>> IGNITION SEQUENCE START.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> GOOD MORNING AND WELCOME TO
MISSION CONTROL HOUSTON.
YOU'RE LOOKING AT THE ORBIT TWO
TEAM OF FLIGHT CONTROLLERS AND
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
FLIGHT CONTROL ROOM.
THESE ARE THE FOLKS MONITORING
THE SYSTEMS ON THE STATION AND
ASSISTING THE EXPEDITION 59 CREW
MEMBERS THROUGH A BUSY DAY OF
EXPERIMENT OPERATIONS.
SOME OF THOSE EXPERIMENTS ARE
BRAND NEW ON BOARD, HAVING
ARRIVED EARLY THIS WEEK ON A
CARGO SHIP WHICH IS NOW THE
SIXTH SPACE VEHICLE PARKED AT
ONE OF THE SPACE STATION'S
DOCKING PORTS.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> WELCOME TO SPACE TO GROUND.
I'M LEAH CHESHIRE.
THIS WEEK A DRAGON ARRIVED TO
THE SPACE STATION FOR A
MONTH-LONG STAY.
ON MAY 4th, SPACEX LAUNCHED
THEIR 17th COMMERCIAL RESUPPLY
MISSION TO THE SPACE STATION.
THIS DRAGON CAPSULE WHICH FLEW
TO THE STATION ONCE BEFORE ON
SPACEX'S 12th RESUPPLY MISSION
ARRIVED TO THE ORBITING
LABORATORY MAY 6TH, BRINGING
WITH IT ABOUT 5,500 POUNDS OF
SUPPLY.
CANADIAN SPACE AGENCY ASTRONAUT
DAVID SAINT-JACQUES COMMANDED
THE CANADARM2 TO GRAPPLE THE
SPACECRAFT AND GROUND
CONTROLLERS BURST THE VEHICLE TO
THE HARMONY MODULE WILL IT WILL
REMAIN FOR ABOUT A MONTH.
ASTRONAUTS WILL SPEND THE NEXT
TWO WEEKS PACKING AND RELOADING
DRAGON FOR A SPLASHDOWN.
WE KNOW IT'S IMPORTANT TO TAKE
OUR VITAMINS AND FUTURE
ASTRONAUTS MIGHT BE GETTING THEM
FROM AN UNEXPECTED SOURCE.
THE MICROALGAE STUDY IS LOOKING
AT A TINY FRESHWATER GREEN ALGAE
CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A POWERFUL
ANTIOXIDANT WHEN STRESSED.
RESEARCHERS BELIEVE EXPOSING IT
TO MICROGRAVITY COULD STRESS
INTO THE ALGAE INTO THE
ANTIOXIDANT TO SUPPORT THE IMMUN
SYSTEM, A CRITICAL DIETARY BOOST
AS WE SPEND HUMANS ON LONGER AND
LONGER SPACE MISSIONS AND RETURN
ASTRONAUTS TO THE MOON BY 2024.
THIS WEEK'S QUESTION COMES FROM
RENE WHO ASKS IF DRAGON IS THE
SIXTH VEHICLE TO DOCK AT THE
SPACE STATION AND IF THERE'S
ROOM FOR ANY MORE.
AS A MATTER OF FACT, THERE IS.
ON MONDAY DRAGON BECAME THE
SIXTH VEHICLE CURRENTLY DOCKED
TO THE STATION JOINING SOYUZ AND
PROGRESS.
ONE MORE PARKING SPOT WILL BE
AVAILABLE FOR COMMERCIAL CREW
VEHICLES, STARLINER AND
FORWARD-FACING COURT WHERE THE
SPACE SHUTTLE DOCKED BEFORE.
KEEP SENDING IN THE QUESTIONS
ASK NASA.
WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT WEEK.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> THE PREVIOUS DRAGON CARGO
SHIP ARRIVED AT THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION LAST
DECEMBER AND IT DELIVERED A NEW
EXPERIMENT THAT'S NOW IN PLACE
ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE STATION.
ON THE KEEBO LABORATORY'S
EXPOSED FACILITY.
FROM THAT VANTAGE POINT A LASER
LIGHT IS POINTED DOWN TO TREE
CANOPIES ON THE PLANET TO STUDY
EARTH'S ECOSYSTEM FOR SCIENTISTS
WHO WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW
IT'S CHANGING.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> SHINING A LASER LIGHT ON
EARTH'S FORESTS.
PRESENTED BY SCIENCE AT NASA.
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION,
OR ISS, IS SPORTING A NEW LIGHT
FIXTURE.
THE GLOBAL ECO SYSTEM DYNAMICS
INVESTIGATION, OR GEDI, WILL
BEAM DOWN LASER LIGHT ON EARTH
FROM THE ORBITING LABORATORY TO
REVEAL MORE ABOUT OUR
ENVIRONMENT AND HOW IT IS
CHANGING.
NASA'S GEDI SENDS LASER PULSES
INTO TREE CANOPIES AND PRECISELY
MEASURES THE LIGHT REFLECTED
BACK.
THE TIMING AND INTENSITY OF
LIGHT THAT BOUNCES BACK TO THE
TELESCOPE WILL REVEAL THE HEIGHT
AND DENSITY OF TREES AND
VEGETATION AND THE VERTICAL
ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES AND
BRANCHES WITHIN THE OVERALL
CANOPY.
Dr. RALPH BIEV, PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF MARYLAND SAYS THIS INSTRUMENT
WILL MAP FOREST IN HIGH
RESOLUTION AND THREE THREE
MENTIONS REVOLUTIONIZING THE WAY
RESEARCHERS MONITOR THEM.
NOT ONLY DO FORESTS PROVIDE A
HABITAT FOR MANY SPECIES AND A
SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR
HUMAN USE, SUCH AS PAPER AND
LUMBER, THEY ALSO PLAY A KEY
ROLE IN THE EARTH'S CARBON
CYCLE.
DEFORESTATION AND FOREST
DEGRADATION IN ADDITION TO OTHER
TYPES OF FOREST DISTURBANCES
SUCH AS FIRES AND INSECT
OUTBREAKS LEAD TO INCREASES IN
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE.
FOREST REGROWTH SUCKS THAT
CARBON BACK DOWN INTO TREES AND
SOILS.
KNOWING HOW FORESTS GROW AND
CHANGE OVER TIME CAN ALLOW US TO
BETTER UNDERSTAND THE
CONTRIBUTION THAT FORESTS MAKE
TO EARTH'S CARBON CYCLE AND HELP
PEOPLE BETTER MANAGE THIS
IMPORTANT RESOURCE.
GEDI IS THE FIRST SPACEBORNE
INSTRUMENT DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY
TO PERFORM SUSTAINED MAPPING OF
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE
CARBON CONTENT OF FORESTS.
THE BIO NODES, ONE OF THE MOST
POORLY QUANTIFIED COMPONENTS OF
THE CARBON CYCLE IS THE NET
BALANCE BETWEEN FOREST
DISTURBANCE AND REGROWTH.
GEDI WILL HELP SCIENTISTS FILL
IN THIS MISSING PIECE BY
REVEALING THE VERTICAL STRUCTURE
OF THE FOREST.
INFORMATION WE REALLY CAN'T GET
WITH SUFFICIENT ACCURACY ANY
OTHER WAY.
GEDI WILL PROVIDE SCIENTISTS
WITH INSIGHTS INTO THE AMOUNT OF
CARBON STORED IN FORESTS.
WHEN COMBINED WITH CURRENT AND
HISTORICAL RECORDS OF CHANGES
CAPTURED BY EARTH ORBITING
SATELLITES, THIS INFORMATION
WILL ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF
RESEARCHERS TO IDENTIFY CHANGES
HAPPENING ACROSS OUR PLANET.
RESEARCHERS ALSO WILL
INCORPORATE GEDI'S OBSERVATIONS
ALONG WITH THOSE OF THE ECO
INFORMATION WITH THAT OF DATA
AND OTHER SENSORS, ADDRESSING
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ABOUT
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOREST
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, COMPOSITION
AND CHANGES IN CARBON CONTENT.
COMBINING ALL OF THESE DATA WILL
ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO GAIN AN
UNPRECEDENTED UNDERSTANDING OF
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS AND THE ROLE
PLANTS AND TREES PLAY IN EARTH'S
GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE.
THESE NEW INSIGHTS COULD BE USED
IN TURN TO IMPROVE MODELS FOR
FORECASTING FUTURE ECOSYSTEM
CHANGES, ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS, AND
CLIMATE.
GEDI WAS LAUNCHED TO THE STATION
ABOARD SPACEX CRS-16 ON DECEMBER
5th, 2016.
FOR MORE ABOUT HOW NASA USES THE
POWER OF LIGHT TO UNDERSTAND OUR
WORLD AND BEYOND, VISIT
SCIENCE.NASA.GOV.
>> THERE'S ALSO SCIENCE UNDERWAY
NOW ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION THAT COULD PROVIDE
INSIGHT TO TREAT AND PREVENT
PARKINSON'S DISEASE, WHICH
AFFECTS MORE THAN 5 MILLION
PEOPLE.
RECENTLY ASTRONAUT ALEXANDER
GERST OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE
AGENCY WORKED ON ON AN
EXPERIMENT WITH A PARTICULAR
PROTEIN CRYSTAL.
THIS NASA ASTRONAUT WALKED US
THROUGH WHAT THAT WAS LIKE.
>> WELCOME TO EXPEDITION 57 ON
BOARD THE NATIONAL SPACE STATION
TODAY WE'RE DOING REALLY COOL
SCIENCE.
THIS IS ALEX AND WE'RE WORKING
ON PARKINSON'S DISEASE.
THIS IS A PROTEIN CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE AND THE REASON
SCIENTISTS HAVE SENT IT UP HERE
AT THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION IS BECAUSE THE PROTEIN
CRYSTALS TEND TO GROW LARGER AND
OF MUCH BETTER QUALITY.
PARKINSON'S IS A DISEASE THAT
AFFECTS OVER 5 MILLION PEOPLE
WORLDWIDE AND SCIENTISTS ARE
CONSTANTLY SEARCHING FOR A CURE.
WHAT WE DISCOVERED WAS HERE IN
THE MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT
THESE CRYSTALS REALLY LIKE TO
GROW SO SCIENTISTS CAN BETTER
ELUCIDATE OR CLARIFY THE
STRUCTURE, THEN THEY'RE BETTER
ABLE TO DEVELOP AN INHIBITOR
DRUG FOR PARKINSON'S AND NOT
ONLY AN INHIBITOR DRUG BUT
INHIBITOR DRUG WITH VERY FEW
SIDE EFFECTS.
WHAT ALEX IS DOING HERE TODAY IS
HE'S OBVIOUSLY WORKING ON THE
WALL IN MICROGRAVITY AND HE'S
GOT A MICROSCOPE ABOVE HIM AND
HE'S GOT A PLATE HE'S FILLED
WITH A SPECIAL PROTEIN CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE JUST A FEW DAYS AGO.
HE GAVE TIME FOR THE STRUCTURES
TO CRYSTALIZE AND HE'S EXAMINING
THEM UNDER THE MICROSCOPE AND
REACTING REALTIME WITH THE
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR ON THE
GROUND TO LOOK AT THE STRUCTURE
AND IMPROVE THE LIGHTING AND
CLARITY AND ALSO TAKE PICTURES
SENT BACK DOWN TO THE GROUND.
HERE ON BOARD EXPEDITION 57
WE'RE VERY PROUD TO BE TAKING
PART IN THE EXPERIMENT.
IN THE PAST FEW YEARS SCIENTISTS
HAVE REALIZED THE MICROGRAVITY
ENVIRONMENT IS SUCH A UNIQUE
ENVIRONMENT TO GROW THINGS LIKE
CELLS OR PROTEIN CRYSTALS AND IT
PROVIDES A NEW WAY TO HELP US
LOOK AT DISEASES IN A BETTER WAY
TO HELP US DEVELOP NEW
MEDICATIONS FOR THESE DISEASES
AND SO WE'RE HAPPY TO BE TAKING
PART IN THE SCIENCE UP HERE.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> A TOOL THAT HELPED GUIDE
SAILORS ACROSS THE OCEANS FOR
CENTURIES IS BEING TESTED ON
BOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION.
IN THIS EXPERIMENT, RESEARCHERS
ARE LOOKING INTO THE USE OF A
HAND-HELD SEXTANT AS A POTENTIAL
NAVIGATION TOOL TO GUIDE
SPACECRAFT ACROSS THE COSMOS.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> IN EARTH ORBIT, THEY CAN USE
THEIR SEXTANT.
AN ASTRONAUT LINES UP A STAR AND
PROMINENT LANDMARK AND FEEDING
HIS READINGS INTO COMPUTER GETS
HIS POSITION BACK FROM THE
MACHINE.
>> THE TELESCOPE, OUR NAVIGATION
MEANS TO GET HOME.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> AS WE TRAVEL FARTHER OUT INTO
SPACE, CLEVER SOLUTIONS TO
PROBLEMS LIKE ENGINE PART
MALFUNCTIONS WILL BE A VITAL
PART OF NASA'S PREPARATIONS.
3-D PRINTING IS AN EMERGING
TECHNOLOGY THAT MAY BE USED TO
CREATE CUSTOM MISSION CRITICAL
PARTS, BUT FIRST WE'VE GOT TO
UNDERSTAND HOW PARTICLE SHAPE,
SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION AFFECT THE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
ONE PARTICULAR STUDY IS HELPING
EXPLORE THESE FACTORS.
>> ONE OF THE THINGS THEY HAVE
TO DO FOR SPACE EXPLORATION IS
MANUFACTURING.
WE HAVE AN ENGINE PART THAT
FAILS AND YOU'RE CERTAINLY NOT
GOING TO TAKE UP SPACE ENGINE
PARTS.
YOU'RE GOING TO HAVE TO
MANUFACTURE THEM THERE.
A LOT OF WHAT WE WANT TO DO WITH
THAT MEANS LOOKING AT
MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES BECAUSE
THEY'RE BUILDING BLOCKS AND NOW
I THINK A BIG PART OF THE FUTURE
IN THIS FIELD AND FOR LOTS OF
DIFFERENT REASONS IS ACTIVE
MATERIALS.
SO NOW WE HAVE WAYS THAT INSTEAD
OF JUST PARTICLES BEING JUST
PARTICLES, WE CAN ACTIVATE THEM,
WE CAN FUNCTIONALIZE THEM, WE
CAN GET THEM TO SOCIAL WITH ONE
ANOTHER SPECIFICALLY.
ONE OF THE THINGS WE'RE AIMING
FOR IS ACTIVE SELF-REPLICATION,
EVOLUTION, AND MICROGRAVITY.
PUT LOTS OF THINGS TOGETHER AND
TO OPTIMIZE PROPERTIES USING
EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES FROM NOT
LIVING THINGS BUT MIMICKING WHAT
LIVING THINGS HAVE DONE SO
SUCCESSFULLY.
WE'LL LEARN HOW TO DO THAT ON
EARTH EVENTUALLY BUT BEFORE WE
DO THAT, IT'S MUCH BETTER
BECAUSE THEY HAVE DIFFERENT
DENSITIES TO DO IT IN
MICROGRAVITY.
[ ♪♪ ]
SO IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO DO
SOMETHING AT THE FOREFRONT OF
SCIENCE THAT WILL THEN BECOME A
FOREFRONT IN ENGINEERING.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> THE ASTRONAUTS ON THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
SPEND A GOOD CHUNK OF THEIR TIME
AS LAB ASSISTANTS ON EXPERIMENTS
IN A WHOLE RANGE OF SCIENTIFIC
DISCIPLINES AS THE EXPEDITION 59
CREW MEMBERS HAVE BEEN DOING
THIS WEEK.
BUT ASTRONAUTS ALSO DEVOTE TIME
TO SHARING THE EXPERIENCE OF
SPACE FLIGHT WITH PEOPLE ON THE
GROUND, PARTICULARLY WHEN THEY
TALK WITH STUDENTS AND THEIR
TEACHERS ABOUT SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND
MATH.
IN THIS INSTALLMENT OF THE
STEMONSTRATION VIDEO SERIES,
ASTRONAUT AND FORMER CLASSROOM
TEACHER JOE ACABA GETS INTO THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KINETIC
ENERGY AND POTENTIAL ENERGY AND
DEMONSTRATES HOW ONE CAN BECOME
THE OTHER.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION.
I'M ASTRONAUT JOE ACABA.
TODAY WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT
POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY.
LET'S GET STARTED.
KINETIC ENERGY IS THE ENERGY AN
OBJECT HAS BECAUSE OF ITS
MOTION.
AN OBJECT CAN STORE ENERGY BASED
ON ITS POSITION.
THIS IS CALLED POTENTIAL ENERGY.
ON EARTH, IMAGINE DROPPING AN
OBJECT FROM A RAISED POSITION.
AS AN OBJECT'S ALTITUDE ABOVE
THE EARTH'S SURFACE INCREASES,
THE GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
ENERGY ALSO INCREASES.
POTENTIAL ENERGY STORED DUE TO
ITS POSITION IS NOW BEING
CONVERTED TO KINETIC ENERGY.
WE ALSO OBSERVED THIS WITH
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY.
>> OKAY, NEW TERM.
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OCCURS
WHEN OBJECTS ARE COMPRESSED OR
STRETCHED OR GENERALLY DEFORMED
IN ANY MANNER, CREATING
POTENTIAL ENERGY.
THINK OF THIS BUNGEE OR A
SPRING.
OKAY, JOE, WHAT'S NEXT?
>> WE PULL BACK ON THE BAND AND
CREATE POTENTIAL ENERGY.
THE POTENTIAL ENERGY IS
CONVERTED TO KINETIC ENERGY.
HERE ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION, WE ARE STILL UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY, PRIMARILY
DUE TO OUR POSITION WITH THE
EARTH.
SO WHEN I HAVE THIS BALL ON THIS
RAMP, NORMALLY BACK ON EARTH, I
RELEASE THE BALL AND IT ROLLS
DOWN THE RAMP DUE TO A CHANGE IN
ITS POTENTIAL ENERGY THAT'S
BEING TRANSFERRED TO KINETIC
ENERGY.
BUT AS YOU CAN SEE, IT DOESN'T
HAPPEN HERE.
SO IT DOESN'T MEAN THAT WE DON'T
HAVE POTENTIAL ENERGY, IT JUST
MEANS WE'RE NOT CONVERTING IT AT
THIS TIME TO KINETIC ENERGY.
AND WHY IS THAT?
GRAVITY IS PULLING US DOWN.
BUT WE'RE MOVING SUPER FAST AND
SO WHAT IT IS IS WE'RE BENDING
AROUND THE EARTH IN THIS
PERPETUAL FALLING MOTION.
THANKS FOR JOINING ME ON BOARD
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
WE'RE SENDING IT BACK TO EARTH
SO YOU CAN TRY YOUR OWN
EXPERIMENT.
SEE YOU NEXT TIME.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> THIS STEMONSTRATION VIDEOS
ARE ONE WAY THAT THE ASTRONAUTS
ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION TRY TO SHARE THEIR
MISSION WITH STUDENTS ON EARTH.
LAST SUMMER DURING A SPECIAL
LIVE EVENT WITH STUDENTS AT THE
CHALLENGER CENTERS, ASTRONAUT
AND FORMER CLASSROOM TEACHER
RICKY ARNOLD SHARED A VIDEO IN
WHICH HE PERFORMED ONE OF THE
LOST LESSONS THAT KRISTA
McAULEF HAD PLANNED FOR HER
SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER WHICH
McAULEF HAD PLANNED FOR HER
LAUNCHED 33 YEARS AGO.
LET'S HAVE A LOOK.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> HI THERE.
MY NAME IS RICKY ARNOLD AND I'M
LIVING AND WORKING ON THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION AS
PART OF EXPEDITION 55.
TODAY WE'RE EXPERIMENTING WITH
CHROMATOGRAPHY.
CHROMATOGRAPHY IS A TECHNIQUE
FOR THE SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE
INTO ITS INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS.
LET'S GO AHEAD AND GET STARTED.
WE HAVE A MIXTURE, THIS BLACK
SPOT, ON A PIECE OF
CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER.
WE WANT TO SEE WHAT DIFFERENT
COMPONENTS OF LIGHT MAKE UP
BLACK.
SO WE PUT WATER ON THE END OF
THE CHROMATOGRAPHY PAPER TO SEE
HOW THE INK SEPARATES.
WATER IS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT AND
SHOULD HELP SEPARATE THE SPOT
INTO COLORS.
WHAT DO YOU THINK IS GOING TO
HAPPEN?
TALK ABOUT IT WITH YOUR
CLASSMATES.
ALL RIGHT.
LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENED.
WE'RE GOING TO ADD SOME WATER.
HERE'S THE FIRST ONE.
WATER IS GOING AHEAD AND
CREEPING UP THE CHROMATOGRAPHY
PAPER.
YOU CAN ALREADY START TO SEE NOT
MUCH SEPARATION HERE.
VERY LITTLE ON THIS BLACK ONE
BUT YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE THE
REDS, GREENS, AND YELLOWS
STARTING TO SEPARATE AND MAKE
THEIR WAY UP THE CHROMATOGRAPHY
PAPER.
THE SUBSTANCES NOW IN LIQUID
FORM TRAVEL OVER SOLID, THE
PAPER AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS,
CAUSING THEM TO SEPARATE INTO
THE COMPONENT PARTS.
NOW THAT WE KNOW WHAT BLACK INK
SEPARATES INTO, LET'S THINK
ABOUT HOW THE WATER WAS ABLE TO
MOVE THROUGH THE PAPER.
I PUT A DROP OF WATER IN JUST
ONE SPOT, BUT AS YOU CAN SEE, IT
MOVES ALONG THE PAPER ON ITS
OWN.
HOW DOES IT DO THAT?
WELL, IT HAPPENS THROUGH A
PROCESS CALLED CAPILLARY ACTION.
CAPILLARY ACTION IS WHEN A
LIQUID LIKE WATER MOVES UPWARD
DUE TO ITS COHESIVE AND ADHESIVE
PROPERTIES.
IN OTHER WORDS, WATER MOLECULES
WERE ABLE TO ESSENTIALLY STICK
TOGETHER AND STICK TO ONE
ANOTHER, WHICH IS COHESION, AND
THEY CAN ALSO STICK TO A SURFACE
OR CONTAINER, IN THIS CASE THE
PAPER, IN A PROCESS CALLED
ADHESION, AND THAT ADHESION
PUSHES IT UPWARDS.
THIS HAPPENS IN MICROGRAVITY AND
ON EARTH.
YOU CAN TRY ANOTHER EXPERIMENT
WITH CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH YOUR
PARENTS OR YOUR TEACHER.
GRIND UP SOME GREEN LEAVES INTO
A REAL FINE PULP AND USE SOME
ACETONE NAIL POLISH REMOVER
INSTEAD OF THE WATER.
LEAVES ARE GREEN BECAUSE THEY
HAVE A CHEMICAL CALLED
CHLOROPHYLL IN THEM.
A CHEMICAL THAT CAN USE SUNLIGHT
TO MAKE SUGAR AND OXYGEN THROUGH
A PROCESS CALLED PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
THERE ARE OTHER CHEMICALS IN
LEAVES THAT DO THE SAME JOB BUT
WE DON'T SEE THEM UNTIL FALL
WHEN THE CHLOROPHYLL BREAKS
APART.
AT WAY TO SEE FALL COLORS ANY
TIME OF YEAR IS USE
CHROMATOGRAPHY.
NOW THAT WE'VE DONE THIS
EXPERIMENT IN MICROGRAVITY,
THINK ABOUT HOW THIS MIGHT LOOK
DIFFERENT ON EARTH.
WILL THE MATERIAL SETUP BE THE
SAME?
WILL WATER BEHAVE IN THE SAME
WAY?
THE SAME SEPARATIONS HAPPEN.
DISCUSS IT WITH A FRIEND AND
GIVE IT A TRY.
THANKS FOR PARTICIPATING IN OUR
EXPERIMENT TODAY.
I'M RICKY ARNOLD.
WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> FLIGHT ENGINEER CHRISTINA
KOCH IS NOW EIGHT WEEKS INTO HER
MISSION WHICH IS OCCURRED
PLANNED TO STRETCH UNTIL
FEBRUARY OF NEXT YEAR.
SHE SAYS THE CONCENTRATION AND
CONTROL SHE LEARNED WITH IN ONE
OF HER FAVORITES PASTIMES,
MOUNTAIN CLIMBING, HELPED HER
PREPARE TO BE AN ASTRONAUT AND
TO MAKE THE CLIMB TO SPACE FOR
HER FIRST MISSION TO THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> I FIRST GOT INVOLVED IN ROCK
CLIMBING ACTUALLY IN COLLEGE.
MY COLLEGE, NORTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIVERSITY, OFFERED ROCK
CLIMBING AS A PE CLASS, SO IT
SOUNDED REALLY EXCITING.
MAYBE A WAY TO KIND OF GET
OUTSIDE AND HAVE A LITTLE
ADVENTURE.
WHEN I FIRST GOT STARTED, I
LIKED MORE THE PHYSICAL
CHALLENGE, THAT'S WHAT IT WAS
ABOUT.
AS I KIND OF ADVANCED IN THE
HOBBY AND GOT MORE TECHNICAL, I
FOUND THAT I REALLY LIKED OTHER
ASPECTS OF IT LIKE THE
EQUIPMENT, THE GEAR, THE PHYSICS
OF THE SYSTEM YOU HAVE TO USE
AND ALSO THE PARTNERSHIP ASPECT
OF IT.
IT'S REALLY LIKE A TEAM BECAUSE
WHEN YOU GET INTO THE HIGHER
LEVELS OF CLIMBING AND DIFFERENT
TYPES OF MORE TECHNICAL
CLIMBING, YOU REALLY RELY ON
YOUR CLIMBING PARTNER.
WE TRAIN FOR SPACEWALKS IN A
GIANT POOL, THE NBL, THE NEUTRAL
BUOYANCY LAB.
AND IT'S A POOL LARGE ENOUGH TO
FIT A FULL-SCALE MOCK-UP OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
IN THAT WE SIMULATE EVERYTHING
LIKE WE WOULD ON A REAL EVA,
INCLUDING EGRESSING OUTS OF THE
AIRLOCK, SAFETY TETHERS AND
LOCAL TETHERS YOU WOULD WORK
WHEN YOU'RE AT A WORK SITE
PERFORMING A JOB.
ALL OF THAT IS VERY SIMILAR TO
THE CONCEPT OF ROCK CLIMBING.
DURING THE ASTRONAUT INTERVIEW
THE MOST MEMORABLE QUESTION THAT
I HAVE FROM THE INTERVIEW
COMMITTEE CAME FROM PEGGY
WHITSON WHO IS AS YOU SNOW A
FAMOUS ASTRONAUT FOR HAVING THE
LONGEST TIME IN SPACE.
SHE'S DONE MANY, MANY
SPACEWALKS.
SHE'S A HERO OF MINE AND SHE
LOOKED AT ME AND SHE SAID WHEN
YOU ROCK CLIMB, HAVE YOU EVER
BEEN SCARED, AND I FELT LIKE SHE
WAS SINGING RIGHT TO MY SOUL
WHEN SHE ASKED THAT QUESTION AND
I FEEL LIKE THE ANSWER TO THAT
QUESTION WAS ABSOLUTELY, I HAVE
BEEN SCARED AND THAT'S WHEN I
REALLY KIND OF FOUND THE FACT
THAT TURNING THAT FEAR THAT YOU
MIGHT BE HAVING INTO FOCUS IS SO
IMPORTANT AND I THINK THAT'S
WHAT SHE WAS DRAWING ON WHEN SHE
ASKED THAT QUESTION.
SO THAT WAS A PRETTY PROFOUND
MOMENT IN MY SELECTION PROCESS.
I'M CHRISTINA KOCH AND I'M AN
ASTRONAUT.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> A BIG PART OF THE MISSION OF
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
IS TO GET PEOPLE READY TO GO
BEYOND EARTH ORBIT IN THE YEARS
TO COME, STARTING WITH GOING
BACK TO THE MOON BY 2024.
AROUND THE WORLD IN LATE 2018
AND SO FAR THIS YEAR, NASA'S
ORION SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM AND
EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS
PROGRAMS MADE HUGE STRIDES IN
DEVELOPING AND BUILDING THE
SPACECRAFT, ROCKET, AND
INFRASTRUCTURE NECESSARY TO SEND
HUMANS TO DEEP SPACE
DESTINATIONS INCLUDING THE MOON
AND BEYOND.
HAVE A LOOK.
[ ♪♪ ]
>> IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO GET
ANOTHER LOOK AT ANY OF THE
STORIES WE FEATURED TODAY, CHECK
US OUT ON YOUTUBE AND FACEBOOK.
THERE ARE ARE THE ADDRESSES,
CONVENIENTLY DISPLAYED.
AND WHILE YOU'RE AT THOSE SPOTS,
BE SURE TO LOOK AROUND BECAUSE
THERE IS A LOT OF OTHER COOL
STUFF YOU WILL FIND ABOUT NASA
AND AMERICA'S HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT
PROGRAM.
WHILE YOU'RE OUT BUMPING AROUND
ON THERE ON THE INTERNET, CHECK
OUT HOUSTON, WE HAVE A PODCAST.
THAT'S FOLKS HERE AT NASA
TALKING ABOUT THEIR WORK IN ALL
ASPECTS OF SPACE EXPLORATION,
POSTED FRIDAYS.
TODAY IS PART FOUR OF BEHIND THE
HEROES SERIES.
THIS IS THE STORY OF HOW THE
TEAM TURNED 19,000 HOURS OF
DIGITIZED AUDIO OF THE APOLLO 11
MISSION CONTROL TEAM INTO
TRANSCRIPTS.
AND ALSO HOW YOU CAN ACCESS THE
AUDIO AND THE TRANSCRIPTS ONLINE
YOURSELF RIGHT NOW.
GO TO NASA.GOV/PODCASTS.
YOU WILL FIND TODAY'S EPISODE
WHICH IS NUMBER 91 PLUS PARTS
ONE, TWO, THREE AND ALL OF OUR
PREVIOUS EPISODES.
AS WELL AS THE FULL LIBRARY OF
ALL THE NASA PODCASTS.
AND ALL OF THAT IS ALSO
AVAILABLE FOR YOU ON APPLE
PODCASTS, GOOGLE PODCASTS AND
SOUNDCLOUD.
THIS IS MISSION CONTROL HOUSTON.