1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,869 >> IGNITION SEQUENCE STARTS. 2 00:00:02,936 --> 00:00:05,071 >> GOOD MORNING AND WELCOME TO 3 00:00:05,138 --> 00:00:07,674 THIS VIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL 4 00:00:07,741 --> 00:00:08,341 SPACE STATION FLIGHT CONTROL 5 00:00:08,408 --> 00:00:10,210 ROOM WHERE THE ORBIT TWO TEAM OF 6 00:00:10,276 --> 00:00:12,479 FLIGHT CONTROLLERS IS ON CONSOL 7 00:00:12,545 --> 00:00:13,613 MONITORING THE OPERATION OF 8 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:14,848 SPACE STATION SYSTEMS AND 9 00:00:14,914 --> 00:00:19,386 WORKING WITH THE EXPEDITION 65 10 00:00:19,452 --> 00:00:21,020 CREW MEMBERS ON THEIR TASK TO 11 00:00:21,087 --> 00:00:22,856 WRAP IT UP ON THE ONGOING 12 00:00:22,922 --> 00:00:24,190 MISSION OF EXPLORATION. 13 00:00:24,257 --> 00:00:26,192 COMMANDER AND HIS AMERICAN, 14 00:00:26,259 --> 00:00:28,194 RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE CREWMATES 15 00:00:28,261 --> 00:00:32,799 ARE LOOKING AHEAD TO A SOYUZ 16 00:00:32,866 --> 00:00:34,501 UNDOCKING THAT WILL LEAVE 7 ON 17 00:00:34,567 --> 00:00:36,836 BOARD TO BEGIN THE WORK OF 18 00:00:36,903 --> 00:00:41,574 EXPEDITION 66. 19 00:00:41,641 --> 00:00:45,979 WELCOME TO SPACE TO GROUND. 20 00:00:46,045 --> 00:00:47,614 RUSSIAN SPACE EXPLORERS ARE 21 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:48,481 PREPARING FOR THEIR RETURN TO 22 00:00:48,548 --> 00:00:48,848 EARTH. 23 00:00:48,915 --> 00:00:51,384 ON OCTOBER 16TH, A RUSSIAN 24 00:00:51,451 --> 00:00:54,921 COSMONAUT WILL COMMAND THE SOYUZ 25 00:00:54,988 --> 00:01:00,860 SPACECRAFT CARRYING AN ACTRESS 26 00:01:00,927 --> 00:01:02,128 AND PRODUCER. 27 00:01:02,195 --> 00:01:04,864 THEY'LL CONCLUDE AFTER 191 DAYS 28 00:01:04,931 --> 00:01:06,966 BRINGING HIM TO A CAREER TOTAL 29 00:01:07,033 --> 00:01:10,570 OVER 3 FLIGHTS OFF 500 DAYS. 30 00:01:10,637 --> 00:01:12,005 THEY RETURN TO EARTH FOR 12 DAYS 31 00:01:12,071 --> 00:01:13,206 IN SPACE DURING WHICH THEY 32 00:01:13,273 --> 00:01:19,546 FILMED PORTIONS COMING MOVIE 33 00:01:19,612 --> 00:01:22,615 TITLED "CHALLENGE." 34 00:01:22,682 --> 00:01:26,352 YOU CAN WATCH UNDOCKING AND 35 00:01:26,419 --> 00:01:28,788 LANDING LIVE ON NASA TV AND 36 00:01:28,855 --> 00:01:30,690 AGENCY'S WEBSITE AND THE APP. 37 00:01:30,757 --> 00:01:32,358 THEY'RE PREPARING FOR ONE SHIP 38 00:01:32,425 --> 00:01:34,661 TO RELOCATE AND FOR ANOTHER TO 39 00:01:34,727 --> 00:01:34,994 ARRIVE. 40 00:01:35,061 --> 00:01:38,064 ON OCTOBER 20TH THE 78 RESUPPLY 41 00:01:38,131 --> 00:01:40,500 SHIP WILL UNDOCK BUT ITS MISSION 42 00:01:40,567 --> 00:01:41,334 ISN'T OVER YET. 43 00:01:41,401 --> 00:01:43,303 JUST OVER 24 HOURS LATER IT WILL 44 00:01:43,369 --> 00:01:46,005 REDOCK TO THE MODULE. 45 00:01:46,072 --> 00:01:48,274 A FEW DAYS LATER THE PROGRESS 79 46 00:01:48,341 --> 00:01:50,510 RESUPPLY CRAFT WILL DOCK AFTER 47 00:01:50,577 --> 00:01:53,213 IT LAUNCHES ON OCTOBER 27TH. 48 00:01:53,279 --> 00:01:55,882 NASA T.V WILL PROVIDE LIVE 49 00:01:55,949 --> 00:01:57,217 COVERAGE OF THE REDOCKING AND 50 00:01:57,283 --> 00:02:03,223 PROGRESS 79 LAUNCH. 51 00:02:03,289 --> 00:02:09,596 STUDENTS FROM UNIVERSITY OF 52 00:02:09,662 --> 00:02:10,563 ILLINOIS AND UNIVERSITY OF 53 00:02:10,630 --> 00:02:15,034 MICHIGAN DEVELOPED 3 SEPARATE 54 00:02:15,101 --> 00:02:15,635 CUBESATS. 55 00:02:15,702 --> 00:02:18,438 THESE PAYLOADS WERE DEPLOYED 56 00:02:18,505 --> 00:02:23,710 WILL CONDUCT RESEARCH BEFORE 57 00:02:23,776 --> 00:02:25,078 RE-ENTRY INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. 58 00:02:25,144 --> 00:02:27,013 THEY'LL STUDY THE PRACTICALITY 59 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,183 OF HIGH DATA RATES AND HOW THEY 60 00:02:30,250 --> 00:02:31,918 FRAGMENT AND HOW TO IMPROVE 61 00:02:31,985 --> 00:02:33,820 THERMAL CONTROL ON FUTURE 62 00:02:33,887 --> 00:02:35,889 CUBESATS AND POTENTIAL RADIATION 63 00:02:35,955 --> 00:02:37,357 MITIGATION TECHNIQUES. 64 00:02:37,423 --> 00:02:38,892 THAT'S ALL FOR TODAY ON SPACE TO 65 00:02:38,958 --> 00:02:39,425 GROUNDED. 66 00:02:39,492 --> 00:03:03,783 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT WEEK. 67 00:03:03,850 --> 00:03:04,918 HE'S STAYING OPT STATION TO YOU 68 00:03:04,984 --> 00:03:06,152 FOR WHAT IS EXPECTED TO BECOME 69 00:03:06,219 --> 00:03:08,354 THE LONGEST SINGLE SPACEFLIGHT 70 00:03:08,421 --> 00:03:10,423 EVER BY AN AMERICAN ASTRONAUT. 71 00:03:10,490 --> 00:03:12,559 BEFORE HE LAUNCHED, KNOWING THAT 72 00:03:12,625 --> 00:03:13,793 THERE WHAT YOU A CHANCE HE'D BE 73 00:03:13,860 --> 00:03:16,262 MAKING AN EXTENDED TRIP, THE 74 00:03:16,329 --> 00:03:17,931 RETIRED U.S. ARMY COLONEL FOR 75 00:03:17,997 --> 00:03:19,132 LOOKING FORWARD TO ANOTHER SHOT 76 00:03:19,198 --> 00:03:20,900 AT SOME OF THE THINGS HE KNEW HE 77 00:03:20,967 --> 00:03:22,302 WAS GOING TO GET TO EXPERIENCE 78 00:03:22,368 --> 00:03:31,444 ONCE AGAIN. 79 00:03:31,511 --> 00:03:32,946 >> SO ARRIVING AT THE SPACE 80 00:03:33,012 --> 00:03:35,448 STATION, SOMETHING I'LL NEVER 81 00:03:35,515 --> 00:03:36,883 FORGET IS LOOKING OVER MY LEFT 82 00:03:36,950 --> 00:03:40,186 SHOULDER OUT THE WINDOW IN THE 83 00:03:40,253 --> 00:03:42,055 SOYUZ WHERE IT WAS EITHER A VIEW 84 00:03:42,121 --> 00:03:43,723 OF THE EARTH OR BLACKNESS OF 85 00:03:43,790 --> 00:03:45,291 SPACE AND THEN ALL OF A SUDDEN I 86 00:03:45,358 --> 00:03:48,728 COULD SEE A SOLAR ARRAY. 87 00:03:48,795 --> 00:03:50,863 IT WAS THIS BEAUTIFUL GOLD 88 00:03:50,930 --> 00:03:52,198 MASSIVE -- YOU DON'T EVER TRAIN 89 00:03:52,265 --> 00:03:54,567 AND SEE A SOLAR ARRAY AT FULL 90 00:03:54,634 --> 00:03:56,469 SCALE HERE. SO THERE IT WAS. 91 00:03:56,536 --> 00:03:58,504 AND RUSSIAN COMMANDER SITTING TO 92 00:03:58,571 --> 00:04:01,207 MY RIGHT HAD TO PAY CLOSE 93 00:04:01,274 --> 00:04:02,041 ATTENTION. 94 00:04:02,108 --> 00:04:04,444 BUT AS SOON AS I SAW THE SOLAR 95 00:04:04,510 --> 00:04:07,347 ARRAYS I WAS LIKE WOW AND HE WAS 96 00:04:07,413 --> 00:04:09,582 LIKE -- I WAS DEFINITELY A 97 00:04:09,649 --> 00:04:09,882 ROOKIE. 98 00:04:09,949 --> 00:04:18,224 I WAS EXCITED. 99 00:04:18,291 --> 00:04:20,827 FREEDOM OF EMOTION INSIDE THE 100 00:04:20,893 --> 00:04:22,028 SPACE STATION IS HUGE AND 101 00:04:22,095 --> 00:04:24,397 WORKING WAS BUSY. 102 00:04:24,464 --> 00:04:27,300 I GOT THERE WHEN THE SPACEX 103 00:04:27,367 --> 00:04:29,535 DRAGON WAS DOCKED JUST BECAUSE 104 00:04:29,602 --> 00:04:30,970 THERE'S A LOT OF SCIENCE THAT 105 00:04:31,037 --> 00:04:33,339 REQUIRES RETURN AND I THINK IT 106 00:04:33,406 --> 00:04:34,707 HAS TO BE DONE ON A VERY 107 00:04:34,774 --> 00:04:35,441 SPECIFIC TIMELINE. 108 00:04:35,508 --> 00:04:37,477 IT WAS VERY FAST PACED 109 00:04:37,543 --> 00:04:38,077 IMMEDIATELY AND THE SPACE 110 00:04:38,144 --> 00:04:40,213 STATION IS VERY UNIQUE BECAUSE 111 00:04:40,279 --> 00:04:42,081 ON THE SPACE STATION ORBIT IS 112 00:04:42,148 --> 00:04:44,317 REALLY A CONTINUOUS FREE FALL. 113 00:04:44,384 --> 00:04:45,551 AND BECAUSE OF THAT YOU CAN HAVE 114 00:04:45,618 --> 00:04:50,923 SOME VERY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES 115 00:04:50,990 --> 00:04:52,725 THAT MIGHT STAY TOGETHER ON THE 116 00:04:52,792 --> 00:04:57,230 GROUND. 117 00:04:57,296 --> 00:04:58,531 COMBUSTION ON PRESIDENT GROUND 118 00:04:58,598 --> 00:05:00,199 REQUIRES DRAWING IN ALL 119 00:05:00,266 --> 00:05:04,804 THE RICH GASES INTO THE FLAME. 120 00:05:04,871 --> 00:05:06,506 THERE IS NO UP AND AWAY IN A 121 00:05:06,572 --> 00:05:08,207 SPACE STATION SO THAT WE HAYS 122 00:05:08,274 --> 00:05:09,142 DEFINITELY AND ALL KINDS OF 123 00:05:09,208 --> 00:05:11,577 DIFFERENT PHENOMENA THAT WE CAN 124 00:05:11,644 --> 00:05:12,812 EXPERIENCE WITH THAT'S WHY IT'S 125 00:05:12,879 --> 00:05:13,713 WONDERFUL LABORATORY. 126 00:05:13,780 --> 00:05:15,214 MANY, MANY DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS 127 00:05:15,281 --> 00:05:16,082 AND SOME IS OF THOSE HAVE TO DO 128 00:05:16,149 --> 00:05:18,017 WITH US AS THE TEST SUBJECTS 129 00:05:18,084 --> 00:05:18,718 BECAUSE WE'RE TRYING TO 130 00:05:18,785 --> 00:05:20,253 UNDERSTAND HOW TO HAVE PEOPLE 131 00:05:20,319 --> 00:05:21,421 SAFELY TRAVEL FOR LONGER AND 132 00:05:21,487 --> 00:05:22,355 LONGER DISTANCES TOO. 133 00:05:22,422 --> 00:05:23,756 THAT'S JUST THE SUB PART OF ALL 134 00:05:23,823 --> 00:05:26,025 THE SCIENCE WE'RE DOING ON THE 135 00:05:26,092 --> 00:05:26,626 SPACE STATION. 136 00:05:26,693 --> 00:05:28,428 SOME PEOPLE TALKED ABOUT AT SOME 137 00:05:28,494 --> 00:05:30,797 POINT IN THE EXPEDITION FEELING 138 00:05:30,863 --> 00:05:33,466 LIKE THERE WAS TIME TO GO HOME. 139 00:05:33,533 --> 00:05:35,168 BUT FOR ME THERE WAS ALWAYS 140 00:05:35,234 --> 00:05:38,871 ANOTHER SPACE CAPTURE. 141 00:05:38,938 --> 00:05:42,141 AND THEN SUDDENLY I WAS GOING 142 00:05:42,208 --> 00:05:43,409 HOME AND IT SURPRISED ME. 143 00:05:43,476 --> 00:05:57,423 >> I'M A NASA ASTRONAUT. 144 00:05:57,490 --> 00:05:58,624 >> THE PEOPLE WHO STRAP 145 00:05:58,691 --> 00:06:00,493 THEMSELVES ON TO ROCKETS AND GO 146 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:02,929 TO SPACE ARE ONE EXAMPLE OF THE 147 00:06:02,995 --> 00:06:04,731 KINDS OF HEROS WHO WORK AT NASA. 148 00:06:04,797 --> 00:06:06,299 ALONG WITH THE ASTRONAUTS WHO 149 00:06:06,365 --> 00:06:07,867 LEAD THE PLANET, THERE ARE MANY 150 00:06:07,934 --> 00:06:09,302 THOUSANDS OF OTHER PEOPLE HARD 151 00:06:09,368 --> 00:06:11,204 AT WORK SOLVING THE CHALLENGES 152 00:06:11,270 --> 00:06:12,605 FACING THE SPACE MISSIONS OF 153 00:06:12,672 --> 00:06:17,009 TODAY AND THOSE OF TOMORROW. 154 00:06:17,076 --> 00:06:20,213 >> SO YOU WANT TO GO TO MARS? 155 00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:22,448 WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE A NASA 156 00:06:22,515 --> 00:06:22,882 HERO. 157 00:06:22,949 --> 00:06:25,218 MEET THE HEROS BEHIND THE SCENES 158 00:06:25,284 --> 00:06:27,220 WHO MAKE DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION 159 00:06:27,286 --> 00:06:28,154 POSSIBLE. 160 00:06:28,221 --> 00:06:29,789 PEOPLE OFTEN THINK OF ASTRONAUTS 161 00:06:29,856 --> 00:06:31,457 AS HEROS AND THEY ARE. 162 00:06:31,524 --> 00:06:32,825 THEY WILL BE THE FIRST ONES TO 163 00:06:32,892 --> 00:06:33,993 TELL YOU THERE ARE MANY OTHER 164 00:06:34,060 --> 00:06:36,062 PEOPLE WHO MAKE SPACE MISSIONS 165 00:06:36,129 --> 00:06:36,796 SUCCESSFUL. 166 00:06:36,863 --> 00:06:39,198 ON EARTH THERE'S GROUND SUPPORT. 167 00:06:39,265 --> 00:06:41,834 THE FOLKS RESPONSIBLE FOR LAUNCH 168 00:06:41,901 --> 00:06:44,537 AND LANDING. 169 00:06:44,604 --> 00:06:46,139 HEROS WORK IN MISSION CONTROL 170 00:06:46,205 --> 00:06:48,674 AND IS KEEP A WATCHFUL EYE ON 171 00:06:48,741 --> 00:06:51,210 THE ASTRONAUTS AND SPACECRAFT 172 00:06:51,277 --> 00:06:51,844 24/7. 173 00:06:51,911 --> 00:06:53,746 HEROS DESIGN, TEST AND BUILD AND 174 00:06:53,813 --> 00:06:56,215 FLY THE ROCKETS AND SPACECRAFT 175 00:06:56,282 --> 00:06:57,817 THAT TAKE ASTRONAUTS OFF THE 176 00:06:57,884 --> 00:06:59,752 PLANET AND THERE ARE HEROS WHO 177 00:06:59,819 --> 00:07:01,788 MAKE SPACE SUITS AND HABITAT AND 178 00:07:01,854 --> 00:07:07,160 EQUIPMENT FOR THE ASTRONAUTS. 179 00:07:07,226 --> 00:07:08,427 HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT IS POSSIBLE 180 00:07:08,494 --> 00:07:09,495 BECAUSE OF THE HEROS ON THE 181 00:07:09,562 --> 00:07:15,434 GROUND AND BEHIND THE SCENES. 182 00:07:15,501 --> 00:07:18,004 WILL YOU BE A NASA HERO? 183 00:07:18,070 --> 00:07:19,772 FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT THIS 184 00:07:19,839 --> 00:07:26,012 NASA WEBSITE. 185 00:07:26,078 --> 00:07:27,146 >> INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 186 00:07:27,213 --> 00:07:29,081 SCIENCE RESEARCH IS TEACHING 187 00:07:29,148 --> 00:07:30,416 HUMANS MORE OF WHAT WE NEED TO 188 00:07:30,483 --> 00:07:32,652 KNOW TO BE ABLE TO EXPLORE OUT 189 00:07:32,718 --> 00:07:34,086 BEYOND EARTH ORBIT. 190 00:07:34,153 --> 00:07:36,889 FOR EXAMPLE, BIOMINING COULD 191 00:07:36,956 --> 00:07:38,758 OFFER A WAY FOR CREWS TO OBTAIN 192 00:07:38,825 --> 00:07:40,526 NEEDED MATERIALS ON OTHER 193 00:07:40,593 --> 00:07:41,727 PLANETARY BODIES. 194 00:07:41,794 --> 00:07:44,630 BUT MICROBES AND ROCKS INTERACT 195 00:07:44,697 --> 00:07:46,599 DIFFERENTLY OUTSIDE OF EARTH'S 196 00:07:46,666 --> 00:07:47,834 GRAVITY THAN THEY DO HERE AND 197 00:07:47,900 --> 00:07:49,602 THAT MIGHT AFFECT THE OUTPUT 198 00:07:49,669 --> 00:07:53,472 FROM EXTRATERRESTRIAL BIOMINING. 199 00:07:53,539 --> 00:07:54,674 SO THERE IS AN INVESTIGATION ON 200 00:07:54,740 --> 00:07:57,176 THE STATION NOW STUDYING HOW 201 00:07:57,243 --> 00:08:00,413 THEY GROW ON AND HOW THEY ALTER 202 00:08:00,479 --> 00:08:01,447 PLANETARY ROCKS. 203 00:08:01,514 --> 00:08:03,082 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 204 00:08:03,149 --> 00:08:05,051 WILL SOON HOST SOME OF THE 205 00:08:05,117 --> 00:08:08,888 SMALLEST MINERS IN THE UNIVERSE, 206 00:08:08,955 --> 00:08:10,289 MICROBES. 207 00:08:10,356 --> 00:08:11,557 MICROBES GROWING ON THE SURFACE 208 00:08:11,624 --> 00:08:13,392 OF ROCKS CAN GRADUALLY BREAK 209 00:08:13,459 --> 00:08:20,166 THEM DOWN AND EXTRACT USEFUL 210 00:08:20,233 --> 00:08:20,867 MATERIALS. 211 00:08:20,933 --> 00:08:24,604 THIS IS CALLED BIOMINING. 212 00:08:24,670 --> 00:08:27,273 WE ARE SEEKING TO USE IT TO EARN 213 00:08:27,340 --> 00:08:30,109 ROCK INTO SOIL FOR GROWING 214 00:08:30,176 --> 00:08:32,712 PLANTS AND FOOD. 215 00:08:32,778 --> 00:08:34,647 BEFORE WE CAN USE THIS WE FIRST 216 00:08:34,714 --> 00:08:41,287 NEED TO TEST IT IN SPACE. 217 00:08:41,354 --> 00:08:44,190 ON THE SPACE STATION, 218 00:08:44,257 --> 00:08:45,825 BIOREACTORS WILL BE PLACED 219 00:08:45,892 --> 00:08:48,861 INSIDE A CENTRIFUGE WHERE 220 00:08:48,928 --> 00:08:52,832 MICROBES WILL GROW ON ROCKS IN 221 00:08:52,899 --> 00:08:55,034 MICROGRAVITY AND SIMULATED 222 00:08:55,101 --> 00:09:00,673 MARTIAN GRAVITY. 223 00:09:00,740 --> 00:09:02,475 THEY'LL EVALUATE HOW WELL THE 224 00:09:02,541 --> 00:09:05,845 DIFFERENT MICROBES EXTRACT 225 00:09:05,912 --> 00:09:08,748 ELEMENTS FROM THE ROCKS. 226 00:09:08,814 --> 00:09:10,983 THE FINDINGS WILL BE COMPARED TO 227 00:09:11,050 --> 00:09:17,056 GROUND BASED RESULTS. 228 00:09:17,123 --> 00:09:19,125 WE HOPE TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO 229 00:09:19,191 --> 00:09:22,428 HOW MICROBES INTERACT WITH ROCKS 230 00:09:22,495 --> 00:09:24,897 AND MICROGRAVITY AND HOW WE 231 00:09:24,964 --> 00:09:26,432 MIGHT USE THEM IN OUR 232 00:09:26,499 --> 00:09:41,580 EXPLORATION OF DEEP SPACE. 233 00:09:41,647 --> 00:09:42,782 >> ONE AREA IS SCIENCE THAT 234 00:09:42,848 --> 00:09:43,849 TEACHES US HOW TO MAKE THOSE 235 00:09:43,916 --> 00:09:45,584 FUTURE LONG DURATION MISSIONS 236 00:09:45,651 --> 00:09:47,219 SAFE AND SUCCESSFUL JOURNEYS FOR 237 00:09:47,286 --> 00:09:48,754 THE HUMAN EXPLORERS. 238 00:09:48,821 --> 00:09:50,289 AND THAT COMES FROM LEARNING HOW 239 00:09:50,356 --> 00:09:52,925 THE HUMAN BODY REACTS DURING 240 00:09:52,992 --> 00:09:55,094 PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO THE SPACE 241 00:09:55,161 --> 00:09:55,561 ENVIRONMENT. 242 00:09:55,628 --> 00:09:56,963 WE'RE ALSO LOOKING INTO HOW WE 243 00:09:57,029 --> 00:09:59,732 CAN PROVIDE THE SUPPLIES THAT 244 00:09:59,799 --> 00:10:01,534 EXPLORERS WILL NEED ON MISSIONS 245 00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:02,668 TO DEEP SPACE THAT WILL LAST FOR 246 00:10:02,735 --> 00:10:03,536 YEARS. 247 00:10:03,602 --> 00:10:10,676 SUPPLIES SUCH AS FRESH FOOD. 248 00:10:10,743 --> 00:10:16,549 SPACE GARDENING. 249 00:10:16,615 --> 00:10:20,853 PRESENTED BY SCIENCE AT NASA. 250 00:10:20,920 --> 00:10:25,091 >> ROMAN STATESMAN CICERO SAID 251 00:10:25,157 --> 00:10:27,126 IF YOU HAVE A GARDEN AND A 252 00:10:27,193 --> 00:10:29,061 LIBRARY YOU HAVE EVERYTHING YOU 253 00:10:29,128 --> 00:10:30,396 NEED. 254 00:10:30,463 --> 00:10:32,932 HUMANS SOME DAY TO MAKE MARS 255 00:10:32,999 --> 00:10:36,502 THEIR HOME MAY WELL SHARE THE 256 00:10:36,569 --> 00:10:38,938 SENTIMENTS. 257 00:10:39,005 --> 00:10:41,941 AS FOR THE LIBRARY BOOKS CAN BE 258 00:10:42,008 --> 00:10:44,477 STORED DIGITALLY BUT HOW DOES 259 00:10:44,543 --> 00:10:46,379 YOUR GARDEN GROW IN SPACE? 260 00:10:46,445 --> 00:10:48,347 TO FIND OUT, SCIENTISTS HAVE 261 00:10:48,414 --> 00:10:53,085 BEEN STUDYING PLANT GROWTH ON 262 00:10:53,152 --> 00:10:53,786 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 263 00:10:53,853 --> 00:10:54,754 OR ISS. 264 00:10:54,820 --> 00:11:01,861 THE RESULTS COULD HELP BOOST 265 00:11:01,927 --> 00:11:04,230 PRODUCTIVITY. 266 00:11:04,296 --> 00:11:06,732 RECENTLY IT'S BEEN HOME FOR 267 00:11:06,799 --> 00:11:07,833 IMPRESSIVE ARTISTS. 268 00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:12,304 HOWEVER, SCIENTISTS AREN'T 269 00:11:12,371 --> 00:11:13,873 THROUGH TRYING TO UNLOCK THE 270 00:11:13,939 --> 00:11:14,974 SECRETS. 271 00:11:15,041 --> 00:11:17,877 FUTURE OUTPOST DWELLERS WILL 272 00:11:17,943 --> 00:11:20,780 NEED TO GROW PLANTS FOR FOOD AND 273 00:11:20,846 --> 00:11:23,315 RECYCLING AIR AND WATER. 274 00:11:23,382 --> 00:11:25,384 SO WE'RE STUDYING HOW PLANTS 275 00:11:25,451 --> 00:11:26,752 ADAPT TO THE SPACEFLIGHT 276 00:11:26,819 --> 00:11:27,653 ENVIRONMENT. 277 00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:29,422 OUR FINDINGS WILL ALSO HELP US 278 00:11:29,488 --> 00:11:31,290 UNDERSTAND HOW PLANTS MIGHT 279 00:11:31,357 --> 00:11:33,626 RESPOND TO NEW AND CHALLENGING 280 00:11:33,692 --> 00:11:35,694 ENVIRONMENTS HERE ON EARTH. 281 00:11:35,761 --> 00:11:40,132 PAUL AND HER COLLEAGUE HAVE BEEN 282 00:11:40,199 --> 00:11:42,101 GROWING PLANTS IN SPACE SINCE 283 00:11:42,168 --> 00:11:43,602 1999 WHEN THEY LAUNCHED THEIR 284 00:11:43,669 --> 00:11:46,238 FIRST EXPERIMENT ON SPACE 285 00:11:46,305 --> 00:11:55,047 SHUTTLE COLUMBIA. 286 00:11:55,114 --> 00:11:57,016 THEY ASSUME TO DO REQUIRE 287 00:11:57,083 --> 00:11:58,818 GRAVITY THEY REALLY DON'T. 288 00:11:58,884 --> 00:12:03,923 PLANT ROOTS GROW AWAY. 289 00:12:03,989 --> 00:12:05,458 TO DETERMINE WHICH DIRECTION TO 290 00:12:05,524 --> 00:12:10,296 GROW THEY USE GRAVITY AS A CUE 291 00:12:10,362 --> 00:12:13,799 AND USE TOUCH TO MANEUVER AROUND 292 00:12:13,866 --> 00:12:14,500 OBSTACLES. 293 00:12:14,567 --> 00:12:16,302 CHARLES DARWIN DEMONSTRATED THAT 294 00:12:16,368 --> 00:12:18,771 PLANTS GROWING ALONG A TILTED 295 00:12:18,838 --> 00:12:20,106 SURFACE DON'T SEND THEIR ROOTS 296 00:12:20,172 --> 00:12:22,441 AWAY FROM THE SEED BUT INSTEAD 297 00:12:22,508 --> 00:12:24,877 SEND THEM TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. 298 00:12:24,944 --> 00:12:27,113 HE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THIS 299 00:12:27,179 --> 00:12:29,982 GROWING PATTERN CALLED SKEWING 300 00:12:30,049 --> 00:12:31,817 WAS CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF 301 00:12:31,884 --> 00:12:32,918 THE ROOTS TOUCHING THEIR WAY 302 00:12:32,985 --> 00:12:36,422 ACROSS THE SLANTED SURFACE AND 303 00:12:36,489 --> 00:12:37,790 GRAVITY PULLING STRAIGHT DOWN ON 304 00:12:37,857 --> 00:12:38,357 THEM. 305 00:12:38,424 --> 00:12:40,759 IN AN EXPERIMENT IN 2010, PAUL 306 00:12:40,826 --> 00:12:43,596 AND IF YOU RECALL DISCOVERED 307 00:12:43,662 --> 00:12:45,531 THAT ROOTS GROWING IN 308 00:12:45,598 --> 00:12:47,867 MICROGRAVITY ON THE STATION 309 00:12:47,933 --> 00:12:49,502 SKEWED LIKE THEIR EARTHLY 310 00:12:49,568 --> 00:12:49,902 COUNTERPARTS. 311 00:12:49,969 --> 00:12:51,637 THE ISS SHOWED US SOMETHING WE 312 00:12:51,704 --> 00:12:52,771 NEVER WOULD HAVE KNOWN 313 00:12:52,838 --> 00:12:56,008 OTHERWISE, NOTES PAUL. 314 00:12:56,075 --> 00:12:59,211 GRAVITY ISN'T ESSENTIAL IN ROOT 315 00:12:59,278 --> 00:12:59,578 ORIENTATION. 316 00:12:59,645 --> 00:13:00,179 GOOD NEWS. 317 00:13:00,246 --> 00:13:02,181 THAT'S ONE LESS IMPEDIMENT TO 318 00:13:02,248 --> 00:13:04,216 GROWING PLANTS IN SPACE. 319 00:13:04,283 --> 00:13:06,852 PLANTS WILL EFFICIENTLY SEEK THE 320 00:13:06,919 --> 00:13:08,154 NUTRIENTS THEY NEED WITHOUT 321 00:13:08,220 --> 00:13:09,655 GRAVITY AS A CUE. 322 00:13:09,722 --> 00:13:12,158 THE EXPERIMENT ALSO STUDIED THE 323 00:13:12,224 --> 00:13:17,196 PATTERNS OF GENETIC EXPRESSION. 324 00:13:17,263 --> 00:13:21,634 THEY CHANGE THEIR GENES IN ORDER 325 00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:24,170 TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC PROTEINS. 326 00:13:24,236 --> 00:13:26,572 WHEN LIVING ORGANISMS ARE FACED 327 00:13:26,639 --> 00:13:27,907 WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, THEIR 328 00:13:27,973 --> 00:13:29,642 RESPONSE ALMOST ALWAYS INVOLVES 329 00:13:29,708 --> 00:13:33,045 A CHANGE IN GENETIC EXPRESSION. 330 00:13:33,112 --> 00:13:35,514 THEY SWITCH ON AND OFF CERTAIN 331 00:13:35,581 --> 00:13:36,615 GENES. 332 00:13:36,682 --> 00:13:38,684 PLANTS ARE PROS AT THIS. 333 00:13:38,751 --> 00:13:42,121 PAUL SAYS, PLANTS' CELL WALLS 334 00:13:42,188 --> 00:13:43,889 UNDER GO A KIND OF REMODELLING 335 00:13:43,956 --> 00:13:44,723 IN SPACE. 336 00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:47,126 THE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH A CELL 337 00:13:47,193 --> 00:13:48,427 WALL ARE OFTEN IN THE ONES 338 00:13:48,494 --> 00:13:50,062 SWITCH POSITIONS THAN THEY'RE IN 339 00:13:50,129 --> 00:13:50,996 ON EARTH. 340 00:13:51,063 --> 00:13:53,199 THE RESEARCHERS AREN'T YET SURE 341 00:13:53,265 --> 00:13:55,067 WHAT PURPOSE THIS SERVES BUT 342 00:13:55,134 --> 00:13:57,269 THEY INTEND TO FIND OUT WITH 343 00:13:57,336 --> 00:14:00,239 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS. 344 00:14:00,306 --> 00:14:01,540 THEY AREN'T ALONE. 345 00:14:01,607 --> 00:14:05,945 MANY SCIENTIST HAVE ALSO BEEN 346 00:14:06,011 --> 00:14:08,380 STUDYING TO UNLOCK THE SECRETS 347 00:14:08,447 --> 00:14:10,849 OF SUCCESSFULLY GROWING PLANTS. 348 00:14:10,916 --> 00:14:12,785 AT THE HEART OF ALL THE RESEARCH 349 00:14:12,851 --> 00:14:14,587 IS THE QUEST TO PROVIDE HUMANS 350 00:14:14,653 --> 00:14:16,822 WITH EVERYTHING THEY NEED 351 00:14:16,889 --> 00:14:18,824 WHEREVER THEY MAY BE. 352 00:14:18,891 --> 00:14:20,559 FOR MORE ABOUT GARDENING IN 353 00:14:20,626 --> 00:14:21,827 SPACE, VISIT 354 00:14:21,894 --> 00:14:25,764 WWW.NASA.GOV/STATION. 355 00:14:25,831 --> 00:14:27,166 FOR MORE ON THE GROWTH OF 356 00:14:27,233 --> 00:14:29,368 SCIENCE BOTH ON AND OFF OUR HOME 357 00:14:29,435 --> 00:14:34,506 PLANET, VISIT SCIENCE.NASA.GOV. 358 00:14:34,573 --> 00:14:36,141 >> THE THINGS WE'RE LEARNING ON 359 00:14:36,208 --> 00:14:37,743 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 360 00:14:37,810 --> 00:14:40,846 ARE HELPING US GET READY FOR THE 361 00:14:40,913 --> 00:14:42,581 NEXT STEPS IN HUMAN SPACE 362 00:14:42,648 --> 00:14:43,182 EXPLORATION. 363 00:14:43,249 --> 00:14:46,485 THE ARTEMIS PROGRAM WILL RETURN 364 00:14:46,552 --> 00:14:48,887 ASTRONAUTS TO THE MOON AS A STEP 365 00:14:48,954 --> 00:14:51,156 IN THE PLAN TO SEND PEOPLE TO 366 00:14:51,223 --> 00:14:51,890 MARS. 367 00:14:51,957 --> 00:14:53,525 HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM IS DOING 368 00:14:53,592 --> 00:14:55,394 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 369 00:14:55,461 --> 00:14:56,662 DEVELOPMENT ON WAYS TO ENABLE 370 00:14:56,729 --> 00:14:58,864 PEOPLE TO LIVE AND WORK SAFELY 371 00:14:58,931 --> 00:15:00,366 AND EFFECTIVELY IN SPACE OVER 372 00:15:00,432 --> 00:15:01,800 LONG PERIODS OF TIME. 373 00:15:01,867 --> 00:15:03,269 ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING 374 00:15:03,335 --> 00:15:07,106 ASPECTS OF END SENDING HUMAN 375 00:15:07,172 --> 00:15:08,674 BEINGS OUT BEYOND ORBIT IS 376 00:15:08,741 --> 00:15:18,984 DEALING WITH SPACE RADIATION. 377 00:15:19,051 --> 00:15:21,020 >> JOURNEY TO MARS THE HUMAN 378 00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:22,421 RESEARCH PROGRAM WORKS TO 379 00:15:22,488 --> 00:15:25,257 PROJECT, ASSESS AND SOLVE THE 380 00:15:25,324 --> 00:15:26,859 PROBLEMS THAT ASTRONAUTS HAVE IN 381 00:15:26,925 --> 00:15:27,393 SPACE. 382 00:15:27,459 --> 00:15:29,428 SPECIFICALLY FOR RADIATION 383 00:15:29,495 --> 00:15:30,763 RESEARCH. 384 00:15:30,829 --> 00:15:32,665 HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM WORKS TO 385 00:15:32,731 --> 00:15:35,301 PREDICT AND MITIGATE THE HEALTH 386 00:15:35,367 --> 00:15:37,369 EFFECTS OF SPACE RADIATION ON 387 00:15:37,436 --> 00:15:38,771 ASTRONAUTS. 388 00:15:38,837 --> 00:15:40,272 >> ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING 389 00:15:40,339 --> 00:15:42,107 PARTS FOR THE JOURNEY TO MARS IN 390 00:15:42,174 --> 00:15:44,343 TERMS OF THE HUMANS AND NOT 391 00:15:44,410 --> 00:15:45,811 NECESSARILY THE TECHNOLOGY TO 392 00:15:45,878 --> 00:15:48,147 GET THERE IS THE RISK OF 393 00:15:48,213 --> 00:15:51,717 RADIATION EXPOSURE AND INFLIGHT 394 00:15:51,784 --> 00:15:52,985 CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXPOSURE TO 395 00:15:53,052 --> 00:15:54,386 RADIATION AS WELL AS THE LONG 396 00:15:54,453 --> 00:15:57,856 TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF 397 00:15:57,923 --> 00:15:58,223 EXPOSURE. 398 00:15:58,290 --> 00:15:59,391 >> TWO PARTS OF RADIATION WE 399 00:15:59,458 --> 00:16:00,793 HAVE TO PROTECT THE FOOD FROM. 400 00:16:00,859 --> 00:16:04,096 ONE IS A SOLAR EFFECT, WHETHER 401 00:16:04,163 --> 00:16:07,466 THE SOLAR STORM AND THEY STREAM 402 00:16:07,533 --> 00:16:08,434 OUT. 403 00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:10,469 FORTUNATELY WE PUT THEM IN A 404 00:16:10,536 --> 00:16:12,538 SHELTER THAT IS SHIELDED AND 405 00:16:12,604 --> 00:16:16,842 THEY'RE VERY SHORT IN DURATION. 406 00:16:16,909 --> 00:16:18,677 HOURS TO DAY AT MOST. 407 00:16:18,744 --> 00:16:19,712 AND THEY CAN COME OUT AND 408 00:16:19,778 --> 00:16:20,646 CONTINUE WERE THEIR JOURNEY. 409 00:16:20,713 --> 00:16:22,614 THAT'S ONE ASPECT WE KNOW HOW TO 410 00:16:22,681 --> 00:16:23,015 PROTECT. 411 00:16:23,082 --> 00:16:24,750 THE OTHER WHICH WE DON'T HAVE A 412 00:16:24,817 --> 00:16:27,453 FIRM HANDLE ON IS CONSTANT RAYS. 413 00:16:27,519 --> 00:16:28,821 THESE ARE HIGHLY ENERGETIC 414 00:16:28,887 --> 00:16:30,155 PARTICLES THAT COME FROM ALL 415 00:16:30,222 --> 00:16:32,991 OVER THE GALAXY TOWARD THE SOLAR 416 00:16:33,058 --> 00:16:33,892 SYSTEM AND EARTH. 417 00:16:33,959 --> 00:16:35,694 YOU CAN'T SHIELD AGAINST IT. 418 00:16:35,761 --> 00:16:37,763 THEY'RE SO ENERGETIC THEY WHIP 419 00:16:37,830 --> 00:16:40,165 RIGHT THROUGH ALL METALS AND 420 00:16:40,232 --> 00:16:43,135 PLASTIC AND WATER AND CELLULAR 421 00:16:43,202 --> 00:16:43,469 MATERIALS. 422 00:16:43,535 --> 00:16:47,873 AS THEY RIP THROUGH THEY, YOU 423 00:16:47,940 --> 00:16:49,508 END UP GETTING A CASCADE EFFECT 424 00:16:49,575 --> 00:16:51,443 OF RADIATION THROUGHOUT THE 425 00:16:51,510 --> 00:16:52,411 MATERIAL AND SOMETIMES GOING 426 00:16:52,478 --> 00:16:54,113 THROUGH CERTAIN MATERIALS CAUSES 427 00:16:54,179 --> 00:16:56,382 A WORST RADIATION ENVIRONMENT 428 00:16:56,448 --> 00:16:58,050 FOR THE CREW. 429 00:16:58,117 --> 00:17:00,085 SO WE TRY TO DESIGN THE 430 00:17:00,152 --> 00:17:01,653 SPACECRAFT OUT OF MATERIALS THAT 431 00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:04,189 SHIELD IT BUT ALSO DO NOT 432 00:17:04,256 --> 00:17:06,325 PRODUCE MORE HAZARDOUS PARTICLES 433 00:17:06,392 --> 00:17:07,960 AS A FUNCTION OF BEING IMPACTED 434 00:17:08,026 --> 00:17:10,195 WITH THEM. 435 00:17:10,262 --> 00:17:12,064 SO A LOT OF PEOPLE THINK THAT 436 00:17:12,131 --> 00:17:15,534 RADIATION WILL KEEP NASA FROM 437 00:17:15,601 --> 00:17:16,602 SENDING PEOPLE TO MARS AND 438 00:17:16,668 --> 00:17:18,604 THAT'S NOT WHAT THE CURRENT 439 00:17:18,670 --> 00:17:19,805 SITUATION IS. 440 00:17:19,872 --> 00:17:21,273 HE WITH HAVE TECHNIQUES AND 441 00:17:21,340 --> 00:17:22,808 DISCUSS WAYS OF GETTING THERE 442 00:17:22,875 --> 00:17:23,675 FASTER OF THE WE KNOW THAT WE 443 00:17:23,742 --> 00:17:26,678 HAD THESE VARIOUS MITIGATIONS UP 444 00:17:26,745 --> 00:17:28,247 THAT WE CAN HAVE A SUCCESSFUL 445 00:17:28,313 --> 00:17:30,048 MARS MISSION, A HEALTHY CREW AND 446 00:17:30,115 --> 00:17:32,651 HAVE THEM LIVE A VERY LONG AND 447 00:17:32,718 --> 00:17:33,619 PRODUCTIVE LIFE AFTER THEIR 448 00:17:33,685 --> 00:18:01,880 RETURN TO EARTH. 449 00:18:01,947 --> 00:18:02,848 EXPERIMENTS BEING DONE ON THE 450 00:18:02,915 --> 00:18:04,216 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 451 00:18:04,283 --> 00:18:06,118 COVER MANY SCIENTIFIC 452 00:18:06,185 --> 00:18:09,154 DISCIPLINES INCLUDING SCIENCE 453 00:18:09,221 --> 00:18:11,824 THAT COULD BENEFIT THE MORE 5 454 00:18:11,890 --> 00:18:13,559 MILLION PEOPLE WHO SUFFER 455 00:18:13,625 --> 00:18:17,029 FROM PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 456 00:18:17,095 --> 00:18:18,931 WHEN THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY 457 00:18:18,997 --> 00:18:20,833 WORKED ON AN EXPERIMENT WITH 458 00:18:20,899 --> 00:18:22,100 WHAT A CERTAIN CRYSTAL THAT 459 00:18:22,167 --> 00:18:25,204 COULD HOLD INSIGHTS NASA 460 00:18:25,270 --> 00:18:27,272 ASTRONAUT WALKED US THROUGH WHAT 461 00:18:27,339 --> 00:18:30,142 THAT WAS LIKE. 462 00:18:30,209 --> 00:18:34,079 >> WELCOME TO EXPEDITION 67. 463 00:18:34,146 --> 00:18:36,415 TODAY WE'RE DOING COOL SCIENCE. 464 00:18:36,482 --> 00:18:37,816 THIS IS ALEX AND WE ARE WORKING 465 00:18:37,883 --> 00:18:39,318 ON PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 466 00:18:39,384 --> 00:18:40,919 WHAT WE ARE LOOKING AT HERE IS A 467 00:18:40,986 --> 00:18:43,388 SPECIAL PROTEIN CRYSTAL 468 00:18:43,455 --> 00:18:47,092 STRUCTURE AND SCIENTISTS SENT IT 469 00:18:47,159 --> 00:18:49,561 UP HERE AND IT'S BECAUSE THESE 470 00:18:49,628 --> 00:18:51,964 CRYSTALS TEND TO GROW LARGER AND 471 00:18:52,030 --> 00:18:58,704 HAVE MUCH BETTER QUALITY. 472 00:18:58,770 --> 00:19:00,372 PARKINSON'S EFFECTS MORE THAN 5 473 00:19:00,439 --> 00:19:01,406 MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE. 474 00:19:01,473 --> 00:19:03,008 THESE CRYSTALS LIKE TO GROW UP 475 00:19:03,075 --> 00:19:05,244 HERE. SO SCIENTISTS CAN BETTER 476 00:19:05,310 --> 00:19:07,045 CLARIFY THE STRUCTURE THAN 477 00:19:07,112 --> 00:19:08,947 THEY'RE BETTER ABLE TO DEVELOP 478 00:19:09,014 --> 00:19:11,483 THE INHIBITOR DRUGS FOR 479 00:19:11,550 --> 00:19:12,618 PARKINSON'S. 480 00:19:12,684 --> 00:19:14,453 NOT ONLY THAT BUT ONE WITH VERY 481 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:15,521 FEW SIDE EFFECTS. 482 00:19:15,587 --> 00:19:17,389 SO WHAT ALEX IS DOING HERE TODAY 483 00:19:17,456 --> 00:19:19,358 IS HE'S OBVIOUSLY WORKING ON THE 484 00:19:19,424 --> 00:19:21,727 WALL WHAT IT SEEMS LIKE HERE AND 485 00:19:21,793 --> 00:19:22,194 HE IS. 486 00:19:22,261 --> 00:19:25,330 HE'S GOT A MICROSCOPE ABOVE HIM 487 00:19:25,397 --> 00:19:28,000 AND A PLATE HE FILLED WITH THIS 488 00:19:28,066 --> 00:19:29,902 SPECIAL CRYSTAL STRUCTURE JUST A 489 00:19:29,968 --> 00:19:31,103 FEW DAYS AGO. 490 00:19:31,169 --> 00:19:33,105 GAVE TIME FOR THEM TO 491 00:19:33,171 --> 00:19:34,239 CRYSTALLIZE AND NOW HE'S 492 00:19:34,306 --> 00:19:35,440 EXAMINING THEM UNDER THE 493 00:19:35,507 --> 00:19:38,544 MICROSCOPE AND INTERACTING REAL 494 00:19:38,610 --> 00:19:42,080 TIME WITH THE PRINCIPAL 495 00:19:42,147 --> 00:19:43,415 INVESTIGATOR ON THE GROUND. 496 00:19:43,482 --> 00:19:45,284 THEN ALSO TAKE PICTURES WHICH 497 00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:47,219 WILL THEN BE SENT BACK DOWN TO 498 00:19:47,286 --> 00:19:49,521 THE GROUND. 499 00:19:49,588 --> 00:19:51,456 WE'RE PROUD TO BE TAKING PARTED 500 00:19:51,523 --> 00:19:52,224 IN THIS EXPERIMENT. 501 00:19:52,291 --> 00:19:54,393 I THINK IN THE PAST FEW YEARS 502 00:19:54,459 --> 00:19:55,294 SCIENTISTS HAVE REALIZED THAT 503 00:19:55,360 --> 00:19:58,063 THE MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT 504 00:19:58,130 --> 00:20:01,600 IS SO UNIQUE AND IT PROVIDES A 505 00:20:01,667 --> 00:20:04,436 NEW WAY TO HELP US LOOK AT 506 00:20:04,503 --> 00:20:05,437 DISEASES IN A BETTER WAY TO HELP 507 00:20:05,504 --> 00:20:08,740 US DEVELOP NEW MEDICATIONS AND 508 00:20:08,807 --> 00:20:10,208 SO WE'RE HAPPY TO BE TAKING PART 509 00:20:10,275 --> 00:20:27,659 IN THIS SCIENCE. 510 00:20:27,726 --> 00:20:29,528 ALONG WITH ASSISTING WITH 511 00:20:29,595 --> 00:20:32,464 EXPERIMENTS IN MICROGRAVITY AND 512 00:20:32,531 --> 00:20:33,899 OCCASIONAL ROBOTIC ARM OPERATION 513 00:20:33,966 --> 00:20:36,668 AND SPACEWALK AND OF COURSE THE 514 00:20:36,735 --> 00:20:39,004 UBIQUITOUS OTHER DUTIES AS A 515 00:20:39,071 --> 00:20:40,672 SIGNED ASTRONAUTS ON THE 516 00:20:40,739 --> 00:20:41,640 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 517 00:20:41,707 --> 00:20:42,641 DEVOTE SOME OF THEIR TIME TO 518 00:20:42,708 --> 00:20:44,076 HELPING STUDENTS WHO ARE 519 00:20:44,142 --> 00:20:49,014 STUDYING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES 520 00:20:49,081 --> 00:20:50,248 ENGINEERING AND MATH. 521 00:20:50,315 --> 00:20:52,150 ASTRONAUT RICKY ARNOLD SHOWS US 522 00:20:52,217 --> 00:20:54,486 HOW THE MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP 523 00:20:54,553 --> 00:21:11,236 WATER BEHAVE IN SPACE. 524 00:21:11,303 --> 00:21:12,638 >> WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL 525 00:21:12,704 --> 00:21:13,138 SPACE STATION. 526 00:21:13,205 --> 00:21:15,641 I'M NASA ASTRONAUT RICKY ARNOLD. 527 00:21:15,707 --> 00:21:17,976 OUR VIEW FROM THE ISS OF EARTH 528 00:21:18,043 --> 00:21:20,612 IS ABSOLUTELY MAGNIFICENT BUT WE 529 00:21:20,679 --> 00:21:22,080 QUICKLY REALIZED WE SHOULD CALL 530 00:21:22,147 --> 00:21:23,248 IT PLANET OCEAN. 531 00:21:23,315 --> 00:21:24,983 WE'RE MOSTLY A WATER PLANET. 532 00:21:25,050 --> 00:21:26,852 WATER OCCURS HERE IN ALL THREE 533 00:21:26,918 --> 00:21:29,821 PHASES, SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS. 534 00:21:29,888 --> 00:21:31,156 IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER ON 535 00:21:31,223 --> 00:21:32,758 OTHER PLANETS AND MOONS WITHIN 536 00:21:32,824 --> 00:21:35,160 OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM HAS US 537 00:21:35,227 --> 00:21:36,294 WONDERING IS THERE LIFE THERE 538 00:21:36,361 --> 00:21:37,162 TOO? 539 00:21:37,229 --> 00:21:39,364 WHY IS WATER SO SPECIAL? 540 00:21:39,431 --> 00:21:40,932 ONE REASON IS CALLED SURFACE 541 00:21:40,999 --> 00:21:42,567 TENSION. 542 00:21:42,634 --> 00:21:44,136 WHAT IS SURFACE TENSION. 543 00:21:44,202 --> 00:21:47,005 LET'S HAVE A LOOK. 544 00:21:47,072 --> 00:21:48,507 SURFACE TENSION IS A PROPERTY OF 545 00:21:48,573 --> 00:21:51,977 LIQUIDS IN WHICH MOLECULES OF 546 00:21:52,044 --> 00:21:54,346 ONE SUBSTANCE ARE MORE ATTRACTED 547 00:21:54,413 --> 00:21:56,248 THAN TO ANOTHER SUBSTANCE. 548 00:21:56,314 --> 00:21:58,283 WATER IS UNIQUE IN THAT IT HAS A 549 00:21:58,350 --> 00:22:01,153 HIGH SURFACE TENSION COMPARED TO 550 00:22:01,219 --> 00:22:02,621 OTHER LIQUIDS. 551 00:22:02,688 --> 00:22:04,289 THE POSITIVE HYDROGEN END AND 552 00:22:04,356 --> 00:22:07,926 THE NEGATIVE OXYGEN END CREATE A 553 00:22:07,993 --> 00:22:08,727 STRONG BOND. 554 00:22:08,794 --> 00:22:10,729 AS THEY SAY OPPOSITE ATTRACT SO 555 00:22:10,796 --> 00:22:13,498 THE HYDROGEN END TENDS TO STICK 556 00:22:13,565 --> 00:22:15,901 TO THE OXYGEN END IN A NEARBY 557 00:22:15,967 --> 00:22:18,770 WATER MOLECULE. 558 00:22:18,837 --> 00:22:20,839 ITS MOLECULES ARE ONLY ATTRACTED 559 00:22:20,906 --> 00:22:23,141 TO THE WATER MOLECULES BELOW. 560 00:22:23,208 --> 00:22:26,244 AS A RESULT, THE SURFACE 561 00:22:26,311 --> 00:22:28,580 MOLECULES OF A BODY OF WATER ARE 562 00:22:28,647 --> 00:22:29,948 PULLED DOWN CREATING A MORE 563 00:22:30,015 --> 00:22:31,216 STABLE STRONGER ENVIRONMENT. 564 00:22:31,283 --> 00:22:33,018 THAT IS WHY CERTAIN ANIMALS LIKE 565 00:22:33,085 --> 00:22:36,088 THE WATER SPIDER CAN WALK ON THE 566 00:22:36,154 --> 00:22:37,355 SURFACE OF WATER. 567 00:22:37,422 --> 00:22:38,190 HERE ON PRESIDENT INTERNATIONAL 568 00:22:38,256 --> 00:22:40,992 SPACE STATION, THE MICROGRAVITY 569 00:22:41,059 --> 00:22:41,960 ENVIRONMENT MAKES IT EASY TO 570 00:22:42,027 --> 00:22:44,863 SHOW HOW WELL WATER USES SURFACE 571 00:22:44,930 --> 00:22:46,331 TENSION TO STICK TOGETHER. 572 00:22:46,398 --> 00:22:49,501 WE EVEN ARE HE LIE ON SURFACE 573 00:22:49,568 --> 00:22:51,770 TENSION TO WASH OUR HAIR, THOSE 574 00:22:51,837 --> 00:22:54,106 OF US WHO HAVE A LOT. 575 00:22:54,172 --> 00:22:55,674 THANKS FOR COMING ALONG TODAY 576 00:22:55,741 --> 00:22:57,909 AND LEARNING A LITTLE MORE ABOUT 577 00:22:57,976 --> 00:22:58,643 SURFACE TENSION. 578 00:22:58,710 --> 00:22:59,978 WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE 579 00:23:00,045 --> 00:23:01,680 UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER AND 580 00:23:01,747 --> 00:23:03,181 DO YOUR OWN EXPERIMENTS? 581 00:23:03,248 --> 00:23:06,284 TRY OUT THE ACTIVITY RELATED TO 582 00:23:06,351 --> 00:23:07,853 THIS VIDEO AT THE DEMONSTRATION 583 00:23:07,919 --> 00:23:08,153 WEBSITE. 584 00:23:08,220 --> 00:23:31,977 SEE YOU NEXT TIME! 585 00:23:32,043 --> 00:23:35,213 >> PEOPLE FROM 19 COUNTRIES HAVE 586 00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:36,214 BEEN ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL 587 00:23:36,281 --> 00:23:37,649 SPACE STATION IN MORE THAN 20 588 00:23:37,716 --> 00:23:39,451 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS HUMAN 589 00:23:39,518 --> 00:23:41,119 HABITATION. 590 00:23:41,186 --> 00:23:46,525 THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WAS 591 00:23:46,591 --> 00:23:49,261 THERE IN 2019 AND HAS A NEW 592 00:23:49,327 --> 00:23:51,396 PERSPECTIVE OF THE POWER CREATED 593 00:23:51,463 --> 00:23:52,864 WHEN THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD 594 00:23:52,931 --> 00:23:54,733 WORK TOGETHER IN SPACE. 595 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,135 >> IT IS OUR COUNTRY AND I HOPE 596 00:23:57,202 --> 00:23:58,303 THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE 597 00:23:58,370 --> 00:23:59,404 IN THE SPACE PROGRAM AND TO BE 598 00:23:59,471 --> 00:24:02,808 PART OF THE CORPORATION TO BE 599 00:24:02,874 --> 00:24:05,510 PART OF IT. 600 00:24:05,577 --> 00:24:07,345 SO I APPLIED. 601 00:24:07,412 --> 00:24:09,681 AND THEN THROUGH MY JOURNEY I 602 00:24:09,748 --> 00:24:11,550 HAVE BEEN SELECTED AND FORTUNATE 603 00:24:11,616 --> 00:24:14,786 TO REPRESENT MY COUNTRY AND ALSO 604 00:24:14,853 --> 00:24:18,456 ALL OUR REGION IS BECAUSE I'LL 605 00:24:18,523 --> 00:24:19,958 BE THE FIRST UP ABOARD THE 606 00:24:20,025 --> 00:24:33,471 STATION. 607 00:24:33,538 --> 00:24:35,974 WE REALLY REACHED THE MOON AT 608 00:24:36,041 --> 00:24:39,878 THAT ERA AND ALL OF THESE THINGS 609 00:24:39,945 --> 00:24:42,581 STARTED THE PASSION IN ME THAT I 610 00:24:42,647 --> 00:24:44,616 WANT TO BE PART OF THIS AND I 611 00:24:44,683 --> 00:24:47,085 WANT TO REACH BEYOND THE SKY AND 612 00:24:47,152 --> 00:24:59,064 REACH THE STARS. 613 00:24:59,130 --> 00:25:01,066 I WAS WAITING FOR COUNTDOWN 614 00:25:01,132 --> 00:25:03,568 GOING TO START AND TO JOIN THE 615 00:25:03,635 --> 00:25:05,837 ELITE TEAM ON BOARD THE STATION 616 00:25:05,904 --> 00:25:06,738 DOING THE SCIENCE AND DOING 617 00:25:06,805 --> 00:25:08,740 SOMETHING FOR HUMANITY, TO DO 618 00:25:08,807 --> 00:25:12,611 SOMETHING THAT YOU WANT TO TELL 619 00:25:12,677 --> 00:25:27,659 IT TO THE NEXT GENERATION. 620 00:25:27,726 --> 00:25:30,295 IF YOU ASKED ME TWO YEARS AGO 621 00:25:30,362 --> 00:25:32,731 WILL YOU BE AN ASTRONAUT I WOULD 622 00:25:32,797 --> 00:25:34,332 SAY I WOULD LIKE TO BE BUT I 623 00:25:34,399 --> 00:25:35,934 THINK IT'S IMPOSSIBLE. 624 00:25:36,001 --> 00:25:37,369 BUT NOW IT'S POSSIBLE. 625 00:25:37,435 --> 00:25:39,170 WHAT WE DID IN OUR COUNTRY AND 626 00:25:39,237 --> 00:25:40,472 REGION IS REALLY IMPRESSIVE IN 627 00:25:40,538 --> 00:25:43,275 TERMS OF UNITING THE NEXT 628 00:25:43,341 --> 00:25:44,075 GENERATION. 629 00:25:44,142 --> 00:25:46,378 THIS IS OUR JOB AS AN ASTRONAUT 630 00:25:46,444 --> 00:25:50,248 TO GIVE THEM THE EXPERIENCE 631 00:25:50,315 --> 00:25:52,284 WHICH WE SAW AND WE EXPERIENCED 632 00:25:52,350 --> 00:25:53,418 ON BOARD THE STATION. 633 00:25:53,485 --> 00:25:55,086 YOU CANNOT EXPERIENCE IT ON 634 00:25:55,153 --> 00:26:01,393 EARTH. 635 00:26:01,459 --> 00:26:02,494 IT'S REALLY AMAZING AND IT'S 636 00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:12,904 SOMETHING. 637 00:26:12,971 --> 00:26:15,373 LOOKING AT EARTH FROM THAT 638 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:19,344 ANGLE, DIFFERENT ANGLE YOU COME 639 00:26:19,411 --> 00:26:23,949 BACK WITH APPRECIATION. 640 00:26:24,015 --> 00:26:26,718 I LANDED BUT I FELT LIKE I'M 641 00:26:26,785 --> 00:26:27,419 BACK HOME. 642 00:26:27,485 --> 00:26:29,854 SO DESPITE THE COUNTRY THAT YOU 643 00:26:29,921 --> 00:26:31,589 LAND, YOU COME BACK TO YOUR 644 00:26:31,656 --> 00:26:33,925 HOME. 645 00:26:33,992 --> 00:26:36,528 IT'S OUR MOTHERSHIP, OUR PLANET, 646 00:26:36,594 --> 00:26:43,868 EARTH. 647 00:26:43,935 --> 00:26:45,670 AMAZING HOW SPACE UNITES 648 00:26:45,737 --> 00:26:46,371 EVERYONE. 649 00:26:46,438 --> 00:26:49,474 DESPITE FROM WHICH COUNTRY 650 00:26:49,541 --> 00:26:51,076 YOU'RE COMING FROM. 651 00:26:51,142 --> 00:26:52,877 YOUR RELIGION OR YOUR 652 00:26:52,944 --> 00:26:53,578 BACKGROUND. 653 00:26:53,645 --> 00:26:56,381 IT UNITES EVERYONE. 654 00:26:56,448 --> 00:26:57,882 SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO FOCUS IN 655 00:26:57,949 --> 00:26:59,751 THIS ASPECT AND FOCUS IN THIS 656 00:26:59,818 --> 00:27:02,120 FRONT TO EXPLORE SPACE. 657 00:27:02,187 --> 00:27:06,324 BECAUSE SOMEHOW EVERYTHING IS 658 00:27:06,391 --> 00:27:07,325 DISSOLVED. 659 00:27:07,392 --> 00:27:09,227 ALL THESE POLITICAL ISSUES, ALL 660 00:27:09,294 --> 00:27:15,800 BORDERS ARE DISSOLVED. 661 00:27:15,867 --> 00:27:17,369 DESPITE FROM WHERE WE ARE 662 00:27:17,435 --> 00:27:19,337 COMING, WHICH COUNTRY, OUR 663 00:27:19,404 --> 00:27:22,140 BACKGROUND, OUR RELIGION, OUR 664 00:27:22,207 --> 00:27:24,642 OBJECTIVE IS ONE, FOR HUMAN 665 00:27:24,709 --> 00:27:32,384 KIND. 666 00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:34,819 >> IF YOU WOULD LIKE ANOTHER 667 00:27:34,886 --> 00:27:36,688 LOOK AT ANY OF THESE STORIES, 668 00:27:36,755 --> 00:27:38,356 NAVIGATE OVER TO YOUTUBE AND 669 00:27:38,423 --> 00:27:38,723 FACEBOOK. 670 00:27:38,790 --> 00:27:40,458 YOU'LL FIND THEM ALL THERE ALONG 671 00:27:40,525 --> 00:27:42,227 WITH LOTS OF GREAT FEATURES ON A 672 00:27:42,293 --> 00:27:44,429 WIDE VARIETY OF NASA TOPICS. 673 00:27:44,496 --> 00:27:45,997 IF YOU'RE LOOKING FOR GOOD 674 00:27:46,064 --> 00:27:47,866 CONVERSATION ABOUT HUMAN 675 00:27:47,932 --> 00:27:49,734 SPACEFLIGHT, CHECK OUT "HOUSTON 676 00:27:49,801 --> 00:27:51,903 WE HAVE A PODCAST" OUR WEEKLY 677 00:27:51,970 --> 00:27:56,441 SHOW ABOUT ALL ASPECTS OF HUMAN 678 00:27:56,508 --> 00:27:56,875 SPACEFLIGHT. 679 00:27:56,941 --> 00:27:58,877 TODAY GARY JORDAN GETS INSIGHT 680 00:27:58,943 --> 00:28:01,112 INTO THE SCIENCE AGENDA, 681 00:28:01,179 --> 00:28:02,147 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 682 00:28:02,213 --> 00:28:04,049 COMMANDER, THE CURRENT POINT MAN 683 00:28:04,115 --> 00:28:08,453 FOR EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY IN A 684 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:12,490 CHAT WITH AN ESSA SCIENTIST. 685 00:28:12,557 --> 00:28:19,030 GO TO NASA.GOV/PODCAST FOR THIS 686 00:28:19,097 --> 00:28:29,040 EPISODE.