 00:41:12,970 --> 00:41:14,705 THE MICROGRAVITY FIELD 1513 00:41:14,705 --> 00:41:16,373 SPECIFICALLY IS 1514 00:41:16,373 --> 00:41:17,441 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY 1515 00:41:17,441 --> 00:41:18,342 OF GRAVITATIONAL 1516 00:41:18,342 --> 00:41:19,877 AND SPACE RESEARCH. 1517 00:41:19,877 --> 00:41:22,146 SO, ABOUT FOUR YEARS AGO, 1518 00:41:22,146 --> 00:41:26,217 I WAS INVITED TO TALK DURING 1519 00:41:26,217 --> 00:41:28,352 THEIR SCIENTIST CAREER DAY 1520 00:41:28,352 --> 00:41:30,120 AND IT TURNED OUT 1521 00:41:30,120 --> 00:41:32,022 TO BE JUST AN ABSOLUTELY 1522 00:41:32,022 --> 00:41:33,490 AMAZING EVENT. 1523 00:41:33,490 --> 00:41:36,660 WE HAD A BALLROOM FULL OF 1524 00:41:36,660 --> 00:41:38,195 HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS 1525 00:41:38,195 --> 00:41:39,797 AND MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS 1526 00:41:39,797 --> 00:41:40,798 AND NOT ONLY DID I GET TO 1527 00:41:40,798 --> 00:41:42,166 TALK ABOUT EVERYTHING COOL 1528 00:41:42,166 --> 00:41:45,936 THAT WAS GOING ONBOARD ISS, 1529 00:41:45,936 --> 00:41:47,705 BUT I ALSO GOT TO TALK ABOUT 1530 00:41:47,705 --> 00:41:49,607 THE PATH THAT GOT ME FROM 1531 00:41:49,607 --> 00:41:52,843 A VERY SMALL RURAL HIGH SCHOOL 1532 00:41:52,843 --> 00:41:54,678 IN KENTUCKY TO BEING, 1533 00:41:54,678 --> 00:41:55,613 AT THE TIME, 1534 00:41:55,613 --> 00:41:57,481 A DEPUTY CHIEF SCIENTIST FOR 1535 00:41:57,481 --> 00:41:59,683 THE SPACE STATION PROGRAM. 1536 00:41:59,683 --> 00:42:01,785 I THINK IT WAS AMAZING KNOWING 1537 00:42:01,785 --> 00:42:03,988 THAT THOSE KIDS IN THAT ROOM 1538 00:42:03,988 --> 00:42:05,689 WERE THERE NOT BECAUSE 1539 00:42:05,689 --> 00:42:07,224 THEY WERE GETTING EXTRA CREDIT, 1540 00:42:07,224 --> 00:42:08,392 BUT BECAUSE THEY ACTUALLY 1541 00:42:08,392 --> 00:42:09,526 HAD AN INTEREST IN DOING 1542 00:42:09,526 --> 00:42:11,595 SCIENCE IN SPACE. 1543 00:42:11,595 --> 00:42:13,497 AND IT REALLY LEFT ME FEELING, 1544 00:42:13,497 --> 00:42:15,933 UM, AFTER TALKING TO THEM 1545 00:42:15,933 --> 00:42:16,934 AND HEARING THE QUESTIONS 1546 00:42:16,934 --> 00:42:18,102 THAT THEY ASKED, 1547 00:42:18,102 --> 00:42:19,803 THAT THE NEXT GENERATION 1548 00:42:19,803 --> 00:42:21,906 OF SPACE EXPLORERS 1549 00:42:21,906 --> 00:42:24,141 AND RESEARCHERS IS OUT THERE. 1550 00:42:24,141 --> 00:42:26,577 SO, I HOPE THAT DAY THEY WERE 1551 00:42:26,577 --> 00:42:27,544 A LITTLE BIT INSPIRED 1552 00:42:27,544 --> 00:42:29,213 BY WHAT I SAID, 1553 00:42:29,213 --> 00:42:30,514 BUT THEY ALSO INSPIRED ME. 1554 00:42:30,514 --> 00:42:31,448 THEY INSPIRED ME WITH 1555 00:42:31,448 --> 00:42:33,717 THE CONFIDENCE THAT THIS FIELD 1556 00:42:33,717 --> 00:42:36,020 IS HERE TO STAY AND WE'VE GOT 1557 00:42:36,020 --> 00:42:40,457 A GREAT FUTURE AHEAD OF US. 1558 00:42:40,457 --> 00:42:41,358 >> THANK YOU, KIRT. 1559 00:42:41,358 --> 00:42:42,092 HOW ABOUT YOU, JENNIFER? 1560 00:42:42,092 --> 00:42:42,893 DO YOU HAVE ANY INTERESTING 1561 00:42:42,893 --> 00:42:43,827 STORIES OF YOUR TIME 1562 00:42:43,827 --> 00:42:46,230 IN SPACE STATION? 1563 00:42:46,230 --> 00:42:47,131 >> I DO. 1564 00:42:47,131 --> 00:42:48,999 UM, SO, ONE REALLY INTERESTING 1565 00:42:48,999 --> 00:42:50,401 EXPERIENCE I GOT TO HAVE, 1566 00:42:50,401 --> 00:42:52,236 UM, IN SPACE STATION 1567 00:42:52,236 --> 00:42:53,470 WAS ACTUALLY PARTICIPATING 1568 00:42:53,470 --> 00:42:54,638 IN AN EXPERIMENT 1569 00:42:54,638 --> 00:42:56,206 THAT WE DID ON ISS. 1570 00:42:56,206 --> 00:42:57,775 UM, SO, FOR A LITTLE BIT 1571 00:42:57,775 --> 00:42:59,076 OF BACKGROUND. 1572 00:42:59,076 --> 00:43:00,244 MY BACKGROUND IS SCIENCE 1573 00:43:00,244 --> 00:43:01,512 AND WHEN I FIRST CAME TO NASA, 1574 00:43:01,512 --> 00:43:02,846 I ACTUALLY WORKED IN THE 1575 00:43:02,846 --> 00:43:04,048 FLIGHT OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE. 1576 00:43:04,048 --> 00:43:05,516 IT WAS DURING THE ASSEMBLY PHASE 1577 00:43:05,516 --> 00:43:07,051 AND SO WE WERE REALLY FOCUSED 1578 00:43:07,051 --> 00:43:09,219 ON CONSTRUCTING SPACE STATION. 1579 00:43:09,219 --> 00:43:10,688 UM, AND SO, I WORKED 1580 00:43:10,688 --> 00:43:12,089 IN FLIGHT OPERATIONS 1581 00:43:12,089 --> 00:43:13,958 AND ACTUALLY WAS IN A SYSTEM, 1582 00:43:13,958 --> 00:43:15,359 UM, FOR LIFE SUPPORT, 1583 00:43:15,359 --> 00:43:16,460 SO I WORKED ON A LOT OF 1584 00:43:16,460 --> 00:43:17,428 THE REGENERATIVE STUFF 1585 00:43:17,428 --> 00:43:18,796 MARYBETH TALKED ABOUT EARLIER. 1586 00:43:18,796 --> 00:43:20,864 UM, SO, AFTER SUPPORTING 1587 00:43:20,864 --> 00:43:23,133 OPERATIONS FOR ABOUT A DECADE, 1588 00:43:23,133 --> 00:43:25,269 UM, I CAME BACK TO SCIENCE 1589 00:43:25,269 --> 00:43:27,137 AND STARTED WORKING IN THE ISS 1590 00:43:27,137 --> 00:43:28,605 PROGRAM ON THE SCIENCE SIDE. 1591 00:43:28,605 --> 00:43:30,074 AND ONE OF THE ISSUES THAT 1592 00:43:30,074 --> 00:43:31,241 WE WERE TRYING TO ADDRESS 1593 00:43:31,241 --> 00:43:32,776 AT THE TIME WAS HOW WERE 1594 00:43:32,776 --> 00:43:34,011 CHANGING OPERATIONS 1595 00:43:34,011 --> 00:43:35,112 OF HOW WE'RE DOING STUFF 1596 00:43:35,112 --> 00:43:36,380 IN THE OPEN CABIN. 1597 00:43:36,380 --> 00:43:38,082 UM, AND SO, I WAS-- 1598 00:43:38,082 --> 00:43:39,383 I WAS LOOKING AT IT FROM 1599 00:43:39,383 --> 00:43:40,851 THE BIOLOGY SIDE ON HOW CAN WE 1600 00:43:40,851 --> 00:43:41,852 MAKE THIS MORE LIKE 1601 00:43:41,852 --> 00:43:43,954 A GROUND CORE LAB, 1602 00:43:43,954 --> 00:43:46,190 UM, AND SO I WORKED 1603 00:43:46,190 --> 00:43:47,591 WITH SOME FOLKS TO DESIGN 1604 00:43:47,591 --> 00:43:48,492 AN EXPERIMENT TO TEST 1605 00:43:48,492 --> 00:43:49,460 SOME OF THOSE THINGS. 1606 00:43:49,460 --> 00:43:53,230 UM, AND IT WAS A REALLY, UM, 1607 00:43:53,230 --> 00:43:54,798 REALLY AMAZING EXPERIENCE 1608 00:43:54,798 --> 00:43:57,167 TO-TO KIND OF BE ON 1609 00:43:57,167 --> 00:43:58,435 THE OTHER SIDE OF IT. 1610 00:43:58,435 --> 00:43:59,703 UM, YOU KNOW, TO SEE THINGS 1611 00:43:59,703 --> 00:44:02,006 THROUGH THE EYES OF A SCIENTIST 1612 00:44:02,006 --> 00:44:03,240 AND AS A PAYLOAD DEVELOPER, 1613 00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:05,309 UM, EXECUTING RESEARCH 1614 00:44:05,309 --> 00:44:06,543 ON SPACE STATION 1615 00:44:06,543 --> 00:44:07,745 AND TO GET THAT EXPERIENCE. 1616 00:44:07,745 --> 00:44:08,812 UM, AND, YOU KNOW, 1617 00:44:08,812 --> 00:44:11,181 COMING IN THE DOOR, 1618 00:44:11,181 --> 00:44:13,550 YOU GET ACCESS TO ALL 1619 00:44:13,550 --> 00:44:15,486 OF THE EXPERTISE THAT NASA HAS. 1620 00:44:15,486 --> 00:44:16,754 UM, SO, EVEN THOUGH 1621 00:44:16,754 --> 00:44:19,123 MY BACKGROUND IS BIOLOGY, 1622 00:44:19,123 --> 00:44:20,724 I WAS PARTNERED UP WITH TWO 1623 00:44:20,724 --> 00:44:22,126 OF THE FOLKS WHO ARE OUR 1624 00:44:22,126 --> 00:44:23,727 SPACE FLUID PHYSICS EXPERTS, 1625 00:44:23,727 --> 00:44:25,529 UM, WHICH WAS REALLY GREAT 1626 00:44:25,529 --> 00:44:26,530 TO WORK WITH. 1627 00:44:26,530 --> 00:44:28,298 UM, I LEARNED A LOT FROM THEM. 1628 00:44:28,298 --> 00:44:29,466 UM, BUT DEFINITELY SOMETHING 1629 00:44:29,466 --> 00:44:30,567 THAT I NEVER IMAGINED 1630 00:44:30,567 --> 00:44:31,735 I WOULD BE DOING. 1631 00:44:31,735 --> 00:44:34,905 UM, AND THEN GETTING TO 1632 00:44:34,905 --> 00:44:36,373 SIT OVER IN MCC 1633 00:44:36,373 --> 00:44:39,410 UM, IN-IN ONE OF THE KIND OF 1634 00:44:39,410 --> 00:44:41,412 SMALLER FLIGHT CONTROL ROOMS 1635 00:44:41,412 --> 00:44:42,780 AND ACTUALLY TALK ON 1636 00:44:42,780 --> 00:44:43,680 SPACE TO GROUND 1637 00:44:43,680 --> 00:44:44,515 TO ONE OF THE ASTRONAUTS 1638 00:44:44,515 --> 00:44:46,083 DOING OUR EXPERIMENT 1639 00:44:46,083 --> 00:44:48,452 WAS JUST AN AMAZING EXPERIENCE. 1640 00:44:48,452 --> 00:44:49,720 AND ALL THE THINGS KIRT 1641 00:44:49,720 --> 00:44:50,754 TALKED ABOUT EARLIER, RIGHT, 1642 00:44:50,754 --> 00:44:53,057 OF COLLABORATING WITH THEM 1643 00:44:53,057 --> 00:44:54,491 AS YOU'RE GOING BACK AND FORTH 1644 00:44:54,491 --> 00:44:55,726 ON SOMETHING MIGHT NOT WORK 1645 00:44:55,726 --> 00:44:57,394 EXACTLY RIGHT, UM, BUT, 1646 00:44:57,394 --> 00:44:58,629 YOU KNOW, THEY HAVE SUGGESTIONS. 1647 00:44:58,629 --> 00:45:00,164 AND SO, YOU'RE REALLY KIND OF 1648 00:45:00,164 --> 00:45:01,532 PARTNERING ALSO 1649 00:45:01,532 --> 00:45:03,333 WITH THE ASTRONAUT WHO HAPPENED 1650 00:45:03,333 --> 00:45:04,701 TO BE A SCIENTIST ON BOARD, 1651 00:45:04,701 --> 00:45:06,403 TOO, TO ACCOMPLISH RESEARCH. 1652 00:45:06,403 --> 00:45:08,472 UM, SO, THAT-THAT WILL 1653 00:45:08,472 --> 00:45:09,873 ALWAYS STAY WITH ME 1654 00:45:09,873 --> 00:45:11,442 AS JUST AN AMAZING EXPERIENCE 1655 00:45:11,442 --> 00:45:12,976 OF HAVING THE OPPORTUNITY 1656 00:45:12,976 --> 00:45:14,545 TO DO THAT AND GET TO WORK 1657 00:45:14,545 --> 00:45:17,081 WITH THOSE GROUPS OF PEOPLE. 1658 00:45:17,081 --> 00:45:18,582 >> YEAH, THAT'S A REALLY GOOD-- 1659 00:45:18,582 --> 00:45:19,683 THAT WAS A FUN ONE, JENNIFER. 1660 00:45:19,683 --> 00:45:20,784 I LOVED WATCHING THAT BECAUSE, 1661 00:45:20,784 --> 00:45:22,286 LIKE I SAID, I FOLLOWED SPACE 1662 00:45:22,286 --> 00:45:23,687 MY WHOLE LIFE AND EVERY 1663 00:45:23,687 --> 00:45:25,456 SCIENTIST KNEW YOU COULDN'T 1664 00:45:25,456 --> 00:45:27,658 MICROPIPETTE IN SPACE. 1665 00:45:27,658 --> 00:45:29,026 IT WASN'T SO EASY TO TRANSFER 1666 00:45:29,026 --> 00:45:30,394 TINY LITTLE DROPS OF FLUIDS FROM 1667 00:45:30,394 --> 00:45:31,528 ONE TUBE TO THE NEXT 1668 00:45:31,528 --> 00:45:32,830 TO THE NEXT. 1669 00:45:32,830 --> 00:45:33,864 BUT WHEN KATE RUBINS 1670 00:45:33,864 --> 00:45:35,732 GOT UP THERE AND YOU GUYS 1671 00:45:35,732 --> 00:45:37,067 DECIDED TO TACKLE IT, 1672 00:45:37,067 --> 00:45:38,102 I MEAN YOU'D ALL 1673 00:45:38,102 --> 00:45:39,002 TRIED SOMETHING DIFFERENT, 1674 00:45:39,002 --> 00:45:39,770 TRIED SOMETHING NEW 1675 00:45:39,770 --> 00:45:40,471 AND PROVED THAT IT 1676 00:45:40,471 --> 00:45:41,238 COULD BE DONE. 1677 00:45:41,238 --> 00:45:41,972 AND IT'S LIKE A BREAKTHROUGH 1678 00:45:41,972 --> 00:45:42,773 FOR SCIENCE NOW THAT WE CAN DO 1679 00:45:42,773 --> 00:45:43,907 LOTS MORE ON STATION 1680 00:45:43,907 --> 00:45:45,275 AND THAT WAS A REALLY FUN TIME 1681 00:45:45,275 --> 00:45:46,143 AND YOU GOT TO BE 1682 00:45:46,143 --> 00:45:47,144 THE PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR 1683 00:45:47,144 --> 00:45:48,245 FOR SOME OF THAT WORK. 1684 00:45:48,245 --> 00:45:50,247 SO, THAT WAS GREAT. 1685 00:45:50,247 --> 00:45:52,249 HOW ABOUT YOU, MARYBETH? 1686 00:45:53,383 --> 00:45:55,953 >> YEAH. SO, WE'VE GOT 1687 00:45:55,953 --> 00:45:57,154 THREE LITTLE SNIPPETS 1688 00:45:57,154 --> 00:45:59,289 ALL RELATED TO THE SAME-- 1689 00:45:59,289 --> 00:46:00,624 SAME PERSON AND SAME-- 1690 00:46:00,624 --> 00:46:02,292 SAME SORT OF EVENT. 1691 00:46:02,292 --> 00:46:03,961 SO, WHEN I FIRST CAME TO 1692 00:46:03,961 --> 00:46:05,129 SPACE STATION SCIENCE, 1693 00:46:05,129 --> 00:46:06,597 IT WAS-- I HAD BEEN WORKING 1694 00:46:06,597 --> 00:46:07,698 ON LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS, 1695 00:46:07,698 --> 00:46:10,934 LIKE I SAID, AND I CAME IN 1696 00:46:10,934 --> 00:46:13,270 TO HELP DEVELOP THIS CONCEPT 1697 00:46:13,270 --> 00:46:16,907 OF ISS AS A NATIONAL LABORATORY 1698 00:46:16,907 --> 00:46:18,675 AND BRINGING IN NEW USERS 1699 00:46:18,675 --> 00:46:20,511 OUTSIDE OF NASA AND OUTSIDE 1700 00:46:20,511 --> 00:46:22,112 OF THE PARTNERSHIP. 1701 00:46:22,112 --> 00:46:23,947 AND ONE OF THE FIRST PEOPLE 1702 00:46:23,947 --> 00:46:25,415 THAT I RAN INTO IN THIS WORLD 1703 00:46:25,415 --> 00:46:27,417 WAS A GUY NAMED JEFF MANBER. 1704 00:46:27,417 --> 00:46:30,020 AND HE HAD PUT IN A PROPOSAL 1705 00:46:30,020 --> 00:46:31,321 TO BE ABLE TO FLY 1706 00:46:31,321 --> 00:46:33,790 HIS OWN COMMERCIAL FACILITY 1707 00:46:33,790 --> 00:46:35,425 TO SPACE STATION 1708 00:46:35,425 --> 00:46:36,627 AND TO BRING IN 1709 00:46:36,627 --> 00:46:37,728 HIS OWN CUSTOMERS. 1710 00:46:37,728 --> 00:46:38,729 AND IT WAS BUILT OFF OF 1711 00:46:38,729 --> 00:46:40,230 THE CUBESAT CONCEPT, 1712 00:46:40,230 --> 00:46:41,298 BUT HE TOOK THAT SAME THING 1713 00:46:41,298 --> 00:46:42,933 AND SAID LET ME PUT IT INSIDE. 1714 00:46:42,933 --> 00:46:45,102 AND HE CALLED IT A CUBE LAB. 1715 00:46:45,102 --> 00:46:45,969 AND I THOUGHT WELL, 1716 00:46:45,969 --> 00:46:46,837 THAT'S NOT TERRIBLY CREATIVE, 1717 00:46:46,837 --> 00:46:48,605 BUT OKAY, THAT'S FINE. 1718 00:46:48,605 --> 00:46:50,541 AND IN TALKING WITH DISCUSSIONS 1719 00:46:50,541 --> 00:46:51,742 WITH MY COUNTERPART 1720 00:46:51,742 --> 00:46:53,243 AT HEADQUARTERS, 1721 00:46:53,243 --> 00:46:54,945 MARK YURAN, HE THOUGHT, 1722 00:46:54,945 --> 00:46:56,213 NO, THIS WILL NEVER WORK, 1723 00:46:56,213 --> 00:46:57,080 THIS ISN'T THE KIND OF 1724 00:46:57,080 --> 00:46:57,814 THING WE WANT. 1725 00:46:57,814 --> 00:46:59,316 BUT IN THE END, HE SAID 1726 00:46:59,316 --> 00:47:00,918 SURE, GO AHEAD, 1727 00:47:00,918 --> 00:47:02,352 SIGN A SPACE ACT AGREEMENT, 1728 00:47:02,352 --> 00:47:03,187 LET'S GIVE HIM A SHOT 1729 00:47:03,187 --> 00:47:04,188 TO FAIL, BECAUSE MARK 1730 00:47:04,188 --> 00:47:04,988 WAS SURE THAT WE WEREN'T 1731 00:47:04,988 --> 00:47:06,123 GOING TO DO THAT. 1732 00:47:06,123 --> 00:47:07,191 AND WHAT MARK DIDN'T KNOW 1733 00:47:07,191 --> 00:47:09,459 IS THAT - THAT'S KIND OF, 1734 00:47:09,459 --> 00:47:10,327 YOU KNOW, THE RED FLAG 1735 00:47:10,327 --> 00:47:11,195 IN FRONT OF THE BULL 1736 00:47:11,195 --> 00:47:12,129 FOR MARYBETH. 1737 00:47:12,129 --> 00:47:14,398 SO, WHEN HE TELLS ME 1738 00:47:14,398 --> 00:47:15,532 TO GO AHEAD AND DO SOMETHING 1739 00:47:15,532 --> 00:47:16,934 SO WE CAN SEE IF, YOU KNOW, 1740 00:47:16,934 --> 00:47:18,168 JUST GIVE HIM A CHANCE TO FAIL, 1741 00:47:18,168 --> 00:47:19,269 I'M LIKE, "OH, NO. NO, 1742 00:47:19,269 --> 00:47:21,471 WE'RE NOT GOING TO FAIL NOW." 1743 00:47:21,471 --> 00:47:22,506 NOW WE'RE GOING TO FIND A WAY 1744 00:47:22,506 --> 00:47:24,074 TO MAKE THIS WORK. 1745 00:47:24,074 --> 00:47:25,042 AND I REALLY DIDN'T HAVE 1746 00:47:25,042 --> 00:47:27,077 ANYTHING TO DO WITH IT. 1747 00:47:27,077 --> 00:47:28,145 JEFF, AND AT THE TIME 1748 00:47:28,145 --> 00:47:29,279 I THINK HE HAD ONE OR TWO 1749 00:47:29,279 --> 00:47:33,483 OTHER PEOPLE, IN LESS THAN 1750 00:47:33,483 --> 00:47:34,685 SIX MONTHS WENT 1751 00:47:34,685 --> 00:47:35,886 FROM SIGNING A SPACE ACT 1752 00:47:35,886 --> 00:47:37,187 AGREEMENT TO FLYING 1753 00:47:37,187 --> 00:47:39,556 THEIR LITTLE CUBE LAB PLATFORM 1754 00:47:39,556 --> 00:47:40,824 WITH THEIR FIRST CUSTOMERS 1755 00:47:40,824 --> 00:47:43,193 WHO WERE EDUCATION CUSTOMERS. 1756 00:47:43,193 --> 00:47:44,761 PEOPLE WHO HAD GOTTEN STUDENTS 1757 00:47:44,761 --> 00:47:47,164 TO BUILD EXPERIMENTS ONBOARD. 1758 00:47:47,164 --> 00:47:49,499 UM, AND THAT WAS REALLY 1759 00:47:49,499 --> 00:47:50,801 THE BEGINNING OF THIS NEW 1760 00:47:50,801 --> 00:47:52,703 KIND OF-OF WORLD 1761 00:47:52,703 --> 00:47:54,071 WHERE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES 1762 00:47:54,071 --> 00:47:55,072 WERE BRINGING IN 1763 00:47:55,072 --> 00:47:56,807 THEIR OWN USERS. 1764 00:47:56,807 --> 00:47:58,308 AND IT WAS REALLY HARD 1765 00:47:58,308 --> 00:48:01,044 FOR-FOR US TO ACCEPT 1766 00:48:01,044 --> 00:48:02,179 THAT THEY WERE GOING TO PICK 1767 00:48:02,179 --> 00:48:03,046 THE SCIENCE AND THAT 1768 00:48:03,046 --> 00:48:04,414 IT MAY NOT BE THE SAME KIND 1769 00:48:04,414 --> 00:48:05,482 OF THING WE WOULD DO, 1770 00:48:05,482 --> 00:48:06,383 THAT IT MIGHT BE 1771 00:48:06,383 --> 00:48:08,352 MUCH DIFFERENT. 1772 00:48:08,352 --> 00:48:10,687 AND OUR OPERATIONS TEAMS 1773 00:48:10,687 --> 00:48:12,422 REALLY STRUGGLED WITH 1774 00:48:12,422 --> 00:48:13,890 WHAT IS MISSION SUCCESS, 1775 00:48:13,890 --> 00:48:14,925 WHAT DOES IT MEAN, RIGHT? 1776 00:48:14,925 --> 00:48:16,760 BECAUSE IT'S THEIR PAYLOAD 1777 00:48:16,760 --> 00:48:17,694 AND IT'S THEIR THING, 1778 00:48:17,694 --> 00:48:19,263 AND SO, WE REALLY HAD TO 1779 00:48:19,263 --> 00:48:21,632 SPEND TIME TALKING ABOUT 1780 00:48:21,632 --> 00:48:22,933 WHAT SUCCESS MEANS 1781 00:48:22,933 --> 00:48:24,067 AND WHAT'S HIS JOB 1782 00:48:24,067 --> 00:48:25,435 AND WHAT'S OUR JOB. 1783 00:48:25,435 --> 00:48:27,404 AND, IN FACT, WE ASKED JEFF 1784 00:48:27,404 --> 00:48:29,339 TO PLEASE COME TO HUNTSVILLE 1785 00:48:29,339 --> 00:48:30,040 AND TALK TO 1786 00:48:30,040 --> 00:48:31,141 THE OPERATIONS TEAM. 1787 00:48:31,141 --> 00:48:32,175 WE BROUGHT THEM ALL TOGETHER 1788 00:48:32,175 --> 00:48:34,845 IN A BIG ROOM AND HE FLEW DOWN. 1789 00:48:34,845 --> 00:48:36,580 HE'S BASED IN D.C. HIMSELF 1790 00:48:36,580 --> 00:48:38,348 AND HE FLEW DOWN 1791 00:48:38,348 --> 00:48:39,416 AND KIND OF EXPLAINED THIS IS 1792 00:48:39,416 --> 00:48:40,751 WHAT I'M TRYING TO DO. 1793 00:48:40,751 --> 00:48:42,886 THIS IS WHAT MY COMPANY DOES. 1794 00:48:42,886 --> 00:48:44,888 AND THIS IS MY JOB 1795 00:48:44,888 --> 00:48:46,657 AND THIS IS WHAT I NEED 1796 00:48:46,657 --> 00:48:48,325 NASA TO DO. 1797 00:48:48,325 --> 00:48:49,960 THIS IS- BUT THIS IS MY JOB 1798 00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:51,194 NOW, THIS PART ABOUT 1799 00:48:51,194 --> 00:48:53,030 MISSION SUCCESS. 1800 00:48:53,030 --> 00:48:54,331 AND THROUGH THE COURSE 1801 00:48:54,331 --> 00:48:55,432 OF THE DISCUSSION, 1802 00:48:55,432 --> 00:48:56,300 I DON'T REMEMBER 1803 00:48:56,300 --> 00:48:57,467 HOW IT CAME UP, BUT HE- 1804 00:48:57,467 --> 00:48:58,535 HE MENTIONED HE HAD FLOWN 1805 00:48:58,535 --> 00:49:00,871 INTO BIRMINGHAM 1806 00:49:00,871 --> 00:49:02,406 OR NASHVILLE ON SOUTHWEST 1807 00:49:02,406 --> 00:49:03,807 AND DRIVEN TO HUNTSVILLE 1808 00:49:03,807 --> 00:49:05,042 INSTEAD OF FLYING 1809 00:49:05,042 --> 00:49:07,611 THE DIRECT CARRIER FROM D.C. 1810 00:49:07,611 --> 00:49:08,545 AND SOMEBODY SAID, 1811 00:49:08,545 --> 00:49:09,713 WELL, WHY DID YOU DO THAT? 1812 00:49:09,713 --> 00:49:10,647 AND HE SAID WELL, BECAUSE 1813 00:49:10,647 --> 00:49:11,515 I HAVE TO PAY FOR 1814 00:49:11,515 --> 00:49:12,949 MY PLANE FARE 1815 00:49:12,949 --> 00:49:14,284 AND IT'S A LOT CHEAPER 1816 00:49:14,284 --> 00:49:16,086 TO FLY SOUTHWEST 1817 00:49:16,086 --> 00:49:17,054 TO ONE OF THESE PLACES 1818 00:49:17,054 --> 00:49:19,156 THAN IT IS TO FLY DIRECT. 1819 00:49:19,156 --> 00:49:20,123 AND EVERYBODY IN THE ROOM 1820 00:49:20,123 --> 00:49:22,693 JUST KIND OF WENT OH, MY 1821 00:49:22,693 --> 00:49:23,860 WORD! 1822 00:49:23,860 --> 00:49:25,162 THIS MATTERS, RIGHT? 1823 00:49:25,162 --> 00:49:26,263 THAT HE'S- THE DIFFERENCE 1824 00:49:26,263 --> 00:49:28,065 IN THE COST OF A PLANE TICKET 1825 00:49:28,065 --> 00:49:29,433 MATTERS TO THIS COMMERCIAL 1826 00:49:29,433 --> 00:49:30,500 COMPANY AND HOW MUCH 1827 00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:32,069 HE'S SPENDING. 1828 00:49:32,069 --> 00:49:34,004 AND AT THE END OF THE MEETING, 1829 00:49:34,004 --> 00:49:36,039 ONE OF THE PEOPLE WHO WAS THERE, 1830 00:49:36,039 --> 00:49:37,107 BECAUSE JEFF HAD JUST 1831 00:49:37,107 --> 00:49:38,075 KIND OF TOLD THE STORY 1832 00:49:38,075 --> 00:49:39,776 AND EXPLAINED, YOU KNOW, 1833 00:49:39,776 --> 00:49:40,811 HOW THE WORLD WORKS 1834 00:49:40,811 --> 00:49:41,712 FROM HIS POINT OF VIEW 1835 00:49:41,712 --> 00:49:43,947 AS A BUSINESSMAN, 1836 00:49:43,947 --> 00:49:45,949 ONE OF THE WOMEN, PAT, SAID, 1837 00:49:45,949 --> 00:49:47,951 YOU KNOW, IF HE'D HAD 1838 00:49:47,951 --> 00:49:49,119 HANDED OUT A HAT 1839 00:49:49,119 --> 00:49:50,187 AND WE'D HAVE DONE 1840 00:49:50,187 --> 00:49:50,821 A COLLECTION AT THE END, 1841 00:49:50,821 --> 00:49:52,122 I'D HAVE GIVEN HIM MONEY! 1842 00:49:52,122 --> 00:49:53,123 RIGHT? BECAUSE THEY WERE JUST 1843 00:49:53,123 --> 00:49:55,859 SO... IT WAS SUCH A DIFFERENT 1844 00:49:55,859 --> 00:49:57,661 SHIFT IN THINKING ABOUT 1845 00:49:57,661 --> 00:49:59,429 WHAT THIS WAS AND HOW-- 1846 00:49:59,429 --> 00:50:00,764 HOW THIS WAS GOING TO WORK 1847 00:50:00,764 --> 00:50:04,267 IN THIS NEW WORLD ORDER. 1848 00:50:04,267 --> 00:50:06,002 AND THEN IT WAS A NUMBER 1849 00:50:06,002 --> 00:50:07,170 OF MONTHS LATER 1850 00:50:07,170 --> 00:50:08,338 AND WE WERE ALL STILL 1851 00:50:08,338 --> 00:50:09,973 LEARNING ABOUT THINGS LIKE, 1852 00:50:09,973 --> 00:50:11,007 OKAY, WHAT IS THE BUSINESS 1853 00:50:11,007 --> 00:50:12,309 CONSIDERATION? 1854 00:50:12,309 --> 00:50:13,310 WHAT MATTERS TO THIS 1855 00:50:13,310 --> 00:50:14,978 BUSINESSMAN ABOUT THIS DECISION 1856 00:50:14,978 --> 00:50:17,080 WE'RE ABOUT TO MAKE? 1857 00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:18,348 WE ALWAYS THOUGHT ABOUT 1858 00:50:18,348 --> 00:50:20,016 THE BUSINESS IMPACTS TO NASA 1859 00:50:20,016 --> 00:50:21,184 AND THE COST TO NASA, 1860 00:50:21,184 --> 00:50:22,152 BUT WE HAD NOT GOTTEN 1861 00:50:22,152 --> 00:50:23,387 IN THE HABIT OF ASKING 1862 00:50:23,387 --> 00:50:24,521 BUSINESS QUESTIONS 1863 00:50:24,521 --> 00:50:26,289 OF OUR- OF OUR PARTNERS, 1864 00:50:26,289 --> 00:50:28,291 OF OUR COMMERCIAL PARTNERS. 1865 00:50:28,291 --> 00:50:29,860 AND IN, YOU KNOW, 1866 00:50:29,860 --> 00:50:30,727 I WAS IN HUNTSVILLE, 1867 00:50:30,727 --> 00:50:31,561 AND THERE WAS SOMETHING 1868 00:50:31,561 --> 00:50:32,829 GOING ON, ON ORBIT THAT 1869 00:50:32,829 --> 00:50:33,530 I DON'T EVEN REMEMBER 1870 00:50:33,530 --> 00:50:35,031 WHAT IT WAS, AND THEY WERE 1871 00:50:35,031 --> 00:50:36,032 GOING TO MAKE A DECISION 1872 00:50:36,032 --> 00:50:37,267 ABOUT SOME REALTIME THINGS, 1873 00:50:37,267 --> 00:50:38,769 AND IT WAS REGARDING 1874 00:50:38,769 --> 00:50:40,637 A NANORACKS PAYLOAD. 1875 00:50:40,637 --> 00:50:42,105 AND I REMEMBER CALLING JEFF 1876 00:50:42,105 --> 00:50:44,007 AND SAYING HEY, LOOK, 1877 00:50:44,007 --> 00:50:45,542 WE'VE GOT TO DO THIS OR THIS 1878 00:50:45,542 --> 00:50:46,309 AND THIS WOULD DELAY 1879 00:50:46,309 --> 00:50:47,611 YOUR SCIENCE. 1880 00:50:47,611 --> 00:50:49,246 AND WE NEED TO KNOW 1881 00:50:49,246 --> 00:50:51,515 DOES THAT IMPACT YOU. 1882 00:50:51,515 --> 00:50:52,516 ARE YOU WAITING ON 1883 00:50:52,516 --> 00:50:53,583 A PAYMENT FOR WHEN 1884 00:50:53,583 --> 00:50:55,018 THIS THING HAPPENS? RIGHT? 1885 00:50:55,018 --> 00:50:56,253 I MEAN, DO YOU GET PAID 1886 00:50:56,253 --> 00:50:57,254 WHEN YOU DO THIS SCIENCE 1887 00:50:57,254 --> 00:50:59,456 OR DOES THAT NOT MATTER? 1888 00:50:59,456 --> 00:51:00,690 AND HE SAID HANG ON, 1889 00:51:00,690 --> 00:51:02,159 LET ME GO CHECK, RIGHT? 1890 00:51:02,159 --> 00:51:03,260 AND HE CALLED ME BACK 1891 00:51:03,260 --> 00:51:04,327 A LITTLE WHILE LATER 1892 00:51:04,327 --> 00:51:06,530 AND WHATEVER THE ANSWER WAS, 1893 00:51:06,530 --> 00:51:07,597 AND I FED THAT ANSWER 1894 00:51:07,597 --> 00:51:10,000 UP THE LINE AND SAID, 1895 00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:11,001 WELL, THIS IS- THIS IS 1896 00:51:11,001 --> 00:51:12,502 WHAT HAPPENS IF WE SLIDE 1897 00:51:12,502 --> 00:51:14,471 THIS ONE OR DON'T DO THIS ONE. 1898 00:51:14,471 --> 00:51:15,439 AND IN THE END, 1899 00:51:15,439 --> 00:51:16,973 THE DECISION CAME BACK. 1900 00:51:16,973 --> 00:51:18,542 WE ENDED UP HAVING TO SLIP-- 1901 00:51:18,542 --> 00:51:20,143 SLIP THAT, YOU KNOW, 1902 00:51:20,143 --> 00:51:21,211 THE ANSWER ENDED UP BEING NO. 1903 00:51:21,211 --> 00:51:22,646 WE WERE GOING TO PUSH- 1904 00:51:22,646 --> 00:51:24,080 SLIP THE NANORACKS WORK 1905 00:51:24,080 --> 00:51:24,948 BECAUSE OTHER- 1906 00:51:24,948 --> 00:51:26,049 SOME OF THE OTHER SCIENCE 1907 00:51:26,049 --> 00:51:28,151 WAS- COULDN'T WAIT. 1908 00:51:28,151 --> 00:51:30,020 IT WAS LIVING SCIENCE 1909 00:51:30,020 --> 00:51:31,688 AND WE'D HAVE LOST THE SCIENCE. 1910 00:51:31,688 --> 00:51:33,757 AND SO, HIS GOT PUSHED. 1911 00:51:33,757 --> 00:51:34,658 AND I CALLED HIM BACK 1912 00:51:34,658 --> 00:51:35,992 AND GAVE HIM THE NEWS, 1913 00:51:35,992 --> 00:51:36,793 YOU KNOW, AND SAID LOOK, 1914 00:51:36,793 --> 00:51:38,195 I'M SORRY, BUT WE'RE GOING 1915 00:51:38,195 --> 00:51:39,629 TO HAVE TO PUSH YOUR SCIENCE. 1916 00:51:39,629 --> 00:51:41,798 AND HE SAID THANK YOU. 1917 00:51:41,798 --> 00:51:43,733 AND I SAID WHAT? 1918 00:51:43,733 --> 00:51:44,768 THANK YOU? 1919 00:51:44,768 --> 00:51:46,069 AND HE SAID THIS IS 1920 00:51:46,069 --> 00:51:47,737 THE FIRST TIME ANYONE 1921 00:51:47,737 --> 00:51:49,940 HAS EVEN ASKED THE QUESTION 1922 00:51:49,940 --> 00:51:51,875 AND IT'S BEEN CONSIDERED 1923 00:51:51,875 --> 00:51:53,310 IN DECISION MAKING. 1924 00:51:53,310 --> 00:51:54,678 SO, IT DOESN'T MATTER 1925 00:51:54,678 --> 00:51:56,246 THAT THE ANSWER IS 1926 00:51:56,246 --> 00:51:58,114 NO, IT MATTERS THAT YOU GUYS 1927 00:51:58,114 --> 00:51:59,816 ARE ALL, AS AN AGENCY, 1928 00:51:59,816 --> 00:52:01,618 STARTING TO CHANGE 1929 00:52:01,618 --> 00:52:03,653 YOUR THINKING AND THINK 1930 00:52:03,653 --> 00:52:07,123 NOT JUST ABOUT THE NASA NEEDS 1931 00:52:07,123 --> 00:52:08,325 AND THE NASA COST, 1932 00:52:08,325 --> 00:52:09,359 BUT THE BUSINESS COST TO THOSE 1933 00:52:09,359 --> 00:52:10,827 OF US WHO ARE USING 1934 00:52:10,827 --> 00:52:12,329 THE PLATFORM AND THE SCIENCE 1935 00:52:12,329 --> 00:52:13,997 ALL AT THE SAME TIME. 1936 00:52:13,997 --> 00:52:14,931 RIGHT? 1937 00:52:14,931 --> 00:52:17,334 THAT IT WAS A MONUMENTAL 1938 00:52:17,334 --> 00:52:19,803 CHANGE IN- SHIFT IN THINKING, 1939 00:52:19,803 --> 00:52:21,238 IN HIS MIND, THAT 1940 00:52:21,238 --> 00:52:22,739 THE BUSINESS CONSIDERATIONS 1941 00:52:22,739 --> 00:52:24,708 FOR HIS LITTLE BITTY COMPANY 1942 00:52:24,708 --> 00:52:26,776 WERE EVEN DISCUSSED. 1943 00:52:26,776 --> 00:52:27,677 IT DIDN'T MATTER WHAT 1944 00:52:27,677 --> 00:52:28,845 THE ANSWER WAS AT THAT POINT, 1945 00:52:28,845 --> 00:52:29,713 IT JUST MATTERED THAT 1946 00:52:29,713 --> 00:52:31,481 WE ASKED THE QUESTION. 1947 00:52:31,481 --> 00:52:33,183 AND SO, FOR ME, 1948 00:52:33,183 --> 00:52:34,518 THESE KINDS OF THINGS WERE- 1949 00:52:34,518 --> 00:52:36,186 IT WAS LIKE, OKAY, 1950 00:52:36,186 --> 00:52:37,020 THAT WASN'T THE ANSWER 1951 00:52:37,020 --> 00:52:40,857 I EXPECTED, BUT THAT MATTERED 1952 00:52:40,857 --> 00:52:43,093 MORE THAN I REALIZED 1953 00:52:43,093 --> 00:52:44,160 AND STARTED US 1954 00:52:44,160 --> 00:52:45,128 REALLY THINKING ABOUT 1955 00:52:45,128 --> 00:52:47,030 CHANGING OUR CULTURE 1956 00:52:47,030 --> 00:52:49,065 TO REALLY BEING RESPONSIVE 1957 00:52:49,065 --> 00:52:50,534 TO THE NEEDS NOT JUST 1958 00:52:50,534 --> 00:52:52,936 OF THE PEOPLE PICKING 1959 00:52:52,936 --> 00:52:54,504 THE SCIENCE, BUT THE PEOPLE 1960 00:52:54,504 --> 00:52:55,639 WHO ARE IMPLEMENTING 1961 00:52:55,639 --> 00:52:56,840 THE SCIENCE, THE PAYLOAD 1962 00:52:56,840 --> 00:52:58,108 DEVELOPERS AND THE PEOPLE 1963 00:52:58,108 --> 00:52:59,743 WHO ARE TRYING TO EXECUTE 1964 00:52:59,743 --> 00:53:00,677 THE SCIENCE. 1965 00:53:00,677 --> 00:53:02,178 THE PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS. 1966 00:53:02,178 --> 00:53:03,313 ALL OF THEM ARE PART OF 1967 00:53:03,313 --> 00:53:04,814 OUR COMMUNITY AND WE HAVE 1968 00:53:04,814 --> 00:53:06,583 TO BE ABLE TO WORK 1969 00:53:06,583 --> 00:53:07,450 WITH ALL OF THEM. 1970 00:53:07,450 --> 00:53:09,586 SO, IT'S BEEN A LOT OF 1971 00:53:09,586 --> 00:53:11,021 LITTLE THINGS THAT REALLY 1972 00:53:11,021 --> 00:53:11,955 KIND OF ADD UP, TO ME, 1973 00:53:11,955 --> 00:53:13,590 TO THIS. 1974 00:53:13,590 --> 00:53:14,591 THIS IS A DIFFERENT WORLD 1975 00:53:14,591 --> 00:53:15,625 THAT WE'RE IN THAN WE HAVE 1976 00:53:15,625 --> 00:53:18,094 EVER BEEN IN BEFORE. 1977 00:53:18,094 --> 00:53:19,896 >> I DID NOT KNOW THAT STORY. 1978 00:53:19,896 --> 00:53:20,997 THAT IS REALLY COOL. 1979 00:53:20,997 --> 00:53:23,533 AND LOOK HOW FAR WE'VE COME. 1980 00:53:23,533 --> 00:53:24,401 THAT MUST HAVE BEEN ABOUT 1981 00:53:24,401 --> 00:53:25,335 TEN YEARS AGO BECAUSE 1982 00:53:25,335 --> 00:53:26,269 I REMEMBER MEETING WITH HIM, 1983 00:53:26,269 --> 00:53:29,272 AS WELL, RIGHT AWAY. SO... 1984 00:53:29,272 --> 00:53:30,674 >> YEAH, WE SIGNED A SPACE ACT 1985 00:53:30,674 --> 00:53:33,176 AGREEMENT ON 9/09/99. 1986 00:53:33,176 --> 00:53:34,244 >> YES! 1987 00:53:34,244 --> 00:53:35,211 >> OR 9/09/01. 1988 00:53:35,211 --> 00:53:36,379 >> YEAH. 1989 00:53:36,379 --> 00:53:38,448 >> 9/09/01. 1990 00:53:38,448 --> 00:53:39,849 >> '01, YEAH. 1991 00:53:39,849 --> 00:53:42,218 YEAH, THAT'S WHEN ONE I JOINED. 1992 00:53:42,218 --> 00:53:43,920 I JOINED IN 2009 IS WHEN 1993 00:53:43,920 --> 00:53:44,821 I JOINED THE OFFICE. 1994 00:53:44,821 --> 00:53:47,724 SO, YOU MIGHT BE THINKING '09. 1995 00:53:47,724 --> 00:53:49,159 '09, YEAH. OKAY. 1996 00:53:49,159 --> 00:53:50,393 SO, THAT'S COOL. 1997 00:53:50,393 --> 00:53:52,329 AND LIKE YOU SAID, 1998 00:53:52,329 --> 00:53:53,229 SMALL BUSINESSES WOULD HAVE 1999 00:53:53,229 --> 00:53:54,598 NEVER THOUGHT-- I MEAN, 2000 00:53:54,598 --> 00:53:55,732 IT WAS NOT ALL THAT- 2001 00:53:55,732 --> 00:53:56,900 IT WAS ALL NASA USING 2002 00:53:56,900 --> 00:53:58,802 STATION, ALL NASA. 2003 00:53:58,802 --> 00:53:59,769 AND NOW, WE'VE STARTED THERE, 2004 00:53:59,769 --> 00:54:00,470 AND NOW WE HAVE 2005 00:54:00,470 --> 00:54:01,471 THE WHOLE SPACE STATION 2006 00:54:01,471 --> 00:54:02,539 NATIONAL LAB COMPONENT 2007 00:54:02,539 --> 00:54:03,573 THAT OFFERS OPPORTUNITIES 2008 00:54:03,573 --> 00:54:05,342 FOR RESEARCHERS TO USE 2009 00:54:05,342 --> 00:54:06,076 THE STATION THROUGH 2010 00:54:06,076 --> 00:54:07,410 ACADEMIA AND BUSINESS 2011 00:54:07,410 --> 00:54:08,778 AND GOVERNMENT AND- 2012 00:54:08,778 --> 00:54:09,779 AND NANORACKS 2013 00:54:09,779 --> 00:54:11,715 WAS THE FIRST ONE, RIGHT? 2014 00:54:11,715 --> 00:54:12,749 >> TEN DIFFERENT COMPANIES 2015 00:54:12,749 --> 00:54:14,050 WITH 21 DIFFERENT PIECES 2016 00:54:14,050 --> 00:54:15,151 OF THEIR OWN HARDWARE, 2017 00:54:15,151 --> 00:54:17,520 THEIR OWN SCIENCE CAPABILITIES 2018 00:54:17,520 --> 00:54:18,755 ONBOARD AND THEY ARE OUT 2019 00:54:18,755 --> 00:54:19,589 FINDING CUSTOMERS, 2020 00:54:19,589 --> 00:54:20,690 WHICH INCLUDE NASA 2021 00:54:20,690 --> 00:54:21,558 AND INCLUDE OTHER PARTS 2022 00:54:21,558 --> 00:54:23,259 OF THE GOVERNMENT. 2023 00:54:23,259 --> 00:54:24,561 AND THAT'S- THAT'S A WAY 2024 00:54:24,561 --> 00:54:25,428 DIFFERENT WORLD 2025 00:54:25,428 --> 00:54:27,063 THAN IT WAS A DECADE AGO. 2026 00:54:27,063 --> 00:54:29,866 >> VERY COOL. 2027 00:54:29,866 --> 00:54:30,667 AND IT'S GOING TO BE 2028 00:54:30,667 --> 00:54:32,035 20 YEARS DIFFERENCE 2029 00:54:32,035 --> 00:54:33,103 AS WE LOOK FORWARD, TOO. 2030 00:54:33,103 --> 00:54:35,238 IT'S GROWING. 2031 00:54:35,238 --> 00:54:35,939 AND ON THAT NOTE, 2032 00:54:35,939 --> 00:54:36,906 I'D LIKE TO ASK-- 2033 00:54:36,906 --> 00:54:37,540 I'LL START WITH KIRT-- 2034 00:54:37,540 --> 00:54:38,608 I'M GOING TO ASK ALL THREE 2035 00:54:38,608 --> 00:54:39,342 OF YOU, BUT I'LL START 2036 00:54:39,342 --> 00:54:40,543 WITH KIRT, YOUR FINAL QUESTION, 2037 00:54:40,543 --> 00:54:41,711 WHAT DO YOU HOPE IS THE 2038 00:54:41,711 --> 00:54:43,580 LEGACY FOR THE SPACE STATION? 2039 00:54:48,018 --> 00:54:49,653 >> GOOD QUESTION. 2040 00:54:49,653 --> 00:54:50,987 SO, I THINK FROM 2041 00:54:50,987 --> 00:54:53,289 A SCIENTIST'S PERSPECTIVE, 2042 00:54:53,289 --> 00:54:55,425 WE REALLY UNDERSTAND 2043 00:54:55,425 --> 00:54:56,693 WHAT THE BENEFITS OF 2044 00:54:56,693 --> 00:55:01,031 DOING RESEARCH IN SPACE ARE. 2045 00:55:01,031 --> 00:55:02,899 WE TALKED ABOUT THEM EARLY ON, 2046 00:55:02,899 --> 00:55:03,933 BUT THEY CAN LEAD 2047 00:55:03,933 --> 00:55:05,535 TO DISCOVERIES. 2048 00:55:05,535 --> 00:55:06,870 THERE ARE QUESTIONS 2049 00:55:06,870 --> 00:55:09,673 THAT WE CAN'T ASK ON EARTH 2050 00:55:09,673 --> 00:55:11,207 BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT 2051 00:55:11,207 --> 00:55:12,142 ISN'T RIGHT. 2052 00:55:12,142 --> 00:55:14,210 YOU HAVE TO DO IT IN SPACE. 2053 00:55:14,210 --> 00:55:17,313 SO, I THINK THE LEGACY OF ISS 2054 00:55:17,313 --> 00:55:22,252 IS IF WE CAN SUSTAIN 2055 00:55:22,252 --> 00:55:24,020 EXPERIMENTATION 2056 00:55:24,020 --> 00:55:26,256 IN THAT ENVIRONMENT. 2057 00:55:26,256 --> 00:55:29,259 SO, IF ISS HAS SHOWN US 2058 00:55:29,259 --> 00:55:30,593 HOW TO DO GOOD SCIENCE 2059 00:55:30,593 --> 00:55:32,395 IN SPACE, WE CAN CONTINUE 2060 00:55:32,395 --> 00:55:33,463 DOING THAT, WHETHER 2061 00:55:33,463 --> 00:55:35,865 IT'S ON AN EXTENSION OF ISS 2062 00:55:35,865 --> 00:55:37,934 OR IN FOLLOW-ONS. 2063 00:55:37,934 --> 00:55:39,569 BECAUSE OUR RESEARCHERS 2064 00:55:39,569 --> 00:55:41,137 NEED ACCESS TO THAT. 2065 00:55:41,137 --> 00:55:42,305 AND THAT'S- 2066 00:55:42,305 --> 00:55:43,907 OUR NASA RESEARCHERS 2067 00:55:43,907 --> 00:55:45,542 AND OUR COMMERCIAL RESEARCH 2068 00:55:45,542 --> 00:55:47,477 AND DEVELOPMENT FOLKS. 2069 00:55:47,477 --> 00:55:49,713 THEY NEED ACCESS TO SPACE. 2070 00:55:49,713 --> 00:55:51,948 SO, I BELIEVE THE LEGACY 2071 00:55:51,948 --> 00:55:54,417 OF ISS WILL REALLY BE 2072 00:55:54,417 --> 00:55:56,453 IN TERMS OF LOW EARTH ORBIT, 2073 00:55:56,453 --> 00:55:58,021 OPENING IT UP. 2074 00:55:58,021 --> 00:55:59,789 OPENING IT UP TO CONTINUE 2075 00:55:59,789 --> 00:56:01,424 TO HAVE IT AS A RESOURCE 2076 00:56:01,424 --> 00:56:02,525 FOR ALL OF OUR- 2077 00:56:02,525 --> 00:56:06,496 OUR RESEARCHERS. 2078 00:56:06,496 --> 00:56:07,464 >> EXCELLENT. 2079 00:56:07,464 --> 00:56:09,265 HOW ABOUT YOU, JENNIFER? 2080 00:56:09,265 --> 00:56:10,667 >> I THINK THE LEGACY OF ISS 2081 00:56:10,667 --> 00:56:12,302 WILL BE- WILL BE A PROVING 2082 00:56:12,302 --> 00:56:14,270 GROUND FOR EXPLORATION. 2083 00:56:14,270 --> 00:56:16,606 SO, JUST THE- THE VOLUME 2084 00:56:16,606 --> 00:56:17,807 OF SCIENCE WE HAVE BEEN ABLE 2085 00:56:17,807 --> 00:56:20,343 TO DO IN THE PAST 20 YEARS 2086 00:56:20,343 --> 00:56:21,544 AND WHAT WE WILL ACCOMPLISH 2087 00:56:21,544 --> 00:56:23,012 IN THE NEXT DECADE IS GOING 2088 00:56:23,012 --> 00:56:24,714 TO INFORM OUR DECISIONS 2089 00:56:24,714 --> 00:56:26,116 AS WE GO FORWARD. 2090 00:56:26,116 --> 00:56:27,684 THAT'S GOING TO HELP US 2091 00:56:27,684 --> 00:56:29,619 PROVE OUT THE TECHNOLOGIES 2092 00:56:29,619 --> 00:56:31,588 WE NEED TO GO FORWARD, 2093 00:56:31,588 --> 00:56:32,388 BACK TO THE MOON, 2094 00:56:32,388 --> 00:56:34,424 AND ESPECIALLY ON TO MARS. 2095 00:56:34,424 --> 00:56:36,025 AND SO, I THINK THIS 2096 00:56:36,025 --> 00:56:37,694 PROVING GROUND IS TEACHING US 2097 00:56:37,694 --> 00:56:39,129 NOT ONLY HOW TO DO 2098 00:56:39,129 --> 00:56:40,096 LONG DURATION, 2099 00:56:40,096 --> 00:56:42,565 LONG-TERM OPERATIONS IN SPACE, 2100 00:56:42,565 --> 00:56:44,534 BUT ALSO HOW DO WE DEVELOP 2101 00:56:44,534 --> 00:56:45,902 THE INFRASTRUCTURE, 2102 00:56:45,902 --> 00:56:46,836 THE CAPABILITIES, 2103 00:56:46,836 --> 00:56:47,737 AND SOME OF THE SYSTEMS 2104 00:56:47,737 --> 00:56:49,539 WE'VE TALKED ABOUT TODAY? 2105 00:56:49,539 --> 00:56:51,007 AND SO, I THINK 2106 00:56:51,007 --> 00:56:52,542 IN THE NEXT DECADE THE WORK 2107 00:56:52,542 --> 00:56:53,610 WE'RE GOING TO BE DOING 2108 00:56:53,610 --> 00:56:55,345 IS GOING TO BE SO IMPORTANT 2109 00:56:55,345 --> 00:56:56,679 TO SET THE STAGE FOR WHERE 2110 00:56:56,679 --> 00:57:00,116 WE GO IN THE FUTURE. 2111 00:57:00,116 --> 00:57:01,284 >> THE LEGACY OF EXPLORATION. 2112 00:57:01,284 --> 00:57:02,252 AWESOME. 2113 00:57:02,252 --> 00:57:03,153 AND I'LL WRAP IT UP 2114 00:57:03,153 --> 00:57:04,020 WITH YOU, MARYBETH. 2115 00:57:04,020 --> 00:57:05,021 WHAT'S THE LEGACY OF ISS 2116 00:57:05,021 --> 00:57:07,190 FOR YOU? 2117 00:57:07,190 --> 00:57:08,525 >> SO, THIS IS-- 2118 00:57:08,525 --> 00:57:09,926 MAY SOUND CORNY, BUT FOR ME, 2119 00:57:09,926 --> 00:57:11,261 THE LEGACY OF ISS IS THAT 2120 00:57:11,261 --> 00:57:13,763 WE'VE CHANGED THE WORLD. 2121 00:57:13,763 --> 00:57:15,198 AND IN SORT OF 2122 00:57:15,198 --> 00:57:16,566 THREE KEY WAYS. 2123 00:57:16,566 --> 00:57:19,569 THE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, 2124 00:57:19,569 --> 00:57:20,770 WHETHER IT WAS THROUGH 2125 00:57:20,770 --> 00:57:22,105 ASSEMBLY AND ALL 2126 00:57:22,105 --> 00:57:23,706 THE PARTNERSHIPS OR NOW 2127 00:57:23,706 --> 00:57:24,808 WITH RESEARCH AND ALL OF 2128 00:57:24,808 --> 00:57:26,176 THE RESEARCH WHERE WE ARE 2129 00:57:26,176 --> 00:57:27,477 PARTNERING WITH OUR 2130 00:57:27,477 --> 00:57:28,578 RESEARCH COUNTERPARTS 2131 00:57:28,578 --> 00:57:32,782 ACROSS THE WORLD. 2132 00:57:32,782 --> 00:57:35,018 IT'S AMAZING WHAT- 2133 00:57:35,018 --> 00:57:36,219 WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED 2134 00:57:36,219 --> 00:57:37,153 AND CONTINUE TO LEARN 2135 00:57:37,153 --> 00:57:37,987 FROM EACH OTHER 2136 00:57:37,987 --> 00:57:39,489 IN WORKING TOGETHER IN WAYS 2137 00:57:39,489 --> 00:57:41,391 THAT WE NEVER WOULD HAVE DONE, 2138 00:57:41,391 --> 00:57:46,329 YOU KNOW, 40, 50 YEARS AGO. 2139 00:57:46,329 --> 00:57:48,364 THE OTHER WAY, I MEAN, 2140 00:57:48,364 --> 00:57:49,399 THAT I THINK WE'RE CHANGING 2141 00:57:49,399 --> 00:57:51,100 THE WORLD IS THAT 2142 00:57:51,100 --> 00:57:52,001 WE'RE LEARNING THINGS 2143 00:57:52,001 --> 00:57:53,970 WE NEVER KNEW WE DIDN'T KNOW. 2144 00:57:53,970 --> 00:57:54,671 AND WE'RE GOING TO USE 2145 00:57:54,671 --> 00:57:55,505 THOSE THINGS FOR 2146 00:57:55,505 --> 00:57:57,774 THE BETTERMENT OF HUMANITY. 2147 00:57:57,774 --> 00:57:59,209 WE WON'T KNOW WHAT THOSE THINGS 2148 00:57:59,209 --> 00:58:02,378 ARE FOR MAYBE A DECADE, 2149 00:58:02,378 --> 00:58:03,446 IN SOME CASES. 2150 00:58:03,446 --> 00:58:05,548 WE JUST STARTED SEEING 2151 00:58:05,548 --> 00:58:07,016 THE RESULTS AND THE IMPACT 2152 00:58:07,016 --> 00:58:08,451 OF THE RESEARCH THAT WAS DONE 2153 00:58:08,451 --> 00:58:09,919 A DECADE AGO AND A DECADE 2154 00:58:09,919 --> 00:58:11,187 BEFORE THAT AND THAT WILL 2155 00:58:11,187 --> 00:58:12,655 CONTINUE TO MULTIPLY. 2156 00:58:12,655 --> 00:58:14,057 AND IN 50 YEARS, 2157 00:58:14,057 --> 00:58:16,359 WE WON'T REALIZE HOW MUCH 2158 00:58:16,359 --> 00:58:19,329 OF CHANGES IN THE WORLD 2159 00:58:19,329 --> 00:58:21,598 CAME FROM WORK THAT WAS DONE 2160 00:58:21,598 --> 00:58:24,701 ON SPACE STATION. 2161 00:58:24,701 --> 00:58:26,402 AND THEN THE THIRD WAY 2162 00:58:26,402 --> 00:58:27,337 THAT I REALLY THINK THAT 2163 00:58:27,337 --> 00:58:28,504 WE'RE CHANGING THE WORLD 2164 00:58:28,504 --> 00:58:30,540 IS OPENING UP AN ECONOMY 2165 00:58:30,540 --> 00:58:32,342 IN LOW EARTH ORBIT. 2166 00:58:32,342 --> 00:58:33,443 A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE CAN 2167 00:58:33,443 --> 00:58:35,211 LIVE AND WORK IN SPACE. 2168 00:58:35,211 --> 00:58:36,980 JUST LIKE JEFF BEZOS 2169 00:58:36,980 --> 00:58:39,015 AND OTHERS SAY, WE ARE 2170 00:58:39,015 --> 00:58:42,185 USING SPACE STATION AS A- 2171 00:58:42,185 --> 00:58:45,722 AN ACCELERATOR, A PLATFORM, 2172 00:58:45,722 --> 00:58:48,224 A SPRINGBOARD TO REALLY CREATE 2173 00:58:48,224 --> 00:58:50,560 AN ECONOMY IN LOW EARTH ORBIT, 2174 00:58:50,560 --> 00:58:52,695 SO THAT WE CAN GET OFF OF 2175 00:58:52,695 --> 00:58:55,198 THIS PLANET AND HAVE OPTIONS 2176 00:58:55,198 --> 00:58:58,735 BEYOND- BEYOND HERE. 2177 00:58:58,735 --> 00:58:59,869 AND THAT'S GOING TO BE 2178 00:58:59,869 --> 00:59:01,638 THE LEGACY OF ISS. 2179 00:59:01,638 --> 00:59:03,573 IT'S NOT GOING TO BE RECOGNIZED 2180 00:59:03,573 --> 00:59:04,540 FOR A WHILE, 2181 00:59:04,540 --> 00:59:06,709 BUT IT'S CHANGING THE WORLD, 2182 00:59:06,709 --> 00:59:07,844 WHETHER PEOPLE SEE IT NOW 2183 00:59:07,844 --> 00:59:09,579 OR NOT. 2184 00:59:09,579 --> 00:59:11,581 >> BEAUTIFUL. I SEE IT NOW. 2185 00:59:11,581 --> 00:59:13,616 I SEE IT NOW. 2186 00:59:13,616 --> 00:59:15,084 YOU'RE RIGHT, IT'S BEAUTIFUL. 2187 00:59:15,084 --> 00:59:16,319 IT'S GOING TO LIVE ON 2188 00:59:16,319 --> 00:59:18,721 FOR GENERATIONS. 2189 00:59:18,721 --> 00:59:19,589 AND WITH THAT, 2190 00:59:19,589 --> 00:59:20,423 I THINK THAT WAS A GOOD WAY 2191 00:59:20,423 --> 00:59:21,858 TO WRAP UP. 2192 00:59:21,858 --> 00:59:22,825 THE FACT THAT WE 2193 00:59:22,825 --> 00:59:23,960 AND FUTURE GENERATIONS 2194 00:59:23,960 --> 00:59:24,661 ARE LOOKING FORWARD 2195 00:59:24,661 --> 00:59:25,762 TO SEVERAL MORE YEARS 2196 00:59:25,762 --> 00:59:27,030 OF EXCITING DISCOVERIES 2197 00:59:27,030 --> 00:59:28,865 ON THE STATION. 2198 00:59:28,865 --> 00:59:29,866 YOU, THE VIEWERS, 2199 00:59:29,866 --> 00:59:30,600 CAN KEEP AN EYE OUT 2200 00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:31,434 FOR MORE INFORMATIVE 2201 00:59:31,434 --> 00:59:32,835 AND FUN INTERVIEWS LIKE THESE 2202 00:59:32,835 --> 00:59:34,804 IN OUR ISS 20TH ANNIVERSARY 2203 00:59:34,804 --> 00:59:36,139 CELEBRATION SERIES. 2204 00:59:36,139 --> 00:59:36,940 THANK YOU, MARYBETH, 2205 00:59:36,940 --> 00:59:37,640 THANK YOU, KIRT, 2206 00:59:37,640 --> 00:59:38,241 THANK YOU, JENNIFER. 2207 00:59:38,241 --> 00:59:39,075 I MISS YOU ALL. 2208 00:59:39,075 --> 00:59:39,909 IT WAS GOOD TO SEE YOUR FACES. 2209 00:59:39,909 --> 00:59:41,644 GOOD TO REMINISCE WITH YOU 2210 00:59:41,644 --> 00:59:42,545 ON STATION SCIENCE 2211 00:59:42,545 --> 00:59:44,113 AND TECHNOLOGY. 2212 00:59:44,113 --> 00:59:47,016 BYE FOR NOW, EVERYONE! 2213 00:59:47,016 --> 00:59:49,919 >> BYE. THANKS, TARA. 2214 00:59:49,919 --> 00:59:51,487 >> THANKS, TARA.