1 00:00:16,590 --> 00:00:19,460 BIOASTEROID IS AN EXPERIMENT TO STUDY WHETHER WE CAN USE 2 00:00:19,460 --> 00:00:24,110 MICROORGANISMS, BACTERIA, OR FUNGI TO EXTRACT ECONOMICALLY 3 00:00:24,110 --> 00:00:26,870 INTERESTING ELEMENTS FROM ASTEROID MATERIAL. 4 00:00:26,900 --> 00:00:30,350 IT'S ESSENTIALLY WHAT WE WOULD CALL A BIOMINING EXPERIMENT. 5 00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:33,290 AND WE HOPE TO LEARN WHETHER WE CAN USE MICROBES TO 6 00:00:33,290 --> 00:00:36,560 EXTRACT THINGS LIKE RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS AND OTHER ELEMENTS 7 00:00:36,860 --> 00:00:40,670 THAT CAN BE USED TO SUSTAIN A SELF-SUSTAINING HUMAN PRESENCE 8 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:41,990 THROUGHOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 9 00:00:41,990 --> 00:00:44,960 IN OTHER WORDS MINING IS SUPPORT OF THE LONG-TERM 10 00:00:44,960 --> 00:00:47,410 HUMAN EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT OF SPACE. 11 00:00:47,599 --> 00:00:51,570 BIOASTEROID IS BASICALLY THE NATURAL 12 00:00:51,960 --> 00:00:54,970 FOLLOWING UP OF BIOROCK. 13 00:00:55,185 --> 00:00:59,475 SO WHILE WITH BIOROCK WE FIRST INVESTIGATED TERRESTRIAL ROCKS 14 00:00:59,655 --> 00:01:02,065 WITH THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIA WITH BIOASTEROID 15 00:01:02,085 --> 00:01:05,235 WE ARE GOING TO USE REAL EXTRATERRESTRIAL ROCKS THAT 16 00:01:05,235 --> 00:01:08,655 IS GOING TO BE ASTEROID, OF COURSE, AND THE TWO DIFFERENT 17 00:01:08,655 --> 00:01:10,005 TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS. 18 00:01:10,025 --> 00:01:13,565 ONE IS A BACTERIUM AGAIN THAT WAS USED ALREADY WITH 19 00:01:13,565 --> 00:01:16,335 BIOROCK AND THE SECOND ONE IS GOING TO BE A FUNGUS, 20 00:01:16,425 --> 00:01:17,895 A PENICILLIUM FUNGUS. 21 00:01:18,345 --> 00:01:20,555 THE BIOROCK EXPERIMENT DEMONSTRATED THAT WE WERE 22 00:01:20,555 --> 00:01:24,105 ABLE TO USE BACTERIA TO EXTRACT RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS 23 00:01:24,105 --> 00:01:27,705 WHICH ARE USED IN YOUR MOBILE PHONES AND ELECTRONICS FROM 24 00:01:27,705 --> 00:01:30,725 BASALT, WHICH IS AN ANALOG MATERIAL FOR WHAT MUCH OF 25 00:01:30,725 --> 00:01:32,520 THE MOON AND MARS IS MADE UP. 26 00:01:32,610 --> 00:01:34,890 AND BIOASTEROID IS GOING TO FOLLOW THAT UP BY SAYING, 27 00:01:34,890 --> 00:01:37,540 WELL, OKAY, NOW WE CAN SHOW THAT WE CAN GET RARE-EARTH 28 00:01:37,560 --> 00:01:41,160 ELEMENTS OUT OF BASALT ON THE MOON AND MARS, CAN WE DO 29 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:42,900 BIOMINING ON ASTEROIDS AS WELL? 30 00:01:42,900 --> 00:01:44,640 SO WE'RE GOING TO BE LOOKING AT WHETHER THOSE 31 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:47,860 MICROBES CAN GET ELEMENTS WE'D REALLY LIKE TO USE IN 32 00:01:47,880 --> 00:01:50,850 INDUSTRY FROM THE SURFACE AND INTERIOR OF ASTEROIDS. 33 00:01:51,230 --> 00:01:53,340 EXPERIMENTS SUCH AS BIOROCK AND BIOASTEROID 34 00:01:53,340 --> 00:01:57,690 CAN REALLY HELP DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE, A SUSTAINABLE 35 00:01:57,690 --> 00:01:59,090 FUTURE OF HUMANS IN SPACE. 36 00:02:04,070 --> 00:02:05,119 HERE ON THE GROUND. 37 00:02:05,179 --> 00:02:08,090 IF YOU GO TO A HOSPITAL OR A CLINIC AND YOU HAVE A MEDICAL 38 00:02:08,090 --> 00:02:12,109 PROBLEM, LIKE AN INFECTION, YOU OFTEN GET A BLOOD TEST 39 00:02:12,109 --> 00:02:14,840 CALLED A WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT AND DIFFERENTIAL. 40 00:02:15,410 --> 00:02:18,749 THAT'S A CAPABILITY WE DON'T HAVE RIGHT NOW IN SPACEFLIGHT. 41 00:02:18,800 --> 00:02:21,680 SO FOR EXPLORATION MISSIONS, WHEN WE WANT TO GO TO THE MOON 42 00:02:21,680 --> 00:02:24,650 AND MARS, WE ARE GOING TO HAVE TO TAKE OUR ASTRONAUTS AND 43 00:02:24,650 --> 00:02:28,640 MAKE THEM MORE SELF-SUFFICIENT AND MORE CAPABLE ON THEIR OWN. 44 00:02:28,935 --> 00:02:33,584 SO OUR OBJECTIVE IS TO TEST OUT THIS DEVICE THAT CAN BE 45 00:02:33,584 --> 00:02:37,035 USED FOR CLINICAL MEDICINE IN SPACE SO THE ASTRONAUTS 46 00:02:37,065 --> 00:02:39,945 CAN DIAGNOSE AND TREAT THEIR OWN MEDICAL PROBLEMS. 47 00:02:40,575 --> 00:02:43,095 THE DEVICE THAT WE'RE USING WAS DEVELOPED ON THE 48 00:02:43,095 --> 00:02:46,274 GROUND UNDER THE GRAVITY CONDITIONS OF EARTH. 49 00:02:46,695 --> 00:02:49,245 AND WHAT WE ARE TRYING TO DO ON THE SPACE STATION 50 00:02:49,484 --> 00:02:52,125 IS DEMONSTRATE THAT IT CAN STILL WORK IN THE 51 00:02:52,155 --> 00:02:53,325 ABSENCE OF GRAVITY. 52 00:02:53,685 --> 00:02:56,804 SO AS FLUIDS MOVE AROUND WITHIN THE MACHINE AND IT 53 00:02:56,804 --> 00:02:59,864 DOES ITS BLOOD ANALYZING WORK, WE WANT TO MAKE SURE 54 00:02:59,864 --> 00:03:03,165 THOSE FLUIDS MOVE PROPERLY IN THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT. 55 00:03:03,465 --> 00:03:07,875 OUR GOAL IN THIS WORK IS REALLY TO TRY AND EXPAND WHAT 56 00:03:07,875 --> 00:03:10,605 WE CAN DO IN SPACE FLIGHT FROM A MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE, 57 00:03:10,935 --> 00:03:14,295 BECAUSE WHEN WE SEND PEOPLE TO MARS AND SOMEONE GETS SICK 58 00:03:14,295 --> 00:03:16,905 ON THE WAY TO MARS, WE HAVE TO BE ABLE TO TAKE CARE OF THEM, 59 00:03:16,935 --> 00:03:21,734 WHERE THEY ARE INSTEAD OF FOCUSING ON BEING ABLE TO GET 60 00:03:21,734 --> 00:03:22,785 THEM BACK TO EARTH QUICKLY. 61 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:28,530 WE ARE SENDING BRAIN ORGANOIDS TO THE SPACE STATION. 62 00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:31,850 A BRAIN ORGANOID IS A MINIATURIZED VERSION OF 63 00:03:32,830 --> 00:03:34,360 DEVELOPING HUMAN BRAINS. 64 00:03:34,360 --> 00:03:37,070 SO THIS REALLY MIMICS THE EARLY STAGES OF A 65 00:03:37,070 --> 00:03:38,390 HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. 66 00:03:38,990 --> 00:03:42,950 OUR FIRST MISSION WAS TO TEST IF THE BRAIN ORGANOIDS COULD 67 00:03:42,950 --> 00:03:46,280 ACTUALLY SURVIVE INTO THIS MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT. 68 00:03:46,580 --> 00:03:49,330 THE SECOND MISSION HAS TWO MAIN GOALS. 69 00:03:49,440 --> 00:03:53,114 THE FIRST ONE IS A VALIDATION OF THE FIRST MISSIONS, BUT 70 00:03:53,114 --> 00:03:56,695 WE ARE ALSO ADDING A MORE MECHANISTIC EXTRAPOLATION 71 00:03:56,715 --> 00:03:59,760 OR INSIGHTS WHERE WE ARE GOING TO BE MANIPULATING THE 72 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:02,940 TELOMERES ACTIVITY INSIDE THESE BRAIN ORGANOIDS. 73 00:04:02,959 --> 00:04:06,140 THESE BRAIN ORGANOIDS ALTHOUGH THEY ARE HUMAN MODELS. 74 00:04:06,140 --> 00:04:09,950 SO THEY HAVE A GREAT POTENTIAL TO STUDY HUMAN DISORDERS 75 00:04:09,980 --> 00:04:13,220 THEY ARE ACTUALLY MIMICKING THE VERY EARLY STAGES OF 76 00:04:13,220 --> 00:04:14,630 THE HUMAN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. 77 00:04:14,729 --> 00:04:16,890 THERE IS FOR US NO WAY TO DO THIS TYPE 78 00:04:16,890 --> 00:04:18,079 OF RESEARCH ON EARTH. 79 00:04:18,320 --> 00:04:20,240 SO WE WILL REALLY NEED TO GO OUT THERE IN 80 00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:22,840 SPACE TO SEE WHAT'S THE IMPACT OF MICROGRAVITY. 81 00:04:22,840 --> 00:04:25,480 BEING ABLE TO PERHAPS ACCELERATE THESE BRAIN 82 00:04:25,480 --> 00:04:29,920 ORGANOID MATURATION COULD HELP US MAKE BETTER HUMAN 83 00:04:29,920 --> 00:04:33,160 MODELS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS, FOR WHICH FOR 84 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:35,830 MOST OF THEM, WE DON'T HAVE ANY TREATMENTS OR CURES. 85 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:41,310 WHAT MAKES ME REALLY EXCITED ABOUT SPACE IS THE POSSIBILITY 86 00:04:41,310 --> 00:04:46,094 TO IMPROVE DISEASE MODELS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO 87 00:04:46,094 --> 00:04:51,145 FUTURE HUMAN SPACE TRAVEL MISSIONS OR COLONIZATION 88 00:04:51,164 --> 00:04:52,065 AND OTHER PLANETS. 89 00:04:52,305 --> 00:04:55,395 THIS MIGHT SEEM LIKE SCIENCE FICTION, BUT I FEEL THAT 90 00:04:55,395 --> 00:04:58,215 THAT THE MOMENT IS REALLY POSITIVE RIGHT NOW FOR 91 00:04:58,215 --> 00:04:59,295 THIS KIND OF RESEARCH. 92 00:05:03,045 --> 00:05:05,115 THE STUDY THAT WE DID ABOUT FIVE, SIX YEARS 93 00:05:05,115 --> 00:05:09,284 AGO, WE SENT UP IPS CELL-DERIVED CARDIOMYOCYTES. 94 00:05:09,545 --> 00:05:11,974 THERE'S A FEW THINGS THAT MAY HAVE MADE ME GASP OUT LOUD 95 00:05:11,974 --> 00:05:13,115 UP ON BOARD SPACE STATION. 96 00:05:13,115 --> 00:05:15,395 SEEING THE PLANET WAS ONE OF THEM, BUT I GOT TO SAY 97 00:05:15,695 --> 00:05:17,974 GETTING THE CELLS IN FOCUS AND WATCHING HEART CELLS 98 00:05:17,974 --> 00:05:20,495 ACTUALLY BEAT HAS BEEN ANOTHER PRETTY BIG ONE. 99 00:05:20,855 --> 00:05:24,425 FOR THIS PARTICULAR STUDY, WE'RE GOING TO GO ONE STEP 100 00:05:24,425 --> 00:05:28,505 FURTHER TO MAKE IT RESEMBLE MORE OF A HUMAN HEART, 101 00:05:28,815 --> 00:05:31,724 MEANING THAT NOT JUST THE CARDIOMYOCYTES, BUT WE'RE 102 00:05:31,745 --> 00:05:34,724 SENDING IT IN A CHUNK OF THE HUMAN HEART TISSUE 103 00:05:34,724 --> 00:05:37,905 THAT HAS CARDIOMYOCYTES, THE FIBROBLASTS AND 104 00:05:37,905 --> 00:05:39,164 THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. 105 00:05:39,455 --> 00:05:43,148 WE PUT THE THREE CELLS TOGETHER TO FORM WHAT WE CALL 106 00:05:43,148 --> 00:05:47,388 3D ENGINEERED HEART TISSUES AND OUR PLAN IS TO SEND THESE 107 00:05:47,388 --> 00:05:51,588 CONTRACTING 3D ENGINEERED HEART TISSUESS UP TO SPACE 108 00:05:51,678 --> 00:05:54,718 SO THAT WE CAN UNDERSTAND THE EFFECT OF MICROGRAVITY 109 00:05:55,138 --> 00:05:58,783 ON CARDIAC FUNCTION IN HUMAN HEART TISSUE. 110 00:05:59,013 --> 00:06:01,393 THIS IS THE SCAFFOLD THAT HOLDS THE 111 00:06:01,393 --> 00:06:02,463 ENGINEERED HEART TISSUES. 112 00:06:02,463 --> 00:06:07,353 SO ONE SCAFFOLD CONTAINS FOUR OF THESE TISSUES 113 00:06:07,653 --> 00:06:08,433 WHEN THEY ARE BEATING. 114 00:06:08,553 --> 00:06:12,993 IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT THE HUMAN EVOLUTION TOOK PLACE 115 00:06:13,023 --> 00:06:16,983 UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THIS UNSEEN FORCE THAT IS GRAVITY. 116 00:06:17,338 --> 00:06:20,018 AND IF YOU TAKE THAT FUNDAMENTAL FORCE OUT, IT 117 00:06:20,018 --> 00:06:23,638 IS SOMETHING THAT THE CELLS HAVE NOT EXPERIENCED BEFORE. 118 00:06:23,698 --> 00:06:27,628 SO THERE'S A LOT OF CHALLENGES, AND WE ARE GLAD 119 00:06:27,628 --> 00:06:31,528 TO BE A PART OF A TEAM THAT OFFERS SOLUTIONS AT EVERY STEP 120 00:06:31,528 --> 00:06:36,148 OF THE WAY, THAT HAS MADE US TO GET TO THIS POINT WHERE 121 00:06:36,148 --> 00:06:38,758 WE ARE CONFIDENT THAT OUR SCIENCE IS GOING TO PUSH THE 122 00:06:38,758 --> 00:06:41,728 FRONTIERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH TO THE NEXT LEVEL. 123 00:06:46,628 --> 00:06:51,693 OUR RESEARCH IS DEVOTED TO THE PROBLEM OF RESOLVING 124 00:06:51,693 --> 00:06:56,003 THE DAMAGE THAT MAY BE CAUSED BY MICROMETEORITES 125 00:06:56,173 --> 00:07:01,383 AND SPACE DEBRIS ON MANMADE OBJECTS IN SPACE. 126 00:07:01,743 --> 00:07:06,453 WE ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER WE CAN USE THE OLD 127 00:07:06,483 --> 00:07:11,323 TECHNOLOGY CALLED BRAZING TO EXECUTE THE PROCESS IN 128 00:07:11,323 --> 00:07:16,573 REAL TIME AND IN SITU, BUT BEFORE WE GO INTO DEVELOPMENT 129 00:07:16,573 --> 00:07:19,753 OF THE TECHNOLOGY, WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICS 130 00:07:19,753 --> 00:07:23,173 OF THE PROBLEM AND THAT UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYSICS 131 00:07:23,173 --> 00:07:28,193 REQUIRES EXPERIMENTATION UNDER BOTH TERRESTRIAL AND 132 00:07:28,193 --> 00:07:30,913 SPACE MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS. 133 00:07:31,693 --> 00:07:35,923 WE ARE BUILDING THE EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES, WHICH 134 00:07:35,953 --> 00:07:40,378 ARE GOING TO BE DELIVERED TO THE SPACE STATION AND THEN 135 00:07:40,378 --> 00:07:44,158 USED IN THE EQUIPMENT THAT IS ALREADY IN THE SPACE STATION. 136 00:07:44,458 --> 00:07:47,278 IN PARALLEL, WE ARE REPEATING EXACTLY THE SAME 137 00:07:47,278 --> 00:07:50,518 SET OF EXPERIMENTS UNDER TERRESTRIAL CONDITIONS, 138 00:07:51,178 --> 00:07:54,688 PERFORMING THE SAME SET OF ANALYSIS, COMPARING THE 139 00:07:54,688 --> 00:07:59,008 TWO AND CONCLUDING WHETHER OR NOT THERE ARE IMPORTANT 140 00:07:59,008 --> 00:08:03,028 DIFFERENCES RELATED TO THE IMPACT OF GRAVITY OR NOT. 141 00:08:03,448 --> 00:08:06,088 WE ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHETHER THE 142 00:08:06,088 --> 00:08:10,388 SAME PHENOMENON THAT WE OBSERVED UNDER TERRESTRIAL 143 00:08:10,408 --> 00:08:14,218 CONDITIONS CAN TAKE PLACE UNDER SPACE CONDITIONS. 144 00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:19,468 MY NAME IS BROCK HOWE. 145 00:08:19,518 --> 00:08:22,038 I'M PROJECT MANAGER FOR THE NANORACKS AIRLOCK 146 00:08:22,038 --> 00:08:23,118 THAT YOU SEE BEFORE US. 147 00:08:23,268 --> 00:08:25,818 THIS IS THE, GOING TO BE THE FIRST COMMERCIAL MODULE 148 00:08:25,818 --> 00:08:29,258 FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, DESIGNED AND 149 00:08:29,278 --> 00:08:30,988 BUILT HERE AT NANORACKS. 150 00:08:31,338 --> 00:08:33,648 WE'VE BEEN WORKING ON THE AIRLOCK FOR ABOUT FIVE YEARS. 151 00:08:33,648 --> 00:08:35,538 IT'S GOING TO BE A NEW AIRLOCK TO THE SPACE 152 00:08:35,538 --> 00:08:40,128 STATION, SIMILAR IN USE AS THE JAPANESE AIRLOCK. 153 00:08:40,188 --> 00:08:42,318 BUT THIS ONE'S ABOUT FIVE TIMES THE SIZE OF 154 00:08:42,318 --> 00:08:43,268 THE JAPANESE AIRLOCK. 155 00:08:43,818 --> 00:08:46,578 OPPORTUNITIES FOR SCIENTISTS TO DO WORK AND BE CREATIVE 156 00:08:46,578 --> 00:08:49,358 WITH THE AIRLOCK ARE A MYRIAD OF DIFFERENT WAYS. 157 00:08:49,358 --> 00:08:52,188 ONE OF THE PRIMARY THINGS IS DEPLOYING OBJECTS OFF 158 00:08:52,188 --> 00:08:52,948 OF THE SPACE STATION. 159 00:08:52,948 --> 00:08:55,188 NANORACKS DOES THAT ON THESE SMALL CUBESAT 160 00:08:55,903 --> 00:08:57,253 TYPE FORMAT RIGHT NOW. 161 00:08:57,343 --> 00:08:59,983 THE AIRLOCK WILL PROVIDE A CAPABILITY OF MUCH LARGER, 162 00:09:00,223 --> 00:09:02,473 LARGER VOLUMES OF THOSE TYPES OF PAYLOADS TO BE 163 00:09:02,473 --> 00:09:03,653 DEPLOYED OUT INTO SPACE. 164 00:09:03,963 --> 00:09:06,663 WE ALSO HAVE EXTERNAL PAYLOAD MOUNTS WHERE WE CAN HOST 165 00:09:06,663 --> 00:09:07,943 PAYLOADS ON THE AIRLOCK. 166 00:09:08,313 --> 00:09:10,833 WE CAN ALSO HOST PAYLOADS INSIDE THE AIR LOCK WHILE IT'S 167 00:09:10,853 --> 00:09:12,303 STILL BIRTHED TO NODE THREE. 168 00:09:12,693 --> 00:09:14,493 SO THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS THAT 169 00:09:14,493 --> 00:09:15,483 THE SCIENTISTS CAN USE. 170 00:09:15,813 --> 00:09:18,033 A LOT OF DIFFERENT VOLUMES THAT SCIENTISTS CAN USE, 171 00:09:18,303 --> 00:09:21,063 A LOT OF DIFFERENT PAYLOAD POWER AND DATA CAPABILITIES 172 00:09:21,063 --> 00:09:23,923 ONBOARD THE AIRLOCK THAT REALLY WILL ENHANCE THEIR 173 00:09:23,923 --> 00:09:26,923 ABILITY TO DO SOME REALLY COOL SCIENCE ON BOARD ISS. 174 00:09:27,213 --> 00:09:30,003 THE AIRLOCK ALSO REPRESENTS FOR NANORACKS THE NEXT STEP 175 00:09:30,003 --> 00:09:32,993 TOWARDS OUR GOALS, WHICH ARE COMMERCIAL SPACE STATIONS. 176 00:09:32,993 --> 00:09:36,663 SO THIS PROVIDES A LOT OF CAPABILITIES TO ENHANCE OUR 177 00:09:36,663 --> 00:09:39,363 ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES AND OUR FABRICATION CAPABILITIES 178 00:09:39,363 --> 00:09:42,453 WITHIN OUR COMPANY, TO BE ABLE TO GET TO THOSE END GOALS OF 179 00:09:42,453 --> 00:09:43,443 COMMERCIAL SPACE STATIONS.