1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,567 >> GOOD MORNING. 2 00:00:00,567 --> 00:00:02,335 HERE'S LOOK AT THE INTERNATIONAL 3 00:00:02,335 --> 00:00:03,436 SPACE STATION FLIGHT CONTROL 4 00:00:03,436 --> 00:00:05,739 ROOM AT NASA'S JOHNSON SPACE 5 00:00:05,739 --> 00:00:06,706 CENTER IN HOUSTON AND THE 6 00:00:06,706 --> 00:00:08,675 MEMBERS OF THE ORBIT TWO TEAM OF 7 00:00:08,675 --> 00:00:10,009 FLIGHT CONTROLLERS WHO ARE 8 00:00:10,009 --> 00:00:11,244 MONITORING THE STATION'S SYSTEMS 9 00:00:11,244 --> 00:00:13,179 AND WORKING WITH THE EXPEDITION 10 00:00:13,179 --> 00:00:15,215 65 CREW MEMBERS IN THE LAST FEW 11 00:00:15,215 --> 00:00:16,750 YEARS OF THEIR WORKDAY. 12 00:00:16,750 --> 00:00:19,185 BUT THE WORKWEEK ISN'T OVER YET. 13 00:00:19,185 --> 00:00:21,721 COMMANDER AKI AND HIS AMERICAN 14 00:00:21,721 --> 00:00:24,391 RUSSIAN AND FRENCH CREWMATES 15 00:00:24,391 --> 00:00:25,992 COMPLETED ONE SPACE WALK OUT OF 16 00:00:25,992 --> 00:00:27,894 THE U.S. SEGMENT OF THE STATION 17 00:00:27,894 --> 00:00:29,429 AND GETTING READY FOR ANOTHER TO 18 00:00:29,429 --> 00:00:31,097 CONTINUE INSTALLING NEW SOLAR 19 00:00:31,097 --> 00:00:33,166 ARRAYS ON THE STATION'S TRESS 20 00:00:33,166 --> 00:00:38,738 STRUCTURE. 21 00:00:38,738 --> 00:00:41,908 >> WELCOME TO SPACE TO GROUND. 22 00:00:41,908 --> 00:00:43,510 IT'S ANOTHER BUSY WEEK ACCORDING 23 00:00:43,510 --> 00:00:44,644 TO SPACE STATION. 24 00:00:44,644 --> 00:00:48,415 A SPACE WALK AND FINDINGS. 25 00:00:48,415 --> 00:00:50,950 ON WEDNESDAY, JUNE 16TH, 26 00:00:50,950 --> 00:00:54,087 ASTRONAUT AND NASA ASTRONAUT 27 00:00:54,087 --> 00:00:57,991 WENT OUT FOR A 7:15 SPACE WALK. 28 00:00:57,991 --> 00:00:59,626 THE TWO ASTRONAUTS MOVED THE 29 00:00:59,626 --> 00:01:03,430 FIRST OF THE NEW SOLAR ARRAYS 30 00:01:03,430 --> 00:01:09,035 AND INSTALLED IT ON THE 31 00:01:09,035 --> 00:01:11,404 STATION'S TRESS STRUCTURE. 32 00:01:11,404 --> 00:01:13,740 IT CAN PROVIDE POWER TO THE 33 00:01:13,740 --> 00:01:15,008 LABORATORIES AND SPACE WALKERS 34 00:01:15,008 --> 00:01:18,678 WILL NEED TO INSTALL ASK DRIVE 35 00:01:18,678 --> 00:01:22,782 THEM TO ENABLE THEM TO UNFURL ON 36 00:01:22,782 --> 00:01:24,250 A FUTURE SPACE WALK. 37 00:01:24,250 --> 00:01:25,819 FOR UPDATES ON THE NEXT SPACE 38 00:01:25,819 --> 00:01:27,587 WALK FOLLOW US ON THE WEBSITE 39 00:01:27,587 --> 00:01:30,423 AND THE NASA APP. 40 00:01:30,423 --> 00:01:33,092 THE CREW KEPT BUSY INCLUDING THE 41 00:01:33,092 --> 00:01:36,296 DEPLOYMENT OF SEVERAL KEY SETS. 42 00:01:36,296 --> 00:01:38,431 ONE OF THE CUBE SETS WAS 43 00:01:38,431 --> 00:01:44,704 DEVELOPED AND ON A MISSION 44 00:01:44,704 --> 00:01:47,640 FOLLOWING THE 2016 WILD FIRES 45 00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:49,108 AND RECENT WILD FIRES IN 46 00:01:49,108 --> 00:01:49,909 CALIFORNIA. 47 00:01:49,909 --> 00:01:52,612 THIS HAS SMALL CAMERAS TO 48 00:01:52,612 --> 00:01:54,280 CAPTURE PICTURES AND RADIO 49 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:55,381 COMMUNICATION TO SEND THOSE TO 50 00:01:55,381 --> 00:02:01,287 GROUND CONTROL. 51 00:02:01,287 --> 00:02:03,389 IT BEGAN ON MONDAY WHEN IT 52 00:02:03,389 --> 00:02:05,692 DEPLOYED FROM THE SPACE STATION. 53 00:02:05,692 --> 00:02:10,430 ALSO THE SATELLITE FOR AERO 54 00:02:10,430 --> 00:02:11,297 DYNAMIC RESEARCH. 55 00:02:11,297 --> 00:02:12,932 IT WILL STUDY TECHNOLOGIES TO 56 00:02:12,932 --> 00:02:14,767 ENABLE SATELLITES TO OPERATE IN 57 00:02:14,767 --> 00:02:16,936 VERY LOW EARTH ORBIT. 58 00:02:16,936 --> 00:02:18,471 THEY COULD BE SMALLER AND 59 00:02:18,471 --> 00:02:19,973 LIGHTER AND LESS EXPENSIVE TO 60 00:02:19,973 --> 00:02:21,608 LAUNCH. 61 00:02:21,608 --> 00:02:23,409 AND THAT'S SPACE TO GROUND FOR 62 00:02:23,409 --> 00:02:23,910 THIS WEEK. 63 00:02:23,910 --> 00:02:25,044 THANK YOU FOR WATCHING. 64 00:02:25,044 --> 00:02:36,322 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME. 65 00:02:36,322 --> 00:02:38,224 >> THE NEXT SPACE WALK THAT 66 00:02:38,224 --> 00:02:40,360 KIMBROUGH AND PASCAL DO WILL 67 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:41,794 BEGIN IN THE SAME WAY ALL OTHER 68 00:02:41,794 --> 00:02:43,263 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 69 00:02:43,263 --> 00:02:45,331 SPACEWALKS DO WITH THE LENGTHY 70 00:02:45,331 --> 00:02:46,566 PROCESS OF GETTING INTO THE 71 00:02:46,566 --> 00:02:48,868 SPACESUITS THAT SUPPORT THE 72 00:02:48,868 --> 00:02:50,537 ASTRONAUTS AS THEY FLOAT IN THE 73 00:02:50,537 --> 00:02:51,237 VACUUM OF SPACE. 74 00:02:51,237 --> 00:02:52,472 WANT TO SEE WHAT THAT LOOKS 75 00:02:52,472 --> 00:02:53,439 LIKE? 76 00:02:53,439 --> 00:02:55,475 WELL HERE'S AN ACCELERATED VIEW 77 00:02:55,475 --> 00:02:59,045 IN WHICH EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY 78 00:02:59,045 --> 00:03:03,383 ASTRONAUT LUCA PARMITANO HELPS 79 00:03:03,383 --> 00:03:04,851 GET READY FOR A SPACE WALK ON 80 00:03:04,851 --> 00:04:06,546 EXPEDITION 61. 81 00:04:06,546 --> 00:04:07,347 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 82 00:04:07,347 --> 00:04:09,248 IS THE SITE OF SCIENCE IN MANY 83 00:04:09,248 --> 00:04:11,451 DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES FROM 84 00:04:11,451 --> 00:04:13,252 INVESTIGATORS WHO ARE TRYING TO 85 00:04:13,252 --> 00:04:15,121 TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE WEIGHTLESS 86 00:04:15,121 --> 00:04:16,089 ENVIRONMENT TO GAIN NEW 87 00:04:16,089 --> 00:04:16,823 INSIGHTS. 88 00:04:16,823 --> 00:04:18,191 THE STATION IS HOME TO EQUIPMENT 89 00:04:18,191 --> 00:04:19,892 THAT HELP ANSWER SOME BIG 90 00:04:19,892 --> 00:04:21,995 QUESTIONS IN MODERN PHYSICS. 91 00:04:21,995 --> 00:04:24,998 THE COLD AT TOM LAB FACILITY 92 00:04:24,998 --> 00:04:26,299 PRODUCES CLOUDS OF ATOMS THAT 93 00:04:26,299 --> 00:04:28,835 ARE 10 BILLION TIMES COLDER THAN 94 00:04:28,835 --> 00:04:29,769 DEEP SPACE. 95 00:04:29,769 --> 00:04:32,305 AND THANKS TO THE MICROGRAVITY 96 00:04:32,305 --> 00:04:33,106 ENVIRONMENT ON PRESIDENT SPACE 97 00:04:33,106 --> 00:04:34,907 STATION WE CAN OBSERVE THESE 98 00:04:34,907 --> 00:04:36,342 ATOMS FROM MUCH LONGER THAN WE 99 00:04:36,342 --> 00:04:56,396 CAN ON THE GROUND. 100 00:06:17,210 --> 00:06:19,078 PHYSICS IS ONE KIND OF SCIENCE 101 00:06:19,078 --> 00:06:20,613 BEING DONE THE INTERNATIONAL 102 00:06:20,613 --> 00:06:21,547 SPACE STATION. 103 00:06:21,547 --> 00:06:23,049 BIOLOGY RESEARCH IS ANOTHER. 104 00:06:23,049 --> 00:06:26,119 AND THE MVP, THE MULTIUSE 105 00:06:26,119 --> 00:06:28,287 VARIABLE GRAVITY PLATFORM, IS 106 00:06:28,287 --> 00:06:30,289 DESIGNED FOR RESEARCH INVOLVING 107 00:06:30,289 --> 00:06:31,891 MANY DIFFERENT KINDS OF 108 00:06:31,891 --> 00:06:34,093 ORGANISMS AND CELL TYPES. 109 00:06:34,093 --> 00:06:35,161 IT'S ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR 110 00:06:35,161 --> 00:06:37,630 FRUIT FLY RESEARCH AS IT WILL 111 00:06:37,630 --> 00:06:39,298 ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO STUDY 112 00:06:39,298 --> 00:06:41,467 LARGER SAMPLE SIZES THAN BEFORE 113 00:06:41,467 --> 00:06:44,670 AND SUPPORT FLY COLONIES FOR 114 00:06:44,670 --> 00:06:47,473 MULTIPLE GENERATIONS. 115 00:06:47,473 --> 00:06:48,441 >> WE'RE LOOKING TO ANSWER THE 116 00:06:48,441 --> 00:06:51,444 QUESTION, WHAT IS THE EFFECTS OF 117 00:06:51,444 --> 00:06:53,346 SPACE FLIGHT ON THE HOST, THE 118 00:06:53,346 --> 00:06:57,483 HOST HERE BEING THE FRUIT FLY, 119 00:06:57,483 --> 00:07:00,787 AND ALSO ON A PATHOGEN, SO THE 120 00:07:00,787 --> 00:07:02,522 BACTERIA ACTUALLY IS ONE THAT 121 00:07:02,522 --> 00:07:05,458 CAN INFECT THE FLY SIMILARLY IT 122 00:07:05,458 --> 00:07:08,060 WOULD EFFECT A HUMAN OR ANY 123 00:07:08,060 --> 00:07:09,428 OTHER ORGANISM. 124 00:07:09,428 --> 00:07:11,898 THE GENETIC MAKE-UP OF THE FRUIT 125 00:07:11,898 --> 00:07:13,499 FLY IS SIMILAR TO HUMANS. 126 00:07:13,499 --> 00:07:18,237 IF YOU LOOK AT THE HIGH MAN 127 00:07:18,237 --> 00:07:19,705 GENOME AND YOU LOOK AT ALL THE 128 00:07:19,705 --> 00:07:21,007 JEANS YOU KNOW ARE IMPORTANT IN 129 00:07:21,007 --> 00:07:23,142 THAT CATEGORY AND THAT LIBRARY 130 00:07:23,142 --> 00:07:29,615 OF GENE THERE IS 75% SIMILARITY 131 00:07:29,615 --> 00:07:31,284 BETWEEN THE HUMAN GENES AND THE 132 00:07:31,284 --> 00:07:33,152 FRUIT FLY GENES. 133 00:07:33,152 --> 00:07:35,354 IN A BOX THIS SIZE THOUSANDS OF 134 00:07:35,354 --> 00:07:37,190 FLIES CAN BE BROUGHT BACK, SO 135 00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:38,391 THAT EVEN IF YOU SEE AN 136 00:07:38,391 --> 00:07:39,425 IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE THAT IS 137 00:07:39,425 --> 00:07:42,495 SMALL, YOU CAN GET STATISTICALLY 138 00:07:42,495 --> 00:07:45,765 SIGNIFICANT DATA BECAUSE YOU GET 139 00:07:45,765 --> 00:07:48,668 3,000 FLIES OR 4,000 FLIES 140 00:07:48,668 --> 00:07:51,671 COMING BACK IN A BOX THAT SIZE. 141 00:07:51,671 --> 00:07:54,740 WE HAVE VERY NICE NEW PIECE OF 142 00:07:54,740 --> 00:07:56,642 HARDWARE THE COMPANY THAT WE'VE 143 00:07:56,642 --> 00:07:59,378 BEEN WORKING WITH FOR LAST TWO 144 00:07:59,378 --> 00:08:01,013 YEARS IN DEVELOPING A VERY 145 00:08:01,013 --> 00:08:03,649 CAPABLE PIECE OF HARDWARE. 146 00:08:03,649 --> 00:08:06,552 >> WHAT'S SO SPECIAL ABOUT THE 147 00:08:06,552 --> 00:08:08,654 MVP IS THAT THERE ARE TWO 148 00:08:08,654 --> 00:08:11,524 INTERNAL CAROUSELS AND EACH ONE 149 00:08:11,524 --> 00:08:14,527 OF THEM CAN PRODUCE 0-2G'S. 150 00:08:14,527 --> 00:08:16,729 IT WILL BE THE ONLY PAYLOAD THAT 151 00:08:16,729 --> 00:08:17,763 CAN DO THIS. 152 00:08:17,763 --> 00:08:19,832 THE SAMPLE MODULES THEMSELVES 153 00:08:19,832 --> 00:08:21,234 TRANSPORT TO AND FROM THE 154 00:08:21,234 --> 00:08:23,936 STATION IN THE CARGO VEHICLES. 155 00:08:23,936 --> 00:08:27,006 BUT THE PAYLOAD ITSELF THE 156 00:08:27,006 --> 00:08:28,975 LOCKER STAYS ON THE STATION. 157 00:08:28,975 --> 00:08:32,278 >> WE ARE INTERESTED IN HUMAN 158 00:08:32,278 --> 00:08:32,645 EXPLORATION. 159 00:08:32,645 --> 00:08:34,413 WE WANT TO GO TO THE MOON AND 160 00:08:34,413 --> 00:08:36,983 MARS AND EXPLORE THE ENVIRONMENT 161 00:08:36,983 --> 00:08:39,619 OUTSIDE OF LOWER EARTH ORBIT. 162 00:08:39,619 --> 00:08:41,320 TO DO THAT WE NEED THE HELP OF 163 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:44,624 THESE SURROGATE MODEL ORGANISMS. 164 00:08:44,624 --> 00:08:46,926 ONCE WE UNDERSTAND THE GENES AND 165 00:08:46,926 --> 00:08:48,127 PATHWAYS THEN WE KNOW WHAT THE 166 00:08:48,127 --> 00:08:49,595 COUNTER MEASURES ARE THAT WE'RE 167 00:08:49,595 --> 00:08:58,971 WORKING TOWARDS. 168 00:08:58,971 --> 00:08:59,605 >> THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 169 00:08:59,605 --> 00:09:00,640 STATION IS HELPING SCIENTISTS 170 00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:02,408 LEARN MORE ABOUT PLANTS TOO. 171 00:09:02,408 --> 00:09:04,710 THE PLANT GRAVITY PERCEPTION 172 00:09:04,710 --> 00:09:07,179 INVESTIGATION IS GERMINATING 173 00:09:07,179 --> 00:09:09,448 SEEDS IN MICROGRAVITY TO STUDY 174 00:09:09,448 --> 00:09:13,286 THE PLANTS ABILITY TO DETECT AND 175 00:09:13,286 --> 00:09:14,987 GRAVITY AND ADAPT AND GROW WHICH 176 00:09:14,987 --> 00:09:16,856 WILL BE NECESSARY ON FUTURE 177 00:09:16,856 --> 00:09:18,724 MISSIONS TO DEEP SPACE WHEN 178 00:09:18,724 --> 00:09:20,393 CREWS WILL NEED TO GROW THEIR 179 00:09:20,393 --> 00:09:21,127 OWN FOOD. 180 00:09:21,127 --> 00:09:23,129 >> THINK ABOUT THE FACT THAT THE 181 00:09:23,129 --> 00:09:26,065 SHAPE OF EVERY PLANT YOU'VE EVER 182 00:09:26,065 --> 00:09:28,801 SEEN IS THE RESULT OF GRAVITY 183 00:09:28,801 --> 00:09:29,535 SENSING. 184 00:09:29,535 --> 00:09:33,005 EVERY PLANT HAS GRAVITY SENSING 185 00:09:33,005 --> 00:09:34,640 CELLS AND THOSE CELLS CONTAIN 186 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:35,908 DENSE BODIES AND THEY'RE PACKED 187 00:09:35,908 --> 00:09:38,778 WITH STARCH AND WHEN THAT ORGAN 188 00:09:38,778 --> 00:09:40,613 IS DISPLACED AWAY FROM ITS 189 00:09:40,613 --> 00:09:42,548 STARTING POSITION, THOSE DENSE 190 00:09:42,548 --> 00:09:44,617 STARCH-FILLED PACKETS THEY FALL 191 00:09:44,617 --> 00:09:46,052 TO THE LOWER WALL OF THE CELL. 192 00:09:46,052 --> 00:09:48,487 WHAT HE WE DON'T KNOW AS MUCH 193 00:09:48,487 --> 00:09:51,390 WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THAT. 194 00:09:51,390 --> 00:09:53,659 OUR EXPERIMENT IS AIMED AT WHAT 195 00:09:53,659 --> 00:09:55,661 IS THE LEAST AMOUNT OF GRAVITY A 196 00:09:55,661 --> 00:09:57,530 PLANT CAN DETECT AND CAUSE THAT 197 00:09:57,530 --> 00:09:58,698 KIND OF SEDIMENTATION. 198 00:09:58,698 --> 00:10:00,099 THE WAY WE'RE GETTING AT THAT IS 199 00:10:00,099 --> 00:10:04,103 TO ADD FRACTIONAL GRAVITY TO 200 00:10:04,103 --> 00:10:05,371 PLANTS AND ASK THE PLANT HOW 201 00:10:05,371 --> 00:10:06,038 ABOUT THAT? 202 00:10:06,038 --> 00:10:07,173 CAN YOU FEEL THAT MUCH? 203 00:10:07,173 --> 00:10:08,574 HOW ABOUT, HERE'S LITTLE BIT 204 00:10:08,574 --> 00:10:09,375 MORE. 205 00:10:09,375 --> 00:10:12,144 WE'LL TURN IT UP A LITTLE MORE. 206 00:10:12,144 --> 00:10:13,746 WE'RE GROWING 120 OF THESE AT 207 00:10:13,746 --> 00:10:15,681 ALL DIFFERENT GRAVITY LEVELS ON 208 00:10:15,681 --> 00:10:16,182 THE STATION. 209 00:10:16,182 --> 00:10:17,883 WE HAVE PLANNED A WHOLE SERIES 210 00:10:17,883 --> 00:10:21,354 OF EXPERIMENTS AT FRACTIONAL 211 00:10:21,354 --> 00:10:23,823 GRAVITY LEVELS WHILE VISUALIZING 212 00:10:23,823 --> 00:10:24,857 THE PLANTS AS THEY GROW. 213 00:10:24,857 --> 00:10:26,792 WE HAVE A CELL CULTURE CHAMBER 214 00:10:26,792 --> 00:10:30,496 THAT HAS TWO ROTORS AND THESE 215 00:10:30,496 --> 00:10:32,064 SORT OF STACK AND ALIGN ALONG 216 00:10:32,064 --> 00:10:34,400 THE RADIUS OF THE ROTOR AT 217 00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:35,835 DIFFERENT DISTANCES AND THE 218 00:10:35,835 --> 00:10:37,837 AMOUNT OF GRAVITY EXPERIENCED BY 219 00:10:37,837 --> 00:10:39,872 THE PLANT VARIES DEPENDING ON 220 00:10:39,872 --> 00:10:42,141 HOW FAR IT IS ALONG THAT ROTOR 221 00:10:42,141 --> 00:10:42,441 ARM. 222 00:10:42,441 --> 00:10:44,477 THE LOWEST TREATMENT IS DOWN TO 223 00:10:44,477 --> 00:10:49,782 6/1000TH OF A G ALL THE WAY UP 224 00:10:49,782 --> 00:10:51,584 TO 1G. 225 00:10:51,584 --> 00:10:53,452 PLANT SHAPE IS CRITICAL IN 226 00:10:53,452 --> 00:10:54,887 BREEDING PROGRAMS TO DETERMINE 227 00:10:54,887 --> 00:10:58,190 OPTIMAL GROWTH FOR CROP 228 00:10:58,190 --> 00:11:05,398 PRODUCTIVITY IN ROOTS AND 229 00:11:05,398 --> 00:11:06,098 SHOOTS. 230 00:11:06,098 --> 00:11:07,967 LOTS OF APPLICATIONS BOTH ON THE 231 00:11:07,967 --> 00:11:13,105 EARTH AND OFF THE EARTH. 232 00:11:13,105 --> 00:11:14,607 >> ALONG WITH HANDS ON WORK WITH 233 00:11:14,607 --> 00:11:17,276 SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS AND 234 00:11:17,276 --> 00:11:18,244 SPACEWALKS, INTERNATIONAL SPACE 235 00:11:18,244 --> 00:11:19,478 STATION CREW MEMBERS USE SOME OF 236 00:11:19,478 --> 00:11:21,180 THEIR TIME FOR EDUCATIONAL 237 00:11:21,180 --> 00:11:22,948 EVENTS IN WHICH THEY TALK ABOUT 238 00:11:22,948 --> 00:11:25,151 SCIENCE WITH STUDENTS ON EARTH, 239 00:11:25,151 --> 00:11:26,485 DISCUSSING THEIR MISSION AND 240 00:11:26,485 --> 00:11:27,753 SHARING THE VALUE OF LEARNING 241 00:11:27,753 --> 00:11:30,623 ABOUT SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY 242 00:11:30,623 --> 00:11:31,757 ENGINEERING AND MATH. 243 00:11:31,757 --> 00:11:33,993 IN THIS DEMONSTRATION, RANDY 244 00:11:33,993 --> 00:11:35,928 DEMONSTRATES NEWTON'S SECOND LAW 245 00:11:35,928 --> 00:11:53,412 OF MOTION. 246 00:11:53,412 --> 00:11:54,280 HELLO EVERYONE. 247 00:11:54,280 --> 00:11:58,317 I'M RANDY. 248 00:11:58,317 --> 00:12:01,153 NOW, ON THE SPACE STATION WE 249 00:12:01,153 --> 00:12:02,354 LIVE IN A MICROGRAVITY 250 00:12:02,354 --> 00:12:02,721 ENVIRONMENT. 251 00:12:02,721 --> 00:12:04,690 YOU LIVE THE LAWS OF PHYSICS 252 00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:05,991 WILL HOLD UP? 253 00:12:05,991 --> 00:12:06,926 COME ON. 254 00:12:06,926 --> 00:12:10,329 LET'S FIND OUT. 255 00:12:10,329 --> 00:12:11,797 DID HE ACCELERATION OF THE 256 00:12:11,797 --> 00:12:13,666 OBJECT DEPENDS ON THE NET FORCE 257 00:12:13,666 --> 00:12:14,467 ACTING ON THE OBJECT AND THE 258 00:12:14,467 --> 00:12:18,104 MASS OF THE OBJECT OR S EQUALS 259 00:12:18,104 --> 00:12:18,804 MA. 260 00:12:18,804 --> 00:12:21,474 WE SEE THAT ONCE THE FORCE IS 261 00:12:21,474 --> 00:12:22,374 GREATER THAN THE WEIGHT OF THE 262 00:12:22,374 --> 00:12:24,076 VEHICLE THE ROCKET BEGINS TO 263 00:12:24,076 --> 00:12:25,444 ACCELERATE. 264 00:12:25,444 --> 00:12:26,412 >> WE'LL START WITH SOMETHING 265 00:12:26,412 --> 00:12:26,879 SMALL. 266 00:12:26,879 --> 00:12:29,882 SOMETHING YOU MIGHT HAVE AT 267 00:12:29,882 --> 00:12:31,050 HOME. 268 00:12:31,050 --> 00:12:31,951 A CHAPSTICK. 269 00:12:31,951 --> 00:12:34,653 WE'LL GO AHEAD AND USE OUR FORCE 270 00:12:34,653 --> 00:12:37,490 ON THE BUNGEE CORD HERE. WE'LL 271 00:12:37,490 --> 00:12:41,627 PUT ON OUR BUNGEE AND YOU CAN 272 00:12:41,627 --> 00:12:44,196 SEE HOW FAST IT ACCELERATES 273 00:12:44,196 --> 00:12:46,098 BECAUSE THERE IS VERY LITTLE 274 00:12:46,098 --> 00:12:46,565 MASS. 275 00:12:46,565 --> 00:12:50,402 NEXT WE'LL TRY SPACE SHIFT. 276 00:12:50,402 --> 00:12:52,304 A LITTLE MORE MASSIVE AND YOU 277 00:12:52,304 --> 00:12:53,772 CAN FEEL IT BECAUSE AS YOU MOVE 278 00:12:53,772 --> 00:12:56,275 IT YOU CAN FEEL THE FORCE -- THE 279 00:12:56,275 --> 00:12:57,176 EXTRA FORCE YOU HAVE TO PUSH 280 00:12:57,176 --> 00:13:08,254 WITH YOUR HAND. 281 00:13:08,254 --> 00:13:10,156 A LOT FASTER WITH THAT CHAPSTICK 282 00:13:10,156 --> 00:13:10,623 THERE. 283 00:13:10,623 --> 00:13:12,258 WHAT WE HAVE SEEN IS THE SAME 284 00:13:12,258 --> 00:13:14,126 AMOUNT OF FORCE ON A SMALLER 285 00:13:14,126 --> 00:13:18,097 LESS MASSIVE OBJECT MEANS IT 286 00:13:18,097 --> 00:13:18,964 ACCELERATES FASTER. 287 00:13:18,964 --> 00:13:21,167 THIS IS THE BIGGEST MOST MASSIVE 288 00:13:21,167 --> 00:13:21,867 THING WE HAVE. 289 00:13:21,867 --> 00:13:23,769 LET'S SEE HOW ACCELERATION IS 290 00:13:23,769 --> 00:13:26,272 AFFECTED. 291 00:13:26,272 --> 00:13:27,740 WE HAVE THE SAME AMOUNT ON THE 292 00:13:27,740 --> 00:13:34,246 FORCE AND HERE WE GO. 293 00:13:34,246 --> 00:13:35,614 THERE YOU HAVE IT. 294 00:13:35,614 --> 00:13:37,816 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION IN 295 00:13:37,816 --> 00:13:40,352 ACTION. 296 00:13:40,352 --> 00:13:41,820 THANKS EVERYBODY FOR EXPLORING A 297 00:13:41,820 --> 00:13:43,355 LITTLE PHYSICS TODAY AND NOW 298 00:13:43,355 --> 00:13:44,790 WE'LL SEND IT BACK TO EARTH SO 299 00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:46,325 YOU CAN START YOUR EXPERIMENTS. 300 00:13:46,325 --> 00:14:07,313 SEE YOU AGAIN SOON. 301 00:14:07,313 --> 00:14:09,415 >> IN ALL OF THE WORK BEING DONE 302 00:14:09,415 --> 00:14:11,350 OUTSIDE AND INSIDE THE VEHICLE, 303 00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:12,751 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 304 00:14:12,751 --> 00:14:14,687 IS HELPING US KNOW WHAT IT WILL 305 00:14:14,687 --> 00:14:16,722 TAKE TO MAKE SUCCESSFUL JOURNEYS 306 00:14:16,722 --> 00:14:18,824 OUT IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM TO MARS 307 00:14:18,824 --> 00:14:20,693 AND OTHER DESTINATIONS. 308 00:14:20,693 --> 00:14:22,361 HERE ARE A FEW MORE EXAMPLES OF 309 00:14:22,361 --> 00:14:24,863 HOW THE STATION IS BUILDING THE 310 00:14:24,863 --> 00:14:27,299 MISSIONS OF THE FUTURE. 311 00:14:27,299 --> 00:14:29,902 >> SO YOU WANT TO GO TO MARS? 312 00:14:29,902 --> 00:14:32,271 HOW DOES NASA'S INTERNATIONAL 313 00:14:32,271 --> 00:14:33,472 SPACE STATION HELP US EXTEND 314 00:14:33,472 --> 00:14:36,508 HUMAN PRESENCE INTO DEEP SPACE? 315 00:14:36,508 --> 00:14:38,143 IN THE FUTURE WHEN ASTRONAUTS 316 00:14:38,143 --> 00:14:39,545 LAND ON MARS IT WILL BE THANKS 317 00:14:39,545 --> 00:14:40,879 TO SOME IMPORTANT LESSONS THAT 318 00:14:40,879 --> 00:14:42,014 WE LEARNED ON THE INTERNATIONAL 319 00:14:42,014 --> 00:14:45,718 SPACE STATION. 320 00:14:45,718 --> 00:14:50,422 REWIND. 321 00:14:50,422 --> 00:14:51,957 240 MILES ABOVE THE EARTH, THE 322 00:14:51,957 --> 00:14:53,025 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION IS 323 00:14:53,025 --> 00:14:54,727 WHERE WE CURRENTLY LIVE AND WORK 324 00:14:54,727 --> 00:14:55,661 IN SPACE. 325 00:14:55,661 --> 00:14:58,264 HERE'S WHAT WE LEARNED SO FAR. 326 00:14:58,264 --> 00:15:00,399 FIRST THERE'S TAKING CARE OF 327 00:15:00,399 --> 00:15:02,935 ASTRONAUTS. 328 00:15:02,935 --> 00:15:04,203 WEIGHTLESSNESS CAN LEAD TO 329 00:15:04,203 --> 00:15:06,305 MUSCLE AND BONE LOSS AND VISION 330 00:15:06,305 --> 00:15:07,473 CHALLENGES AND COORDINATION 331 00:15:07,473 --> 00:15:07,773 LOSS. 332 00:15:07,773 --> 00:15:09,341 THANKS TO THE SPACE STATION 333 00:15:09,341 --> 00:15:10,743 COUNTER MEASURES ARE BEING 334 00:15:10,743 --> 00:15:12,044 DEVELOPED TO KEEP ASTRONAUTS 335 00:15:12,044 --> 00:15:13,545 HEALTHY FOR LONG DURATION 336 00:15:13,545 --> 00:15:15,114 MISSIONS. 337 00:15:15,114 --> 00:15:17,349 THEN THERE'S EQUIPMENT, SPACE 338 00:15:17,349 --> 00:15:19,451 CRAFT COMMUNICATION AND WATER 339 00:15:19,451 --> 00:15:20,786 RECYCLING AND AIR AND POWER 340 00:15:20,786 --> 00:15:22,855 PRODUCTION ARE ALL BEING TESTED 341 00:15:22,855 --> 00:15:23,489 ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 342 00:15:23,489 --> 00:15:24,456 STATION. 343 00:15:24,456 --> 00:15:26,525 WHAT WE LEARN ABOUT OPERATING 344 00:15:26,525 --> 00:15:28,060 AND MAINTAINING OUR GEAR IN THE 345 00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:29,495 HARSHNESS OF SPACE WILL PAVE THE 346 00:15:29,495 --> 00:15:31,664 WAY FOR FUTURE MISSIONS INTO OUR 347 00:15:31,664 --> 00:15:32,965 SOLAR SYSTEM. 348 00:15:32,965 --> 00:15:34,667 AND THAT IS HOW THE SPACE 349 00:15:34,667 --> 00:15:39,004 STATION IS HELPING US EXTEND 350 00:15:39,004 --> 00:15:41,240 HUMAN PRESENCE INTO DEEP SPACE. 351 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:42,941 FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT THIS 352 00:15:42,941 --> 00:15:45,177 NASA WEBSITE. 353 00:15:45,177 --> 00:15:47,046 >> THERE IS ONE THING THAT 354 00:15:47,046 --> 00:15:48,580 EXPLORERS ALL THROUGH TIME HAVE 355 00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:51,517 HAD IN COMMON, THEY'RE ALL AT 356 00:15:51,517 --> 00:15:52,484 THE MERCY OF THE WEATHER. 357 00:15:52,484 --> 00:15:54,620 WHILE THINGS LIKE RAIN, WIND AND 358 00:15:54,620 --> 00:15:56,088 LIGHTNING ALL FACTOR IN, YOU 359 00:15:56,088 --> 00:15:58,324 CAN'T FORGET ABOUT RADIATION. 360 00:15:58,324 --> 00:15:59,958 THE ASTRONAUTS AND THE SYSTEMS 361 00:15:59,958 --> 00:16:01,827 OF THEIR FUTURE SPACE VEHICLES 362 00:16:01,827 --> 00:16:03,395 WILL HAVE TO BE PROTECTED FROM 363 00:16:03,395 --> 00:16:05,531 DEEP SPACE RADIATION. 364 00:16:05,531 --> 00:16:06,999 THAT'S WHY TODAY'S SCIENTISTS 365 00:16:06,999 --> 00:16:08,734 ARE WORKING HARD TO IMPROVE OUR 366 00:16:08,734 --> 00:16:11,337 ABILITY TO ACCURATELY FORECAST 367 00:16:11,337 --> 00:16:16,575 DANGEROUS SPACE WEATHER. 368 00:16:16,575 --> 00:16:22,848 >> THE SPACE WE TRAVEL THROUGH. 369 00:16:22,848 --> 00:16:27,586 PRESENTED BY SCIENCE AT NASA. 370 00:16:27,586 --> 00:16:30,556 >> WHEN SEAFARING NATIONS BEGAN 371 00:16:30,556 --> 00:16:32,324 TO AND EXPLORE NEW REGIONS OF 372 00:16:32,324 --> 00:16:34,159 THE WORLD ONE OF THEIR BIGGEST 373 00:16:34,159 --> 00:16:36,161 CONCERNS IN MAKING IT SAFELY WAS 374 00:16:36,161 --> 00:16:37,396 HOW TO COPE WITH WEATHER. 375 00:16:37,396 --> 00:16:38,831 THEY COULD HARNESS THE WIND FOR 376 00:16:38,831 --> 00:16:39,331 POWER. 377 00:16:39,331 --> 00:16:40,899 THEY COULD RELY ON THE SUN AND 378 00:16:40,899 --> 00:16:42,801 THE STARS FOR NAVIGATION. 379 00:16:42,801 --> 00:16:45,471 THEY COULD BUILD STURDY SHIPS, 380 00:16:45,471 --> 00:16:48,474 BUT IF A STORM ROSE SUDDENLY 381 00:16:48,474 --> 00:16:51,877 THEY WERE AT NATURE'S MERCY. 382 00:16:51,877 --> 00:16:54,012 MORE THAN 5 CENTURIES LATER OUR 383 00:16:54,012 --> 00:16:56,181 NATION IS ON THE CUSP OF 384 00:16:56,181 --> 00:16:57,182 EXPLORING NEW WORLDS AND ONCE 385 00:16:57,182 --> 00:16:59,451 AGAIN ONE OF OUR CONCERNS ABOUT 386 00:16:59,451 --> 00:17:01,587 TRAVELING LONG DISTANCES IS THE 387 00:17:01,587 --> 00:17:02,488 WEATHER. 388 00:17:02,488 --> 00:17:03,922 SPACE WEATHER. 389 00:17:03,922 --> 00:17:07,426 WHILE SPACE IS A VACUUM IT'S NOT 390 00:17:07,426 --> 00:17:09,061 100% EMPTY. 391 00:17:09,061 --> 00:17:11,063 PARTICLES, ENERGY AND MAGNETIC 392 00:17:11,063 --> 00:17:13,232 FIELDS TRAVEL THROUGH THE VOID. 393 00:17:13,232 --> 00:17:14,800 MUCH OF THESE EMANATE FROM THE 394 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,002 SUN'S CORONA AS PART OF A 395 00:17:17,002 --> 00:17:19,204 CONSTANT OUTWARD FLOW KNOWN AS 396 00:17:19,204 --> 00:17:20,973 THE SOLAR WIND WHICH STRETCHES 397 00:17:20,973 --> 00:17:23,942 WELL BEYOND THE ORBIT OF 398 00:17:23,942 --> 00:17:24,243 NEPTUNE. 399 00:17:24,243 --> 00:17:25,444 THERE ARE ALSO HIGH ENERGY 400 00:17:25,444 --> 00:17:27,579 PARTICLES OR COSMIC RAYS IN THE 401 00:17:27,579 --> 00:17:30,349 MIX WHICH TRAVEL VAST DISTANCES 402 00:17:30,349 --> 00:17:33,085 FROM DYING STARS OR SUPER NOVA. 403 00:17:33,085 --> 00:17:35,120 EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD AND 404 00:17:35,120 --> 00:17:36,688 REGULAR ACTIVELY THICK 405 00:17:36,688 --> 00:17:38,157 ATMOSPHERE ACT AS A SHIELD 406 00:17:38,157 --> 00:17:40,392 AGAINST THE MOST ARMFUL FORMS OF 407 00:17:40,392 --> 00:17:41,760 THE RADIATION BUT IN SPACE THERE 408 00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:43,495 IS NO SUCH DETERRENT. 409 00:17:43,495 --> 00:17:44,797 IF WE WANT TO TRAVEL THROUGH 410 00:17:44,797 --> 00:17:47,099 THIS SPACE, WE NEED WAYS TO 411 00:17:47,099 --> 00:17:49,401 PROTECT OUR ASTRONAUTS. 412 00:17:49,401 --> 00:17:51,804 THESE PARTICLES CAN AFFECT OUR 413 00:17:51,804 --> 00:17:53,772 TECHNOLOGY TRIP ONBOARD 414 00:17:53,772 --> 00:17:55,374 ELECTRONS. 415 00:17:55,374 --> 00:17:57,409 A DOCTOR SPACE WEATHER SCIENTIST 416 00:17:57,409 --> 00:17:59,578 AT NASA'S GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT 417 00:17:59,578 --> 00:18:00,913 ENCOUNTER NOTES WE ARE WORKING 418 00:18:00,913 --> 00:18:02,981 HARD TO FORECAST WHEN THESE 419 00:18:02,981 --> 00:18:04,750 PARTICLES WILL BE AT THEIR PEAK, 420 00:18:04,750 --> 00:18:09,388 SUCH AS DURING SOLAR FLARES OR 421 00:18:09,388 --> 00:18:10,756 CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS. 422 00:18:10,756 --> 00:18:15,127 ACUTE EXPOSURE IS A SERIOUS 423 00:18:15,127 --> 00:18:16,261 CONCERN FOR ASTRONAUTS AND 424 00:18:16,261 --> 00:18:16,728 INSTRUMENTS. 425 00:18:16,728 --> 00:18:18,430 THEREFORE HAVING A BETTER 426 00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:20,532 UNDERSTANDING OF WHEN TO EXPECT 427 00:18:20,532 --> 00:18:23,635 SOLAR ACTIVITY IS IMPORTANT FOR 428 00:18:23,635 --> 00:18:24,803 SAFELY SENDING OUR ASTRONAUTS 429 00:18:24,803 --> 00:18:28,474 AND SPACE CRAFT THROUGH SPACE. 430 00:18:28,474 --> 00:18:30,409 SUCH SPACE WEATHER ACTIVITY CAN 431 00:18:30,409 --> 00:18:31,710 ACTUALLY PROTECT AGAINST ANOTHER 432 00:18:31,710 --> 00:18:34,446 THREAT TO ASTRONAUTS, THE SUN'S 433 00:18:34,446 --> 00:18:36,348 ACTIVITY CAN BLOCK DANGEROUS 434 00:18:36,348 --> 00:18:37,716 COSMIC RAYS COMING FROM OTHER 435 00:18:37,716 --> 00:18:39,918 STARS WHICH ARE CONSTANTLY 436 00:18:39,918 --> 00:18:42,087 PRESENT, ILLUSTRATING THE 437 00:18:42,087 --> 00:18:43,755 COMPLEXITY OF THE SYSTEM NASA 438 00:18:43,755 --> 00:18:45,557 TRIES TO UNDERSTAND AND MITIGATE 439 00:18:45,557 --> 00:18:48,026 FOR OUR SPACE TRAVELLERS. 440 00:18:48,026 --> 00:18:51,797 OVER TIME, SEA CAPTAINS LEARNED 441 00:18:51,797 --> 00:18:54,266 WHEN TO SAIL THEIR SHIPS AND 442 00:18:54,266 --> 00:18:56,869 WHEN TO STAY IN HARSHER BASED ON 443 00:18:56,869 --> 00:18:57,970 ACCUMULATED KNOWLEDGE OF THE 444 00:18:57,970 --> 00:18:58,737 WEATHER. 445 00:18:58,737 --> 00:19:01,440 IT'S MORE RISKY TO BE WATER IN 446 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:03,575 THE CARIBBEAN DURING HURRICANE 447 00:19:03,575 --> 00:19:06,245 SEASON AND WANT TO AVOID THE 448 00:19:06,245 --> 00:19:07,412 NORTHEAST PART OF AMERICA DURING 449 00:19:07,412 --> 00:19:08,480 THE HEIGHT OF WINTER. 450 00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:09,781 THE DOCTOR SAYS IT'S SIMILAR TO 451 00:19:09,781 --> 00:19:11,250 WHAT WE'RE DOING TODAY. 452 00:19:11,250 --> 00:19:13,385 WE'RE CONSTANTLY DEVELOPING AND 453 00:19:13,385 --> 00:19:15,087 TESTING NEW MODELS TO PREDICT 454 00:19:15,087 --> 00:19:16,688 SPACE WEATHER AND WE'RE 455 00:19:16,688 --> 00:19:19,892 CONSTANTLY SEEKING NEW DATA TO 456 00:19:19,892 --> 00:19:20,959 REFINE THOSE MODELS. 457 00:19:20,959 --> 00:19:25,998 A HOST OF HELIOPHYSICS MISSIONS 458 00:19:25,998 --> 00:19:28,700 OBSERVES SPACE NOT UNLIKE 459 00:19:28,700 --> 00:19:30,736 TERRESTRIAL SENSORS WHICH WORK 460 00:19:30,736 --> 00:19:33,505 IN TANDEM TO PAINT A BIG PICTURE 461 00:19:33,505 --> 00:19:35,641 OF SPACE ENVIRONMENT IN 462 00:19:35,641 --> 00:19:36,942 AUGUST 2018, NASA LAUNCHED THE 463 00:19:36,942 --> 00:19:38,677 PARKER SOLAR PROBE TO HELP US 464 00:19:38,677 --> 00:19:39,878 BETTER UNDERSTAND THE SUN'S 465 00:19:39,878 --> 00:19:41,914 ACTIVITY, ESPECIALLY WHAT DRIVES 466 00:19:41,914 --> 00:19:45,017 THE SOLAR WIND AND HOW ENERGETIC 467 00:19:45,017 --> 00:19:46,718 PARTICLES GET ACCELERATED. 468 00:19:46,718 --> 00:19:48,520 THIS DATA COULD BE USED TO 469 00:19:48,520 --> 00:19:50,522 IMPROVE MODELS OF SPACE WEATHER 470 00:19:50,522 --> 00:19:52,391 FORECASTING ULTIMATELY HELPING 471 00:19:52,391 --> 00:19:55,060 US FIND NEW AND BETTER WAYS TO 472 00:19:55,060 --> 00:19:56,728 SHIELD OUR SPACE CRAFT AND 473 00:19:56,728 --> 00:19:59,264 PROTECT OUR ASTRONAUTS. 474 00:19:59,264 --> 00:20:00,766 WHETHER IT WAS THE OCEAN'S 475 00:20:00,766 --> 00:20:02,167 ANCIENT SHIPS TRAVEL THROUGH OR 476 00:20:02,167 --> 00:20:04,703 THE SPACE, WE WILL ONE DAY 477 00:20:04,703 --> 00:20:07,406 TRAVEL THROUGH, WE KNOW THIS, 478 00:20:07,406 --> 00:20:08,874 KEEPING A WATCHFUL EYE ON 479 00:20:08,874 --> 00:20:11,109 ENVIRONMENT AROUND US IS KEY TO 480 00:20:11,109 --> 00:20:13,478 ENSURING SAFE PASSAGE. 481 00:20:13,478 --> 00:20:15,614 FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT 482 00:20:15,614 --> 00:20:17,516 MATTERS IN SPACE, VISIT 483 00:20:17,516 --> 00:20:20,786 SCIENCE.NASA.GOV. 484 00:20:20,786 --> 00:20:22,554 >> NASA'S ARTEMIS PROGRAM WILL 485 00:20:22,554 --> 00:20:24,089 RETURN AMERICANS TO THE MOON IN 486 00:20:24,089 --> 00:20:25,757 A FEW YEARS AND HELP GET US 487 00:20:25,757 --> 00:20:27,759 READY TO GO ON TO MARS. 488 00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:29,928 AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE GEOLOGY OF 489 00:20:29,928 --> 00:20:31,029 BOTH LOCATIONS WILL BE 490 00:20:31,029 --> 00:20:32,097 IMPORTANT. 491 00:20:32,097 --> 00:20:34,066 RECENTLY THE NEXT TO LAST MAN ON 492 00:20:34,066 --> 00:20:36,568 THE MOON, APOLLO ASTRONAUT 493 00:20:36,568 --> 00:20:38,670 HARRISON SCHMIDT AND ASTRONAUT 494 00:20:38,670 --> 00:20:45,143 JESSICA WATT SONS MET UP AT THE 495 00:20:45,143 --> 00:20:47,212 JOHNSON'S SPACE CENTER MOON ROCK 496 00:20:47,212 --> 00:20:49,114 LAB SO THEY CAN TALK ABOUT WHAT 497 00:20:49,114 --> 00:20:50,882 WE LEARNED FROM APOLLO CAN 498 00:20:50,882 --> 00:21:13,905 INFORM OUR EFFORTS IN ARTEMIS. 499 00:21:13,905 --> 00:21:15,107 >> CAN YOU TALK ABOUT KIND OF 500 00:21:15,107 --> 00:21:21,780 WHAT THE -- WHAT WENT INTO YOUR 501 00:21:21,780 --> 00:21:22,180 STRATEGY. 502 00:21:22,180 --> 00:21:24,149 >> THE IDEA IS WE'RE ALL IN A 503 00:21:24,149 --> 00:21:26,118 SPECTRUM OF NEW SAMPLES AND THAT 504 00:21:26,118 --> 00:21:27,986 TURNED OUT PRETTY WELL. 505 00:21:27,986 --> 00:21:33,258 AND IN FACT WE SAMPLED AT LEAST 506 00:21:33,258 --> 00:21:37,195 WHAT WE CALL EJECTIVE FROM THREE 507 00:21:37,195 --> 00:21:42,834 MAJOR SPOTS AND SAMPLED 508 00:21:42,834 --> 00:21:44,202 FRAGMENTS FROM THE DEEP MANTLE 509 00:21:44,202 --> 00:21:45,303 FROM THE MOON THAT WE DIDN'T 510 00:21:45,303 --> 00:21:47,506 KNOW BACK IN TIME. 511 00:21:47,506 --> 00:21:49,141 THAT'S ONLY RECENTLY WE FIGURED 512 00:21:49,141 --> 00:21:51,009 THAT OUT AND WE ALSO THEN ADDED 513 00:21:51,009 --> 00:21:53,512 TO OUR BROAD KNOWLEDGE AND 514 00:21:53,512 --> 00:21:56,481 HISTORY OF THESE VOLCANIC 515 00:21:56,481 --> 00:21:57,783 ERUPTIONS THAT OCCURRED ON THE 516 00:21:57,783 --> 00:21:59,017 MOON AT THE TIME. 517 00:21:59,017 --> 00:22:00,719 NOW WHEN YOU GO TO THE MOON ON 518 00:22:00,719 --> 00:22:04,956 THE WAY TO MARS, JESSICA, THAT 519 00:22:04,956 --> 00:22:06,158 EDUCATION I THINK YOU'RE GOING 520 00:22:06,158 --> 00:22:08,694 TO GET ON THE MOON WILL BE VERY 521 00:22:08,694 --> 00:22:09,928 RELEVANT TO MARS. 522 00:22:09,928 --> 00:22:11,663 BUT MARS OF COURSE DOES NOT HAVE 523 00:22:11,663 --> 00:22:18,704 THAT MICROMETEORITE IMPACT AND 524 00:22:18,704 --> 00:22:21,039 HAS A SMALL ATMOSPHERE AND THAT 525 00:22:21,039 --> 00:22:22,841 FITTERS OUT THE SMALL IMPACT. 526 00:22:22,841 --> 00:22:24,309 THE MAIN WEATHERING PROCESS ON 527 00:22:24,309 --> 00:22:25,377 PRESIDENT MOON ARE THESE 528 00:22:25,377 --> 00:22:29,748 MICROMETEORITE IMPACTS OF THE 529 00:22:29,748 --> 00:22:32,651 SURFACE AND SOLAR WINDS MADE OF 530 00:22:32,651 --> 00:22:35,487 HIGH PARTICLES SO THEY ERODE THE 531 00:22:35,487 --> 00:22:37,255 SURFACES OF ROCKS AS WELL AS 532 00:22:37,255 --> 00:22:39,658 CHANGE THE CHARACTER OF THE 533 00:22:39,658 --> 00:22:40,759 LAYER ON THE MOON. 534 00:22:40,759 --> 00:22:43,161 ON MARS THE DOMINANT EROSION 535 00:22:43,161 --> 00:22:46,264 FORCES IS WIND. 536 00:22:46,264 --> 00:22:53,038 IF YOU'RE USED TO STUDYING IT 537 00:22:53,038 --> 00:22:54,272 YOU CAN LEARN A LOT ABOUT WHAT 538 00:22:54,272 --> 00:22:55,807 YOU'LL SEE ON MARS. 539 00:22:55,807 --> 00:22:57,209 BUT ALL THAT COMES AFTER 540 00:22:57,209 --> 00:22:57,909 STUDYING THE MOON. 541 00:22:57,909 --> 00:23:00,345 IF WE DIDN'T HAVE THE MOON WE 542 00:23:00,345 --> 00:23:03,381 WOULDN'T UNDERSTAND AND WE WOULD 543 00:23:03,381 --> 00:23:17,329 SPECULATE WHAT IT MIGHT BE MOST 544 00:23:17,329 --> 00:23:19,331 ANY ASTRONAUT WHO MADE A SPACE 545 00:23:19,331 --> 00:23:21,099 WALK HAS A STORY TO TELL ABOUT 546 00:23:21,099 --> 00:23:23,034 THE MOMENT OF THEIR FIRST 547 00:23:23,034 --> 00:23:24,336 GLIMPSE OF THE EARTH WHILE 548 00:23:24,336 --> 00:23:25,437 OUTSIDE THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 549 00:23:25,437 --> 00:23:26,671 STATION. 550 00:23:26,671 --> 00:23:28,406 MANY ASTRONAUTS REPORT FEELINGS 551 00:23:28,406 --> 00:23:30,842 OF AWE AND WONDER WHEN THEY GET 552 00:23:30,842 --> 00:23:32,878 THEIR FIRST LOOK AT THE ENTIRE 553 00:23:32,878 --> 00:23:34,146 PLANET. 554 00:23:34,146 --> 00:23:36,014 HERE MIKE TALKS ABOUT WHAT IT 555 00:23:36,014 --> 00:23:40,252 WAS LIKE TO REALLY DEVOTE SOME 556 00:23:40,252 --> 00:23:43,088 TIME FROM THAT PERCH 250 MILES 557 00:23:43,088 --> 00:24:01,273 UP. 558 00:24:01,273 --> 00:24:05,377 I TAUGHT ASTRONOMY TO BOY SCOUTS 559 00:24:05,377 --> 00:24:08,680 AND I KNOW SOME STARS LIKE THE 560 00:24:08,680 --> 00:24:11,082 BACK OF MY HAND AND I LIVED IN 561 00:24:11,082 --> 00:24:12,284 THE MOJAVE DESERT FOR 8 YEARS 562 00:24:12,284 --> 00:24:13,385 AND I WOULD GO AWAY FROM THE 563 00:24:13,385 --> 00:24:19,691 LIGHTS THERE TO LAY ON TOP OF 564 00:24:19,691 --> 00:24:22,294 CAR AND JUST SWIM IN THE 565 00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:22,727 UNIVERSE. 566 00:24:22,727 --> 00:24:24,362 I'VE ALWAYS LOVED THE NIGHT SKY 567 00:24:24,362 --> 00:24:26,031 AND THE STARS. 568 00:24:26,031 --> 00:24:27,766 ON MY VERY FIRST SHUTTLE FLIGHT, 569 00:24:27,766 --> 00:24:30,235 BOTH OF MINE, WE TOOK SOME TIME. 570 00:24:30,235 --> 00:24:32,771 I CONVINCED MY CREW TO TURN OFF 571 00:24:32,771 --> 00:24:34,306 ALL THE LIGHTS IN THE COCKPIT. 572 00:24:34,306 --> 00:24:37,542 LET OUR EYES DARK ADAPT AND JUST 573 00:24:37,542 --> 00:24:39,377 SIT THERE PERCHED IN THE 574 00:24:39,377 --> 00:24:39,945 WINDOWS. 575 00:24:39,945 --> 00:24:41,346 ALL OF US WERE IN DIFFERENT 576 00:24:41,346 --> 00:24:43,481 WINDOWS AND YOU COULD SEE IN THE 577 00:24:43,481 --> 00:24:48,420 MILKY WAY IT'S JUST STUNNING. 578 00:24:48,420 --> 00:24:51,323 OF COURSE THE LIGHTS DON'T 579 00:24:51,323 --> 00:24:53,859 FLICKER, THEY ARE STEADY, 580 00:24:53,859 --> 00:24:54,893 BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT COMING 581 00:24:54,893 --> 00:24:56,995 THROUGH THE DUST AND ATMOSPHERE. 582 00:24:56,995 --> 00:24:59,731 AS YOU ADJUST YOU START TO SEE 583 00:24:59,731 --> 00:25:02,067 THE SUBTLE COLORS IN THE STARS, 584 00:25:02,067 --> 00:25:03,301 REDDISH AND A LITTLE BIT OF 585 00:25:03,301 --> 00:25:05,237 BLUISH, BLUE-WHITE. 586 00:25:05,237 --> 00:25:08,039 AND THAT WAS REALLY NEAT FOR ME 587 00:25:08,039 --> 00:25:09,274 TO SEE. 588 00:25:09,274 --> 00:25:10,876 SPACE SHUTTLE WAS INCREDIBLY 589 00:25:10,876 --> 00:25:11,276 BUSY. 590 00:25:11,276 --> 00:25:12,711 YOU DON'T GET MUCH TIME TO LOOK 591 00:25:12,711 --> 00:25:13,511 OUT THE WINDOWS. 592 00:25:13,511 --> 00:25:15,313 IT WAS HAVING THE DOWN TIME 593 00:25:15,313 --> 00:25:15,614 THOUGH. 594 00:25:15,614 --> 00:25:17,415 YOU WORK REALLY HARD 595 00:25:17,415 --> 00:25:18,683 MONDAY-FRIDAY. 596 00:25:18,683 --> 00:25:20,285 IT WAS A BLUR. 597 00:25:20,285 --> 00:25:20,719 WORKING LATE. 598 00:25:20,719 --> 00:25:21,953 82 YOU ARE LIVING AT WORK. 599 00:25:21,953 --> 00:25:23,722 THERE'S ALWAYS MORE TO DO. 600 00:25:23,722 --> 00:25:26,358 AND THEN WEEKENDS IT SLOWS DOWN 601 00:25:26,358 --> 00:25:28,326 SOME AND THERE'S SOME WORK AND 602 00:25:28,326 --> 00:25:29,494 YOU WORK OUT AND HAVE A VIDEO 603 00:25:29,494 --> 00:25:31,329 CONFERENCE WITH THE FAMILY. 604 00:25:31,329 --> 00:25:32,731 BUT YOU DO HAVE SOME TIME FOR 605 00:25:32,731 --> 00:25:34,599 SOME PROJECTS AND FOR LOOKING 606 00:25:34,599 --> 00:25:36,134 OUT THE WINDOWS AND I REALLY GOT 607 00:25:36,134 --> 00:25:38,670 INTO LOW LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY IN 608 00:25:38,670 --> 00:25:39,537 PARTICULAR. 609 00:25:39,537 --> 00:25:42,073 CUPOLA WAS FAIRLY NEW. 610 00:25:42,073 --> 00:25:44,509 WE HAD FAIRLY NEW CAMERAS. 611 00:25:44,509 --> 00:25:46,011 IT WAS GOOD AT CAPTURING LOW 612 00:25:46,011 --> 00:25:46,978 LIGHT IMAGERY. 613 00:25:46,978 --> 00:25:48,780 I WAS UP THERE DURING THE LAST 614 00:25:48,780 --> 00:25:52,751 SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION. 615 00:25:52,751 --> 00:25:54,619 I GRABBED A GOOD FRIEND OF MINE 616 00:25:54,619 --> 00:25:56,521 AND SHE WAS ON THAT CREW AND SHE 617 00:25:56,521 --> 00:25:59,524 HAD LIVED ON THE SPACE STATION A 618 00:25:59,524 --> 00:26:01,092 FEW YEARS AGO BUT THE CUPOLA WAS 619 00:26:01,092 --> 00:26:02,627 NEW SINCE SHE WAS THERE ALL THEY 620 00:26:02,627 --> 00:26:04,262 HAD WAS SINGLE WINDOWS THAT 621 00:26:04,262 --> 00:26:05,997 LOOKED STRAIGHT DOWN AND THERE 622 00:26:05,997 --> 00:26:07,832 YOU'RE JUST WATCHING THE EARTH 623 00:26:07,832 --> 00:26:10,135 GO BY 5 MILES A SECOND. 624 00:26:10,135 --> 00:26:11,603 YOU HAVEN'T LOOKED OUT THE 625 00:26:11,603 --> 00:26:14,139 CUPOLA YET. 626 00:26:14,139 --> 00:26:15,106 I GOT SO MUCH DO. 627 00:26:15,106 --> 00:26:18,610 NO, SANDY, YOU GOT TO SEE THIS. 628 00:26:18,610 --> 00:26:20,378 WE WERE FLYING INTO THIS 629 00:26:20,378 --> 00:26:27,585 ASTONISHING AURORA. 630 00:26:27,585 --> 00:26:31,156 THIS RIPPLING PULSING RIVER OF 631 00:26:31,156 --> 00:26:32,691 GREEN AND RED STRETCHING UP TO 632 00:26:32,691 --> 00:26:36,761 OUR ALTITUDE, IT WAS JUST 633 00:26:36,761 --> 00:26:38,163 BREATHTAKING AND I HAD NOT 634 00:26:38,163 --> 00:26:39,664 PRACTICED ANY LOW LIGHT 635 00:26:39,664 --> 00:26:42,033 PHOTOGRAPHY UP TO THAT POINT. 636 00:26:42,033 --> 00:26:43,568 BUT I 92 YOU RIGHT THEN I HAD TO 637 00:26:43,568 --> 00:26:45,837 FIGURE OUT HOW TO CAPTURE THIS 638 00:26:45,837 --> 00:26:46,972 SO I STARTED WORKING ON THAT. 639 00:26:46,972 --> 00:26:48,873 I CALLED THE PHOTOGRAPHY EXPERTS 640 00:26:48,873 --> 00:26:50,275 ON THE GROUND AND SAID, OKAY, 641 00:26:50,275 --> 00:26:51,710 WHAT ARE THE SETTINGS. 642 00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:53,378 I NEED TO GET STARTED WERE THIS 643 00:26:53,378 --> 00:26:54,980 AND PART OF THIS WAS 644 00:26:54,980 --> 00:26:55,380 EXPERIMENTAL. 645 00:26:55,380 --> 00:26:56,781 I HAD TO GET CLOSE AND STARTED 646 00:26:56,781 --> 00:26:57,082 TRYING. 647 00:26:57,082 --> 00:27:01,953 I GOT PICTURES OF ATLANTIS IN 648 00:27:01,953 --> 00:27:03,321 THE NIGHT WITH A LITTLE BIT OF 649 00:27:03,321 --> 00:27:05,790 THE GREEN AURORA OFF TO THE SIDE 650 00:27:05,790 --> 00:27:08,860 AND I GOT A PICTURE OF THE 651 00:27:08,860 --> 00:27:11,363 PLASMA TRAIL AS IT CAME OVER THE 652 00:27:11,363 --> 00:27:13,398 YUCATAN HEADING TOWARD THE 653 00:27:13,398 --> 00:27:16,434 LANDING IN FLORIDA AND IT'S JUST 654 00:27:16,434 --> 00:27:16,801 FASCINATING. 655 00:27:16,801 --> 00:27:18,570 THE MORE YOU LOOK THE MORE YOU 656 00:27:18,570 --> 00:27:20,038 START TO SEE, SEE THE STARS LIKE 657 00:27:20,038 --> 00:27:21,506 YOU'VE NEVER SEEN THEM BEFORE. 658 00:27:21,506 --> 00:27:23,742 I WOULD GIVE A LOT TO SEE THAT 659 00:27:23,742 --> 00:27:33,651 VIEW AGAIN. 660 00:27:33,651 --> 00:27:35,053 IF YOU WANT ANOTHER LOOK AT MANY 661 00:27:35,053 --> 00:27:36,454 OF THE STORIES YOU SAW TODAY, 662 00:27:36,454 --> 00:27:38,423 YOU CAN FIND THEM ON YOUTUBE AND 663 00:27:38,423 --> 00:27:38,957 FACEBOOK. 664 00:27:38,957 --> 00:27:40,658 ALONG WITH LOTS OF OTHER GREAT 665 00:27:40,658 --> 00:27:44,262 FEATURES ON A VARIETY OF TOPICS. 666 00:27:44,262 --> 00:27:45,397 BE SURE TO LOOK AROUND. 667 00:27:45,397 --> 00:27:47,499 IF YOU'RE LOOKING FOR GOOD 668 00:27:47,499 --> 00:27:49,034 CONVERSATION CHECK OUT HOUSTON, 669 00:27:49,034 --> 00:27:50,769 WE HAVE A PODCAST. 670 00:27:50,769 --> 00:27:52,771 OUR WEEKLY SHOW TALKING TO FOLKS 671 00:27:52,771 --> 00:27:54,606 INVOLVED IN ALL AREAS OF SPACE 672 00:27:54,606 --> 00:27:55,006 EXPLORATION. 673 00:27:55,006 --> 00:27:57,909 TODAY GARY JORDAN TALKS WITH OUR 674 00:27:57,909 --> 00:27:59,577 COLLEAGUE DAN HEWITT ABOUT THE 675 00:27:59,577 --> 00:28:01,780 EVOLUTION OF OUR COVERAGE OF 676 00:28:01,780 --> 00:28:03,081 HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT MISSIONS AS 677 00:28:03,081 --> 00:28:06,951 THEY OBSERVE EPISODE 200 OF THE 678 00:28:06,951 --> 00:28:08,153 LITTLE PODCAST THAT COULD. 679 00:28:08,153 --> 00:28:11,923 GO TO NASA.GOV/PODCAST FOR THIS 680 00:28:11,923 --> 00:28:13,691 WEEK'S EPISODE AND PREVIOUS. 681 00:28:13,691 --> 00:28:15,326 THE FULL LIBRARY IS THERE AND 682 00:28:15,326 --> 00:28:16,327 ALSO ON APPLE PODCAST AND GOOGLE