1 00:00:09,426 --> 00:00:11,261 >> IGNITION SEQUENCE START. 2 00:00:11,261 --> 00:00:20,503 [ ♪♪ ] 3 00:00:20,503 --> 00:00:21,237 >> GOOD MORNING AND WELCOME TO 4 00:00:21,237 --> 00:00:22,539 MISSION CONTROL HOUSTON. 5 00:00:22,539 --> 00:00:24,441 YOU'RE LOOKING AT THE ORBIT TWO 6 00:00:24,441 --> 00:00:25,575 TEAM OF FLIGHT CONTROLLERS AND 7 00:00:25,575 --> 00:00:26,376 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 8 00:00:26,376 --> 00:00:27,677 FLIGHT CONTROL ROOM. 9 00:00:27,677 --> 00:00:28,678 THESE ARE THE FOLKS MONITORING 10 00:00:28,678 --> 00:00:30,714 THE SYSTEMS ON THE STATION AND 11 00:00:30,714 --> 00:00:32,716 ASSISTING THE EXPEDITION 59 CREW 12 00:00:32,716 --> 00:00:33,917 MEMBERS THROUGH A BUSY DAY OF 13 00:00:33,917 --> 00:00:35,752 EXPERIMENT OPERATIONS. 14 00:00:35,752 --> 00:00:37,353 SOME OF THOSE EXPERIMENTS ARE 15 00:00:37,353 --> 00:00:38,855 BRAND NEW ON BOARD, HAVING 16 00:00:38,855 --> 00:00:40,590 ARRIVED EARLY THIS WEEK ON A 17 00:00:40,590 --> 00:00:42,292 CARGO SHIP WHICH IS NOW THE 18 00:00:42,292 --> 00:00:44,027 SIXTH SPACE VEHICLE PARKED AT 19 00:00:44,027 --> 00:00:46,229 ONE OF THE SPACE STATION'S 20 00:00:46,229 --> 00:00:49,032 DOCKING PORTS. 21 00:00:49,032 --> 00:00:49,733 [ ♪♪ ] 22 00:00:49,733 --> 00:00:51,468 >> WELCOME TO SPACE TO GROUND. 23 00:00:51,468 --> 00:00:53,870 I'M LEAH CHESHIRE. 24 00:00:53,870 --> 00:00:54,771 THIS WEEK A DRAGON ARRIVED TO 25 00:00:54,771 --> 00:00:55,772 THE SPACE STATION FOR A 26 00:00:55,772 --> 00:00:57,407 MONTH-LONG STAY. 27 00:00:57,407 --> 00:00:59,409 ON MAY 4th, SPACEX LAUNCHED 28 00:00:59,409 --> 00:01:02,545 THEIR 17th COMMERCIAL RESUPPLY 29 00:01:02,545 --> 00:01:03,913 MISSION TO THE SPACE STATION. 30 00:01:03,913 --> 00:01:05,849 THIS DRAGON CAPSULE WHICH FLEW 31 00:01:05,849 --> 00:01:07,684 TO THE STATION ONCE BEFORE ON 32 00:01:07,684 --> 00:01:09,719 SPACEX'S 12th RESUPPLY MISSION 33 00:01:09,719 --> 00:01:11,121 ARRIVED TO THE ORBITING 34 00:01:11,121 --> 00:01:12,255 LABORATORY MAY 6TH, BRINGING 35 00:01:12,255 --> 00:01:14,758 WITH IT ABOUT 5,500 POUNDS OF 36 00:01:14,758 --> 00:01:15,658 SUPPLY. 37 00:01:15,658 --> 00:01:18,094 CANADIAN SPACE AGENCY ASTRONAUT 38 00:01:18,094 --> 00:01:19,896 DAVID SAINT-JACQUES COMMANDED 39 00:01:19,896 --> 00:01:22,532 THE CANADARM2 TO GRAPPLE THE 40 00:01:22,532 --> 00:01:23,533 SPACECRAFT AND GROUND 41 00:01:23,533 --> 00:01:25,235 CONTROLLERS BURST THE VEHICLE TO 42 00:01:25,235 --> 00:01:28,171 THE HARMONY MODULE WILL IT WILL 43 00:01:28,171 --> 00:01:29,572 REMAIN FOR ABOUT A MONTH. 44 00:01:29,572 --> 00:01:31,107 ASTRONAUTS WILL SPEND THE NEXT 45 00:01:31,107 --> 00:01:35,311 TWO WEEKS PACKING AND RELOADING 46 00:01:35,311 --> 00:01:36,946 DRAGON FOR A SPLASHDOWN. 47 00:01:36,946 --> 00:01:37,847 WE KNOW IT'S IMPORTANT TO TAKE 48 00:01:37,847 --> 00:01:39,149 OUR VITAMINS AND FUTURE 49 00:01:39,149 --> 00:01:40,250 ASTRONAUTS MIGHT BE GETTING THEM 50 00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:41,885 FROM AN UNEXPECTED SOURCE. 51 00:01:41,885 --> 00:01:43,486 THE MICROALGAE STUDY IS LOOKING 52 00:01:43,486 --> 00:01:46,222 AT A TINY FRESHWATER GREEN ALGAE 53 00:01:46,222 --> 00:01:48,424 CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A POWERFUL 54 00:01:48,424 --> 00:01:50,326 ANTIOXIDANT WHEN STRESSED. 55 00:01:50,326 --> 00:01:51,528 RESEARCHERS BELIEVE EXPOSING IT 56 00:01:51,528 --> 00:01:55,765 TO MICROGRAVITY COULD STRESS 57 00:01:55,765 --> 00:01:57,700 INTO THE ALGAE INTO THE 58 00:01:57,700 --> 00:02:05,842 ANTIOXIDANT TO SUPPORT THE IMMUN 59 00:02:05,842 --> 00:02:09,245 SYSTEM, A CRITICAL DIETARY BOOST 60 00:02:09,245 --> 00:02:11,614 AS WE SPEND HUMANS ON LONGER AND 61 00:02:11,614 --> 00:02:13,116 LONGER SPACE MISSIONS AND RETURN 62 00:02:13,116 --> 00:02:15,919 ASTRONAUTS TO THE MOON BY 2024. 63 00:02:15,919 --> 00:02:16,653 THIS WEEK'S QUESTION COMES FROM 64 00:02:16,653 --> 00:02:19,088 RENE WHO ASKS IF DRAGON IS THE 65 00:02:19,088 --> 00:02:21,090 SIXTH VEHICLE TO DOCK AT THE 66 00:02:21,090 --> 00:02:22,091 SPACE STATION AND IF THERE'S 67 00:02:22,091 --> 00:02:24,194 ROOM FOR ANY MORE. 68 00:02:24,194 --> 00:02:26,930 AS A MATTER OF FACT, THERE IS. 69 00:02:26,930 --> 00:02:28,531 ON MONDAY DRAGON BECAME THE 70 00:02:28,531 --> 00:02:32,769 SIXTH VEHICLE CURRENTLY DOCKED 71 00:02:32,769 --> 00:02:35,405 TO THE STATION JOINING SOYUZ AND 72 00:02:35,405 --> 00:02:36,306 PROGRESS. 73 00:02:36,306 --> 00:02:38,408 ONE MORE PARKING SPOT WILL BE 74 00:02:38,408 --> 00:02:40,410 AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL CREW 75 00:02:40,410 --> 00:02:44,147 VEHICLES, STARLINER AND 76 00:02:44,147 --> 00:02:46,482 FORWARD-FACING COURT WHERE THE 77 00:02:46,482 --> 00:02:48,184 SPACE SHUTTLE DOCKED BEFORE. 78 00:02:48,184 --> 00:02:49,485 KEEP SENDING IN THE QUESTIONS 79 00:02:49,485 --> 00:02:50,386 ASK NASA. 80 00:02:50,386 --> 00:02:51,421 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT WEEK. 81 00:02:51,421 --> 00:02:57,727 [ ♪♪ ] 82 00:02:57,727 --> 00:02:59,963 >> THE PREVIOUS DRAGON CARGO 83 00:02:59,963 --> 00:03:01,664 SHIP ARRIVED AT THE 84 00:03:01,664 --> 00:03:02,765 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION LAST 85 00:03:02,765 --> 00:03:03,800 DECEMBER AND IT DELIVERED A NEW 86 00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:05,702 EXPERIMENT THAT'S NOW IN PLACE 87 00:03:05,702 --> 00:03:07,937 ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE STATION. 88 00:03:07,937 --> 00:03:10,073 ON THE KEEBO LABORATORY'S 89 00:03:10,073 --> 00:03:11,474 EXPOSED FACILITY. 90 00:03:11,474 --> 00:03:13,076 FROM THAT VANTAGE POINT A LASER 91 00:03:13,076 --> 00:03:14,410 LIGHT IS POINTED DOWN TO TREE 92 00:03:14,410 --> 00:03:16,613 CANOPIES ON THE PLANET TO STUDY 93 00:03:16,613 --> 00:03:18,848 EARTH'S ECOSYSTEM FOR SCIENTISTS 94 00:03:18,848 --> 00:03:20,350 WHO WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW 95 00:03:20,350 --> 00:03:23,453 IT'S CHANGING. 96 00:03:23,453 --> 00:03:25,588 [ ♪♪ ] 97 00:03:25,588 --> 00:03:27,690 >> SHINING A LASER LIGHT ON 98 00:03:27,690 --> 00:03:31,728 EARTH'S FORESTS. 99 00:03:31,728 --> 00:03:36,532 PRESENTED BY SCIENCE AT NASA. 100 00:03:36,532 --> 00:03:39,168 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 101 00:03:39,168 --> 00:03:41,204 OR ISS, IS SPORTING A NEW LIGHT 102 00:03:41,204 --> 00:03:42,605 FIXTURE. 103 00:03:42,605 --> 00:03:44,908 THE GLOBAL ECO SYSTEM DYNAMICS 104 00:03:44,908 --> 00:03:49,445 INVESTIGATION, OR GEDI, WILL 105 00:03:49,445 --> 00:03:51,547 BEAM DOWN LASER LIGHT ON EARTH 106 00:03:51,547 --> 00:03:53,182 FROM THE ORBITING LABORATORY TO 107 00:03:53,182 --> 00:03:54,284 REVEAL MORE ABOUT OUR 108 00:03:54,284 --> 00:03:54,984 ENVIRONMENT AND HOW IT IS 109 00:03:54,984 --> 00:03:55,685 CHANGING. 110 00:03:55,685 --> 00:03:59,222 NASA'S GEDI SENDS LASER PULSES 111 00:03:59,222 --> 00:04:01,824 INTO TREE CANOPIES AND PRECISELY 112 00:04:01,824 --> 00:04:03,226 MEASURES THE LIGHT REFLECTED 113 00:04:03,226 --> 00:04:04,027 BACK. 114 00:04:04,027 --> 00:04:04,961 THE TIMING AND INTENSITY OF 115 00:04:04,961 --> 00:04:06,162 LIGHT THAT BOUNCES BACK TO THE 116 00:04:06,162 --> 00:04:08,197 TELESCOPE WILL REVEAL THE HEIGHT 117 00:04:08,197 --> 00:04:10,133 AND DENSITY OF TREES AND 118 00:04:10,133 --> 00:04:11,334 VEGETATION AND THE VERTICAL 119 00:04:11,334 --> 00:04:12,869 ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES AND 120 00:04:12,869 --> 00:04:14,270 BRANCHES WITHIN THE OVERALL 121 00:04:14,270 --> 00:04:15,872 CANOPY. 122 00:04:15,872 --> 00:04:20,610 Dr. RALPH BIEV, PRINCIPAL 123 00:04:20,610 --> 00:04:21,411 INVESTIGATOR AT THE UNIVERSITY 124 00:04:21,411 --> 00:04:22,912 OF MARYLAND SAYS THIS INSTRUMENT 125 00:04:22,912 --> 00:04:25,648 WILL MAP FOREST IN HIGH 126 00:04:25,648 --> 00:04:27,850 RESOLUTION AND THREE THREE 127 00:04:27,850 --> 00:04:31,788 MENTIONS REVOLUTIONIZING THE WAY 128 00:04:31,788 --> 00:04:33,089 RESEARCHERS MONITOR THEM. 129 00:04:33,089 --> 00:04:34,190 NOT ONLY DO FORESTS PROVIDE A 130 00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,326 HABITAT FOR MANY SPECIES AND A 131 00:04:36,326 --> 00:04:37,627 SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR 132 00:04:37,627 --> 00:04:39,629 HUMAN USE, SUCH AS PAPER AND 133 00:04:39,629 --> 00:04:41,464 LUMBER, THEY ALSO PLAY A KEY 134 00:04:41,464 --> 00:04:43,066 ROLE IN THE EARTH'S CARBON 135 00:04:43,066 --> 00:04:44,367 CYCLE. 136 00:04:44,367 --> 00:04:46,302 DEFORESTATION AND FOREST 137 00:04:46,302 --> 00:04:48,504 DEGRADATION IN ADDITION TO OTHER 138 00:04:48,504 --> 00:04:49,706 TYPES OF FOREST DISTURBANCES 139 00:04:49,706 --> 00:04:51,240 SUCH AS FIRES AND INSECT 140 00:04:51,240 --> 00:04:53,643 OUTBREAKS LEAD TO INCREASES IN 141 00:04:53,643 --> 00:04:56,679 ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE. 142 00:04:56,679 --> 00:04:58,381 FOREST REGROWTH SUCKS THAT 143 00:04:58,381 --> 00:05:02,018 CARBON BACK DOWN INTO TREES AND 144 00:05:02,018 --> 00:05:03,319 SOILS. 145 00:05:03,319 --> 00:05:05,621 KNOWING HOW FORESTS GROW AND 146 00:05:05,621 --> 00:05:07,123 CHANGE OVER TIME CAN ALLOW US TO 147 00:05:07,123 --> 00:05:07,957 BETTER UNDERSTAND THE 148 00:05:07,957 --> 00:05:09,359 CONTRIBUTION THAT FORESTS MAKE 149 00:05:09,359 --> 00:05:11,094 TO EARTH'S CARBON CYCLE AND HELP 150 00:05:11,094 --> 00:05:12,295 PEOPLE BETTER MANAGE THIS 151 00:05:12,295 --> 00:05:14,330 IMPORTANT RESOURCE. 152 00:05:14,330 --> 00:05:17,867 GEDI IS THE FIRST SPACEBORNE 153 00:05:17,867 --> 00:05:19,168 INSTRUMENT DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY 154 00:05:19,168 --> 00:05:21,270 TO PERFORM SUSTAINED MAPPING OF 155 00:05:21,270 --> 00:05:22,772 THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE 156 00:05:22,772 --> 00:05:24,774 CARBON CONTENT OF FORESTS. 157 00:05:24,774 --> 00:05:27,310 THE BIO NODES, ONE OF THE MOST 158 00:05:27,310 --> 00:05:30,747 POORLY QUANTIFIED COMPONENTS OF 159 00:05:30,747 --> 00:05:32,148 THE CARBON CYCLE IS THE NET 160 00:05:32,148 --> 00:05:32,849 BALANCE BETWEEN FOREST 161 00:05:32,849 --> 00:05:35,251 DISTURBANCE AND REGROWTH. 162 00:05:35,251 --> 00:05:37,587 GEDI WILL HELP SCIENTISTS FILL 163 00:05:37,587 --> 00:05:38,588 IN THIS MISSING PIECE BY 164 00:05:38,588 --> 00:05:39,689 REVEALING THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE 165 00:05:39,689 --> 00:05:41,391 OF THE FOREST. 166 00:05:41,391 --> 00:05:42,325 INFORMATION WE REALLY CAN'T GET 167 00:05:42,325 --> 00:05:44,127 WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY ANY 168 00:05:44,127 --> 00:05:45,828 OTHER WAY. 169 00:05:45,828 --> 00:05:47,663 GEDI WILL PROVIDE SCIENTISTS 170 00:05:47,663 --> 00:05:49,966 WITH INSIGHTS INTO THE AMOUNT OF 171 00:05:49,966 --> 00:05:51,901 CARBON STORED IN FORESTS. 172 00:05:51,901 --> 00:05:53,903 WHEN COMBINED WITH CURRENT AND 173 00:05:53,903 --> 00:05:56,406 HISTORICAL RECORDS OF CHANGES 174 00:05:56,406 --> 00:05:57,740 CAPTURED BY EARTH ORBITING 175 00:05:57,740 --> 00:06:00,843 SATELLITES, THIS INFORMATION 176 00:06:00,843 --> 00:06:02,178 WILL ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF 177 00:06:02,178 --> 00:06:04,480 RESEARCHERS TO IDENTIFY CHANGES 178 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:06,182 HAPPENING ACROSS OUR PLANET. 179 00:06:06,182 --> 00:06:07,917 RESEARCHERS ALSO WILL 180 00:06:07,917 --> 00:06:12,055 INCORPORATE GEDI'S OBSERVATIONS 181 00:06:12,055 --> 00:06:14,791 ALONG WITH THOSE OF THE ECO 182 00:06:14,791 --> 00:06:16,793 INFORMATION WITH THAT OF DATA 183 00:06:16,793 --> 00:06:19,429 AND OTHER SENSORS, ADDRESSING 184 00:06:19,429 --> 00:06:20,730 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ABOUT 185 00:06:20,730 --> 00:06:21,631 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOREST 186 00:06:21,631 --> 00:06:23,366 STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, COMPOSITION 187 00:06:23,366 --> 00:06:25,568 AND CHANGES IN CARBON CONTENT. 188 00:06:25,568 --> 00:06:27,570 COMBINING ALL OF THESE DATA WILL 189 00:06:27,570 --> 00:06:29,205 ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO GAIN AN 190 00:06:29,205 --> 00:06:30,706 UNPRECEDENTED UNDERSTANDING OF 191 00:06:30,706 --> 00:06:33,309 ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AND THE ROLE 192 00:06:33,309 --> 00:06:35,244 PLANTS AND TREES PLAY IN EARTH'S 193 00:06:35,244 --> 00:06:36,846 GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE. 194 00:06:36,846 --> 00:06:39,282 THESE NEW INSIGHTS COULD BE USED 195 00:06:39,282 --> 00:06:41,284 IN TURN TO IMPROVE MODELS FOR 196 00:06:41,284 --> 00:06:43,686 FORECASTING FUTURE ECOSYSTEM 197 00:06:43,686 --> 00:06:45,188 CHANGES, ATMOSPHERIC CARBON 198 00:06:45,188 --> 00:06:47,223 DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS, AND 199 00:06:47,223 --> 00:06:49,125 CLIMATE. 200 00:06:49,125 --> 00:06:50,426 GEDI WAS LAUNCHED TO THE STATION 201 00:06:50,426 --> 00:06:56,165 ABOARD SPACEX CRS-16 ON DECEMBER 202 00:06:56,165 --> 00:06:57,600 5th, 2016. 203 00:06:57,600 --> 00:06:59,102 FOR MORE ABOUT HOW NASA USES THE 204 00:06:59,102 --> 00:07:01,003 POWER OF LIGHT TO UNDERSTAND OUR 205 00:07:01,003 --> 00:07:03,139 WORLD AND BEYOND, VISIT 206 00:07:03,139 --> 00:07:06,642 SCIENCE.NASA.GOV. 207 00:07:06,642 --> 00:07:08,177 >> THERE'S ALSO SCIENCE UNDERWAY 208 00:07:08,177 --> 00:07:09,178 NOW ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 209 00:07:09,178 --> 00:07:11,547 STATION THAT COULD PROVIDE 210 00:07:11,547 --> 00:07:13,950 INSIGHT TO TREAT AND PREVENT 211 00:07:13,950 --> 00:07:15,351 PARKINSON'S DISEASE, WHICH 212 00:07:15,351 --> 00:07:16,686 AFFECTS MORE THAN 5 MILLION 213 00:07:16,686 --> 00:07:18,187 PEOPLE. 214 00:07:18,187 --> 00:07:19,322 RECENTLY ASTRONAUT ALEXANDER 215 00:07:19,322 --> 00:07:23,559 GERST OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE 216 00:07:23,559 --> 00:07:26,662 AGENCY WORKED ON ON AN 217 00:07:26,662 --> 00:07:27,997 EXPERIMENT WITH A PARTICULAR 218 00:07:27,997 --> 00:07:31,834 PROTEIN CRYSTAL. 219 00:07:31,834 --> 00:07:34,370 THIS NASA ASTRONAUT WALKED US 220 00:07:34,370 --> 00:07:35,371 THROUGH WHAT THAT WAS LIKE. 221 00:07:35,371 --> 00:07:38,174 >> WELCOME TO EXPEDITION 57 ON 222 00:07:38,174 --> 00:07:41,744 BOARD THE NATIONAL SPACE STATION 223 00:07:41,744 --> 00:07:43,946 TODAY WE'RE DOING REALLY COOL 224 00:07:43,946 --> 00:07:44,981 SCIENCE. 225 00:07:44,981 --> 00:07:46,782 THIS IS ALEX AND WE'RE WORKING 226 00:07:46,782 --> 00:07:47,884 ON PARKINSON'S DISEASE. 227 00:07:47,884 --> 00:07:49,619 THIS IS A PROTEIN CRYSTAL 228 00:07:49,619 --> 00:07:50,820 STRUCTURE AND THE REASON 229 00:07:50,820 --> 00:07:53,156 SCIENTISTS HAVE SENT IT UP HERE 230 00:07:53,156 --> 00:07:53,689 AT THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 231 00:07:53,689 --> 00:07:55,158 STATION IS BECAUSE THE PROTEIN 232 00:07:55,158 --> 00:07:57,093 CRYSTALS TEND TO GROW LARGER AND 233 00:07:57,093 --> 00:07:58,494 OF MUCH BETTER QUALITY. 234 00:07:58,494 --> 00:07:59,095 PARKINSON'S IS A DISEASE THAT 235 00:07:59,095 --> 00:08:01,130 AFFECTS OVER 5 MILLION PEOPLE 236 00:08:01,130 --> 00:08:02,131 WORLDWIDE AND SCIENTISTS ARE 237 00:08:02,131 --> 00:08:04,333 CONSTANTLY SEARCHING FOR A CURE. 238 00:08:04,333 --> 00:08:05,067 WHAT WE DISCOVERED WAS HERE IN 239 00:08:05,067 --> 00:08:06,169 THE MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT 240 00:08:06,169 --> 00:08:08,304 THESE CRYSTALS REALLY LIKE TO 241 00:08:08,304 --> 00:08:09,438 GROW SO SCIENTISTS CAN BETTER 242 00:08:09,438 --> 00:08:11,040 ELUCIDATE OR CLARIFY THE 243 00:08:11,040 --> 00:08:12,175 STRUCTURE, THEN THEY'RE BETTER 244 00:08:12,175 --> 00:08:14,477 ABLE TO DEVELOP AN INHIBITOR 245 00:08:14,477 --> 00:08:15,811 DRUG FOR PARKINSON'S AND NOT 246 00:08:15,811 --> 00:08:18,014 ONLY AN INHIBITOR DRUG BUT 247 00:08:18,014 --> 00:08:20,750 INHIBITOR DRUG WITH VERY FEW 248 00:08:20,750 --> 00:08:21,450 SIDE EFFECTS. 249 00:08:21,450 --> 00:08:22,652 WHAT ALEX IS DOING HERE TODAY IS 250 00:08:22,652 --> 00:08:24,887 HE'S OBVIOUSLY WORKING ON THE 251 00:08:24,887 --> 00:08:26,322 WALL IN MICROGRAVITY AND HE'S 252 00:08:26,322 --> 00:08:28,824 GOT A MICROSCOPE ABOVE HIM AND 253 00:08:28,824 --> 00:08:30,359 HE'S GOT A PLATE HE'S FILLED 254 00:08:30,359 --> 00:08:33,362 WITH A SPECIAL PROTEIN CRYSTAL 255 00:08:33,362 --> 00:08:35,097 STRUCTURE JUST A FEW DAYS AGO. 256 00:08:35,097 --> 00:08:38,634 HE GAVE TIME FOR THE STRUCTURES 257 00:08:38,634 --> 00:08:41,270 TO CRYSTALIZE AND HE'S EXAMINING 258 00:08:41,270 --> 00:08:42,772 THEM UNDER THE MICROSCOPE AND 259 00:08:42,772 --> 00:08:46,209 REACTING REALTIME WITH THE 260 00:08:46,209 --> 00:08:47,109 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE 261 00:08:47,109 --> 00:08:48,110 GROUND TO LOOK AT THE STRUCTURE 262 00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:50,246 AND IMPROVE THE LIGHTING AND 263 00:08:50,246 --> 00:08:51,647 CLARITY AND ALSO TAKE PICTURES 264 00:08:51,647 --> 00:08:53,282 SENT BACK DOWN TO THE GROUND. 265 00:08:53,282 --> 00:08:54,984 HERE ON BOARD EXPEDITION 57 266 00:08:54,984 --> 00:08:57,920 WE'RE VERY PROUD TO BE TAKING 267 00:08:57,920 --> 00:08:59,622 PART IN THE EXPERIMENT. 268 00:08:59,622 --> 00:09:00,756 IN THE PAST FEW YEARS SCIENTISTS 269 00:09:00,756 --> 00:09:02,358 HAVE REALIZED THE MICROGRAVITY 270 00:09:02,358 --> 00:09:04,093 ENVIRONMENT IS SUCH A UNIQUE 271 00:09:04,093 --> 00:09:04,894 ENVIRONMENT TO GROW THINGS LIKE 272 00:09:04,894 --> 00:09:06,696 CELLS OR PROTEIN CRYSTALS AND IT 273 00:09:06,696 --> 00:09:07,930 PROVIDES A NEW WAY TO HELP US 274 00:09:07,930 --> 00:09:09,365 LOOK AT DISEASES IN A BETTER WAY 275 00:09:09,365 --> 00:09:10,600 TO HELP US DEVELOP NEW 276 00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:12,101 MEDICATIONS FOR THESE DISEASES 277 00:09:12,101 --> 00:09:13,536 AND SO WE'RE HAPPY TO BE TAKING 278 00:09:13,536 --> 00:09:15,438 PART IN THE SCIENCE UP HERE. 279 00:09:15,438 --> 00:09:28,751 [ ♪♪ ] 280 00:09:28,751 --> 00:09:30,453 >> A TOOL THAT HELPED GUIDE 281 00:09:30,453 --> 00:09:32,288 SAILORS ACROSS THE OCEANS FOR 282 00:09:32,288 --> 00:09:33,589 CENTURIES IS BEING TESTED ON 283 00:09:33,589 --> 00:09:34,323 BOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 284 00:09:34,323 --> 00:09:36,125 STATION. 285 00:09:36,125 --> 00:09:38,060 IN THIS EXPERIMENT, RESEARCHERS 286 00:09:38,060 --> 00:09:39,262 ARE LOOKING INTO THE USE OF A 287 00:09:39,262 --> 00:09:42,064 HAND-HELD SEXTANT AS A POTENTIAL 288 00:09:42,064 --> 00:09:44,500 NAVIGATION TOOL TO GUIDE 289 00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:57,613 SPACECRAFT ACROSS THE COSMOS. 290 00:09:57,613 --> 00:10:26,542 [ ♪♪ ] 291 00:10:26,542 --> 00:10:28,577 >> IN EARTH ORBIT, THEY CAN USE 292 00:10:28,577 --> 00:10:30,079 THEIR SEXTANT. 293 00:10:30,079 --> 00:10:32,715 AN ASTRONAUT LINES UP A STAR AND 294 00:10:32,715 --> 00:10:34,116 PROMINENT LANDMARK AND FEEDING 295 00:10:34,116 --> 00:10:35,318 HIS READINGS INTO COMPUTER GETS 296 00:10:35,318 --> 00:10:36,252 HIS POSITION BACK FROM THE 297 00:10:36,252 --> 00:10:48,331 MACHINE. 298 00:10:48,331 --> 00:10:50,566 >> THE TELESCOPE, OUR NAVIGATION 299 00:10:50,566 --> 00:11:14,690 MEANS TO GET HOME. 300 00:11:14,690 --> 00:11:19,595 [ ♪♪ ] 301 00:11:19,595 --> 00:11:21,931 >> AS WE TRAVEL FARTHER OUT INTO 302 00:11:21,931 --> 00:11:23,733 SPACE, CLEVER SOLUTIONS TO 303 00:11:23,733 --> 00:11:26,168 PROBLEMS LIKE ENGINE PART 304 00:11:26,168 --> 00:11:27,370 MALFUNCTIONS WILL BE A VITAL 305 00:11:27,370 --> 00:11:29,572 PART OF NASA'S PREPARATIONS. 306 00:11:29,572 --> 00:11:31,407 3-D PRINTING IS AN EMERGING 307 00:11:31,407 --> 00:11:33,209 TECHNOLOGY THAT MAY BE USED TO 308 00:11:33,209 --> 00:11:35,211 CREATE CUSTOM MISSION CRITICAL 309 00:11:35,211 --> 00:11:37,146 PARTS, BUT FIRST WE'VE GOT TO 310 00:11:37,146 --> 00:11:40,850 UNDERSTAND HOW PARTICLE SHAPE, 311 00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:43,285 SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION AFFECT THE 312 00:11:43,285 --> 00:11:45,388 MANUFACTURING PROCESS. 313 00:11:45,388 --> 00:11:46,188 ONE PARTICULAR STUDY IS HELPING 314 00:11:46,188 --> 00:11:51,127 EXPLORE THESE FACTORS. 315 00:11:51,127 --> 00:11:52,228 >> ONE OF THE THINGS THEY HAVE 316 00:11:52,228 --> 00:11:54,163 TO DO FOR SPACE EXPLORATION IS 317 00:11:54,163 --> 00:11:55,164 MANUFACTURING. 318 00:11:55,164 --> 00:11:56,565 WE HAVE AN ENGINE PART THAT 319 00:11:56,565 --> 00:11:57,700 FAILS AND YOU'RE CERTAINLY NOT 320 00:11:57,700 --> 00:11:59,201 GOING TO TAKE UP SPACE ENGINE 321 00:11:59,201 --> 00:12:01,003 PARTS. 322 00:12:01,003 --> 00:12:01,837 YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE TO 323 00:12:01,837 --> 00:12:03,339 MANUFACTURE THEM THERE. 324 00:12:03,339 --> 00:12:04,140 A LOT OF WHAT WE WANT TO DO WITH 325 00:12:04,140 --> 00:12:05,341 THAT MEANS LOOKING AT 326 00:12:05,341 --> 00:12:07,243 MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES BECAUSE 327 00:12:07,243 --> 00:12:08,878 THEY'RE BUILDING BLOCKS AND NOW 328 00:12:08,878 --> 00:12:11,013 I THINK A BIG PART OF THE FUTURE 329 00:12:11,013 --> 00:12:13,249 IN THIS FIELD AND FOR LOTS OF 330 00:12:13,249 --> 00:12:15,351 DIFFERENT REASONS IS ACTIVE 331 00:12:15,351 --> 00:12:16,051 MATERIALS. 332 00:12:16,051 --> 00:12:17,653 SO NOW WE HAVE WAYS THAT INSTEAD 333 00:12:17,653 --> 00:12:22,792 OF JUST PARTICLES BEING JUST 334 00:12:22,792 --> 00:12:25,094 PARTICLES, WE CAN ACTIVATE THEM, 335 00:12:25,094 --> 00:12:26,529 WE CAN FUNCTIONALIZE THEM, WE 336 00:12:26,529 --> 00:12:28,531 CAN GET THEM TO SOCIAL WITH ONE 337 00:12:28,531 --> 00:12:29,732 ANOTHER SPECIFICALLY. 338 00:12:29,732 --> 00:12:31,167 ONE OF THE THINGS WE'RE AIMING 339 00:12:31,167 --> 00:12:34,670 FOR IS ACTIVE SELF-REPLICATION, 340 00:12:34,670 --> 00:12:37,506 EVOLUTION, AND MICROGRAVITY. 341 00:12:37,506 --> 00:12:39,208 PUT LOTS OF THINGS TOGETHER AND 342 00:12:39,208 --> 00:12:43,245 TO OPTIMIZE PROPERTIES USING 343 00:12:43,245 --> 00:12:45,247 EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES FROM NOT 344 00:12:45,247 --> 00:12:47,550 LIVING THINGS BUT MIMICKING WHAT 345 00:12:47,550 --> 00:12:48,784 LIVING THINGS HAVE DONE SO 346 00:12:48,784 --> 00:12:51,387 SUCCESSFULLY. 347 00:12:51,387 --> 00:12:52,788 WE'LL LEARN HOW TO DO THAT ON 348 00:12:52,788 --> 00:12:53,923 EARTH EVENTUALLY BUT BEFORE WE 349 00:12:53,923 --> 00:12:56,725 DO THAT, IT'S MUCH BETTER 350 00:12:56,725 --> 00:12:57,526 BECAUSE THEY HAVE DIFFERENT 351 00:12:57,526 --> 00:13:00,162 DENSITIES TO DO IT IN 352 00:13:00,162 --> 00:13:00,963 MICROGRAVITY. 353 00:13:00,963 --> 00:13:12,875 [ ♪♪ ] 354 00:13:12,875 --> 00:13:17,112 SO IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO DO 355 00:13:17,112 --> 00:13:18,614 SOMETHING AT THE FOREFRONT OF 356 00:13:18,614 --> 00:13:20,416 SCIENCE THAT WILL THEN BECOME A 357 00:13:20,416 --> 00:13:24,353 FOREFRONT IN ENGINEERING. 358 00:13:24,353 --> 00:13:24,954 [ ♪♪ ] 359 00:13:24,954 --> 00:13:26,155 >> THE ASTRONAUTS ON THE 360 00:13:26,155 --> 00:13:27,590 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 361 00:13:27,590 --> 00:13:29,191 SPEND A GOOD CHUNK OF THEIR TIME 362 00:13:29,191 --> 00:13:31,293 AS LAB ASSISTANTS ON EXPERIMENTS 363 00:13:31,293 --> 00:13:33,095 IN A WHOLE RANGE OF SCIENTIFIC 364 00:13:33,095 --> 00:13:35,331 DISCIPLINES AS THE EXPEDITION 59 365 00:13:35,331 --> 00:13:36,632 CREW MEMBERS HAVE BEEN DOING 366 00:13:36,632 --> 00:13:38,133 THIS WEEK. 367 00:13:38,133 --> 00:13:39,969 BUT ASTRONAUTS ALSO DEVOTE TIME 368 00:13:39,969 --> 00:13:42,571 TO SHARING THE EXPERIENCE OF 369 00:13:42,571 --> 00:13:43,706 SPACE FLIGHT WITH PEOPLE ON THE 370 00:13:43,706 --> 00:13:45,107 GROUND, PARTICULARLY WHEN THEY 371 00:13:45,107 --> 00:13:46,709 TALK WITH STUDENTS AND THEIR 372 00:13:46,709 --> 00:13:48,210 TEACHERS ABOUT SCIENCE, 373 00:13:48,210 --> 00:13:49,612 TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND 374 00:13:49,612 --> 00:13:50,346 MATH. 375 00:13:50,346 --> 00:13:52,748 IN THIS INSTALLMENT OF THE 376 00:13:52,748 --> 00:13:54,350 STEMONSTRATION VIDEO SERIES, 377 00:13:54,350 --> 00:13:56,285 ASTRONAUT AND FORMER CLASSROOM 378 00:13:56,285 --> 00:14:00,422 TEACHER JOE ACABA GETS INTO THE 379 00:14:00,422 --> 00:14:02,324 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KINETIC 380 00:14:02,324 --> 00:14:03,926 ENERGY AND POTENTIAL ENERGY AND 381 00:14:03,926 --> 00:14:05,327 DEMONSTRATES HOW ONE CAN BECOME 382 00:14:05,327 --> 00:14:11,300 THE OTHER. 383 00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:21,477 [ ♪♪ ] 384 00:14:21,477 --> 00:14:22,111 >> WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL 385 00:14:22,111 --> 00:14:23,078 SPACE STATION. 386 00:14:23,078 --> 00:14:26,415 I'M ASTRONAUT JOE ACABA. 387 00:14:26,415 --> 00:14:27,416 TODAY WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT 388 00:14:27,416 --> 00:14:29,518 POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY. 389 00:14:29,518 --> 00:14:32,655 LET'S GET STARTED. 390 00:14:32,655 --> 00:14:34,757 KINETIC ENERGY IS THE ENERGY AN 391 00:14:34,757 --> 00:14:35,791 OBJECT HAS BECAUSE OF ITS 392 00:14:35,791 --> 00:14:36,592 MOTION. 393 00:14:36,592 --> 00:14:37,893 AN OBJECT CAN STORE ENERGY BASED 394 00:14:37,893 --> 00:14:39,194 ON ITS POSITION. 395 00:14:39,194 --> 00:14:42,431 THIS IS CALLED POTENTIAL ENERGY. 396 00:14:42,431 --> 00:14:45,034 ON EARTH, IMAGINE DROPPING AN 397 00:14:45,034 --> 00:14:46,769 OBJECT FROM A RAISED POSITION. 398 00:14:46,769 --> 00:14:49,171 AS AN OBJECT'S ALTITUDE ABOVE 399 00:14:49,171 --> 00:14:50,673 THE EARTH'S SURFACE INCREASES, 400 00:14:50,673 --> 00:14:52,708 THE GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL 401 00:14:52,708 --> 00:14:54,610 ENERGY ALSO INCREASES. 402 00:14:54,610 --> 00:14:55,711 POTENTIAL ENERGY STORED DUE TO 403 00:14:55,711 --> 00:14:57,246 ITS POSITION IS NOW BEING 404 00:14:57,246 --> 00:14:59,949 CONVERTED TO KINETIC ENERGY. 405 00:14:59,949 --> 00:15:02,484 WE ALSO OBSERVED THIS WITH 406 00:15:02,484 --> 00:15:04,186 ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY. 407 00:15:04,186 --> 00:15:05,487 >> OKAY, NEW TERM. 408 00:15:05,487 --> 00:15:07,423 ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OCCURS 409 00:15:07,423 --> 00:15:11,560 WHEN OBJECTS ARE COMPRESSED OR 410 00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:12,861 STRETCHED OR GENERALLY DEFORMED 411 00:15:12,861 --> 00:15:14,196 IN ANY MANNER, CREATING 412 00:15:14,196 --> 00:15:15,497 POTENTIAL ENERGY. 413 00:15:15,497 --> 00:15:18,334 THINK OF THIS BUNGEE OR A 414 00:15:18,334 --> 00:15:18,834 SPRING. 415 00:15:18,834 --> 00:15:20,035 OKAY, JOE, WHAT'S NEXT? 416 00:15:20,035 --> 00:15:21,870 >> WE PULL BACK ON THE BAND AND 417 00:15:21,870 --> 00:15:26,075 CREATE POTENTIAL ENERGY. 418 00:15:26,075 --> 00:15:27,876 THE POTENTIAL ENERGY IS 419 00:15:27,876 --> 00:15:30,312 CONVERTED TO KINETIC ENERGY. 420 00:15:30,312 --> 00:15:31,814 HERE ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 421 00:15:31,814 --> 00:15:34,216 STATION, WE ARE STILL UNDER THE 422 00:15:34,216 --> 00:15:36,352 INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY, PRIMARILY 423 00:15:36,352 --> 00:15:37,653 DUE TO OUR POSITION WITH THE 424 00:15:37,653 --> 00:15:38,654 EARTH. 425 00:15:38,654 --> 00:15:40,589 SO WHEN I HAVE THIS BALL ON THIS 426 00:15:40,589 --> 00:15:42,691 RAMP, NORMALLY BACK ON EARTH, I 427 00:15:42,691 --> 00:15:45,094 RELEASE THE BALL AND IT ROLLS 428 00:15:45,094 --> 00:15:47,496 DOWN THE RAMP DUE TO A CHANGE IN 429 00:15:47,496 --> 00:15:49,231 ITS POTENTIAL ENERGY THAT'S 430 00:15:49,231 --> 00:15:50,733 BEING TRANSFERRED TO KINETIC 431 00:15:50,733 --> 00:15:51,333 ENERGY. 432 00:15:51,333 --> 00:15:52,935 BUT AS YOU CAN SEE, IT DOESN'T 433 00:15:52,935 --> 00:15:54,470 HAPPEN HERE. 434 00:15:54,470 --> 00:15:55,671 SO IT DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE DON'T 435 00:15:55,671 --> 00:15:57,473 HAVE POTENTIAL ENERGY, IT JUST 436 00:15:57,473 --> 00:15:59,108 MEANS WE'RE NOT CONVERTING IT AT 437 00:15:59,108 --> 00:16:01,510 THIS TIME TO KINETIC ENERGY. 438 00:16:01,510 --> 00:16:04,113 AND WHY IS THAT? 439 00:16:04,113 --> 00:16:06,148 GRAVITY IS PULLING US DOWN. 440 00:16:06,148 --> 00:16:08,350 BUT WE'RE MOVING SUPER FAST AND 441 00:16:08,350 --> 00:16:10,619 SO WHAT IT IS IS WE'RE BENDING 442 00:16:10,619 --> 00:16:11,720 AROUND THE EARTH IN THIS 443 00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:15,057 PERPETUAL FALLING MOTION. 444 00:16:15,057 --> 00:16:17,159 THANKS FOR JOINING ME ON BOARD 445 00:16:17,159 --> 00:16:18,761 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 446 00:16:18,761 --> 00:16:19,662 WE'RE SENDING IT BACK TO EARTH 447 00:16:19,662 --> 00:16:20,896 SO YOU CAN TRY YOUR OWN 448 00:16:20,896 --> 00:16:21,597 EXPERIMENT. 449 00:16:21,597 --> 00:16:23,098 SEE YOU NEXT TIME. 450 00:16:23,098 --> 00:16:35,678 [ ♪♪ ] 451 00:16:35,678 --> 00:16:44,553 [ ♪♪ ] 452 00:16:44,553 --> 00:16:47,656 >> THIS STEMONSTRATION VIDEOS 453 00:16:47,656 --> 00:16:49,491 ARE ONE WAY THAT THE ASTRONAUTS 454 00:16:49,491 --> 00:16:50,025 ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 455 00:16:50,025 --> 00:16:51,794 STATION TRY TO SHARE THEIR 456 00:16:51,794 --> 00:16:53,295 MISSION WITH STUDENTS ON EARTH. 457 00:16:53,295 --> 00:16:54,697 LAST SUMMER DURING A SPECIAL 458 00:16:54,697 --> 00:16:56,131 LIVE EVENT WITH STUDENTS AT THE 459 00:16:56,131 --> 00:16:57,633 CHALLENGER CENTERS, ASTRONAUT 460 00:16:57,633 --> 00:16:58,834 AND FORMER CLASSROOM TEACHER 461 00:16:58,834 --> 00:17:00,969 RICKY ARNOLD SHARED A VIDEO IN 462 00:17:00,969 --> 00:17:02,871 WHICH HE PERFORMED ONE OF THE 463 00:17:02,871 --> 00:17:05,607 LOST LESSONS THAT KRISTA 464 00:17:05,607 --> 00:17:07,893 McAULEF HAD PLANNED FOR HER 465 00:17:07,893 --> 00:17:10,446 SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER WHICH 466 00:17:10,446 --> 00:17:10,479 McAULEF HAD PLANNED FOR HER 467 00:17:10,479 --> 00:17:11,780 LAUNCHED 33 YEARS AGO. 468 00:17:11,780 --> 00:17:13,332 LET'S HAVE A LOOK. 469 00:17:14,867 --> 00:17:18,637 [ ♪♪ ] 470 00:17:18,637 --> 00:17:19,638 >> HI THERE. 471 00:17:19,638 --> 00:17:21,073 MY NAME IS RICKY ARNOLD AND I'M 472 00:17:21,073 --> 00:17:22,007 LIVING AND WORKING ON THE 473 00:17:22,007 --> 00:17:22,708 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION AS 474 00:17:22,708 --> 00:17:24,943 PART OF EXPEDITION 55. 475 00:17:24,943 --> 00:17:26,145 TODAY WE'RE EXPERIMENTING WITH 476 00:17:26,145 --> 00:17:27,646 CHROMATOGRAPHY. 477 00:17:27,646 --> 00:17:28,981 CHROMATOGRAPHY IS A TECHNIQUE 478 00:17:28,981 --> 00:17:30,582 FOR THE SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE 479 00:17:30,582 --> 00:17:32,918 INTO ITS INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS. 480 00:17:32,918 --> 00:17:34,353 LET'S GO AHEAD AND GET STARTED. 481 00:17:34,353 --> 00:17:36,155 WE HAVE A MIXTURE, THIS BLACK 482 00:17:36,155 --> 00:17:37,556 SPOT, ON A PIECE OF 483 00:17:37,556 --> 00:17:39,191 CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER. 484 00:17:39,191 --> 00:17:40,192 WE WANT TO SEE WHAT DIFFERENT 485 00:17:40,192 --> 00:17:41,927 COMPONENTS OF LIGHT MAKE UP 486 00:17:41,927 --> 00:17:42,928 BLACK. 487 00:17:42,928 --> 00:17:45,764 SO WE PUT WATER ON THE END OF 488 00:17:45,764 --> 00:17:47,766 THE CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER TO SEE 489 00:17:47,766 --> 00:17:49,468 HOW THE INK SEPARATES. 490 00:17:49,468 --> 00:17:51,103 WATER IS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT AND 491 00:17:51,103 --> 00:17:52,805 SHOULD HELP SEPARATE THE SPOT 492 00:17:52,805 --> 00:17:54,807 INTO COLORS. 493 00:17:54,807 --> 00:17:55,407 WHAT DO YOU THINK IS GOING TO 494 00:17:55,407 --> 00:17:55,941 HAPPEN? 495 00:17:55,941 --> 00:17:56,742 TALK ABOUT IT WITH YOUR 496 00:17:56,742 --> 00:18:06,452 CLASSMATES. 497 00:18:06,452 --> 00:18:06,952 ALL RIGHT. 498 00:18:06,952 --> 00:18:07,519 LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENED. 499 00:18:07,519 --> 00:18:08,120 WE'RE GOING TO ADD SOME WATER. 500 00:18:08,120 --> 00:18:08,620 HERE'S THE FIRST ONE. 501 00:18:08,620 --> 00:18:09,121 WATER IS GOING AHEAD AND 502 00:18:09,121 --> 00:18:09,721 CREEPING UP THE CHROMATOGRAPHY 503 00:18:09,721 --> 00:18:13,258 PAPER. 504 00:18:13,258 --> 00:18:13,892 YOU CAN ALREADY START TO SEE NOT 505 00:18:13,892 --> 00:18:17,696 MUCH SEPARATION HERE. 506 00:18:17,696 --> 00:18:18,297 VERY LITTLE ON THIS BLACK ONE 507 00:18:18,297 --> 00:18:18,864 BUT YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE THE 508 00:18:18,864 --> 00:18:19,398 REDS, GREENS, AND YELLOWS 509 00:18:19,398 --> 00:18:19,998 STARTING TO SEPARATE AND MAKE 510 00:18:19,998 --> 00:18:20,632 THEIR WAY UP THE CHROMATOGRAPHY 511 00:18:20,632 --> 00:18:26,538 PAPER. 512 00:18:26,538 --> 00:18:27,106 THE SUBSTANCES NOW IN LIQUID 513 00:18:27,106 --> 00:18:27,673 FORM TRAVEL OVER SOLID, THE 514 00:18:27,673 --> 00:18:28,207 PAPER AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS, 515 00:18:28,207 --> 00:18:28,807 CAUSING THEM TO SEPARATE INTO 516 00:18:28,807 --> 00:18:34,480 THE COMPONENT PARTS. 517 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:35,114 NOW THAT WE KNOW WHAT BLACK INK 518 00:18:35,114 --> 00:18:35,681 SEPARATES INTO, LET'S THINK 519 00:18:35,681 --> 00:18:36,315 ABOUT HOW THE WATER WAS ABLE TO 520 00:18:36,315 --> 00:18:40,719 MOVE THROUGH THE PAPER. 521 00:18:40,719 --> 00:18:41,320 I PUT A DROP OF WATER IN JUST 522 00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:41,954 ONE SPOT, BUT AS YOU CAN SEE, IT 523 00:18:41,954 --> 00:18:42,521 MOVES ALONG THE PAPER ON ITS 524 00:18:42,521 --> 00:18:45,491 OWN. 525 00:18:45,491 --> 00:18:46,558 HOW DOES IT DO THAT? 526 00:18:46,558 --> 00:18:47,092 WELL, IT HAPPENS THROUGH A 527 00:18:47,092 --> 00:18:50,562 PROCESS CALLED CAPILLARY ACTION. 528 00:18:50,562 --> 00:18:51,096 CAPILLARY ACTION IS WHEN A 529 00:18:51,096 --> 00:18:51,697 LIQUID LIKE WATER MOVES UPWARD 530 00:18:51,697 --> 00:18:52,331 DUE TO ITS COHESIVE AND ADHESIVE 531 00:18:52,331 --> 00:18:56,735 PROPERTIES. 532 00:18:56,735 --> 00:18:57,369 IN OTHER WORDS, WATER MOLECULES 533 00:18:57,369 --> 00:18:57,970 WERE ABLE TO ESSENTIALLY STICK 534 00:18:57,970 --> 00:18:58,504 TOGETHER AND STICK TO ONE 535 00:18:58,504 --> 00:18:59,138 ANOTHER, WHICH IS COHESION, AND 536 00:18:59,138 --> 00:18:59,771 THEY CAN ALSO STICK TO A SURFACE 537 00:18:59,771 --> 00:19:00,372 OR CONTAINER, IN THIS CASE THE 538 00:19:00,372 --> 00:19:00,906 PAPER, IN A PROCESS CALLED 539 00:19:00,906 --> 00:19:01,473 ADHESION, AND THAT ADHESION 540 00:19:01,473 --> 00:19:11,984 PUSHES IT UPWARDS. 541 00:19:11,984 --> 00:19:12,618 THIS HAPPENS IN MICROGRAVITY AND 542 00:19:12,618 --> 00:19:15,220 ON EARTH. 543 00:19:15,220 --> 00:19:15,821 YOU CAN TRY ANOTHER EXPERIMENT 544 00:19:15,821 --> 00:19:16,421 WITH CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH YOUR 545 00:19:16,421 --> 00:19:19,625 PARENTS OR YOUR TEACHER. 546 00:19:19,625 --> 00:19:20,259 GRIND UP SOME GREEN LEAVES INTO 547 00:19:20,259 --> 00:19:20,859 A REAL FINE PULP AND USE SOME 548 00:19:20,859 --> 00:19:21,426 ACETONE NAIL POLISH REMOVER 549 00:19:21,426 --> 00:19:25,330 INSTEAD OF THE WATER. 550 00:19:25,330 --> 00:19:27,065 LEAVES ARE GREEN BECAUSE THEY 551 00:19:27,065 --> 00:19:29,368 HAVE A CHEMICAL CALLED 552 00:19:29,368 --> 00:19:40,045 CHLOROPHYLL IN THEM. 553 00:19:40,045 --> 00:19:40,679 A CHEMICAL THAT CAN USE SUNLIGHT 554 00:19:40,679 --> 00:19:41,313 TO MAKE SUGAR AND OXYGEN THROUGH 555 00:19:41,313 --> 00:19:41,947 A PROCESS CALLED PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 556 00:19:41,947 --> 00:19:42,514 THERE ARE OTHER CHEMICALS IN 557 00:19:42,514 --> 00:19:43,148 LEAVES THAT DO THE SAME JOB BUT 558 00:19:43,148 --> 00:19:43,715 WE DON'T SEE THEM UNTIL FALL 559 00:19:43,715 --> 00:19:44,283 WHEN THE CHLOROPHYLL BREAKS 560 00:19:44,283 --> 00:19:44,616 APART. 561 00:19:44,616 --> 00:19:45,217 AT WAY TO SEE FALL COLORS ANY 562 00:19:45,217 --> 00:19:45,651 TIME OF YEAR IS USE 563 00:19:45,651 --> 00:19:46,618 CHROMATOGRAPHY. 564 00:19:46,618 --> 00:19:47,119 NOW THAT WE'VE DONE THIS 565 00:19:47,119 --> 00:19:47,686 EXPERIMENT IN MICROGRAVITY, 566 00:19:47,686 --> 00:19:48,320 THINK ABOUT HOW THIS MIGHT LOOK 567 00:19:48,320 --> 00:19:52,491 DIFFERENT ON EARTH. 568 00:19:52,491 --> 00:19:53,091 WILL THE MATERIAL SETUP BE THE 569 00:19:53,091 --> 00:19:55,260 SAME? 570 00:19:55,260 --> 00:19:55,861 WILL WATER BEHAVE IN THE SAME 571 00:19:55,861 --> 00:20:00,332 WAY? 572 00:20:00,332 --> 00:20:03,168 THE SAME SEPARATIONS HAPPEN. 573 00:20:03,168 --> 00:20:03,735 DISCUSS IT WITH A FRIEND AND 574 00:20:03,735 --> 00:20:09,541 GIVE IT A TRY. 575 00:20:09,541 --> 00:20:10,175 THANKS FOR PARTICIPATING IN OUR 576 00:20:10,175 --> 00:20:10,576 EXPERIMENT TODAY. 577 00:20:10,576 --> 00:20:10,976 I'M RICKY ARNOLD. 578 00:20:10,976 --> 00:20:12,544 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME. 579 00:20:12,544 --> 00:20:34,299 [ ♪♪ ] 580 00:20:34,299 --> 00:20:35,400 >> FLIGHT ENGINEER CHRISTINA 581 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,703 KOCH IS NOW EIGHT WEEKS INTO HER 582 00:20:37,703 --> 00:20:39,238 MISSION WHICH IS OCCURRED 583 00:20:39,238 --> 00:20:40,439 PLANNED TO STRETCH UNTIL 584 00:20:40,439 --> 00:20:41,373 FEBRUARY OF NEXT YEAR. 585 00:20:41,373 --> 00:20:42,374 SHE SAYS THE CONCENTRATION AND 586 00:20:42,374 --> 00:20:44,810 CONTROL SHE LEARNED WITH IN ONE 587 00:20:44,810 --> 00:20:46,511 OF HER FAVORITES PASTIMES, 588 00:20:46,511 --> 00:20:48,213 MOUNTAIN CLIMBING, HELPED HER 589 00:20:48,213 --> 00:20:49,348 PREPARE TO BE AN ASTRONAUT AND 590 00:20:49,348 --> 00:20:50,849 TO MAKE THE CLIMB TO SPACE FOR 591 00:20:50,849 --> 00:20:52,884 HER FIRST MISSION TO THE 592 00:20:52,884 --> 00:20:57,122 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 593 00:20:57,122 --> 00:21:05,464 [ ♪♪ ] 594 00:21:05,464 --> 00:21:06,965 >> I FIRST GOT INVOLVED IN ROCK 595 00:21:06,965 --> 00:21:08,800 CLIMBING ACTUALLY IN COLLEGE. 596 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:09,801 MY COLLEGE, NORTH CAROLINA STATE 597 00:21:09,801 --> 00:21:10,936 UNIVERSITY, OFFERED ROCK 598 00:21:10,936 --> 00:21:13,538 CLIMBING AS A PE CLASS, SO IT 599 00:21:13,538 --> 00:21:14,940 SOUNDED REALLY EXCITING. 600 00:21:14,940 --> 00:21:16,375 MAYBE A WAY TO KIND OF GET 601 00:21:16,375 --> 00:21:17,876 OUTSIDE AND HAVE A LITTLE 602 00:21:17,876 --> 00:21:18,377 ADVENTURE. 603 00:21:18,377 --> 00:21:19,611 WHEN I FIRST GOT STARTED, I 604 00:21:19,611 --> 00:21:21,113 LIKED MORE THE PHYSICAL 605 00:21:21,113 --> 00:21:22,147 CHALLENGE, THAT'S WHAT IT WAS 606 00:21:22,147 --> 00:21:22,981 ABOUT. 607 00:21:22,981 --> 00:21:24,483 AS I KIND OF ADVANCED IN THE 608 00:21:24,483 --> 00:21:26,385 HOBBY AND GOT MORE TECHNICAL, I 609 00:21:26,385 --> 00:21:27,819 FOUND THAT I REALLY LIKED OTHER 610 00:21:27,819 --> 00:21:29,221 ASPECTS OF IT LIKE THE 611 00:21:29,221 --> 00:21:31,556 EQUIPMENT, THE GEAR, THE PHYSICS 612 00:21:31,556 --> 00:21:33,058 OF THE SYSTEM YOU HAVE TO USE 613 00:21:33,058 --> 00:21:35,394 AND ALSO THE PARTNERSHIP ASPECT 614 00:21:35,394 --> 00:21:36,595 OF IT. 615 00:21:36,595 --> 00:21:39,831 IT'S REALLY LIKE A TEAM BECAUSE 616 00:21:39,831 --> 00:21:40,732 WHEN YOU GET INTO THE HIGHER 617 00:21:40,732 --> 00:21:41,833 LEVELS OF CLIMBING AND DIFFERENT 618 00:21:41,833 --> 00:21:43,769 TYPES OF MORE TECHNICAL 619 00:21:43,769 --> 00:21:45,771 CLIMBING, YOU REALLY RELY ON 620 00:21:45,771 --> 00:21:47,406 YOUR CLIMBING PARTNER. 621 00:21:47,406 --> 00:21:48,907 WE TRAIN FOR SPACEWALKS IN A 622 00:21:48,907 --> 00:21:53,745 GIANT POOL, THE NBL, THE NEUTRAL 623 00:21:53,745 --> 00:21:55,781 BUOYANCY LAB. 624 00:21:55,781 --> 00:21:57,382 AND IT'S A POOL LARGE ENOUGH TO 625 00:21:57,382 --> 00:22:02,120 FIT A FULL-SCALE MOCK-UP OF THE 626 00:22:02,120 --> 00:22:02,921 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 627 00:22:02,921 --> 00:22:04,056 IN THAT WE SIMULATE EVERYTHING 628 00:22:04,056 --> 00:22:06,758 LIKE WE WOULD ON A REAL EVA, 629 00:22:06,758 --> 00:22:07,993 INCLUDING EGRESSING OUTS OF THE 630 00:22:07,993 --> 00:22:09,795 AIRLOCK, SAFETY TETHERS AND 631 00:22:09,795 --> 00:22:11,029 LOCAL TETHERS YOU WOULD WORK 632 00:22:11,029 --> 00:22:13,832 WHEN YOU'RE AT A WORK SITE 633 00:22:13,832 --> 00:22:14,566 PERFORMING A JOB. 634 00:22:14,566 --> 00:22:16,068 ALL OF THAT IS VERY SIMILAR TO 635 00:22:16,068 --> 00:22:19,805 THE CONCEPT OF ROCK CLIMBING. 636 00:22:19,805 --> 00:22:20,605 DURING THE ASTRONAUT INTERVIEW 637 00:22:20,605 --> 00:22:22,374 THE MOST MEMORABLE QUESTION THAT 638 00:22:22,374 --> 00:22:24,076 I HAVE FROM THE INTERVIEW 639 00:22:24,076 --> 00:22:25,777 COMMITTEE CAME FROM PEGGY 640 00:22:25,777 --> 00:22:27,612 WHITSON WHO IS AS YOU SNOW A 641 00:22:27,612 --> 00:22:29,014 FAMOUS ASTRONAUT FOR HAVING THE 642 00:22:29,014 --> 00:22:30,449 LONGEST TIME IN SPACE. 643 00:22:30,449 --> 00:22:31,450 SHE'S DONE MANY, MANY 644 00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:32,150 SPACEWALKS. 645 00:22:32,150 --> 00:22:34,786 SHE'S A HERO OF MINE AND SHE 646 00:22:34,786 --> 00:22:36,488 LOOKED AT ME AND SHE SAID WHEN 647 00:22:36,488 --> 00:22:38,523 YOU ROCK CLIMB, HAVE YOU EVER 648 00:22:38,523 --> 00:22:39,925 BEEN SCARED, AND I FELT LIKE SHE 649 00:22:39,925 --> 00:22:42,761 WAS SINGING RIGHT TO MY SOUL 650 00:22:42,761 --> 00:22:43,562 WHEN SHE ASKED THAT QUESTION AND 651 00:22:43,562 --> 00:22:45,097 I FEEL LIKE THE ANSWER TO THAT 652 00:22:45,097 --> 00:22:46,298 QUESTION WAS ABSOLUTELY, I HAVE 653 00:22:46,298 --> 00:22:47,199 BEEN SCARED AND THAT'S WHEN I 654 00:22:47,199 --> 00:22:49,101 REALLY KIND OF FOUND THE FACT 655 00:22:49,101 --> 00:22:51,136 THAT TURNING THAT FEAR THAT YOU 656 00:22:51,136 --> 00:22:52,838 MIGHT BE HAVING INTO FOCUS IS SO 657 00:22:52,838 --> 00:22:53,772 IMPORTANT AND I THINK THAT'S 658 00:22:53,772 --> 00:22:55,374 WHAT SHE WAS DRAWING ON WHEN SHE 659 00:22:55,374 --> 00:22:56,274 ASKED THAT QUESTION. 660 00:22:56,274 --> 00:22:58,210 SO THAT WAS A PRETTY PROFOUND 661 00:22:58,210 --> 00:23:01,847 MOMENT IN MY SELECTION PROCESS. 662 00:23:01,847 --> 00:23:03,248 I'M CHRISTINA KOCH AND I'M AN 663 00:23:03,248 --> 00:23:04,082 ASTRONAUT. 664 00:23:04,082 --> 00:23:15,660 [ ♪♪ ] 665 00:23:15,660 --> 00:23:16,962 >> A BIG PART OF THE MISSION OF 666 00:23:16,962 --> 00:23:18,296 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 667 00:23:18,296 --> 00:23:20,399 IS TO GET PEOPLE READY TO GO 668 00:23:20,399 --> 00:23:21,767 BEYOND EARTH ORBIT IN THE YEARS 669 00:23:21,767 --> 00:23:23,969 TO COME, STARTING WITH GOING 670 00:23:23,969 --> 00:23:25,971 BACK TO THE MOON BY 2024. 671 00:23:25,971 --> 00:23:27,606 AROUND THE WORLD IN LATE 2018 672 00:23:27,606 --> 00:23:29,841 AND SO FAR THIS YEAR, NASA'S 673 00:23:29,841 --> 00:23:32,144 ORION SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM AND 674 00:23:32,144 --> 00:23:34,479 EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS 675 00:23:34,479 --> 00:23:36,581 PROGRAMS MADE HUGE STRIDES IN 676 00:23:36,581 --> 00:23:37,783 DEVELOPING AND BUILDING THE 677 00:23:37,783 --> 00:23:39,618 SPACECRAFT, ROCKET, AND 678 00:23:39,618 --> 00:23:41,720 INFRASTRUCTURE NECESSARY TO SEND 679 00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:42,954 HUMANS TO DEEP SPACE 680 00:23:42,954 --> 00:23:44,055 DESTINATIONS INCLUDING THE MOON 681 00:23:44,055 --> 00:23:45,157 AND BEYOND. 682 00:23:45,157 --> 00:23:46,792 HAVE A LOOK. 683 00:23:46,792 --> 00:24:06,445 [ ♪♪ ] 684 00:24:06,445 --> 00:24:19,224 [ ♪♪ ] 685 00:24:19,224 --> 00:24:41,847 [ ♪♪ ] 686 00:24:41,847 --> 00:25:00,499 [ ♪♪ ] 687 00:25:00,499 --> 00:25:14,479 [ ♪♪ ] 688 00:25:14,479 --> 00:25:23,788 [ ♪♪ ] 689 00:25:23,788 --> 00:25:45,744 [ ♪♪ ] 690 00:25:45,744 --> 00:26:07,899 [ ♪♪ ] 691 00:26:07,899 --> 00:26:17,275 [ ♪♪ ] 692 00:26:17,275 --> 00:26:35,727 [ ♪♪ ] 693 00:26:35,727 --> 00:26:58,783 [ ♪♪ ] 694 00:26:58,783 --> 00:27:06,791 [ ♪♪ ] 695 00:27:06,791 --> 00:27:07,359 >> IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO GET 696 00:27:07,359 --> 00:27:07,892 ANOTHER LOOK AT ANY OF THE 697 00:27:07,892 --> 00:27:08,526 STORIES WE FEATURED TODAY, CHECK 698 00:27:08,526 --> 00:27:14,165 US OUT ON YOUTUBE AND FACEBOOK. 699 00:27:14,165 --> 00:27:14,733 THERE ARE ARE THE ADDRESSES, 700 00:27:14,733 --> 00:27:22,574 CONVENIENTLY DISPLAYED. 701 00:27:22,574 --> 00:27:23,208 AND WHILE YOU'RE AT THOSE SPOTS, 702 00:27:23,208 --> 00:27:23,808 BE SURE TO LOOK AROUND BECAUSE 703 00:27:23,808 --> 00:27:24,376 THERE IS A LOT OF OTHER COOL 704 00:27:24,376 --> 00:27:24,976 STUFF YOU WILL FIND ABOUT NASA 705 00:27:24,976 --> 00:27:25,610 AND AMERICA'S HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT 706 00:27:25,610 --> 00:27:31,983 PROGRAM. 707 00:27:31,983 --> 00:27:32,617 WHILE YOU'RE OUT BUMPING AROUND 708 00:27:32,617 --> 00:27:33,251 ON THERE ON THE INTERNET, CHECK 709 00:27:33,251 --> 00:27:34,185 OUT HOUSTON, WE HAVE A PODCAST. 710 00:27:34,185 --> 00:27:34,719 THAT'S FOLKS HERE AT NASA 711 00:27:34,719 --> 00:27:35,353 TALKING ABOUT THEIR WORK IN ALL 712 00:27:35,353 --> 00:27:39,424 ASPECTS OF SPACE EXPLORATION, 713 00:27:39,424 --> 00:27:41,159 POSTED FRIDAYS. 714 00:27:41,159 --> 00:27:44,162 TODAY IS PART FOUR OF BEHIND THE 715 00:27:44,162 --> 00:27:47,966 HEROES SERIES. 716 00:27:47,966 --> 00:27:48,533 THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW THE 717 00:27:48,533 --> 00:27:49,100 TEAM TURNED 19,000 HOURS OF 718 00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:49,734 DIGITIZED AUDIO OF THE APOLLO 11 719 00:27:49,734 --> 00:27:50,268 MISSION CONTROL TEAM INTO 720 00:27:50,268 --> 00:27:50,568 TRANSCRIPTS. 721 00:27:50,568 --> 00:27:53,338 AND ALSO HOW YOU CAN ACCESS THE 722 00:27:53,338 --> 00:27:54,539 AUDIO AND THE TRANSCRIPTS ONLINE 723 00:27:54,539 --> 00:27:55,373 YOURSELF RIGHT NOW. 724 00:27:55,373 --> 00:27:58,677 GO TO NASA.GOV/PODCASTS. 725 00:27:58,677 --> 00:27:59,577 YOU WILL FIND TODAY'S EPISODE 726 00:27:59,577 --> 00:28:01,613 WHICH IS NUMBER 91 PLUS PARTS 727 00:28:01,613 --> 00:28:03,314 ONE, TWO, THREE AND ALL OF OUR 728 00:28:03,314 --> 00:28:04,649 PREVIOUS EPISODES. 729 00:28:04,649 --> 00:28:06,851 AS WELL AS THE FULL LIBRARY OF 730 00:28:06,851 --> 00:28:08,887 ALL THE NASA PODCASTS. 731 00:28:08,887 --> 00:28:10,388 AND ALL OF THAT IS ALSO 732 00:28:10,388 --> 00:28:12,691 AVAILABLE FOR YOU ON APPLE 733 00:28:12,691 --> 00:28:14,325 PODCASTS, GOOGLE PODCASTS AND 734 00:28:14,325 --> 00:28:15,527 SOUNDCLOUD. 735 00:28:15,527 --> 00:28:18,646 THIS IS MISSION CONTROL HOUSTON.