>> IGNITION SEQUENCE STARTS.
>> GOOD MORNING AND WELCOME TO
THIS VIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION FLIGHT CONTROL
ROOM WHERE THE ORBIT TWO TEAM OF
FLIGHT CONTROLLERS IS ON CONSOL
MONITORING THE OPERATION OF
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS AND
WORKING WITH THE EXPEDITION 65
CREW MEMBERS ON THEIR TASK TO
WRAP IT UP ON THE ONGOING
MISSION OF EXPLORATION.
COMMANDER AND HIS AMERICAN,
RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE CREWMATES
ARE LOOKING AHEAD TO A SOYUZ
UNDOCKING THAT WILL LEAVE 7 ON
BOARD TO BEGIN THE WORK OF
EXPEDITION 66.
WELCOME TO SPACE TO GROUND.
RUSSIAN SPACE EXPLORERS ARE
PREPARING FOR THEIR RETURN TO
EARTH.
ON OCTOBER 16TH, A RUSSIAN
COSMONAUT WILL COMMAND THE SOYUZ
SPACECRAFT CARRYING AN ACTRESS
AND PRODUCER.
THEY'LL CONCLUDE AFTER 191 DAYS
BRINGING HIM TO A CAREER TOTAL
OVER 3 FLIGHTS OFF 500 DAYS.
THEY RETURN TO EARTH FOR 12 DAYS
IN SPACE DURING WHICH THEY
FILMED PORTIONS COMING MOVIE
TITLED "CHALLENGE."
YOU CAN WATCH UNDOCKING AND
LANDING LIVE ON NASA TV AND
AGENCY'S WEBSITE AND THE APP.
THEY'RE PREPARING FOR ONE SHIP
TO RELOCATE AND FOR ANOTHER TO
ARRIVE.
ON OCTOBER 20TH THE 78 RESUPPLY
SHIP WILL UNDOCK BUT ITS MISSION
ISN'T OVER YET.
JUST OVER 24 HOURS LATER IT WILL
REDOCK TO THE MODULE.
A FEW DAYS LATER THE PROGRESS 79
RESUPPLY CRAFT WILL DOCK AFTER
IT LAUNCHES ON OCTOBER 27TH.
NASA T.V WILL PROVIDE LIVE
COVERAGE OF THE REDOCKING AND
PROGRESS 79 LAUNCH.
STUDENTS FROM UNIVERSITY OF
ILLINOIS AND UNIVERSITY OF
MICHIGAN DEVELOPED 3 SEPARATE
CUBESATS.
THESE PAYLOADS WERE DEPLOYED
WILL CONDUCT RESEARCH BEFORE
RE-ENTRY INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
THEY'LL STUDY THE PRACTICALITY
OF HIGH DATA RATES AND HOW THEY
FRAGMENT AND HOW TO IMPROVE
THERMAL CONTROL ON FUTURE
CUBESATS AND POTENTIAL RADIATION
MITIGATION TECHNIQUES.
THAT'S ALL FOR TODAY ON SPACE TO
GROUNDED.
WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT WEEK.
HE'S STAYING OPT STATION TO YOU
FOR WHAT IS EXPECTED TO BECOME
THE LONGEST SINGLE SPACEFLIGHT
EVER BY AN AMERICAN ASTRONAUT.
BEFORE HE LAUNCHED, KNOWING THAT
THERE WHAT YOU A CHANCE HE'D BE
MAKING AN EXTENDED TRIP, THE
RETIRED U.S. ARMY COLONEL FOR
LOOKING FORWARD TO ANOTHER SHOT
AT SOME OF THE THINGS HE KNEW HE
WAS GOING TO GET TO EXPERIENCE
ONCE AGAIN.
>> SO ARRIVING AT THE SPACE
STATION, SOMETHING I'LL NEVER
FORGET IS LOOKING OVER MY LEFT
SHOULDER OUT THE WINDOW IN THE
SOYUZ WHERE IT WAS EITHER A VIEW
OF THE EARTH OR BLACKNESS OF
SPACE AND THEN ALL OF A SUDDEN I
COULD SEE A SOLAR ARRAY.
IT WAS THIS BEAUTIFUL GOLD
MASSIVE -- YOU DON'T EVER TRAIN
AND SEE A SOLAR ARRAY AT FULL
SCALE HERE. SO THERE IT WAS.
AND RUSSIAN COMMANDER SITTING TO
MY RIGHT HAD TO PAY CLOSE
ATTENTION.
BUT AS SOON AS I SAW THE SOLAR
ARRAYS I WAS LIKE WOW AND HE WAS
LIKE -- I WAS DEFINITELY A
ROOKIE.
I WAS EXCITED.
FREEDOM OF EMOTION INSIDE THE
SPACE STATION IS HUGE AND
WORKING WAS BUSY.
I GOT THERE WHEN THE SPACEX
DRAGON WAS DOCKED JUST BECAUSE
THERE'S A LOT OF SCIENCE THAT
REQUIRES RETURN AND I THINK IT
HAS TO BE DONE ON A VERY
SPECIFIC TIMELINE.
IT WAS VERY FAST PACED
IMMEDIATELY AND THE SPACE
STATION IS VERY UNIQUE BECAUSE
ON THE SPACE STATION ORBIT IS
REALLY A CONTINUOUS FREE FALL.
AND BECAUSE OF THAT YOU CAN HAVE
SOME VERY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
THAT MIGHT STAY TOGETHER ON THE
GROUND.
COMBUSTION ON PRESIDENT GROUND
REQUIRES DRAWING IN ALL
THE RICH GASES INTO THE FLAME.
THERE IS NO UP AND AWAY IN A
SPACE STATION SO THAT WE HAYS
DEFINITELY AND ALL KINDS OF
DIFFERENT PHENOMENA THAT WE CAN
EXPERIENCE WITH THAT'S WHY IT'S
WONDERFUL LABORATORY.
MANY, MANY DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS
AND SOME IS OF THOSE HAVE TO DO
WITH US AS THE TEST SUBJECTS
BECAUSE WE'RE TRYING TO
UNDERSTAND HOW TO HAVE PEOPLE
SAFELY TRAVEL FOR LONGER AND
LONGER DISTANCES TOO.
THAT'S JUST THE SUB PART OF ALL
THE SCIENCE WE'RE DOING ON THE
SPACE STATION.
SOME PEOPLE TALKED ABOUT AT SOME
POINT IN THE EXPEDITION FEELING
LIKE THERE WAS TIME TO GO HOME.
BUT FOR ME THERE WAS ALWAYS
ANOTHER SPACE CAPTURE.
AND THEN SUDDENLY I WAS GOING
HOME AND IT SURPRISED ME.
>> I'M A NASA ASTRONAUT.
>> THE PEOPLE WHO STRAP
THEMSELVES ON TO ROCKETS AND GO
TO SPACE ARE ONE EXAMPLE OF THE
KINDS OF HEROS WHO WORK AT NASA.
ALONG WITH THE ASTRONAUTS WHO
LEAD THE PLANET, THERE ARE MANY
THOUSANDS OF OTHER PEOPLE HARD
AT WORK SOLVING THE CHALLENGES
FACING THE SPACE MISSIONS OF
TODAY AND THOSE OF TOMORROW.
>> SO YOU WANT TO GO TO MARS?
WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE A NASA
HERO.
MEET THE HEROS BEHIND THE SCENES
WHO MAKE DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION
POSSIBLE.
PEOPLE OFTEN THINK OF ASTRONAUTS
AS HEROS AND THEY ARE.
THEY WILL BE THE FIRST ONES TO
TELL YOU THERE ARE MANY OTHER
PEOPLE WHO MAKE SPACE MISSIONS
SUCCESSFUL.
ON EARTH THERE'S GROUND SUPPORT.
THE FOLKS RESPONSIBLE FOR LAUNCH
AND LANDING.
HEROS WORK IN MISSION CONTROL
AND IS KEEP A WATCHFUL EYE ON
THE ASTRONAUTS AND SPACECRAFT
24/7.
HEROS DESIGN, TEST AND BUILD AND
FLY THE ROCKETS AND SPACECRAFT
THAT TAKE ASTRONAUTS OFF THE
PLANET AND THERE ARE HEROS WHO
MAKE SPACE SUITS AND HABITAT AND
EQUIPMENT FOR THE ASTRONAUTS.
HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT IS POSSIBLE
BECAUSE OF THE HEROS ON THE
GROUND AND BEHIND THE SCENES.
WILL YOU BE A NASA HERO?
FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT THIS
NASA WEBSITE.
>> INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
SCIENCE RESEARCH IS TEACHING
HUMANS MORE OF WHAT WE NEED TO
KNOW TO BE ABLE TO EXPLORE OUT
BEYOND EARTH ORBIT.
FOR EXAMPLE, BIOMINING COULD
OFFER A WAY FOR CREWS TO OBTAIN
NEEDED MATERIALS ON OTHER
PLANETARY BODIES.
BUT MICROBES AND ROCKS INTERACT
DIFFERENTLY OUTSIDE OF EARTH'S
GRAVITY THAN THEY DO HERE AND
THAT MIGHT AFFECT THE OUTPUT
FROM EXTRATERRESTRIAL BIOMINING.
SO THERE IS AN INVESTIGATION ON
THE STATION NOW STUDYING HOW
THEY GROW ON AND HOW THEY ALTER
PLANETARY ROCKS.
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
WILL SOON HOST SOME OF THE
SMALLEST MINERS IN THE UNIVERSE,
MICROBES.
MICROBES GROWING ON THE SURFACE
OF ROCKS CAN GRADUALLY BREAK
THEM DOWN AND EXTRACT USEFUL
MATERIALS.
THIS IS CALLED BIOMINING.
WE ARE SEEKING TO USE IT TO EARN
ROCK INTO SOIL FOR GROWING
PLANTS AND FOOD.
BEFORE WE CAN USE THIS WE FIRST
NEED TO TEST IT IN SPACE.
ON THE SPACE STATION,
BIOREACTORS WILL BE PLACED
INSIDE A CENTRIFUGE WHERE
MICROBES WILL GROW ON ROCKS IN
MICROGRAVITY AND SIMULATED
MARTIAN GRAVITY.
THEY'LL EVALUATE HOW WELL THE
DIFFERENT MICROBES EXTRACT
ELEMENTS FROM THE ROCKS.
THE FINDINGS WILL BE COMPARED TO
GROUND BASED RESULTS.
WE HOPE TO GAIN INSIGHTS INTO
HOW MICROBES INTERACT WITH ROCKS
AND MICROGRAVITY AND HOW WE
MIGHT USE THEM IN OUR
EXPLORATION OF DEEP SPACE.
>> ONE AREA IS SCIENCE THAT
TEACHES US HOW TO MAKE THOSE
FUTURE LONG DURATION MISSIONS
SAFE AND SUCCESSFUL JOURNEYS FOR
THE HUMAN EXPLORERS.
AND THAT COMES FROM LEARNING HOW
THE HUMAN BODY REACTS DURING
PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO THE SPACE
ENVIRONMENT.
WE'RE ALSO LOOKING INTO HOW WE
CAN PROVIDE THE SUPPLIES THAT
EXPLORERS WILL NEED ON MISSIONS
TO DEEP SPACE THAT WILL LAST FOR
YEARS.
SUPPLIES SUCH AS FRESH FOOD.
SPACE GARDENING.
PRESENTED BY SCIENCE AT NASA.
>> ROMAN STATESMAN CICERO SAID
IF YOU HAVE A GARDEN AND A
LIBRARY YOU HAVE EVERYTHING YOU
NEED.
HUMANS SOME DAY TO MAKE MARS
THEIR HOME MAY WELL SHARE THE
SENTIMENTS.
AS FOR THE LIBRARY BOOKS CAN BE
STORED DIGITALLY BUT HOW DOES
YOUR GARDEN GROW IN SPACE?
TO FIND OUT, SCIENTISTS HAVE
BEEN STUDYING PLANT GROWTH ON
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
OR ISS.
THE RESULTS COULD HELP BOOST
PRODUCTIVITY.
RECENTLY IT'S BEEN HOME FOR
IMPRESSIVE ARTISTS.
HOWEVER, SCIENTISTS AREN'T
THROUGH TRYING TO UNLOCK THE
SECRETS.
FUTURE OUTPOST DWELLERS WILL
NEED TO GROW PLANTS FOR FOOD AND
RECYCLING AIR AND WATER.
SO WE'RE STUDYING HOW PLANTS
ADAPT TO THE SPACEFLIGHT
ENVIRONMENT.
OUR FINDINGS WILL ALSO HELP US
UNDERSTAND HOW PLANTS MIGHT
RESPOND TO NEW AND CHALLENGING
ENVIRONMENTS HERE ON EARTH.
PAUL AND HER COLLEAGUE HAVE BEEN
GROWING PLANTS IN SPACE SINCE
1999 WHEN THEY LAUNCHED THEIR
FIRST EXPERIMENT ON SPACE
SHUTTLE COLUMBIA.
THEY ASSUME TO DO REQUIRE
GRAVITY THEY REALLY DON'T.
PLANT ROOTS GROW AWAY.
TO DETERMINE WHICH DIRECTION TO
GROW THEY USE GRAVITY AS A CUE
AND USE TOUCH TO MANEUVER AROUND
OBSTACLES.
CHARLES DARWIN DEMONSTRATED THAT
PLANTS GROWING ALONG A TILTED
SURFACE DON'T SEND THEIR ROOTS
AWAY FROM THE SEED BUT INSTEAD
SEND THEM TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT.
HE HYPOTHESIZED THAT THIS
GROWING PATTERN CALLED SKEWING
WAS CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF
THE ROOTS TOUCHING THEIR WAY
ACROSS THE SLANTED SURFACE AND
GRAVITY PULLING STRAIGHT DOWN ON
THEM.
IN AN EXPERIMENT IN 2010, PAUL
AND IF YOU RECALL DISCOVERED
THAT ROOTS GROWING IN
MICROGRAVITY ON THE STATION
SKEWED LIKE THEIR EARTHLY
COUNTERPARTS.
THE ISS SHOWED US SOMETHING WE
NEVER WOULD HAVE KNOWN
OTHERWISE, NOTES PAUL.
GRAVITY ISN'T ESSENTIAL IN ROOT
ORIENTATION.
GOOD NEWS.
THAT'S ONE LESS IMPEDIMENT TO
GROWING PLANTS IN SPACE.
PLANTS WILL EFFICIENTLY SEEK THE
NUTRIENTS THEY NEED WITHOUT
GRAVITY AS A CUE.
THE EXPERIMENT ALSO STUDIED THE
PATTERNS OF GENETIC EXPRESSION.
THEY CHANGE THEIR GENES IN ORDER
TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC PROTEINS.
WHEN LIVING ORGANISMS ARE FACED
WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, THEIR
RESPONSE ALMOST ALWAYS INVOLVES
A CHANGE IN GENETIC EXPRESSION.
THEY SWITCH ON AND OFF CERTAIN
GENES.
PLANTS ARE PROS AT THIS.
PAUL SAYS, PLANTS' CELL WALLS
UNDER GO A KIND OF REMODELLING
IN SPACE.
THE GENES ASSOCIATED WITH A CELL
WALL ARE OFTEN IN THE ONES
SWITCH POSITIONS THAN THEY'RE IN
ON EARTH.
THE RESEARCHERS AREN'T YET SURE
WHAT PURPOSE THIS SERVES BUT
THEY INTEND TO FIND OUT WITH
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS.
THEY AREN'T ALONE.
MANY SCIENTIST HAVE ALSO BEEN
STUDYING TO UNLOCK THE SECRETS
OF SUCCESSFULLY GROWING PLANTS.
AT THE HEART OF ALL THE RESEARCH
IS THE QUEST TO PROVIDE HUMANS
WITH EVERYTHING THEY NEED
WHEREVER THEY MAY BE.
FOR MORE ABOUT GARDENING IN
SPACE, VISIT
WWW.NASA.GOV/STATION.
FOR MORE ON THE GROWTH OF
SCIENCE BOTH ON AND OFF OUR HOME
PLANET, VISIT SCIENCE.NASA.GOV.
>> THE THINGS WE'RE LEARNING ON
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
ARE HELPING US GET READY FOR THE
NEXT STEPS IN HUMAN SPACE
EXPLORATION.
THE ARTEMIS PROGRAM WILL RETURN
ASTRONAUTS TO THE MOON AS A STEP
IN THE PLAN TO SEND PEOPLE TO
MARS.
HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM IS DOING
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT ON WAYS TO ENABLE
PEOPLE TO LIVE AND WORK SAFELY
AND EFFECTIVELY IN SPACE OVER
LONG PERIODS OF TIME.
ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING
ASPECTS OF END SENDING HUMAN
BEINGS OUT BEYOND ORBIT IS
DEALING WITH SPACE RADIATION.
>> JOURNEY TO MARS THE HUMAN
RESEARCH PROGRAM WORKS TO
PROJECT, ASSESS AND SOLVE THE
PROBLEMS THAT ASTRONAUTS HAVE IN
SPACE.
SPECIFICALLY FOR RADIATION
RESEARCH.
HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM WORKS TO
PREDICT AND MITIGATE THE HEALTH
EFFECTS OF SPACE RADIATION ON
ASTRONAUTS.
>> ONE OF THE MOST CHALLENGING
PARTS FOR THE JOURNEY TO MARS IN
TERMS OF THE HUMANS AND NOT
NECESSARILY THE TECHNOLOGY TO
GET THERE IS THE RISK OF
RADIATION EXPOSURE AND INFLIGHT
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXPOSURE TO
RADIATION AS WELL AS THE LONG
TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF
EXPOSURE.
>> TWO PARTS OF RADIATION WE
HAVE TO PROTECT THE FOOD FROM.
ONE IS A SOLAR EFFECT, WHETHER
THE SOLAR STORM AND THEY STREAM
OUT.
FORTUNATELY WE PUT THEM IN A
SHELTER THAT IS SHIELDED AND
THEY'RE VERY SHORT IN DURATION.
HOURS TO DAY AT MOST.
AND THEY CAN COME OUT AND
CONTINUE WERE THEIR JOURNEY.
THAT'S ONE ASPECT WE KNOW HOW TO
PROTECT.
THE OTHER WHICH WE DON'T HAVE A
FIRM HANDLE ON IS CONSTANT RAYS.
THESE ARE HIGHLY ENERGETIC
PARTICLES THAT COME FROM ALL
OVER THE GALAXY TOWARD THE SOLAR
SYSTEM AND EARTH.
YOU CAN'T SHIELD AGAINST IT.
THEY'RE SO ENERGETIC THEY WHIP
RIGHT THROUGH ALL METALS AND
PLASTIC AND WATER AND CELLULAR
MATERIALS.
AS THEY RIP THROUGH THEY, YOU
END UP GETTING A CASCADE EFFECT
OF RADIATION THROUGHOUT THE
MATERIAL AND SOMETIMES GOING
THROUGH CERTAIN MATERIALS CAUSES
A WORST RADIATION ENVIRONMENT
FOR THE CREW.
SO WE TRY TO DESIGN THE
SPACECRAFT OUT OF MATERIALS THAT
SHIELD IT BUT ALSO DO NOT
PRODUCE MORE HAZARDOUS PARTICLES
AS A FUNCTION OF BEING IMPACTED
WITH THEM.
SO A LOT OF PEOPLE THINK THAT
RADIATION WILL KEEP NASA FROM
SENDING PEOPLE TO MARS AND
THAT'S NOT WHAT THE CURRENT
SITUATION IS.
HE WITH HAVE TECHNIQUES AND
DISCUSS WAYS OF GETTING THERE
FASTER OF THE WE KNOW THAT WE
HAD THESE VARIOUS MITIGATIONS UP
THAT WE CAN HAVE A SUCCESSFUL
MARS MISSION, A HEALTHY CREW AND
HAVE THEM LIVE A VERY LONG AND
PRODUCTIVE LIFE AFTER THEIR
RETURN TO EARTH.
EXPERIMENTS BEING DONE ON THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
COVER MANY SCIENTIFIC
DISCIPLINES INCLUDING SCIENCE
THAT COULD BENEFIT THE MORE 5
MILLION PEOPLE WHO SUFFER
FROM PARKINSON'S DISEASE.
WHEN THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
WORKED ON AN EXPERIMENT WITH
WHAT A CERTAIN CRYSTAL THAT
COULD HOLD INSIGHTS NASA
ASTRONAUT WALKED US THROUGH WHAT
THAT WAS LIKE.
>> WELCOME TO EXPEDITION 67.
TODAY WE'RE DOING COOL SCIENCE.
THIS IS ALEX AND WE ARE WORKING
ON PARKINSON'S DISEASE.
WHAT WE ARE LOOKING AT HERE IS A
SPECIAL PROTEIN CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE AND SCIENTISTS SENT IT
UP HERE AND IT'S BECAUSE THESE
CRYSTALS TEND TO GROW LARGER AND
HAVE MUCH BETTER QUALITY.
PARKINSON'S EFFECTS MORE THAN 5
MILLION PEOPLE WORLDWIDE.
THESE CRYSTALS LIKE TO GROW UP
HERE. SO SCIENTISTS CAN BETTER
CLARIFY THE STRUCTURE THAN
THEY'RE BETTER ABLE TO DEVELOP
THE INHIBITOR DRUGS FOR
PARKINSON'S.
NOT ONLY THAT BUT ONE WITH VERY
FEW SIDE EFFECTS.
SO WHAT ALEX IS DOING HERE TODAY
IS HE'S OBVIOUSLY WORKING ON THE
WALL WHAT IT SEEMS LIKE HERE AND
HE IS.
HE'S GOT A MICROSCOPE ABOVE HIM
AND A PLATE HE FILLED WITH THIS
SPECIAL CRYSTAL STRUCTURE JUST A
FEW DAYS AGO.
GAVE TIME FOR THEM TO
CRYSTALLIZE AND NOW HE'S
EXAMINING THEM UNDER THE
MICROSCOPE AND INTERACTING REAL
TIME WITH THE PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR ON THE GROUND.
THEN ALSO TAKE PICTURES WHICH
WILL THEN BE SENT BACK DOWN TO
THE GROUND.
WE'RE PROUD TO BE TAKING PARTED
IN THIS EXPERIMENT.
I THINK IN THE PAST FEW YEARS
SCIENTISTS HAVE REALIZED THAT
THE MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT
IS SO UNIQUE AND IT PROVIDES A
NEW WAY TO HELP US LOOK AT
DISEASES IN A BETTER WAY TO HELP
US DEVELOP NEW MEDICATIONS AND
SO WE'RE HAPPY TO BE TAKING PART
IN THIS SCIENCE.
ALONG WITH ASSISTING WITH
EXPERIMENTS IN MICROGRAVITY AND
OCCASIONAL ROBOTIC ARM OPERATION
AND SPACEWALK AND OF COURSE THE
UBIQUITOUS OTHER DUTIES AS A
SIGNED ASTRONAUTS ON THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
DEVOTE SOME OF THEIR TIME TO
HELPING STUDENTS WHO ARE
STUDYING SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGIES
ENGINEERING AND MATH.
ASTRONAUT RICKY ARNOLD SHOWS US
HOW THE MOLECULES THAT MAKE UP
WATER BEHAVE IN SPACE.
>> WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION.
I'M NASA ASTRONAUT RICKY ARNOLD.
OUR VIEW FROM THE ISS OF EARTH
IS ABSOLUTELY MAGNIFICENT BUT WE
QUICKLY REALIZED WE SHOULD CALL
IT PLANET OCEAN.
WE'RE MOSTLY A WATER PLANET.
WATER OCCURS HERE IN ALL THREE
PHASES, SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS.
IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER ON
OTHER PLANETS AND MOONS WITHIN
OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM HAS US
WONDERING IS THERE LIFE THERE
TOO?
WHY IS WATER SO SPECIAL?
ONE REASON IS CALLED SURFACE
TENSION.
WHAT IS SURFACE TENSION.
LET'S HAVE A LOOK.
SURFACE TENSION IS A PROPERTY OF
LIQUIDS IN WHICH MOLECULES OF
ONE SUBSTANCE ARE MORE ATTRACTED
THAN TO ANOTHER SUBSTANCE.
WATER IS UNIQUE IN THAT IT HAS A
HIGH SURFACE TENSION COMPARED TO
OTHER LIQUIDS.
THE POSITIVE HYDROGEN END AND
THE NEGATIVE OXYGEN END CREATE A
STRONG BOND.
AS THEY SAY OPPOSITE ATTRACT SO
THE HYDROGEN END TENDS TO STICK
TO THE OXYGEN END IN A NEARBY
WATER MOLECULE.
ITS MOLECULES ARE ONLY ATTRACTED
TO THE WATER MOLECULES BELOW.
AS A RESULT, THE SURFACE
MOLECULES OF A BODY OF WATER ARE
PULLED DOWN CREATING A MORE
STABLE STRONGER ENVIRONMENT.
THAT IS WHY CERTAIN ANIMALS LIKE
THE WATER SPIDER CAN WALK ON THE
SURFACE OF WATER.
HERE ON PRESIDENT INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION, THE MICROGRAVITY
ENVIRONMENT MAKES IT EASY TO
SHOW HOW WELL WATER USES SURFACE
TENSION TO STICK TOGETHER.
WE EVEN ARE HE LIE ON SURFACE
TENSION TO WASH OUR HAIR, THOSE
OF US WHO HAVE A LOT.
THANKS FOR COMING ALONG TODAY
AND LEARNING A LITTLE MORE ABOUT
SURFACE TENSION.
WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE
UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF WATER AND
DO YOUR OWN EXPERIMENTS?
TRY OUT THE ACTIVITY RELATED TO
THIS VIDEO AT THE DEMONSTRATION
WEBSITE.
SEE YOU NEXT TIME!
>> PEOPLE FROM 19 COUNTRIES HAVE
BEEN ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION IN MORE THAN 20
YEARS OF CONTINUOUS HUMAN
HABITATION.
THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WAS
THERE IN 2019 AND HAS A NEW
PERSPECTIVE OF THE POWER CREATED
WHEN THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD
WORK TOGETHER IN SPACE.
>> IT IS OUR COUNTRY AND I HOPE
THE OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE
IN THE SPACE PROGRAM AND TO BE
PART OF THE CORPORATION TO BE
PART OF IT.
SO I APPLIED.
AND THEN THROUGH MY JOURNEY I
HAVE BEEN SELECTED AND FORTUNATE
TO REPRESENT MY COUNTRY AND ALSO
ALL OUR REGION IS BECAUSE I'LL
BE THE FIRST UP ABOARD THE
STATION.
WE REALLY REACHED THE MOON AT
THAT ERA AND ALL OF THESE THINGS
STARTED THE PASSION IN ME THAT I
WANT TO BE PART OF THIS AND I
WANT TO REACH BEYOND THE SKY AND
REACH THE STARS.
I WAS WAITING FOR COUNTDOWN
GOING TO START AND TO JOIN THE
ELITE TEAM ON BOARD THE STATION
DOING THE SCIENCE AND DOING
SOMETHING FOR HUMANITY, TO DO
SOMETHING THAT YOU WANT TO TELL
IT TO THE NEXT GENERATION.
IF YOU ASKED ME TWO YEARS AGO
WILL YOU BE AN ASTRONAUT I WOULD
SAY I WOULD LIKE TO BE BUT I
THINK IT'S IMPOSSIBLE.
BUT NOW IT'S POSSIBLE.
WHAT WE DID IN OUR COUNTRY AND
REGION IS REALLY IMPRESSIVE IN
TERMS OF UNITING THE NEXT
GENERATION.
THIS IS OUR JOB AS AN ASTRONAUT
TO GIVE THEM THE EXPERIENCE
WHICH WE SAW AND WE EXPERIENCED
ON BOARD THE STATION.
YOU CANNOT EXPERIENCE IT ON
EARTH.
IT'S REALLY AMAZING AND IT'S
SOMETHING.
LOOKING AT EARTH FROM THAT
ANGLE, DIFFERENT ANGLE YOU COME
BACK WITH APPRECIATION.
I LANDED BUT I FELT LIKE I'M
BACK HOME.
SO DESPITE THE COUNTRY THAT YOU
LAND, YOU COME BACK TO YOUR
HOME.
IT'S OUR MOTHERSHIP, OUR PLANET,
EARTH.
AMAZING HOW SPACE UNITES
EVERYONE.
DESPITE FROM WHICH COUNTRY
YOU'RE COMING FROM.
YOUR RELIGION OR YOUR
BACKGROUND.
IT UNITES EVERYONE.
SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO FOCUS IN
THIS ASPECT AND FOCUS IN THIS
FRONT TO EXPLORE SPACE.
BECAUSE SOMEHOW EVERYTHING IS
DISSOLVED.
ALL THESE POLITICAL ISSUES, ALL
BORDERS ARE DISSOLVED.
DESPITE FROM WHERE WE ARE
COMING, WHICH COUNTRY, OUR
BACKGROUND, OUR RELIGION, OUR
OBJECTIVE IS ONE, FOR HUMAN
KIND.
>> IF YOU WOULD LIKE ANOTHER
LOOK AT ANY OF THESE STORIES,
NAVIGATE OVER TO YOUTUBE AND
FACEBOOK.
YOU'LL FIND THEM ALL THERE ALONG
WITH LOTS OF GREAT FEATURES ON A
WIDE VARIETY OF NASA TOPICS.
IF YOU'RE LOOKING FOR GOOD
CONVERSATION ABOUT HUMAN
SPACEFLIGHT, CHECK OUT "HOUSTON
WE HAVE A PODCAST" OUR WEEKLY
SHOW ABOUT ALL ASPECTS OF HUMAN
SPACEFLIGHT.
TODAY GARY JORDAN GETS INSIGHT
INTO THE SCIENCE AGENDA,
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
COMMANDER, THE CURRENT POINT MAN
FOR EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY IN A
CHAT WITH AN ESSA SCIENTIST.
GO TO NASA.GOV/PODCAST FOR THIS
EPISODE.