1 00:00:51,768 --> 00:00:53,603 >>> HELLO, AND WELCOME. 2 00:00:53,603 --> 00:00:55,105 I AM KAREN FOX, AND WE ARE HERE 3 00:00:55,105 --> 00:00:57,273 AT KENNEDY SPACE CENTER IN 4 00:00:57,273 --> 00:00:58,541 FLORIDA TO TALK ABOUT THE NEXT 5 00:00:58,541 --> 00:01:01,077 MISSION THAT NASA IS LAUNCHING, 6 00:01:01,077 --> 00:01:02,412 SOLAR ORBITER. 7 00:01:02,412 --> 00:01:03,880 THIS IS AN INTERNATIONAL 8 00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:04,714 COLLABORATION BETWEEN THE 9 00:01:04,714 --> 00:01:07,383 EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY AND NASA, 10 00:01:07,383 --> 00:01:09,185 AND IT IS GOING TO PROVIDE THE 11 00:01:09,185 --> 00:01:12,288 MOST COMPREHENSIVE VIEWS OF OUR 12 00:01:12,288 --> 00:01:13,289 STAR WE HAVE EVER BEEN ABLE TO 13 00:01:13,289 --> 00:01:13,556 GET. 14 00:01:13,556 --> 00:01:14,758 WE HAVE A PANEL OF GREAT 15 00:01:14,758 --> 00:01:15,759 SPEAKERS HERE TODAY TO TALK TO 16 00:01:15,759 --> 00:01:17,694 YOU ABOUT IT. 17 00:01:17,694 --> 00:01:19,162 WE HAVE DANIEL MUELLER, WHO IS 18 00:01:19,162 --> 00:01:21,598 THE PROJECT SCIENTIST FOR SOLAR 19 00:01:21,598 --> 00:01:22,932 ORBITER ESA. 20 00:01:22,932 --> 00:01:27,137 WE HAVE NICKY FOX, WHO IS THE 21 00:01:27,137 --> 00:01:29,939 DIRECTOR FOR HELIOPHYSICS AT 22 00:01:29,939 --> 00:01:30,406 NASA. 23 00:01:30,406 --> 00:01:31,741 WE HAVE GUENTHER HASINGER, WHO 24 00:01:31,741 --> 00:01:34,277 IS THE DIRECTOR FOR SCIENCE AT 25 00:01:34,277 --> 00:01:34,544 ESA. 26 00:01:34,544 --> 00:01:41,017 AND FINALLY, THOMAS ZURBUCHEN, 27 00:01:41,017 --> 00:01:44,454 ADMINISTRATOR AT NASA SCIENCE. 28 00:01:44,454 --> 00:01:48,825 SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 9th, 11:00 P.M. 29 00:01:48,825 --> 00:01:49,926 EAST COAST TIME IS THE LAUNCH. 30 00:01:49,926 --> 00:01:51,427 WITH THAT, WE'RE GOING TO GET 31 00:01:51,427 --> 00:01:52,862 STARTED ABOUT THIS MISSION. 32 00:01:52,862 --> 00:01:53,630 DANIEL, YOU'VE BEEN WITH THE 33 00:01:53,630 --> 00:01:54,364 MISSION FOR 13 YEARS. 34 00:01:54,364 --> 00:01:54,998 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 35 00:01:54,998 --> 00:01:56,366 IT'S BEEN A LONG TIME. 36 00:01:56,366 --> 00:01:57,333 WE'RE NEARING COMPLETION. 37 00:01:57,333 --> 00:01:59,469 JUST A FEW MORE DAYS TO GO. 38 00:01:59,469 --> 00:02:00,637 WE'RE EXCITED. 39 00:02:00,637 --> 00:02:01,871 >> TELL US WHY. 40 00:02:01,871 --> 00:02:02,705 WHY ARE YOU EXCITED? 41 00:02:02,705 --> 00:02:03,773 >> I THINK WE HAVE THE BEST JOB 42 00:02:03,773 --> 00:02:04,607 IN THE WORLD BECAUSE WE'RE GOING 43 00:02:04,607 --> 00:02:06,176 OUT THERE TO EXPLORE THE SUN AND 44 00:02:06,176 --> 00:02:07,043 THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 45 00:02:07,043 --> 00:02:09,012 SO THE ORBITER WILL BE THE FIRST 46 00:02:09,012 --> 00:02:10,613 TIME THAT WE SEND A SATELLITE 47 00:02:10,613 --> 00:02:14,384 OUT TO TAKE IMAGES OF THE SUN'S 48 00:02:14,384 --> 00:02:14,684 POLES. 49 00:02:14,684 --> 00:02:15,652 IN ADDITION, GETTING THE FIRST 50 00:02:15,652 --> 00:02:17,554 EVER DATA OF THE POLAR MAGNETIC 51 00:02:17,554 --> 00:02:17,854 FIELD. 52 00:02:17,854 --> 00:02:19,656 WE BELIEVE THAT THIS REALLY 53 00:02:19,656 --> 00:02:22,826 HOLDS THE KEYS TO UNRAVELLING 54 00:02:22,826 --> 00:02:23,526 THE MYSTERIES OF THE SUN'S 55 00:02:23,526 --> 00:02:24,861 ACTIVITY CYCLE. 56 00:02:24,861 --> 00:02:26,596 AND IN ADDITION, WE'LL ALSO 57 00:02:26,596 --> 00:02:27,797 MONITOR THE FAR SIDE OF THE SUN, 58 00:02:27,797 --> 00:02:31,234 WHICH WE CANNOT SEE FROM EARTH, 59 00:02:31,234 --> 00:02:33,503 AND COMBINE THAT DAY IT WITH 60 00:02:33,503 --> 00:02:34,537 SATELLITES AND TELESCOPES TO 61 00:02:34,537 --> 00:02:38,107 PROVIDE A FULL 3D VIEW OF OUR 62 00:02:38,107 --> 00:02:38,408 STAR. 63 00:02:38,408 --> 00:02:40,276 AND SO THE ORBITER IS REALLY A 64 00:02:40,276 --> 00:02:41,044 LABORATORY IN ORBIT. 65 00:02:41,044 --> 00:02:44,247 WE HAVE A SUITE OF TEN 66 00:02:44,247 --> 00:02:45,048 SOPHISTICATED INSTRUMENTS THAT 67 00:02:45,048 --> 00:02:49,152 WILL WORK TOGETHER TO TRACK THE 68 00:02:49,152 --> 00:02:50,687 EVOLUTION OF ERUPTIONS ON THE 69 00:02:50,687 --> 00:02:53,122 SUN FROM THE SURFACE, OUT INTO 70 00:02:53,122 --> 00:02:56,059 SPACE, ALL THE WAY DOWN TO 71 00:02:56,059 --> 00:02:56,392 EARTH. 72 00:02:56,392 --> 00:02:58,695 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 73 00:02:58,695 --> 00:02:59,629 IT'S AN EXCITING MISSION. 74 00:02:59,629 --> 00:03:02,031 WE'RE GOING TO GO TO NICKY FOX. 75 00:03:02,031 --> 00:03:05,401 TELL US A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE 76 00:03:05,401 --> 00:03:05,735 CONTEXT. 77 00:03:05,735 --> 00:03:08,938 HOW DOES THIS FIT INTO WHY WE 78 00:03:08,938 --> 00:03:09,505 WANT TO STUDY THE SUN? 79 00:03:09,505 --> 00:03:10,073 >> THANK YOU, KAREN. 80 00:03:10,073 --> 00:03:11,007 IT'S A VERY, VERY EXCITING 81 00:03:11,007 --> 00:03:11,341 MISSION. 82 00:03:11,341 --> 00:03:13,676 OUR ENTIRE SOLAR SYSTEM IS 83 00:03:13,676 --> 00:03:14,711 REALLY GOVERNED BY THE ACTIVITY 84 00:03:14,711 --> 00:03:15,778 THAT COMES FROM THE SUN. 85 00:03:15,778 --> 00:03:18,248 THERE'S A CONTINUALLY STREAMING 86 00:03:18,248 --> 00:03:20,917 KIND OF SOUP OF ENERGETIC 87 00:03:20,917 --> 00:03:22,452 PARTICLES THAT MOVE AWAY FROM 88 00:03:22,452 --> 00:03:24,153 THE SUN, BATHE ALL THE PLANETS. 89 00:03:24,153 --> 00:03:26,823 WE CALL THAT THE SOLAR WIND. 90 00:03:26,823 --> 00:03:27,557 NOT ONLY DOES IT DO THAT, IT 91 00:03:27,557 --> 00:03:28,858 ACTUALLY CARVES OUT OUR PLACE IN 92 00:03:28,858 --> 00:03:29,192 SPACE. 93 00:03:29,192 --> 00:03:31,628 SO AS THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS GOING 94 00:03:31,628 --> 00:03:33,763 ROUND ON ITS JOURNEY AROUND THE 95 00:03:33,763 --> 00:03:36,266 MILKY WAY, WE'RE PROTECTED FROM 96 00:03:36,266 --> 00:03:37,200 INTERSTELLAR SPACE AND THE 97 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:38,368 VAGARIES OF WHAT IS OUT THERE BY 98 00:03:38,368 --> 00:03:40,370 THE SOLAR WIND AND THE PROTECTED 99 00:03:40,370 --> 00:03:42,739 BUBBLE IT CREATES. 100 00:03:42,739 --> 00:03:43,773 SOMETIMES IN THIS CONTINUALLY 101 00:03:43,773 --> 00:03:47,543 FLOWING SOUP, WE SEE THESE VERY 102 00:03:47,543 --> 00:03:50,079 ENERGETIC KIND OF EXPLOSIONS ON 103 00:03:50,079 --> 00:03:50,513 THE SUN. 104 00:03:50,513 --> 00:03:52,949 WE CALL THEM CORONAL MASS 105 00:03:52,949 --> 00:03:54,250 EJECTIONS, AND WE SEE THEM 106 00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:55,051 EMBEDDED IN THE SOLAR WIND. 107 00:03:55,051 --> 00:03:57,820 WHEN THEY ARRIVE HERE AT EARTH, 108 00:03:57,820 --> 00:03:59,555 THEY CAN REALLY DISRUPT 109 00:03:59,555 --> 00:03:59,956 TECHNOLOGY. 110 00:03:59,956 --> 00:04:02,325 THEY CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS FOR GPS, 111 00:04:02,325 --> 00:04:04,093 FOR COMMUNICATIONS, AND OF 112 00:04:04,093 --> 00:04:06,796 COURSE FOR OUR ASTRONAUTS. 113 00:04:06,796 --> 00:04:08,264 THE SOLAR WIND CAN EVEN CAUSE 114 00:04:08,264 --> 00:04:10,767 ISSUES FOR THEM WHILE THEY'RE IN 115 00:04:10,767 --> 00:04:11,534 OUR PROTECTIVE MAGNETIC FIELD. 116 00:04:11,534 --> 00:04:12,902 SO IF NASA MOVES FORWARD TO 117 00:04:12,902 --> 00:04:14,938 RETURN TO THE MOON, TO MARS, AND 118 00:04:14,938 --> 00:04:17,707 BEYOND WITH OUR ARTEMIS PROGRAM, 119 00:04:17,707 --> 00:04:20,410 MISSIONS LIKE SOLAR ORBITER 120 00:04:20,410 --> 00:04:21,411 JOINING OUR FLEET BECOME REALLY, 121 00:04:21,411 --> 00:04:22,578 REALLY CRITICAL. 122 00:04:22,578 --> 00:04:25,882 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 123 00:04:25,882 --> 00:04:28,084 DANIEL, WITH THAT BACKGROUND, 124 00:04:28,084 --> 00:04:29,652 WHAT IS SOLAR ORBITER DOING TO 125 00:04:29,652 --> 00:04:30,787 CONTRIBUTE TO THAT? 126 00:04:30,787 --> 00:04:32,889 HOW IS IT GOING TO HELP? 127 00:04:32,889 --> 00:04:34,123 >> SOLAR ORBITER IS SPECIAL 128 00:04:34,123 --> 00:04:35,058 BECAUSE IT'S THE FIRST MISSION 129 00:04:35,058 --> 00:04:38,161 TO TRY TO LINK THE SUN AND 130 00:04:38,161 --> 00:04:41,097 ESTABLISH A CAUSE AND EFFECT 131 00:04:41,097 --> 00:04:41,764 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHAT 132 00:04:41,764 --> 00:04:43,533 HAPPENS ON THE SUN AND WHAT WE 133 00:04:43,533 --> 00:04:45,635 OBSERVE IN THE NEAR-EARTH 134 00:04:45,635 --> 00:04:46,102 ENVIRONMENT. 135 00:04:46,102 --> 00:04:47,170 IN PARTICULAR, WE WANT TO FIND 136 00:04:47,170 --> 00:04:49,072 OUT IN DETAIL ABOUT HOW THE 137 00:04:49,072 --> 00:04:50,940 SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD WORKS. 138 00:04:50,940 --> 00:04:52,942 WE KNOW THAT MOVING CHARGES 139 00:04:52,942 --> 00:04:54,711 GENERATE A MAGNETIC FEEL, WHICH 140 00:04:54,711 --> 00:04:56,079 IS IN A WAY THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT 141 00:04:56,079 --> 00:04:58,281 HAPPENS IN A LIGHT GENERATOR, ON 142 00:04:58,281 --> 00:04:58,781 A BICYCLE. 143 00:04:58,781 --> 00:05:01,084 WE KNOW THAT THE SUN EXHIBITS 144 00:05:01,084 --> 00:05:02,819 THIS 11-YEAR ACTIVITY CYCLE. 145 00:05:02,819 --> 00:05:04,387 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN OBSERVING THE 146 00:05:04,387 --> 00:05:06,055 SUN SINCE MAN INVENTED 147 00:05:06,055 --> 00:05:07,523 TELESCOPES ABOUT 400 YEARS AGO. 148 00:05:07,523 --> 00:05:10,293 WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHAT DRIVES 149 00:05:10,293 --> 00:05:13,596 THIS CYCLE OF 11 YEARS. 150 00:05:13,596 --> 00:05:15,498 AND THE AMPLITUDE, WE CANNOT 151 00:05:15,498 --> 00:05:16,599 PREDICT HOW STRONG THE NEXT 152 00:05:16,599 --> 00:05:17,367 CYCLE WILL BE. 153 00:05:17,367 --> 00:05:19,102 WE BELIEVE THE SUN'S POLES ARE 154 00:05:19,102 --> 00:05:19,769 KEY TO UNDERSTAND. 155 00:05:19,769 --> 00:05:22,305 WE KNOW THAT THE SUN'S MAGNETIC 156 00:05:22,305 --> 00:05:23,406 FIELD IS TRANSPORTED A LITTLE 157 00:05:23,406 --> 00:05:32,015 LIKE ON A CONVEYOR BELT FROM THE 158 00:05:32,015 --> 00:05:33,916 EQUATORIAL REGIONS TO THE POLES 159 00:05:33,916 --> 00:05:34,550 AND BACK. 160 00:05:34,550 --> 00:05:35,985 THE ONLY WAY TO DO THAT IS FLY 161 00:05:35,985 --> 00:05:39,389 TO AN ALTITUDE WHERE YOU CAN 162 00:05:39,389 --> 00:05:40,089 LOOK DOWN ON THE SUN'S POLES. 163 00:05:40,089 --> 00:05:43,026 THAT'S WHAT WE'LL DO FOR THE 164 00:05:43,026 --> 00:05:43,426 FIRST TIME. 165 00:05:43,426 --> 00:05:46,396 SO ON THE ORBITER, WE HAVE THREE 166 00:05:46,396 --> 00:05:47,663 INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE MAGNETIC 167 00:05:47,663 --> 00:05:48,031 FIELD. 168 00:05:48,031 --> 00:05:51,300 SO WE'LL USE BOTH A SENSE OF 169 00:05:51,300 --> 00:05:52,869 TOUCH, ALMOST TOUCHING THE SUN 170 00:05:52,869 --> 00:05:55,071 LITERALLY, MEASURING THE PLASMA 171 00:05:55,071 --> 00:05:56,372 AT THE LOCATION OF THE 172 00:05:56,372 --> 00:05:56,773 SPACECRAFT. 173 00:05:56,773 --> 00:05:59,675 AND WE'LL HAVE TWO OF THESE 174 00:05:59,675 --> 00:06:00,009 SENSORS. 175 00:06:00,009 --> 00:06:00,943 WE'LL ALSO HAVE A CAMERA THAT 176 00:06:00,943 --> 00:06:02,979 WILL USE MAGNETIC FIELD 177 00:06:02,979 --> 00:06:04,614 INFORMATION AND CODE IT. 178 00:06:04,614 --> 00:06:06,282 THEREBY WE TRY TO CONNECT THE 179 00:06:06,282 --> 00:06:07,383 MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE SURFACE TO 180 00:06:07,383 --> 00:06:08,618 THE MAGNETIC FIELD WE MEASURE 181 00:06:08,618 --> 00:06:12,522 WHERE THE SPACECRAFT FLIES. 182 00:06:12,522 --> 00:06:16,159 ULTIMATELY, THE MAGNETIC FIELD 183 00:06:16,159 --> 00:06:17,693 SHAPES EVERYTHING, THIS ENTIRE 184 00:06:17,693 --> 00:06:18,294 PLASMA BUBBLE. 185 00:06:18,294 --> 00:06:20,863 IT ALSO CONTRIBUTES TO THE WAY 186 00:06:20,863 --> 00:06:21,597 THE SOLAR WIND IS ACCELERATED. 187 00:06:21,597 --> 00:06:22,565 WE UNDERSTAND ROUGHLY HOW THAT 188 00:06:22,565 --> 00:06:25,401 WORKS BUT NOT REALLY IN DETAIL. 189 00:06:25,401 --> 00:06:27,503 COMBINING SOLAR ORBITER WILL 190 00:06:27,503 --> 00:06:28,938 REALLY PROVIDE US WITH A 191 00:06:28,938 --> 00:06:30,740 POWERFUL TOOL TO DO THAT. 192 00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:32,008 >> TAKE US EVEN A LITTLE 193 00:06:32,008 --> 00:06:32,341 FURTHER. 194 00:06:32,341 --> 00:06:33,309 YOU TALKED ABOUT SOME OF THE 195 00:06:33,309 --> 00:06:34,410 INSTRUMENTS ON BOARD. 196 00:06:34,410 --> 00:06:35,478 WHAT ARE THE OTHER INSTRUMENTS 197 00:06:35,478 --> 00:06:36,512 THAT ARE REALLY GOING TO HELP US 198 00:06:36,512 --> 00:06:37,680 DO THIS? 199 00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:39,549 >> WE HAVE TEN INSTRUMENTS ON 200 00:06:39,549 --> 00:06:39,882 BOARD. 201 00:06:39,882 --> 00:06:41,084 SO A REALLY IMPRESSIVE SUITE. 202 00:06:41,084 --> 00:06:42,285 AS THE MISSION'S PROJECT 203 00:06:42,285 --> 00:06:43,820 SCIENTIST, I LOVE THEM ALL 204 00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:44,187 EQUALLY. 205 00:06:44,187 --> 00:06:47,256 THEY'RE ALL GREAT. 206 00:06:47,256 --> 00:06:49,992 THEY WORK EVEN BETTER AS A TEAM. 207 00:06:49,992 --> 00:06:53,129 AND THE UNIQUE THING IS WE HAVE 208 00:06:53,129 --> 00:06:54,397 THESE FOUR SENSE OF TOUCH 209 00:06:54,397 --> 00:06:55,498 INSTRUMENTS THAT MEASURE THE 210 00:06:55,498 --> 00:06:59,368 SOLAR WIND AS IT DIPS PAST THE 211 00:06:59,368 --> 00:06:59,769 SPACECRAFT. 212 00:06:59,769 --> 00:07:00,703 WE HAVE SIX TELESCOPES THAT 213 00:07:00,703 --> 00:07:04,006 OBSERVE THE LIGHT FROM THE SUN 214 00:07:04,006 --> 00:07:04,674 IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE 215 00:07:04,674 --> 00:07:05,308 RAINBOW SPECTRUM. 216 00:07:05,308 --> 00:07:09,345 TWO OF THOSE ARE SO-CALLED 217 00:07:09,345 --> 00:07:10,179 CORONOGRAPHS WHERE WE BLOCK OUT 218 00:07:10,179 --> 00:07:12,381 THE LIGHT OF THE SUN TO GET THE 219 00:07:12,381 --> 00:07:14,784 IMAGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND 220 00:07:14,784 --> 00:07:16,886 THE SUN. 221 00:07:16,886 --> 00:07:18,387 IN ADDITION, WE HAVE THESE 222 00:07:18,387 --> 00:07:20,690 SENSORS THAT MEASURE, FOR 223 00:07:20,690 --> 00:07:23,860 EXAMPLE, IONS IN SPACE. 224 00:07:23,860 --> 00:07:26,095 ELEMENTS ON THE SUN ARE NOT ONLY 225 00:07:26,095 --> 00:07:28,631 HYDROGEN AND HELIUM, BUT IRON, 226 00:07:28,631 --> 00:07:29,699 OXYGEN. 227 00:07:29,699 --> 00:07:30,700 WE MEASURE THOSE AT THE LOCATION 228 00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:32,435 OF THE SPACECRAFT. 229 00:07:32,435 --> 00:07:33,970 WE REALLY WEIGH THE PARTICLES, 230 00:07:33,970 --> 00:07:37,206 BUT WE CAN ALSO MEASURE THE 231 00:07:37,206 --> 00:07:39,375 LIGHT THAT THEY EMIT ON THE 232 00:07:39,375 --> 00:07:39,742 SURFACE. 233 00:07:39,742 --> 00:07:42,678 THEREBY, WE HAVE A UNIQUE WAY OF 234 00:07:42,678 --> 00:07:43,146 LINKING THE TWO. 235 00:07:43,146 --> 00:07:43,513 >> GREAT. 236 00:07:43,513 --> 00:07:44,514 SO AS YOU'VE WALKED US THROUGH 237 00:07:44,514 --> 00:07:46,616 THIS SPACECRAFT, IT IS OF COURSE 238 00:07:46,616 --> 00:07:49,886 BUILT ON A LEGACY OF ALL SORTS 239 00:07:49,886 --> 00:07:51,220 OF OTHER OBSERVATORIES THAT HAVE 240 00:07:51,220 --> 00:07:52,855 BEEN LOOKING AT THE SUN. 241 00:07:52,855 --> 00:07:54,056 NICKY, GIVE US A LITTLE MORE OF 242 00:07:54,056 --> 00:07:54,390 THAT. 243 00:07:54,390 --> 00:07:56,392 HOW DOES THIS FIT INTO OUR 244 00:07:56,392 --> 00:07:57,293 STUDIES IN GENERAL? 245 00:07:57,293 --> 00:07:58,427 >> I LOVE THE TERM LEGACY 246 00:07:58,427 --> 00:08:00,429 BECAUSE WE REALLY DO DESIGN OUR 247 00:08:00,429 --> 00:08:02,532 MISSIONS BASED ON WHAT'S COME 248 00:08:02,532 --> 00:08:02,932 BEFORE. 249 00:08:02,932 --> 00:08:05,168 WE'VE HAD THIS LONG PARTNERSHIP 250 00:08:05,168 --> 00:08:06,702 WITH ESA. 251 00:08:06,702 --> 00:08:09,338 WE HAD ULYSSES THAT LAUNCHED. 252 00:08:09,338 --> 00:08:10,706 WE'VE HAD SOHO. 253 00:08:10,706 --> 00:08:12,441 GOING BACK TO THAT LAUNCH 25 254 00:08:12,441 --> 00:08:14,110 YEARS AGO, THERE HAVE BEEN 13 255 00:08:14,110 --> 00:08:14,977 SOLAR MISSIONS. 256 00:08:14,977 --> 00:08:16,345 SO SOLAR ORBITER WILL BE THE 257 00:08:16,345 --> 00:08:18,447 14th DEDICATED SOLAR MISSION 258 00:08:18,447 --> 00:08:21,250 SINCE 1995. 259 00:08:21,250 --> 00:08:23,653 AND SO WE BUILD ON THIS LEGACY 260 00:08:23,653 --> 00:08:24,453 OF THESE MISSIONS THAT HAVE GONE 261 00:08:24,453 --> 00:08:24,787 BEFORE. 262 00:08:24,787 --> 00:08:27,356 THEY TELL US THE QUESTIONS WE 263 00:08:27,356 --> 00:08:28,090 REALLY, REALLY, REALLY WANT TO 264 00:08:28,090 --> 00:08:28,424 ANSWER. 265 00:08:28,424 --> 00:08:30,259 SO WE DESIGN OUR MISSION. 266 00:08:30,259 --> 00:08:31,894 FOR ME, THE MOST EXCITING THING 267 00:08:31,894 --> 00:08:34,063 IS WE ARE WELCOMING SOLAR 268 00:08:34,063 --> 00:08:36,432 ORBITER INTO THIS HUGE FLEET. 269 00:08:36,432 --> 00:08:37,600 EACH OF OUR SPACECRAFT IS 270 00:08:37,600 --> 00:08:39,101 DESIGNED TO GO TO EXACTLY THE 271 00:08:39,101 --> 00:08:40,203 RIGHT PLACE TO DO THE SCIENCE 272 00:08:40,203 --> 00:08:42,038 THAT WE WANT IT TO ADDRESS. 273 00:08:42,038 --> 00:08:46,842 SO WE COVER EVERYTHING FROM THE 274 00:08:46,842 --> 00:08:51,314 INNER HELIOSPHERE TO OUT OUTER 275 00:08:51,314 --> 00:08:53,182 VOYAGES. 276 00:08:53,182 --> 00:08:53,883 WE PUT ALL OF THIS TOGETHER, 277 00:08:53,883 --> 00:08:54,517 JUST LIKE DANIEL SAID. 278 00:08:54,517 --> 00:08:55,218 THE TEN INSTRUMENTS WORK 279 00:08:55,218 --> 00:08:56,219 TOGETHER BETTER AS A TEAM. 280 00:08:56,219 --> 00:08:57,753 ALL OF THOSE ASSETS YOU SEE WORK 281 00:08:57,753 --> 00:08:58,988 BETTER AS A TEAM. 282 00:08:58,988 --> 00:09:04,293 IT'S AN EXCITING TIME. 283 00:09:04,293 --> 00:09:06,696 WE WILL BE JOINED BY OUR SISTER 284 00:09:06,696 --> 00:09:07,430 SOLAR ORBITER. 285 00:09:07,430 --> 00:09:09,832 THEY WILL START TAKING DATA 286 00:09:09,832 --> 00:09:10,199 TOGETHER. 287 00:09:10,199 --> 00:09:11,000 OF COURSE, JUST LAST WEEK WE SAW 288 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:13,502 THOSE FABULOUS FIRST LIGHT 289 00:09:13,502 --> 00:09:14,937 IMAGES FROM THE SPACE TELESCOPE. 290 00:09:14,937 --> 00:09:16,339 IF WE RUN THE VIDEO, YOU'LL SEE 291 00:09:16,339 --> 00:09:17,974 THESE LITTLE GRAINS THERE. 292 00:09:17,974 --> 00:09:19,909 THEY'RE ABOUT THE SIZE OF TEXAS, 293 00:09:19,909 --> 00:09:20,810 IF WE CAN RUN THAT. 294 00:09:20,810 --> 00:09:21,844 EACH OF THOSE CELLS IS ABOUT THE 295 00:09:21,844 --> 00:09:24,113 SIZE OF TEXAS. 296 00:09:24,113 --> 00:09:26,782 SO IT IS JUST AS I ALWAYS SAY, A 297 00:09:26,782 --> 00:09:30,519 GREAT TIME TO BE A 298 00:09:30,519 --> 00:09:30,987 HELIOPHYSICIST. 299 00:09:30,987 --> 00:09:32,388 >> THANK YOU, NICKY, FOR THAT 300 00:09:32,388 --> 00:09:32,788 PERSPECTIVE. 301 00:09:32,788 --> 00:09:33,856 I WANT TO TAKE IT TO THE 302 00:09:33,856 --> 00:09:34,957 EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY AND GET A 303 00:09:34,957 --> 00:09:36,058 LITTLE MORE ABOUT THAT. 304 00:09:36,058 --> 00:09:37,526 SO WE HAVE GUENTHER HASINGER, 305 00:09:37,526 --> 00:09:39,662 THE DIRECTOR OF SCIENCE FOR ESA. 306 00:09:39,662 --> 00:09:41,430 TELL US HOW THIS FITS INTO WHAT 307 00:09:41,430 --> 00:09:42,298 ESA IS DOING RIGHT NOW. 308 00:09:42,298 --> 00:09:44,967 >> YEAH, SO WE ARE REALLY VERY 309 00:09:44,967 --> 00:09:46,235 EXCITED THAT SOLAR ORBITER WILL 310 00:09:46,235 --> 00:09:48,404 JOIN THE FLEET OF MISSIONS THAT 311 00:09:48,404 --> 00:09:55,044 ESA HAS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 312 00:09:55,044 --> 00:09:55,711 SIMILAR TO NASA AND MANY OF 313 00:09:55,711 --> 00:09:56,379 THESE THINGS WE ARE DOING 314 00:09:56,379 --> 00:09:57,113 TOGETHER, WE HAVE ACTUALLY QUITE 315 00:09:57,113 --> 00:09:58,814 A NUMBER OF MISSIONS. 316 00:09:58,814 --> 00:10:00,049 WE ARE STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS 317 00:10:00,049 --> 00:10:03,185 OF GIANTS IN A SENSE. 318 00:10:03,185 --> 00:10:04,453 ULYSSES, NICKY MENTIONED, WAS 319 00:10:04,453 --> 00:10:05,988 THE FIRST ONE THAT WENT OVER THE 320 00:10:05,988 --> 00:10:08,991 POLES OF THE SUN BUT AT A VERY 321 00:10:08,991 --> 00:10:10,226 LARGE DISTANCE AND EYES CLOSED, 322 00:10:10,226 --> 00:10:11,627 SO WE DIDN'T REALLY GET THE 323 00:10:11,627 --> 00:10:16,866 INFORMATION THAT SOLAR ORBITER 324 00:10:16,866 --> 00:10:17,233 WILL GET. 325 00:10:17,233 --> 00:10:18,100 SOHO HAS BEEN WORKING 25 YEARS, 326 00:10:18,100 --> 00:10:19,035 DOING EXCELLENT MONITORING. 327 00:10:19,035 --> 00:10:22,238 WE ALSO HAVE SENT SOMETHING 328 00:10:22,238 --> 00:10:25,341 RECENTLY TO MERCURY. 329 00:10:25,341 --> 00:10:29,045 WE HAVE PLASMA INSTRUMENTS 330 00:10:29,045 --> 00:10:29,378 NEARBY. 331 00:10:29,378 --> 00:10:30,780 THE CLUSTER MISSION, FOR 332 00:10:30,780 --> 00:10:31,147 INSTANCE. 333 00:10:31,147 --> 00:10:35,051 NASA HAS A CLUSTER-TYPE MISSION. 334 00:10:35,051 --> 00:10:37,853 SO SOLAR ORBITER WILL SIT IN 335 00:10:37,853 --> 00:10:39,655 THIS FAMILY OF MISSIONS THAT ARE 336 00:10:39,655 --> 00:10:42,191 STUDYING THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM. 337 00:10:42,191 --> 00:10:46,162 AND TOGETHER WITH PARKER SOLAR 338 00:10:46,162 --> 00:10:48,464 PROBE, I REGARD IT AS AN 339 00:10:48,464 --> 00:10:48,831 ORCHESTRA. 340 00:10:48,831 --> 00:10:49,565 EVERY INSTRUMENT PLAYS A 341 00:10:49,565 --> 00:10:50,599 DIFFERENT TUNE, BUT TOGETHER 342 00:10:50,599 --> 00:10:53,135 THEY PLAY THE SYMPHONY OF THE 343 00:10:53,135 --> 00:10:53,803 SUN. 344 00:10:53,803 --> 00:10:59,342 AND IT IS QUITE FITTING THAT 345 00:10:59,342 --> 00:11:01,177 JUST RECENTLY EUGENE PARKER 346 00:11:01,177 --> 00:11:02,745 HIMSELF HAS BEEN ANNOUNCED TO 347 00:11:02,745 --> 00:11:04,547 WIN THE PRESTIGIOUS CRAWFORD 348 00:11:04,547 --> 00:11:05,781 PRIDE, WHICH IS SOMETHING LIKE 349 00:11:05,781 --> 00:11:08,584 THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR ASTRONOMY. 350 00:11:08,584 --> 00:11:10,186 HE WHO HAS DISCOVERED THE SOLAR 351 00:11:10,186 --> 00:11:12,154 WIND IS NOW ALSO AWARDED THIS 352 00:11:12,154 --> 00:11:15,358 PRIZE, EXACTLY AT THE TIME WE 353 00:11:15,358 --> 00:11:15,958 FORM THIS COLLABORATION. 354 00:11:15,958 --> 00:11:17,259 IT'S REALLY WONDERFUL. 355 00:11:17,259 --> 00:11:18,994 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, GUENTHER. 356 00:11:18,994 --> 00:11:23,733 WE ARE GOING TO GO NOW TO THOMAS 357 00:11:23,733 --> 00:11:26,302 ZURBUCHEN, THE ASSOCIATE 358 00:11:26,302 --> 00:11:27,002 ADMINISTRATOR FOR SCIENCE AT 359 00:11:27,002 --> 00:11:27,570 NASA HEADQUARTERS. 360 00:11:27,570 --> 00:11:28,404 WE WERE TALKING BEFORE, THERE'S 361 00:11:28,404 --> 00:11:29,472 ACTUALLY A REASON WITH ALL THESE 362 00:11:29,472 --> 00:11:30,272 MISSIONS THAT YOU'RE PAYING 363 00:11:30,272 --> 00:11:31,941 ATTENTION TO, WHY SOLAR ORBITER 364 00:11:31,941 --> 00:11:34,610 IS PARTICULARLY SPECIAL TO YOU. 365 00:11:34,610 --> 00:11:37,680 >> WELL, MANY, MANY YEARS AGO AS 366 00:11:37,680 --> 00:11:39,181 A SCIENTIST, BEFORE I STOPPED 367 00:11:39,181 --> 00:11:40,616 DOING SCIENCE AND HELPED OTHER 368 00:11:40,616 --> 00:11:42,818 SCIENTISTS MOSTLY, I ACTUALLY 369 00:11:42,818 --> 00:11:45,788 WAS PART OF THIS EARLY STAGES OF 370 00:11:45,788 --> 00:11:46,489 THAT MISSION. 371 00:11:46,489 --> 00:11:48,657 WE DESIGNED THE MISSION TOGETHER 372 00:11:48,657 --> 00:11:50,359 ALREADY AS AN INTERNATIONAL 373 00:11:50,359 --> 00:11:50,659 TEAM. 374 00:11:50,659 --> 00:11:52,194 THEN WHAT WE DID IS WE CAME UP 375 00:11:52,194 --> 00:11:53,195 WITH NEW SENSORS. 376 00:11:53,195 --> 00:11:55,398 THERE'S ONE SENSOR ON IT FOR ME 377 00:11:55,398 --> 00:11:56,565 A LITTLE MORE IMPORTANT THAN ALL 378 00:11:56,565 --> 00:11:57,333 THE OTHERS. 379 00:11:57,333 --> 00:11:59,001 FOR YOU IT'S ALL THE SAME. 380 00:11:59,001 --> 00:12:00,836 THERE'S THAT ONE THAT I WORKED 381 00:12:00,836 --> 00:12:03,439 TOGETHER AS A LEAD OF THE SENSOR 382 00:12:03,439 --> 00:12:05,908 LEAD, THE HEAVY IRON SENSOR. 383 00:12:05,908 --> 00:12:07,243 YOU TALK ABOUT THIS IRON AND 384 00:12:07,243 --> 00:12:07,576 OXYGEN. 385 00:12:07,576 --> 00:12:09,779 IT'S THAT SENSOR THAT I DESIGNED 386 00:12:09,779 --> 00:12:10,546 TOGETHER WITH THAT TEAM. 387 00:12:10,546 --> 00:12:13,816 IT'S UP THERE NOW ON THE ROCKET. 388 00:12:13,816 --> 00:12:15,017 >> THAT IS EXCITING. 389 00:12:15,017 --> 00:12:17,353 THAT'S REALLY EXCITING. 390 00:12:17,353 --> 00:12:20,423 SO NOW GIVE US A LITTLE BIT MORE 391 00:12:20,423 --> 00:12:22,425 ABOUT ALL OF THE MISSIONS IN THE 392 00:12:22,425 --> 00:12:24,260 PORTFOLIO FOR SCIENCE. 393 00:12:24,260 --> 00:12:25,094 HOW DOES SOLAR ORBITER FIT INTO 394 00:12:25,094 --> 00:12:26,829 WHAT NASA IS TRYING TO DO WITH 395 00:12:26,829 --> 00:12:27,830 SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RIGHT NOW? 396 00:12:27,830 --> 00:12:30,666 >> SO THE FIRST THING THAT'S 397 00:12:30,666 --> 00:12:34,069 REALLY EXCITE OFTEN TALKED ABOUT 398 00:12:34,069 --> 00:12:39,108 IS IT'S A GREAT TIME FOR INNER 399 00:12:39,108 --> 00:12:39,775 HELIOSPHERE SCIENCE. 400 00:12:39,775 --> 00:12:41,477 THE NEAR SOLAR PHYSICS, THERE'S 401 00:12:41,477 --> 00:12:43,479 A CAMPAIGN HAPPENING RIGHT NOW 402 00:12:43,479 --> 00:12:44,914 THAT'S HISTORIC. 403 00:12:44,914 --> 00:12:45,848 IT'S UNPRECEDENTED. 404 00:12:45,848 --> 00:12:47,817 WHAT'S REALLY CRITICAL IS TO GET 405 00:12:47,817 --> 00:12:49,752 THE BEST SCIENCE OUT OF THIS 406 00:12:49,752 --> 00:12:50,219 RIGHT NOW. 407 00:12:50,219 --> 00:12:51,086 IT'S REALLY AMAZING. 408 00:12:51,086 --> 00:12:53,189 WHAT'S COOL, THOUGH, IS THAT THE 409 00:12:53,189 --> 00:12:54,690 SCIENCE QUESTIONS THAT ARE BEING 410 00:12:54,690 --> 00:12:56,025 ADDRESSED ARE ACTUALLY REALLY 411 00:12:56,025 --> 00:12:57,393 IMPORTANT ELSEWHERE TOO. 412 00:12:57,393 --> 00:12:59,762 LOOK AT ASTROPHYSICS. 413 00:12:59,762 --> 00:13:01,564 WE'RE ASKING ALL THESE QUESTIONS 414 00:13:01,564 --> 00:13:03,365 ABOUT FINDING PLANETS WHERE LIFE 415 00:13:03,365 --> 00:13:04,700 COULD EXIST. 416 00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:10,105 IF YOU'RE NEXT TO A STAR THAT 417 00:13:10,105 --> 00:13:10,940 HAS ENORMOUS ERUPTIONS LIKE THEY 418 00:13:10,940 --> 00:13:12,208 DO, WE OBSERVE WITH 419 00:13:12,208 --> 00:13:13,342 OBSERVATORIES ELSEWHERE. 420 00:13:13,342 --> 00:13:14,977 EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE, WE WIPE 421 00:13:14,977 --> 00:13:16,779 CLEAN, OR BURN OFF, THE 422 00:13:16,779 --> 00:13:17,580 ATMOSPHERE OF THESE STARS. 423 00:13:17,580 --> 00:13:18,914 THAT'S NOT A GOOD PLACE FOR 424 00:13:18,914 --> 00:13:19,548 LIFE, WE THINK. 425 00:13:19,548 --> 00:13:21,083 SO REALLY UNDERSTANDING THE 426 00:13:21,083 --> 00:13:23,118 ORIGIN OF ACTIVITY, WHICH IS 427 00:13:23,118 --> 00:13:23,886 PRECISELY WHAT DANIEL TALKED 428 00:13:23,886 --> 00:13:25,554 ABOUT EARLIER, IS SOMETHING 429 00:13:25,554 --> 00:13:30,226 THAT'S OF INTEREST IN MANY OTHER 430 00:13:30,226 --> 00:13:30,593 DOMAINS. 431 00:13:30,593 --> 00:13:32,094 BY THE WAY, LOOKING AT POLAR 432 00:13:32,094 --> 00:13:33,529 REGIONS, THE IMPORTANCE OF THAT, 433 00:13:33,529 --> 00:13:34,964 YOU CAN LEARN, FOR EXAMPLE, BY 434 00:13:34,964 --> 00:13:38,000 LOOKING AT JUPITER. 435 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,503 LOOKING DOWN AT IT, POLAR 436 00:13:40,503 --> 00:13:41,337 REGIONS ARE VERY DIFFERENT THAN 437 00:13:41,337 --> 00:13:41,804 WE EXPECTED. 438 00:13:41,804 --> 00:13:43,939 THERE'S A LOT OF PUZZLES ABOUT 439 00:13:43,939 --> 00:13:45,207 THE MAGNETIC ENGINE OF THAT 440 00:13:45,207 --> 00:13:45,541 PLANET. 441 00:13:45,541 --> 00:13:47,076 SO WE THINK OF THIS AS JUST SUCH 442 00:13:47,076 --> 00:13:50,045 A CRITICAL ELEMENT, BOTH FOR 443 00:13:50,045 --> 00:13:51,714 HELIOPHYSICS BUT FOR SCIENCE 444 00:13:51,714 --> 00:13:52,181 OVERALL. 445 00:13:52,181 --> 00:13:54,717 >> AND OF COURSE, WE HAVE COMING 446 00:13:54,717 --> 00:13:55,684 UP ANOTHER INTERNATIONAL 447 00:13:55,684 --> 00:13:59,255 COLLABORATION WITH ESA. 448 00:13:59,255 --> 00:13:59,922 JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE. 449 00:13:59,922 --> 00:14:00,756 TELL US MORE ABOUT THAT. 450 00:14:00,756 --> 00:14:03,259 >> YEAH, I WAS JUST AT LAUNCH 451 00:14:03,259 --> 00:14:03,893 READINESS REVIEW. 452 00:14:03,893 --> 00:14:06,562 ONE OF THE HIGHLIGHTS FOR ME WAS 453 00:14:06,562 --> 00:14:07,463 TO TURN AROUND AND SEE THE 454 00:14:07,463 --> 00:14:08,464 EUROPEAN LAUNCH TEAM RIGHT THERE 455 00:14:08,464 --> 00:14:09,732 SITTING IN THE LAUNCH READINESS 456 00:14:09,732 --> 00:14:10,065 REVIEW. 457 00:14:10,065 --> 00:14:11,400 SO WE'RE LEARNING ABOUT EACH 458 00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:14,370 OTHER'S CULTURES, EACH OTHER'S 459 00:14:14,370 --> 00:14:16,138 PROCESSES BECAUSE NEXT YEAR, WE 460 00:14:16,138 --> 00:14:18,908 WANT TO LAUNCH THE JAMES WEBB 461 00:14:18,908 --> 00:14:19,308 TELESCOPE. 462 00:14:19,308 --> 00:14:23,946 WE'RE GOING TO DO THAT ON THE 463 00:14:23,946 --> 00:14:25,581 EUROPEAN SIDE. 464 00:14:25,581 --> 00:14:27,516 THE TELESCOPE, RIGHT NOW IT'S 465 00:14:27,516 --> 00:14:29,618 ALL FOLDED UP. 466 00:14:29,618 --> 00:14:32,187 THEY'RE DOING SOME OF THE LAST 467 00:14:32,187 --> 00:14:35,624 CHANGES BEFORE WE DO THE FINAL 468 00:14:35,624 --> 00:14:35,925 TEST. 469 00:14:35,925 --> 00:14:40,129 SO WE'RE GETTING EXCITED. 470 00:14:40,129 --> 00:14:43,299 SO MANY OF OUR MISSIONS ARE 471 00:14:43,299 --> 00:14:43,766 INTERNATIONAL. 472 00:14:43,766 --> 00:14:45,100 MANY PEOPLE JUST DON'T 473 00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:45,768 UNDERSTAND, THE SCIENCE 474 00:14:45,768 --> 00:14:48,604 COMMUNITY IS AN INTERNATIONAL 475 00:14:48,604 --> 00:14:48,971 COMMUNITY. 476 00:14:48,971 --> 00:14:52,808 IT'S THE NATURAL WAY OF DOING 477 00:14:52,808 --> 00:14:54,310 WORK, IN AN INTERNATIONAL WAY. 478 00:14:54,310 --> 00:14:56,745 SCIENCE UNITES ALL OF US AROUND 479 00:14:56,745 --> 00:14:57,479 THE WORLD. 480 00:14:57,479 --> 00:14:58,647 SOLAR ORBITER AND JAMES WEBB ARE 481 00:14:58,647 --> 00:15:00,816 JUST AN INDICATION OF THAT. 482 00:15:00,816 --> 00:15:02,351 >> GREAT. 483 00:15:02,351 --> 00:15:03,385 WELL, THANK YOU ALL SO MUCH. 484 00:15:03,385 --> 00:15:04,820 WE ARE GOING TO HAVE TIME NOW TO 485 00:15:04,820 --> 00:15:06,689 TAKE SOME QUESTIONS FROM THE 486 00:15:06,689 --> 00:15:06,989 ROOM. 487 00:15:06,989 --> 00:15:09,058 WE ALSO MAY HAVE SOME PEOPLE WHO 488 00:15:09,058 --> 00:15:11,727 HAVE PHONED IN GIVING QUESTIONS. 489 00:15:11,727 --> 00:15:17,833 WE ALSO ARE TAKING SOCIAL MEDIA 490 00:15:17,833 --> 00:15:18,400 QUESTIONS AT #ASKNASA. 491 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,036 YES, MARSHA. 492 00:15:21,036 --> 00:15:23,706 >> I'M INTERESTED IN THE POLAR 493 00:15:23,706 --> 00:15:26,675 VIEWS OF THE SUN. 494 00:15:26,675 --> 00:15:27,776 I MEAN, I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN 495 00:15:27,776 --> 00:15:28,644 GUESS WHAT YOU'RE GOING TO SEE. 496 00:15:28,644 --> 00:15:30,412 TO ME, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THE 497 00:15:30,412 --> 00:15:31,113 REST OF THE SUN. 498 00:15:31,113 --> 00:15:32,114 BUT WHAT IN PARTICULAR WILL YOU 499 00:15:32,114 --> 00:15:33,415 BE LOOKING FOR? 500 00:15:33,415 --> 00:15:34,316 MAYBE THERE WILL BE HUGE 501 00:15:34,316 --> 00:15:35,317 DIFFERENCES IN THE PICTURES. 502 00:15:35,317 --> 00:15:36,251 IF SO, WHAT? 503 00:15:36,251 --> 00:15:38,487 AND WILL YOU HAVE THE KIND OF 504 00:15:38,487 --> 00:15:39,788 RESOLUTION AS WE SAW IN THE 505 00:15:39,788 --> 00:15:41,290 PHOTO FROM THE HAWAIIAN 506 00:15:41,290 --> 00:15:45,327 TELESCOPE WITH THE TEXAS-SIZE, 507 00:15:45,327 --> 00:15:46,128 YOU KNOW, BOILING BUBBLES THERE 508 00:15:46,128 --> 00:15:46,528 ON THE SUN? 509 00:15:46,528 --> 00:15:48,697 I'M JUST LOOKING FOR A LITTLE 510 00:15:48,697 --> 00:15:50,966 SNEAK PREVIEW. 511 00:15:50,966 --> 00:15:55,571 >> YES, I THINK I CAN TAKE THAT 512 00:15:55,571 --> 00:15:55,838 ONE. 513 00:15:55,838 --> 00:15:58,841 I THINK IN GENERAL TERMS, THE 514 00:15:58,841 --> 00:16:01,577 SUN'S POLES ARE STILL PART OF 515 00:16:01,577 --> 00:16:02,111 THE SOLAR SURFACE. 516 00:16:02,111 --> 00:16:03,479 IN GENERAL TERMS, THEY WILL LOOK 517 00:16:03,479 --> 00:16:03,979 SOMEWHAT SIMILAR. 518 00:16:03,979 --> 00:16:05,114 THE DIFFERENCE REALLY LIES IN 519 00:16:05,114 --> 00:16:06,982 THE MAGNETIC FIELD. 520 00:16:06,982 --> 00:16:10,786 SO THIS BOILING SURFACE WITH A 521 00:16:10,786 --> 00:16:11,754 GRANULATION WILL MOST LIKELY 522 00:16:11,754 --> 00:16:12,221 LOOK SIMILAR. 523 00:16:12,221 --> 00:16:13,555 WE'RE LOOKING FOR INDICATIONS OF 524 00:16:13,555 --> 00:16:15,658 THIS CONVEYOR BELT MECHANISM 525 00:16:15,658 --> 00:16:17,359 WHERE A FIELD SUBMERGES AND WE 526 00:16:17,359 --> 00:16:18,594 SEE INDICATIONS OF THE NEXT 527 00:16:18,594 --> 00:16:19,995 SOLAR CYCLE POPPING UP. 528 00:16:19,995 --> 00:16:23,766 SO AFTER 11 YEARS, THE SUN FLIPS 529 00:16:23,766 --> 00:16:24,400 ITS GLOBAL FIELD. 530 00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:26,869 THE EARTH HAS DONE IT A FEW 531 00:16:26,869 --> 00:16:28,470 TIMES IN ITS HISTORY, BUT THE 532 00:16:28,470 --> 00:16:30,806 SUN DOES IT ON AN 11-YEAR SCALE. 533 00:16:30,806 --> 00:17:49,918 WE BELIEVE WE'LL 534 00:17:49,918 --> 00:17:51,820 BUT FOR SOLAR ORBITER, THE KEY 535 00:17:51,820 --> 00:17:54,656 THING IS THEY'RE GOING OUT, SO 536 00:17:54,656 --> 00:17:55,591 THEY'RE LIFTING OUT OF THAT 537 00:17:55,591 --> 00:17:57,793 PLANE WHERE THERE'S THE PLANETS, 538 00:17:57,793 --> 00:17:58,794 TO GIVE US UNPRECEDENTED VIEWS 539 00:17:58,794 --> 00:18:01,630 OF THE POLES. 540 00:18:01,630 --> 00:18:03,065 AS GUENTHER SAID, WE KNOW THE 541 00:18:03,065 --> 00:18:04,266 POLES ARE EXCITING BECAUSE WE 542 00:18:04,266 --> 00:18:08,737 FLEW ULYSSES OVER THERE, AND WE 543 00:18:08,737 --> 00:18:10,205 SAW DRAMATIC DIFFERENCES IN THE 544 00:18:10,205 --> 00:18:11,673 POLES FROM SOLAR MINIMUM TO 545 00:18:11,673 --> 00:18:12,941 SOLAR MAXIMUM. 546 00:18:12,941 --> 00:18:14,510 BUT WE COULDN'T SEE IT. 547 00:18:14,510 --> 00:18:16,612 WE HAVE MODELS THAT HAVE SHOWN 548 00:18:16,612 --> 00:18:19,615 THERE MAY BE GIANT CORONAL HOLES 549 00:18:19,615 --> 00:18:20,749 THAT TAKE UP A HUGE AREA. 550 00:18:20,749 --> 00:18:22,618 WE JUST SEE THE VERY, VERY EDGES 551 00:18:22,618 --> 00:18:24,653 OF THEM FROM WHERE WE ARE. 552 00:18:24,653 --> 00:18:26,488 SO SOLAR ORBITER IS DESIGNED TO 553 00:18:26,488 --> 00:18:28,490 GO AND BE ABLE TO REALLY UNLOCK 554 00:18:28,490 --> 00:18:31,160 THESE MYSTERIES. 555 00:18:31,160 --> 00:18:32,027 PARKER SOLAR PROBE, OF COURSE, 556 00:18:32,027 --> 00:18:34,930 IS GOING DEEP INTO THE KORONA, 557 00:18:34,930 --> 00:18:37,666 ORBITING THE WAY THROUGH THAT 558 00:18:37,666 --> 00:18:41,537 ACTION REGION AS CLOSE AS ABOUT 559 00:18:41,537 --> 00:18:42,805 3.9 MILLION MILES. 560 00:18:42,805 --> 00:18:48,977 AFTER HER NEXT VENUS FLY-BY, 561 00:18:48,977 --> 00:18:49,745 SHE'LL BE AT ABOUT 8.4 MILLION 562 00:18:49,745 --> 00:18:50,412 MILES ABOVE THE SURFACE. 563 00:18:50,412 --> 00:18:52,881 THE KEY THERE IS THAT WE'RE 564 00:18:52,881 --> 00:18:53,816 PROVIDING THE DATA. 565 00:18:53,816 --> 00:18:55,751 SO WE'VE LOOKED AT THE SUN IN 566 00:18:55,751 --> 00:18:57,853 ALL THESE OTHER WAVELENGTHS. 567 00:18:57,853 --> 00:19:00,088 WE'VE BEEN IN AS FAR AS MERCURY. 568 00:19:00,088 --> 00:19:06,528 NOW WE'RE GOING TO THE CORONA TO 569 00:19:06,528 --> 00:19:09,498 TOUCH THAT WIND, TO TELL US WHAT 570 00:19:09,498 --> 00:19:10,098 PROCESSES ARE GOING ON. 571 00:19:10,098 --> 00:19:12,401 WE'VE SEEN GREAT RESULTS 572 00:19:12,401 --> 00:19:12,734 ALREADY. 573 00:19:12,734 --> 00:19:13,435 WE'VE HAD THE NATURE PAPERS. 574 00:19:13,435 --> 00:19:15,871 LAST MONTH WE HAD 43 PAPERS THAT 575 00:19:15,871 --> 00:19:17,172 WERE PUBLISHED IN SUCH A SHORT 576 00:19:17,172 --> 00:19:17,472 TIME. 577 00:19:17,472 --> 00:19:19,308 SO PARKER ALREADY GIVING US 578 00:19:19,308 --> 00:19:22,911 GREAT RESULTS, BUT IT IS JUST 579 00:19:22,911 --> 00:19:24,646 THAT PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN PARKER 580 00:19:24,646 --> 00:19:25,447 AND BETWEEN SOLAR ORBITER THAT 581 00:19:25,447 --> 00:19:28,183 WE'RE SO EXCITED ABOUT. 582 00:19:28,183 --> 00:19:30,219 THEY'RE SORT OF JUST GIVING US 583 00:19:30,219 --> 00:19:31,320 VERY SIMILAR SCIENCE QUESTIONS 584 00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:33,889 BUT TOTALLY DIFFERENT WAYS OF 585 00:19:33,889 --> 00:19:34,556 ANSWERING THOSE QUESTIONS. 586 00:19:34,556 --> 00:19:37,860 AND THAT'S WHAT MAKES IT SUCH A 587 00:19:37,860 --> 00:19:38,427 POWERFUL PARTNERSHIP. 588 00:19:38,427 --> 00:19:41,196 >> CAN I ADD TO THAT? 589 00:19:41,196 --> 00:19:42,698 SO JUST TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE 590 00:19:42,698 --> 00:19:45,300 FEELING HOW THEY'RE WORKING, 591 00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:46,568 SOLAR ORBITER WILL GO INTO A 592 00:19:46,568 --> 00:19:48,203 REGION WHERE IT IS ABOUT AS HOT 593 00:19:48,203 --> 00:19:49,404 AS A PIZZA OVEN. 594 00:19:49,404 --> 00:19:53,575 IT'S ABOUT 500 DEGREES CELSIUS. 595 00:19:53,575 --> 00:19:55,878 IT HAS THIS VERY INTRICATE HEAT 596 00:19:55,878 --> 00:19:58,547 SHIELD THAT IS KEEPING IT 597 00:19:58,547 --> 00:19:59,748 BASICALLY SAFE FROM THE SUN. 598 00:19:59,748 --> 00:20:02,117 THEN IT HAS THESE LITTLE 599 00:20:02,117 --> 00:20:03,285 PEEPHOLES THAT OPEN WHEN WE WANT 600 00:20:03,285 --> 00:20:04,553 TO LOOK AT THE SUN. 601 00:20:04,553 --> 00:20:05,387 OTHERWISE, THEY ARE CLOSED 602 00:20:05,387 --> 00:20:08,223 BECAUSE THE INSTRUMENTS ARE SO 603 00:20:08,223 --> 00:20:09,224 SENSITIVE, AND THE REST IS 604 00:20:09,224 --> 00:20:12,327 BASICALLY SHIELDED FROM ALL THAT 605 00:20:12,327 --> 00:20:12,628 HEAT. 606 00:20:12,628 --> 00:20:13,795 PARKER SOLAR PROBE IS GOING EVEN 607 00:20:13,795 --> 00:20:14,529 FURTHER. 608 00:20:14,529 --> 00:20:15,697 IT GOES INTO THE PLACE WHERE IT 609 00:20:15,697 --> 00:20:18,166 IS ACTUALLY MILLIONS OF DEGREES 610 00:20:18,166 --> 00:20:20,068 HOT, WHERE IT'S FLYING BASICALLY 611 00:20:20,068 --> 00:20:21,003 THROUGH THE CORONA. 612 00:20:21,003 --> 00:20:22,671 THERE WOULD BE NO WAY TO OPEN A 613 00:20:22,671 --> 00:20:23,505 PEEPHOLE OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT 614 00:20:23,505 --> 00:20:24,206 TO LOOK AT IT. 615 00:20:24,206 --> 00:20:26,875 SO IT CANNOT HAVE A CAMERA. 616 00:20:26,875 --> 00:20:28,610 AND THE TWO TOGETHER ARE REALLY 617 00:20:28,610 --> 00:20:31,246 PERFECT BECAUSE, FOR INSTANCE, 618 00:20:31,246 --> 00:20:32,714 SOMETIMES IT IS THAT PARKER 619 00:20:32,714 --> 00:20:34,082 SOLAR PROBE FLIES OVER THE 620 00:20:34,082 --> 00:20:35,717 SURFACE OF THE SUN AT A CERTAIN 621 00:20:35,717 --> 00:20:38,020 MAGNETIC FIELD REGION, AND THEN 622 00:20:38,020 --> 00:20:40,188 SOLAR ORBITER IS WATCHING PARKER 623 00:20:40,188 --> 00:20:41,690 OBSERVE AND CAN ACTUALLY CONNECT 624 00:20:41,690 --> 00:20:43,859 WHAT IT SEES TO THE MAGNETIC 625 00:20:43,859 --> 00:20:46,028 FIELD AND CAN ACTUALLY FEED BACK 626 00:20:46,028 --> 00:20:46,561 THE INFORMATION. 627 00:20:46,561 --> 00:20:53,602 SO IT'S REALLY A PERFECT DREAM, 628 00:20:53,602 --> 00:20:53,969 MARRIAGE. 629 00:20:53,969 --> 00:20:54,503 >> ALL RIGHT. 630 00:20:54,503 --> 00:20:56,772 WE'LL SNEAK OVER TO THIS SIDE OF 631 00:20:56,772 --> 00:21:02,377 THE ROOM. 632 00:21:02,377 --> 00:21:04,246 >> SO THIS IS A REALLY, REALLY 633 00:21:04,246 --> 00:21:04,713 EXCITING TIME. 634 00:21:04,713 --> 00:21:08,083 JUST TO FOLLOW ON THIS 635 00:21:08,083 --> 00:21:09,284 DISCUSSION, I'M ALWAYS THINKING 636 00:21:09,284 --> 00:21:14,323 ABOUT THE VOYAGER SPACECRAFTS 637 00:21:14,323 --> 00:21:15,057 THAT HAVE CROSSED THAT BOUNDARY. 638 00:21:15,057 --> 00:21:16,658 CAN YOU GIVE US AN UPDATE AN HOW 639 00:21:16,658 --> 00:21:17,859 THESE SPACECRAFT WILL WORK WITH 640 00:21:17,859 --> 00:21:21,330 THE VOYAGERS TO GIVE A HOLISTIC 641 00:21:21,330 --> 00:21:23,231 VIEW OF THE HELIOSPHERE? 642 00:21:23,231 --> 00:21:25,133 >> SURE, THAT'S A GREAT 643 00:21:25,133 --> 00:21:25,500 QUESTION. 644 00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:27,769 OUR FLEET, WE HAVE THESE 645 00:21:27,769 --> 00:21:29,538 SPACECRAFT THAT ARE IN EXACTLY 646 00:21:29,538 --> 00:21:30,539 THE RIGHT PLACE TO DO THE JOB WE 647 00:21:30,539 --> 00:21:32,207 WANT THEM TO DO. 648 00:21:32,207 --> 00:21:33,175 SO, YOU KNOW, WE NOW KNOW 649 00:21:33,175 --> 00:21:36,478 BECAUSE OF VOYAGER AND IBEX, 650 00:21:36,478 --> 00:21:38,013 WHICH IS IMAGING THAT REGION, WE 651 00:21:38,013 --> 00:21:39,147 HAVE A NEW MISSION COMING 652 00:21:39,147 --> 00:21:41,450 ONLINE, LAUNCHING IN 2024 CALLED 653 00:21:41,450 --> 00:21:43,618 IMAP THAT'S GOING TO GIVE US 654 00:21:43,618 --> 00:21:45,420 VERY UNPRECEDENTED VIEWS OF THAT 655 00:21:45,420 --> 00:21:45,787 BOUNDARY. 656 00:21:45,787 --> 00:21:47,756 SO NOW WE ARE LOOKING AT THE 657 00:21:47,756 --> 00:21:49,358 CAUSE AND THE EFFECT. 658 00:21:49,358 --> 00:21:51,660 SO, YOU KNOW, WE KNOW IT AFFECTS 659 00:21:51,660 --> 00:21:52,627 THE EARTH. 660 00:21:52,627 --> 00:21:55,130 WE HAVE GREAT SENTINELS HERE 661 00:21:55,130 --> 00:21:56,999 TELLING US ABOUT OUR SPACE 662 00:21:56,999 --> 00:21:57,332 WEATHER. 663 00:21:57,332 --> 00:21:58,767 NOW WITH SOLAR ORBITER, PARKER 664 00:21:58,767 --> 00:22:00,369 SOLAR PROBE GIVING US ALL THAT 665 00:22:00,369 --> 00:22:03,638 INFORMATION ABOUT OUR INNER 666 00:22:03,638 --> 00:22:04,773 HELIOSPHERE, NOW WITH THE 667 00:22:04,773 --> 00:22:06,975 VOYAGER, IBEX, AND EVENTUALLY 668 00:22:06,975 --> 00:22:08,310 IMAP REALLY FOCUSING ON THAT 669 00:22:08,310 --> 00:22:11,346 SORT OF TENUOUS BOUNDARY BETWEEN 670 00:22:11,346 --> 00:22:12,681 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND 671 00:22:12,681 --> 00:22:13,215 INTERSTELLAR SPACE. 672 00:22:13,215 --> 00:22:15,484 WE KNOW THAT BOUNDARY CUTS OUT 673 00:22:15,484 --> 00:22:16,885 ABOUT 70% OF THE COSMIC RAYS 674 00:22:16,885 --> 00:22:18,320 THAT COME FROM OUTSIDE. 675 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:21,590 SO WE KNOW IT'S DOING A GREAT 676 00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:22,157 JOB OF PROTECTING US. 677 00:22:22,157 --> 00:22:24,426 BUT WE ALSO NOW KNOW THAT ENTIRE 678 00:22:24,426 --> 00:22:25,394 HELIOSPHERE BREATHES WITH A 679 00:22:25,394 --> 00:22:26,528 SOLAR CYCLE. 680 00:22:26,528 --> 00:22:29,431 SO IT ACTUALLY SHRINKS AND GROWS 681 00:22:29,431 --> 00:22:31,600 WITH A SOLAR CYCLE. 682 00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:33,702 THE SUN IS HAVING A PROFOUND 683 00:22:33,702 --> 00:22:36,304 EFFECT ON EVERYTHING. 684 00:22:36,304 --> 00:22:37,939 SO WHEREVER WE ARE, NEW HORIZONS 685 00:22:37,939 --> 00:22:39,775 IS GOING TO BE GIVING US GREAT 686 00:22:39,775 --> 00:22:41,910 DATA, NOW PAST PLUTO. 687 00:22:41,910 --> 00:22:45,313 WE'LL BE LOOKING FORWARD TO MORE 688 00:22:45,313 --> 00:22:48,350 DATA FROM THERE ALSO. 689 00:22:48,350 --> 00:22:49,885 WE WORK WITH ALL OUR PLANETARY 690 00:22:49,885 --> 00:22:50,285 COLLEAGUES. 691 00:22:50,285 --> 00:22:50,952 EVERYTHING THAT THOMAS 692 00:22:50,952 --> 00:22:52,154 MENTIONED, THE POLES OF JUPITER, 693 00:22:52,154 --> 00:22:55,190 BUT WE PUT EVERYTHING TOGETHER. 694 00:22:55,190 --> 00:22:57,826 WE'RE HELIOPHYSICISTS. 695 00:22:57,826 --> 00:22:59,261 WE'RE EXCITED ABOUT DATA 696 00:22:59,261 --> 00:22:59,628 ANYWHERE. 697 00:22:59,628 --> 00:23:00,762 WHEREVER YOU GO, WE WANT YOUR 698 00:23:00,762 --> 00:23:01,063 DATA. 699 00:23:01,063 --> 00:23:04,132 >> DO YOU MIND IF I ADD ONE 700 00:23:04,132 --> 00:23:04,533 CONNECTION? 701 00:23:04,533 --> 00:23:07,069 SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE WHOLE 702 00:23:07,069 --> 00:23:09,337 SPACE IN THREE DIMENSIONS, YOU 703 00:23:09,337 --> 00:23:10,906 BASICALLY SAY WHERE DID THE 704 00:23:10,906 --> 00:23:12,441 SOLAR WIND COME FROM? 705 00:23:12,441 --> 00:23:15,377 AT ANY ONE POINT, THE MAJORITY 706 00:23:15,377 --> 00:23:16,845 OF IT DURING OUR SOLAR CYCLE 707 00:23:16,845 --> 00:23:18,313 COMES FROM THE POLAR REGIONS 708 00:23:18,313 --> 00:23:21,349 WE'VE NEVER IMAGED. 709 00:23:21,349 --> 00:23:23,051 DURING SOLAR MINIMUM, WHICH IS 710 00:23:23,051 --> 00:23:25,253 WHERE WE ARE NOW, 80% OR SO COME 711 00:23:25,253 --> 00:23:28,123 FROM A POLAR REGION WE'VE NEVER 712 00:23:28,123 --> 00:23:28,457 IMAGED. 713 00:23:28,457 --> 00:23:29,825 WE'VE FLOWN THROUGH THEM WITH 714 00:23:29,825 --> 00:23:31,026 ULYSSES AND FOUND IT'S REALLY 715 00:23:31,026 --> 00:23:33,762 DIFFERENT THAN THE STUFF WHERE 716 00:23:33,762 --> 00:23:36,131 WE HANG OUT WITH THE EARTH AND 717 00:23:36,131 --> 00:23:38,033 THE OTHER SPACECRAFT. 718 00:23:38,033 --> 00:23:39,468 VOYAGER SAW SOME OF THEM, ALSO 719 00:23:39,468 --> 00:23:41,069 KIND OF GETTING AT THAT EDGE. 720 00:23:41,069 --> 00:23:42,370 BUT WE'RE GOING TO SEE IT FOR 721 00:23:42,370 --> 00:23:44,539 THE FIRST TIME. 722 00:23:44,539 --> 00:23:47,943 THAT SOURCE OF SOLAR WIND. 723 00:23:47,943 --> 00:23:49,444 >> GREAT. 724 00:23:49,444 --> 00:23:49,845 THANK YOU. 725 00:23:49,845 --> 00:23:50,879 OVER HERE, THEN OVER TO THIS 726 00:23:50,879 --> 00:23:52,581 SIDE OF THE ROOM. 727 00:23:52,581 --> 00:23:56,718 >> KEN CRAMER, ROCKET S.T.E.M. 728 00:23:56,718 --> 00:23:57,586 AND SPACE UP CLOSE. 729 00:23:57,586 --> 00:23:59,087 I'D LIKE TO HEAR MORE ABOUT 730 00:23:59,087 --> 00:24:01,089 COORDINATED OBSERVATIONS BETWEEN 731 00:24:01,089 --> 00:24:04,559 PARKER AND BETWEEN SOLAR 732 00:24:04,559 --> 00:24:04,893 ORBITER. 733 00:24:04,893 --> 00:24:06,261 WILL THIS HELP CREATE A 3D 734 00:24:06,261 --> 00:24:09,197 PICTURE OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD 735 00:24:09,197 --> 00:24:11,066 AND THE STORMS AND WHAT WILL 736 00:24:11,066 --> 00:24:15,737 THAT GAIN US? 737 00:24:15,737 --> 00:24:16,071 THANKS. 738 00:24:16,071 --> 00:24:16,938 >> EXCELLENT QUESTION. 739 00:24:16,938 --> 00:24:17,973 REALLY, COLLABORATION HAS BEEN 740 00:24:17,973 --> 00:24:19,107 AT THE HEART OF THESE TWO 741 00:24:19,107 --> 00:24:20,375 MISSIONS SINCE THE BEGINNING. 742 00:24:20,375 --> 00:24:21,877 AS OF A FEW DAYS FROM NOW, WE 743 00:24:21,877 --> 00:24:24,012 HAVE A REAL TRAJECTORY WE CAN 744 00:24:24,012 --> 00:24:24,379 CONNECT. 745 00:24:24,379 --> 00:24:26,715 WE'VE ALREADY PREPLANNED FOR THE 746 00:24:26,715 --> 00:24:27,682 LAST YEARS. 747 00:24:27,682 --> 00:24:29,451 ALSO, BECAUSE SOLAR ORBITER IS 748 00:24:29,451 --> 00:24:30,418 NOT A MISSION WHERE YOU CAN 749 00:24:30,418 --> 00:24:32,554 REPLAN ON A DAILY BASIS AND JUST 750 00:24:32,554 --> 00:24:34,322 DRIVE IT WITH A JOY STICK. 751 00:24:34,322 --> 00:24:37,058 WE REALLY NEED TO PLAN MONTHS IN 752 00:24:37,058 --> 00:24:38,160 ADVANCE BECAUSE WE'LL BE SO FAR 753 00:24:38,160 --> 00:24:39,561 AWAY FROM HOME THAT WE NEED TO 754 00:24:39,561 --> 00:24:42,297 BE CAREFUL TO USE OUR ON-BOARD 755 00:24:42,297 --> 00:24:43,832 DATA STORAGE IN THE PROPER WAY 756 00:24:43,832 --> 00:24:45,500 TO DOWNLINK THE DATA WHILE WE 757 00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:47,302 STILL HAVE SPACE TO ADD NEW 758 00:24:47,302 --> 00:24:47,602 DATA. 759 00:24:47,602 --> 00:24:51,740 SO WE REALLY HAVE A LONG-TERM 760 00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:53,275 TIMELINE THAT WE'LL POPULATE, 761 00:24:53,275 --> 00:24:54,843 TOGETHER WITH PARKER SOLAR 762 00:24:54,843 --> 00:24:56,344 PROBE, AND MAKE PLANS AND SEE 763 00:24:56,344 --> 00:24:57,412 WHAT SCIENCE IS BEST DONE AT 764 00:24:57,412 --> 00:24:58,547 WHAT TIMES. 765 00:24:58,547 --> 00:25:00,048 WE'LL TRY TO BE AS FLEXIBLE AS 766 00:25:00,048 --> 00:25:02,117 POSSIBLE TO REACT TO CHANGES ON 767 00:25:02,117 --> 00:25:04,219 THE SUN, BUT OVERALL, THE 768 00:25:04,219 --> 00:25:06,454 COLLABORATION IS AT THE HEART OF 769 00:25:06,454 --> 00:25:10,559 DRIVING THIS MISSION 770 00:25:10,559 --> 00:25:10,992 SUCCESSFULLY. 771 00:25:10,992 --> 00:25:16,031 >> I'LL JUST ADD, FROM NASA'S 772 00:25:16,031 --> 00:25:17,232 HELIOPHYSICS DIVISION, WE HAVE A 773 00:25:17,232 --> 00:25:18,934 COORDINATED PROGRAM, A RESEARCH 774 00:25:18,934 --> 00:25:20,302 PROGRAM WE'VE PUT OUT TO THE 775 00:25:20,302 --> 00:25:21,469 COMMUNITY TO REALLY FOCUS ON 776 00:25:21,469 --> 00:25:23,171 LINKING THE MISSIONS. 777 00:25:23,171 --> 00:25:24,406 IT'S SORT OF IN THREE PARTS. 778 00:25:24,406 --> 00:25:25,840 ONE IS LINKING ALL THE OF THE 779 00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:29,711 INNER HELIOSPHERE, ONE IS 780 00:25:29,711 --> 00:25:30,478 LOOKING AT EARTH, ONE IS LOOKING 781 00:25:30,478 --> 00:25:31,213 ALL THE WAY OUT. 782 00:25:31,213 --> 00:25:34,482 IT REALLY IS TO MAKE SURE WE 783 00:25:34,482 --> 00:25:34,883 CAPITALIZE. 784 00:25:34,883 --> 00:25:36,618 WE'RE ALSO INCLUDING OUR 785 00:25:36,618 --> 00:25:37,719 GROUND-BASED COLLEAGUES TO MAKE 786 00:25:37,719 --> 00:25:39,788 SURE EVERY SINGLE ASSET WE HAVE 787 00:25:39,788 --> 00:25:42,824 CAN BE USED TO REALLY ANSWER 788 00:25:42,824 --> 00:25:45,227 THESE QUESTIONS IN A VERY 789 00:25:45,227 --> 00:25:45,760 COORDINATED FASHION. 790 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:47,696 AS DANIEL SAID, WE'VE WORKED 791 00:25:47,696 --> 00:25:48,430 TOGETHER IN MY PREVIOUS LIFE. 792 00:25:48,430 --> 00:25:49,965 I WORKED REALLY CLOSELY WITH 793 00:25:49,965 --> 00:25:50,832 DANIEL ON THE COORDINATION OF 794 00:25:50,832 --> 00:25:52,400 THE MISSIONS. 795 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:53,835 BUT, YOU KNOW, NOW WE'RE REALLY 796 00:25:53,835 --> 00:25:54,669 BROADENING IT INTO EVERY 797 00:25:54,669 --> 00:25:56,504 POSSIBLE ASSET. 798 00:25:56,504 --> 00:25:59,808 >> MAYBE JUST TO ILLUMINATE THE 799 00:25:59,808 --> 00:26:01,509 TRICKY BACKGROUND OF SOME OF 800 00:26:01,509 --> 00:26:03,178 THESE PREPARATIONS, BECAUSE 801 00:26:03,178 --> 00:26:04,613 SOLAR ORBITER IS ON A RELATIVELY 802 00:26:04,613 --> 00:26:06,047 LARGE ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. 803 00:26:06,047 --> 00:26:08,683 IT IS GOING CLOSE TO THE SUN, 804 00:26:08,683 --> 00:26:09,484 BUT THEN IT COMES BACK TO THE 805 00:26:09,484 --> 00:26:09,784 EARTH. 806 00:26:09,784 --> 00:26:11,453 WHEN IT'S CLOSE TO THE EARTH, WE 807 00:26:11,453 --> 00:26:12,854 CAN ACTUALLY DOWNLOAD A LOT OF 808 00:26:12,854 --> 00:26:13,154 DATA. 809 00:26:13,154 --> 00:26:15,991 THEN WE DON'T HAVE THE SUN CLOSE 810 00:26:15,991 --> 00:26:16,258 BY. 811 00:26:16,258 --> 00:26:17,292 WHEN WE ARE CLOSER TO THE SUN, 812 00:26:17,292 --> 00:26:19,761 IT'S A FACTOR OF TEN LESS DATA, 813 00:26:19,761 --> 00:26:22,697 SO WE HAVE TO STORE THEM IN 814 00:26:22,697 --> 00:26:23,131 BETWEEN. 815 00:26:23,131 --> 00:26:24,733 THEN PARKER PROBE HAS ITS OWN 816 00:26:24,733 --> 00:26:25,066 ORBIT. 817 00:26:25,066 --> 00:26:26,568 SO YOU HAVE TO LOOK AT THE TWO 818 00:26:26,568 --> 00:26:26,901 ORBITS. 819 00:26:26,901 --> 00:26:29,204 YOU HAVE TO MATCH THEM UP SO 820 00:26:29,204 --> 00:26:31,039 THEY ARE KIND OF ALIGNED AT THE 821 00:26:31,039 --> 00:26:32,374 POSITION YOU WANT THEM. 822 00:26:32,374 --> 00:26:34,509 THAT DOESN'T HAPPEN A LOT. 823 00:26:34,509 --> 00:26:36,278 SO YOU CAN IMAGINE THAT THESE 824 00:26:36,278 --> 00:26:39,147 PRECIOUS MOMENTS WHEN PARKER AND 825 00:26:39,147 --> 00:26:41,516 SOLAR ARE ACTUALLY RIGHT IN THE 826 00:26:41,516 --> 00:26:43,385 SAME DIRECTION ARE REALLY LOOKED 827 00:26:43,385 --> 00:26:44,853 AT FAVORABLY. 828 00:26:44,853 --> 00:26:46,354 >> I'LL SAY IT DOES HAPPEN MORE 829 00:26:46,354 --> 00:26:47,289 OFTEN THAN YOU MIGHT THINK. 830 00:26:47,289 --> 00:26:48,923 WE GOT VERY EXCITED WHEN WE 831 00:26:48,923 --> 00:26:50,258 STARTED LOOKING AT ALL THE 832 00:26:50,258 --> 00:26:53,094 DIFFERENT -- THERE'S THE RADIAL, 833 00:26:53,094 --> 00:26:56,364 THEN THE SPIRAL. 834 00:26:56,364 --> 00:26:57,866 THERE'S LOADS OF GREAT SCIENCE 835 00:26:57,866 --> 00:26:59,134 WE CAN DO. 836 00:26:59,134 --> 00:27:00,769 >> AND IT'S PRECISELY RELATED TO 837 00:27:00,769 --> 00:27:02,437 THE QUESTION HE ASKED. 838 00:27:02,437 --> 00:27:05,173 THE GOAL IS TO GET 839 00:27:05,173 --> 00:27:05,907 THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES 840 00:27:05,907 --> 00:27:06,341 COMING OUT. 841 00:27:06,341 --> 00:27:07,609 WE'LL GET IT FOR THE FIRST TIME 842 00:27:07,609 --> 00:27:09,377 BECAUSE WE CAN ACTUALLY LOOK AT 843 00:27:09,377 --> 00:27:12,914 IT FROM THAT AND FROM THE INSIDE 844 00:27:12,914 --> 00:27:14,249 WITH PARKER BEING LOW AND 845 00:27:14,249 --> 00:27:16,751 LOOKING OUT SIDEWAYS. 846 00:27:16,751 --> 00:27:18,420 THEN SOLAR ORBITER THIS WAY, 847 00:27:18,420 --> 00:27:21,222 USING THE EARTH AS A THIRD 848 00:27:21,222 --> 00:27:21,656 VANTAGE POINT. 849 00:27:21,656 --> 00:27:23,391 IT HAS NOT OCCURRED THAT WE HAD 850 00:27:23,391 --> 00:27:26,227 THAT KIND OF DATA. 851 00:27:26,227 --> 00:27:26,895 >> FANTASTIC. 852 00:27:26,895 --> 00:27:29,631 LET'S COME ON OVER HERE. 853 00:27:29,631 --> 00:27:31,599 YES, SIR? 854 00:27:31,599 --> 00:27:33,401 >> HI. 855 00:27:33,401 --> 00:27:34,936 I WANTED TO FOLLOW UP ON A 856 00:27:34,936 --> 00:27:37,205 COMMENT THAT I THINK GUENTHER 857 00:27:37,205 --> 00:27:41,409 MADE ABOUT THE PEEPHOLES. 858 00:27:41,409 --> 00:27:43,111 I BELIEVE IF I HEARD CORRECTLY 859 00:27:43,111 --> 00:27:45,847 IN THE PRIOR PRELAUNCH BRIEFING 860 00:27:45,847 --> 00:27:49,718 THAT THOSE WINDOWS ARE -- ONCE 861 00:27:49,718 --> 00:27:51,886 THE SPACECRAFT APPROACHES THE 862 00:27:51,886 --> 00:27:54,389 SUN, THOSE WINDOWS ARE OPENED 863 00:27:54,389 --> 00:27:56,224 FOR TEN DAYS. 864 00:27:56,224 --> 00:27:58,693 THEN THEY CLOSE. 865 00:27:58,693 --> 00:28:00,762 SO I WONDER, IS THAT ACCURATE? 866 00:28:00,762 --> 00:28:05,633 IS MY UNDERSTANDING ACCURATE? 867 00:28:05,633 --> 00:28:07,936 BEHIND THAT WINDOW, IS IT 868 00:28:07,936 --> 00:28:09,371 SOMETHING LIKE A CAMERA THAT HAS 869 00:28:09,371 --> 00:28:11,272 A SHUTTER, AND IT TAKES A LOOK 870 00:28:11,272 --> 00:28:13,141 AT SOMETHING, MEASURES 871 00:28:13,141 --> 00:28:14,109 SOMETHING, AND THEN ARE 872 00:28:14,109 --> 00:28:14,909 DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS LINKED TO 873 00:28:14,909 --> 00:28:18,380 THE SAME WINDOW? 874 00:28:18,380 --> 00:28:19,147 HOW DOES THAT WORK? 875 00:28:19,147 --> 00:28:24,285 >> SO THERE ARE SIX REMOTE 876 00:28:24,285 --> 00:28:28,590 SENSING INSTRUMENTS,. 877 00:28:28,590 --> 00:28:31,192 SPECTROMETER, X-RAY IMAGEER, THE 878 00:28:31,192 --> 00:28:32,727 INSTRUMENT THAT MEASURES THE 879 00:28:32,727 --> 00:28:34,629 SOUND OF THE SUN, SOLAR 880 00:28:34,629 --> 00:28:35,029 VIBRATIONS. 881 00:28:35,029 --> 00:28:38,566 THEY ARE BEHIND THESE PEEPHOLES. 882 00:28:38,566 --> 00:28:39,868 PEEPHOLES ARE ONLY OPENED WHEN 883 00:28:39,868 --> 00:28:42,270 THOSE INSTRUMENTS ARE OBSERVING. 884 00:28:42,270 --> 00:28:44,339 I THINK THIS IS A TEN-DAY 885 00:28:44,339 --> 00:28:45,039 PERIOD. 886 00:28:45,039 --> 00:28:45,673 >> RIGHT. 887 00:28:45,673 --> 00:28:46,808 BEING SCIENTISTS, WE ALWAYS WANT 888 00:28:46,808 --> 00:28:50,378 TO PUSH THINGS BEYOND THE LIMIT. 889 00:28:50,378 --> 00:28:51,513 SO FOR ALL ENGINEERS IN THE 890 00:28:51,513 --> 00:28:52,981 ROOM, YES, IT WILL BE TEN DAYS. 891 00:28:52,981 --> 00:28:56,151 FOR EVERYONE ELSE, LET'S SEE. 892 00:28:56,151 --> 00:28:58,086 MAYBE WE CAN EXTEND IT. 893 00:28:58,086 --> 00:28:59,120 EVERYTHING IS DOUBLE FAIL SAFE. 894 00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:00,555 THESE DOORS, THE SLIDING DOORS 895 00:29:00,555 --> 00:29:04,592 ARE THE PRIMARY SAFEGUARD IN 896 00:29:04,592 --> 00:29:07,862 CASE ANYTHING SHOULD FAIL 897 00:29:07,862 --> 00:29:08,263 INTERNALLY. 898 00:29:08,263 --> 00:29:09,264 IF THE WINDOW TO ONE OF THE 899 00:29:09,264 --> 00:29:10,432 CAMERAS BREAKS, WE STILL HAVE 900 00:29:10,432 --> 00:29:13,067 THE WINDOW TO KEEP THE WHOLE 901 00:29:13,067 --> 00:29:13,601 SPACECRAFT SAFE. 902 00:29:13,601 --> 00:29:14,869 EVEN WHEN THE DOORS ARE OPEN, WE 903 00:29:14,869 --> 00:29:17,238 HAVE DEVELOPED NEW TECHNOLOGIES, 904 00:29:17,238 --> 00:29:19,874 NEW COATINGS FOR HEAT REJECTING 905 00:29:19,874 --> 00:29:22,510 ENTRANCE WINDOWS THAT KEEP MOST 906 00:29:22,510 --> 00:29:24,512 OF THE HEAT AWAY AND ONLY 907 00:29:24,512 --> 00:29:26,347 TRANSMIT A SMALL PART OF THE 908 00:29:26,347 --> 00:29:27,081 SPECTRUM WE'RE MEASURING. 909 00:29:27,081 --> 00:29:29,617 THE TEN-DAY WINDOWS ARE CENTERED 910 00:29:29,617 --> 00:29:30,752 AROUND THE MOST INTERESTING 911 00:29:30,752 --> 00:29:33,154 PARTS OF THE ORBIT, CLOSEST 912 00:29:33,154 --> 00:29:34,889 APPROACH, HIGHEST LATITUDE OF 913 00:29:34,889 --> 00:29:36,391 THE POLAR OBSERVATIONS. 914 00:29:36,391 --> 00:29:38,860 WE HOPE, IDEALLY, TO TAKE SOME 915 00:29:38,860 --> 00:29:40,462 OBSERVATIONS IN BETWEEN, ALSO TO 916 00:29:40,462 --> 00:29:42,297 HELP OTHER OBSERVATORIES LIKE 917 00:29:42,297 --> 00:29:44,265 PARKER SOLAR PROBE, GET THE FULL 918 00:29:44,265 --> 00:29:44,799 3D VIEW. 919 00:29:44,799 --> 00:29:46,267 IN ADDITION, MAYBE THAT'S ONE 920 00:29:46,267 --> 00:29:47,702 THING WORTH MENTIONING, IS WE 921 00:29:47,702 --> 00:29:51,005 HAVE THIS WIDE FIELD CORONAGRAPH 922 00:29:51,005 --> 00:29:53,208 THAT LOOKS SIDEWAY OVER THE HEAT 923 00:29:53,208 --> 00:29:53,541 SHIELD. 924 00:29:53,541 --> 00:29:55,443 IT'S IMAGING THE ENTIRE SPACE 925 00:29:55,443 --> 00:29:56,110 SIDEWAYS TO THE SUN. 926 00:29:56,110 --> 00:29:57,479 THAT'S VERY SIMILAR TO AN 927 00:29:57,479 --> 00:29:59,280 INSTRUMENT ON PARKER SOLAR 928 00:29:59,280 --> 00:29:59,614 PROBE. 929 00:29:59,614 --> 00:30:01,916 IN FACT, BUILT BY THE SAME TEAM. 930 00:30:01,916 --> 00:30:04,552 THAT IS IN A WAY OUR FISH-EYE 931 00:30:04,552 --> 00:30:08,456 LENS TO GET THE BIG PICTURE. 932 00:30:08,456 --> 00:30:10,091 >> THESE DOORS BEHIND THE 933 00:30:10,091 --> 00:30:11,593 WINDOWS, THEY ACT AS KIND OF A 934 00:30:11,593 --> 00:30:14,796 SHUTTER, SIMILAR TO WHAT A 935 00:30:14,796 --> 00:30:16,331 CAMERA DOES? 936 00:30:16,331 --> 00:30:20,168 >> THE DOORS ARE THE OUTER MOST 937 00:30:20,168 --> 00:30:20,468 PART. 938 00:30:20,468 --> 00:30:21,936 THEY'RE ON THE HEAT SHIELD. 939 00:30:21,936 --> 00:30:23,505 SO THEY ARE PROTECTING -- I 940 00:30:23,505 --> 00:30:25,106 THINK WE HAD A VIDEO OF THAT AS 941 00:30:25,106 --> 00:30:25,507 WELL. 942 00:30:25,507 --> 00:30:27,809 THEY'RE PROTECTING EVERYTHING ON 943 00:30:27,809 --> 00:30:30,912 THE OUTSIDE. 944 00:30:30,912 --> 00:30:32,480 IT'S LIKE THE LENS CAP. 945 00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:34,082 THESE ARE THE LENS CAP, AND 946 00:30:34,082 --> 00:30:34,883 THEY'RE SLIDING BECAUSE THERE'S 947 00:30:34,883 --> 00:30:36,651 NO ARM THERE TO TAKE THEM OFF. 948 00:30:36,651 --> 00:30:38,786 SO THEY'RE SLIDING DOORS. 949 00:30:38,786 --> 00:30:40,522 BEHIND THAT, WE HAVE DIFFERENT 950 00:30:40,522 --> 00:30:41,923 MECHANISMS DEPENDING ON THE 951 00:30:41,923 --> 00:30:42,323 TELESCOPE. 952 00:30:42,323 --> 00:30:44,125 FOR EXAMPLE, THE X-RAY TELESCOPE 953 00:30:44,125 --> 00:30:46,494 ONLY MEASURES X-RAYS. 954 00:30:46,494 --> 00:30:58,773 IT HAS A BERYLLIUM ENTRANCE 955 00:30:58,773 --> 00:31:01,276 WINDOW. 956 00:31:01,276 --> 00:31:02,043 ANOTHER INSTRUMENT LETS MORE OR 957 00:31:02,043 --> 00:31:03,545 LESS ALL THE LIGHT IN. 958 00:31:03,545 --> 00:31:04,579 IT GOES OUT AGAIN THROUGH THE 959 00:31:04,579 --> 00:31:05,246 SIDE OF THE SPACECRAFT. 960 00:31:05,246 --> 00:31:06,548 THAT'S THE WAY OF DEALING WITH 961 00:31:06,548 --> 00:31:06,848 HEAT. 962 00:31:06,848 --> 00:31:08,383 THE OTHER ONE HAS A SPECIAL 963 00:31:08,383 --> 00:31:10,251 COATING THAT REFLECTS ALL THE 964 00:31:10,251 --> 00:31:11,452 THERMAL RADIATION THAT ONLY LETS 965 00:31:11,452 --> 00:31:17,559 A SMALL PIECE OF THE RAINBOW 966 00:31:17,559 --> 00:31:17,892 THROUGH. 967 00:31:17,892 --> 00:31:18,259 >> GREAT. 968 00:31:18,259 --> 00:31:19,227 LET'S TAKE IT BACK OVER TO THIS 969 00:31:19,227 --> 00:31:24,399 SIDE OF THE ROOM. 970 00:31:24,399 --> 00:31:25,833 >> STEVEN YOUNG WITH ASTRONOMY 971 00:31:25,833 --> 00:31:26,100 NOW. 972 00:31:26,100 --> 00:31:26,901 WE HEARD IN THE BRIEFING EARLIER 973 00:31:26,901 --> 00:31:29,470 THAT THE INSTRUMENTS ARE LINKED 974 00:31:29,470 --> 00:31:32,006 IN SOME WAYS SO THEY CAN REACT 975 00:31:32,006 --> 00:31:32,974 IF ONE INSTRUMENT SPOTS 976 00:31:32,974 --> 00:31:33,341 SOMETHING. 977 00:31:33,341 --> 00:31:34,509 HOW DOES THAT WORK? 978 00:31:34,509 --> 00:31:37,579 IS THAT LIKE SOME KIND OF 979 00:31:37,579 --> 00:31:38,479 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THAT 980 00:31:38,479 --> 00:31:40,982 REWRITES YOUR SCIENCE PROGRAM ON 981 00:31:40,982 --> 00:31:41,449 THE FLY? 982 00:31:41,449 --> 00:31:45,453 >> THANK YOU FOR THAT QUESTION. 983 00:31:45,453 --> 00:31:47,422 THIS IS EXCELLENT BECAUSE THIS 984 00:31:47,422 --> 00:31:49,390 IS SOMETHING I SHOULD HAVE 985 00:31:49,390 --> 00:31:51,492 EXPLAINED IN MORE DETAIL EARLY 986 00:31:51,492 --> 00:31:51,759 ON. 987 00:31:51,759 --> 00:31:54,162 WE HAVE AN ON-BOARD 988 00:31:54,162 --> 00:31:55,163 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM WHICH USES 989 00:31:55,163 --> 00:31:57,265 THE ON-BOARD WIRING. 990 00:31:57,265 --> 00:31:59,167 IT'S CALLED A SPACE WIRE SYSTEM 991 00:31:59,167 --> 00:32:01,936 FOR THE INSTRUMENTS TO TALK TO 992 00:32:01,936 --> 00:32:02,337 EACH OTHER. 993 00:32:02,337 --> 00:32:03,471 SO THEY'RE SOME SORT OF 994 00:32:03,471 --> 00:32:04,639 BROADCAST SERVICE, ALMOST LIKE A 995 00:32:04,639 --> 00:32:05,006 RADIO. 996 00:32:05,006 --> 00:32:06,908 EACH INSTRUMENT CAN SEND 997 00:32:06,908 --> 00:32:09,010 INFORMATION ON THAT BROADCAST, 998 00:32:09,010 --> 00:32:10,078 AND EACH OTHER INSTRUMENT CAN 999 00:32:10,078 --> 00:32:11,679 OPT TO LISTEN AND THEN REACT TO 1000 00:32:11,679 --> 00:32:11,946 IT. 1001 00:32:11,946 --> 00:32:13,982 SO THE PRIMARY MODE WILL BE THE 1002 00:32:13,982 --> 00:32:17,986 X-RAY IMAGEER WILL DETECT THE 1003 00:32:17,986 --> 00:32:20,154 FLARE BECAUSE THAT'S THE FASTEST 1004 00:32:20,154 --> 00:32:21,089 INFORMATION PROPAGATION FROM THE 1005 00:32:21,089 --> 00:32:23,124 SUN TO US, THE SPEED OF LIGHT. 1006 00:32:23,124 --> 00:32:24,225 THE X-RAY INSTRUMENT WILL SAY, 1007 00:32:24,225 --> 00:32:26,160 LOOK, I SAW A FLARE, AND FLAG 1008 00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,364 THAT TO EVERYONE ELSE. 1009 00:32:29,364 --> 00:32:30,999 SO THEN THE SYSTEM WILL SAY, 1010 00:32:30,999 --> 00:32:32,166 LOOK, THERE WAS A FLARE, DO YOU 1011 00:32:32,166 --> 00:32:34,569 WANT TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT? 1012 00:32:34,569 --> 00:32:35,303 THEN THE OTHER INSTRUMENTS COULD 1013 00:32:35,303 --> 00:32:37,972 GO INTO A BURST MODE AND ACQUIRE 1014 00:32:37,972 --> 00:32:40,541 DATA AT THE HIGHEST POSSIBLY 1015 00:32:40,541 --> 00:32:41,342 CADENCE FOR EXTENDED PERIODS OF 1016 00:32:41,342 --> 00:32:41,643 TIME. 1017 00:32:41,643 --> 00:32:44,112 A LITTLE LIKE SPORTS 1018 00:32:44,112 --> 00:32:44,512 PHOTOGRAPHY. 1019 00:32:44,512 --> 00:32:46,080 THEN WHEN THE PERIOD IS OVER, 1020 00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,750 THEY WILL JUST GO BACK TO 1021 00:32:48,750 --> 00:32:51,552 NORMAL. 1022 00:32:51,552 --> 00:32:52,086 >> GREAT. 1023 00:32:52,086 --> 00:32:53,688 BACK TO YOU, MARSHA, AT THE 1024 00:32:53,688 --> 00:32:55,390 FRONT OF THE ROOM, PLEASE. 1025 00:32:55,390 --> 00:32:57,158 >> FOR GUENTHER, YOU MENTIONED 1026 00:32:57,158 --> 00:32:59,093 ACTUALLY BEING ABLE TO CAPTURE 1027 00:32:59,093 --> 00:32:59,861 THE SOUNDS OF THE SUN. 1028 00:32:59,861 --> 00:33:04,265 TELL ME ABOUT THAT, AND HAS ANY 1029 00:33:04,265 --> 00:33:05,600 OTHER SOLAR OBSERVATORY DONE 1030 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:06,200 ANYTHING LIKE THAT? 1031 00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:10,672 >> YES, THIS IS WHAT IS CALLED 1032 00:33:10,672 --> 00:33:11,139 HELIOSEISMOLOGY. 1033 00:33:11,139 --> 00:33:13,541 IT'S ACTUALLY A STRONGLY 1034 00:33:13,541 --> 00:33:16,044 DEVELOPING FIELD. 1035 00:33:16,044 --> 00:33:18,513 ASTROSEISMOLOGY IS NOW BECOMING 1036 00:33:18,513 --> 00:33:18,980 VERY IMPORTANT. 1037 00:33:18,980 --> 00:33:20,915 THE SUN IS A BIG BALL OF FIRE. 1038 00:33:20,915 --> 00:33:24,052 IT HAS MODES THAT ARE 1039 00:33:24,052 --> 00:33:24,452 OSCILLATING. 1040 00:33:24,452 --> 00:33:25,787 IF YOU ARE LOOKING AT THE LIGHT 1041 00:33:25,787 --> 00:33:28,189 OF THE SUN AND YOU CAN SEE THOSE 1042 00:33:28,189 --> 00:33:29,223 OSCILLATIONS, AND WE DO THIS 1043 00:33:29,223 --> 00:33:30,825 REGULARLY NOW WITH OTHER STARS. 1044 00:33:30,825 --> 00:33:32,860 WE CAN MEASURE, FOR INSTANCE, 1045 00:33:32,860 --> 00:33:33,728 THEIR COMPOSITION INSIDE, AGE, 1046 00:33:33,728 --> 00:33:35,296 AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 1047 00:33:35,296 --> 00:33:38,900 WITH THE SUN, YOU CAN DO THAT. 1048 00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:40,902 IN INTEGRAL SUNLIGHT, YOU SEE 1049 00:33:40,902 --> 00:33:41,402 THOSE MODES. 1050 00:33:41,402 --> 00:33:42,704 WHEN YOU THEN LOOK IN GREAT 1051 00:33:42,704 --> 00:33:45,273 DETAIL, YOU CAN SEE THESE 1052 00:33:45,273 --> 00:33:45,973 OSCILLATIONS LOCALLY. 1053 00:33:45,973 --> 00:33:47,275 THAT IS WHAT THIS SOUND 1054 00:33:47,275 --> 00:33:48,342 INSTRUMENT IS DOING. 1055 00:33:48,342 --> 00:33:51,412 >> AND IT WAS FIRST DONE WITH 1056 00:33:51,412 --> 00:33:53,314 SOHO AND THEN SDO HAS A 1057 00:33:53,314 --> 00:33:55,283 DEDICATED INSTRUMENT TO DO IT, 1058 00:33:55,283 --> 00:33:56,617 SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY. 1059 00:33:56,617 --> 00:33:58,086 >> SO YOU'LL BE ABLE TO DOWNLOAD 1060 00:33:58,086 --> 00:33:59,887 THIS, AND WE CAN ALL LISTEN IN. 1061 00:33:59,887 --> 00:34:04,125 IS THAT THEORETICALLY WHAT WILL 1062 00:34:04,125 --> 00:34:04,792 BE -- 1063 00:34:04,792 --> 00:34:05,460 >> YES. 1064 00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:06,094 >> GREAT. 1065 00:34:06,094 --> 00:34:06,894 >> FANTASTIC. 1066 00:34:06,894 --> 00:34:08,529 WE HAVE SOME SOCIAL MEDIA 1067 00:34:08,529 --> 00:34:11,899 QUESTIONS OVER HERE. 1068 00:34:11,899 --> 00:34:14,569 >> KENNY ON TWITTER WANTS TO 1069 00:34:14,569 --> 00:34:15,336 KNOW HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE SOLAR 1070 00:34:15,336 --> 00:34:19,207 ORBITER TO GET TO THE SUN? 1071 00:34:19,207 --> 00:34:22,643 >> SO WE'LL HAVE A PHASE OF JUST 1072 00:34:22,643 --> 00:34:24,645 UNDER TWO YEARS TO GET TO FULL 1073 00:34:24,645 --> 00:34:25,947 OPERATIONAL ORBIT WHERE WE GET 1074 00:34:25,947 --> 00:34:30,885 ALL THE WAY INTO THE MERCURY 1075 00:34:30,885 --> 00:34:31,252 DISTANCE. 1076 00:34:31,252 --> 00:34:32,019 HOWEVER, ALREADY IN JUNE THIS 1077 00:34:32,019 --> 00:34:33,488 YEAR, SO JUST FOUR MONTHS AFTER 1078 00:34:33,488 --> 00:34:34,255 LAUNCH, WE'LL APPROACH THE SUN 1079 00:34:34,255 --> 00:34:36,591 TO HALF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN US 1080 00:34:36,591 --> 00:34:37,558 HERE ON EARTH AND THE SUN. 1081 00:34:37,558 --> 00:34:39,360 THAT'LL BE THE FIRST TIME WE'LL 1082 00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:40,294 ACTUALLY GET REALLY NEW AND 1083 00:34:40,294 --> 00:34:43,865 EXCITING DATA. 1084 00:34:43,865 --> 00:34:45,199 >> DIRK WAGNER ON TWITTER WANTS 1085 00:34:45,199 --> 00:34:47,034 TO KNOW, WILL SOLAR ORBITER 1086 00:34:47,034 --> 00:34:47,902 ORBIT THE SUN ESSENTIALLY 1087 00:34:47,902 --> 00:34:49,003 FOREVER AFTER THE END OF THE 1088 00:34:49,003 --> 00:34:50,505 MISSION, OR WILL IT CRASH INTO 1089 00:34:50,505 --> 00:34:52,907 THE SUN AT SOME POINT IN THE 1090 00:34:52,907 --> 00:34:53,241 FUTURE? 1091 00:34:53,241 --> 00:34:55,309 >> THAT IS AN EXCELLENT 1092 00:34:55,309 --> 00:34:55,676 QUESTION. 1093 00:34:55,676 --> 00:34:57,612 WE HAVE NOT DECIDED YET. 1094 00:34:57,612 --> 00:34:58,546 THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS WE 1095 00:34:58,546 --> 00:35:00,381 COULD TAKE IT. 1096 00:35:00,381 --> 00:35:01,549 AGAIN, IF THERE ARE ENGINEERS IN 1097 00:35:01,549 --> 00:35:03,684 THE ROOM, YOU MIGHT DISAGREE, 1098 00:35:03,684 --> 00:35:05,253 BUT WE COULD TRY, FOR EXAMPLE, 1099 00:35:05,253 --> 00:35:06,554 TO GET UNPRECEDENTED DATA FROM 1100 00:35:06,554 --> 00:35:08,356 THE ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS. 1101 00:35:08,356 --> 00:35:09,557 OUR INSTRUMENTS WERE NOT 1102 00:35:09,557 --> 00:35:11,092 DESIGNED TO GO INTO VENUS, BUT 1103 00:35:11,092 --> 00:35:12,894 THAT WOULD BE A SAFE WAY. 1104 00:35:12,894 --> 00:35:14,195 ALSO IN TERMS OF PLANETARY 1105 00:35:14,195 --> 00:35:19,567 PROTECTION, TO CRASH THE SPACE 1106 00:35:19,567 --> 00:35:20,802 1107 00:35:20,802 --> 00:35:21,335 CRAFT INTO VENUS. 1108 00:35:21,335 --> 00:35:22,236 MAYBE YOU COULD TRY TO BRING IT 1109 00:35:22,236 --> 00:35:23,504 A LITTLE CLOSER TO THE SUN, 1110 00:35:23,504 --> 00:35:25,006 BEYOND THE TECHNICAL 1111 00:35:25,006 --> 00:35:27,175 CAPABILITIES THAT WE KNOW IT 1112 00:35:27,175 --> 00:35:28,576 WILL SURVIVE, JUST TO SEE WHAT 1113 00:35:28,576 --> 00:35:30,278 HAPPENS, GET EVEN BETTER IMAGES. 1114 00:35:30,278 --> 00:35:31,512 OR WE COULD JUST TRY TO USE THE 1115 00:35:31,512 --> 00:35:33,481 LAST PUSH TO GET IT EVEN 1116 00:35:33,481 --> 00:35:37,451 SLIGHTLY HIGHER OUT OF THE 1117 00:35:37,451 --> 00:35:37,785 PLAINS. 1118 00:35:37,785 --> 00:35:38,686 THESE ARE ALL OPTIONS, AND 1119 00:35:38,686 --> 00:35:39,687 DEPENDING ON THE DATA WE GET IN 1120 00:35:39,687 --> 00:35:41,255 THE NEXT TEN YEARS, WE MIGHT 1121 00:35:41,255 --> 00:35:42,590 DECIDE ONE WAY OR THE OTHER. 1122 00:35:42,590 --> 00:35:44,659 >> JUST TO FOLLOW UP ON THAT, 1123 00:35:44,659 --> 00:35:47,094 THE PHASE WHERE WE ARE BUILDING 1124 00:35:47,094 --> 00:35:48,462 THE ORBIT SO WE CAN ACTUALLY 1125 00:35:48,462 --> 00:35:51,465 REACH THE POLES WILL ONLY HAPPEN 1126 00:35:51,465 --> 00:35:53,835 AFTER THE INITIAL PHASE. 1127 00:35:53,835 --> 00:35:55,469 SO WE WILL OBSERVE FOR FIVE 1128 00:35:55,469 --> 00:35:55,770 YEARS. 1129 00:35:55,770 --> 00:35:57,071 THEN FOR THREE OR FOUR MORE 1130 00:35:57,071 --> 00:35:58,372 YEARS, WE WILL GO HIGHER AND 1131 00:35:58,372 --> 00:35:59,307 HIGHER AND HIGHER. 1132 00:35:59,307 --> 00:36:02,276 THAT IS IN PRINCIPLE ONLY 1133 00:36:02,276 --> 00:36:03,711 DEPENDENT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF 1134 00:36:03,711 --> 00:36:06,280 THE INSTRUMENT AND ALSO OF THE 1135 00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:07,181 FUNDING FOR THE OPERATION. 1136 00:36:07,181 --> 00:36:10,051 IF WE DO GREAT WORK, I'M 1137 00:36:10,051 --> 00:36:12,320 CONVINCED WE WILL -- SOHO IS 1138 00:36:12,320 --> 00:36:13,254 WORKING SINCE 25 YEARS. 1139 00:36:13,254 --> 00:36:19,327 SO NO NEED TO SHORTCUT THAT. 1140 00:36:19,327 --> 00:36:19,727 >> ONE MORE. 1141 00:36:19,727 --> 00:36:23,030 MATT WANTS TO KNOW, HOW DOES THE 1142 00:36:23,030 --> 00:36:24,899 SUN AND SOLAR STORMS INFLUENCE 1143 00:36:24,899 --> 00:36:25,733 US HERE ON EARTH? 1144 00:36:25,733 --> 00:36:27,969 >> SO WE LIVE IN THE ATMOSPHERE 1145 00:36:27,969 --> 00:36:28,569 OF THE SUN. 1146 00:36:28,569 --> 00:36:31,739 THE SOLAR WIND CONTINUALLY MOVES 1147 00:36:31,739 --> 00:36:33,074 AWAY, BATHES ALL THE PLANETS. 1148 00:36:33,074 --> 00:36:35,142 WE ARE DEEP IN THAT ATMOSPHERE. 1149 00:36:35,142 --> 00:36:35,943 EVERY TIME SOMETHING HAPPENS ON 1150 00:36:35,943 --> 00:36:37,578 THE SUN, WE FEEL THE IMPACT HERE 1151 00:36:37,578 --> 00:36:40,281 AT EARTH, ASSUMING IT'S FACING 1152 00:36:40,281 --> 00:36:40,548 US. 1153 00:36:40,548 --> 00:36:43,050 SO YOU SAY WHEN THE SUN SNEEZES, 1154 00:36:43,050 --> 00:36:44,285 THE EARTH CATCHES A COLD. 1155 00:36:44,285 --> 00:36:45,686 WE FEEL THE EFFECTS OF THE SUN. 1156 00:36:45,686 --> 00:36:48,222 IT AFFECTS OUR TECHNOLOGY. 1157 00:36:48,222 --> 00:36:51,492 IT CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS FOR GPS, 1158 00:36:51,492 --> 00:36:53,761 SPACECRAFT, ANY SPACECRAFT IN 1159 00:36:53,761 --> 00:36:55,696 ORBIT, IF THEY'RE IN OR AROUND 1160 00:36:55,696 --> 00:36:59,233 THE VAN ALLEN RADIATION BELT. 1161 00:36:59,233 --> 00:37:00,001 IT CAN ENGULF A SPACECRAFT THAT 1162 00:37:00,001 --> 00:37:00,835 ISN'T DESIGNED TO BE IN THERE. 1163 00:37:00,835 --> 00:37:02,603 WE SEE ISSUES WITH POWER GRIDS, 1164 00:37:02,603 --> 00:37:05,072 WITH PIPELINES. 1165 00:37:05,072 --> 00:37:05,740 WE OBVIOUSLY SEE BEAUTIFUL 1166 00:37:05,740 --> 00:37:08,509 AURORA TOO, WHICH IS MY FAVORITE 1167 00:37:08,509 --> 00:37:08,809 BIT. 1168 00:37:08,809 --> 00:37:10,912 AND OBVIOUSLY FOR US AT NASA, 1169 00:37:10,912 --> 00:37:12,580 PROTECTING OUR ASTRONAUTS IS 1170 00:37:12,580 --> 00:37:14,949 PART OF THE ARTEMIS PROGRAM, IS 1171 00:37:14,949 --> 00:37:16,350 OF HIGH IMPORTANCE TO US, MAKING 1172 00:37:16,350 --> 00:37:17,585 SURE WE TOTALLY UNDERSTAND THE 1173 00:37:17,585 --> 00:37:18,786 ENVIRONMENT THAT THEY WILL BE 1174 00:37:18,786 --> 00:37:20,288 LIVING AND WORKING IN. 1175 00:37:20,288 --> 00:37:22,890 ALL YOUR TECHNOLOGY IS REALLY 1176 00:37:22,890 --> 00:37:23,658 IMPACTED BY EVERYTHING COMING 1177 00:37:23,658 --> 00:37:24,992 FROM THE SUN. 1178 00:37:24,992 --> 00:37:29,330 >> LET ME JUST ADD TO THAT. 1179 00:37:29,330 --> 00:37:30,932 A FEW YEARS AGO THERE WAS AN 1180 00:37:30,932 --> 00:37:32,600 ANALYSIS OF WHAT IS THE LEAST 1181 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,970 KNOWN ELEMENT OF SPACE WEATHER 1182 00:37:35,970 --> 00:37:36,370 FORECASTING. 1183 00:37:36,370 --> 00:37:40,574 IT BASICALLY SAID WITHOUT ANY 1184 00:37:40,574 --> 00:37:45,212 UNCERTAINTY THAT IT'S THE NEAR 1185 00:37:45,212 --> 00:37:47,214 SOLAR ENVIRONMENT. 1186 00:37:47,214 --> 00:37:50,217 SO FOR US, GOING WITH PARKER AND 1187 00:37:50,217 --> 00:37:53,321 WITH SOLAR ORBITER TO EXPLORE 1188 00:37:53,321 --> 00:37:54,889 THAT SPACE REALLY ADDRESSES THAT 1189 00:37:54,889 --> 00:37:57,892 IN A FASHION THAT IS 1190 00:37:57,892 --> 00:37:58,326 UNPRECEDENTED. 1191 00:37:58,326 --> 00:37:59,260 THE GOAL IS NOT ONLY TO HAVE 1192 00:37:59,260 --> 00:38:00,394 THAT UNDERSTANDING BUT TO PUT 1193 00:38:00,394 --> 00:38:03,264 THAT UNDERSTANDING INTO MODELS, 1194 00:38:03,264 --> 00:38:05,433 ESPECIALLY AS WE GO WITH 1195 00:38:05,433 --> 00:38:11,205 ASTRONAUTS OUTSIDE OF THE 1196 00:38:11,205 --> 00:38:12,206 EARTH 1197 00:38:12,206 --> 00:38:12,673 AND ON TO MARS. 1198 00:38:12,673 --> 00:38:13,507 WE NEED TO PREDICT FAR AWAY FROM 1199 00:38:13,507 --> 00:38:14,809 THE EARTH PRECISELY WHERE THESE 1200 00:38:14,809 --> 00:38:15,876 MODELS WILL HAVE THE MOST POWER 1201 00:38:15,876 --> 00:38:18,179 AND WILL ACTUALLY HELP IN A 1202 00:38:18,179 --> 00:38:19,714 DIRECT FASHION THESE ASTRONAUTS 1203 00:38:19,714 --> 00:38:22,316 THAT WE'RE THINKING ABOUT RIGHT 1204 00:38:22,316 --> 00:38:22,583 NOW. 1205 00:38:22,583 --> 00:38:22,984 >> GREAT. 1206 00:38:22,984 --> 00:38:24,352 I BELIEVE WE HAVE MORE QUESTIONS 1207 00:38:24,352 --> 00:38:26,287 IN THE ROOM. 1208 00:38:26,287 --> 00:38:27,588 >> SKY NEWS CANADA. 1209 00:38:27,588 --> 00:38:28,589 THERE HAVE BEEN SIGNIFICANT 1210 00:38:28,589 --> 00:38:29,790 DELAYS IN THIS PROJECT. 1211 00:38:29,790 --> 00:38:30,992 I THINK THE CONTRACT WAS SIGNED 1212 00:38:30,992 --> 00:38:32,393 BACK IN 2012. 1213 00:38:32,393 --> 00:38:34,228 HAVE THERE BEEN ANY IMPROVEMENTS 1214 00:38:34,228 --> 00:38:36,130 OR UPGRADES TO THE INSTRUMENTS 1215 00:38:36,130 --> 00:38:43,404 WHILE WAITING FOR LAUNCH? 1216 00:38:43,404 --> 00:38:45,606 >> I CAN TRY TO START, THEN I 1217 00:38:45,606 --> 00:38:50,277 WILL HAND OVER TO DANIEL. 1218 00:38:50,277 --> 00:38:51,612 SO I THINK THE PROBLEMS ARE WHEN 1219 00:38:51,612 --> 00:38:53,347 YOU'RE DEVELOPING COMPLETELY NEW 1220 00:38:53,347 --> 00:38:55,416 TECHNOLOGY, WHICH WE HAD TO DO 1221 00:38:55,416 --> 00:38:56,884 FOR SOLAR ORBITER, WE ALSO HAD 1222 00:38:56,884 --> 00:39:02,723 TO DO IT FOR COLUMBO. 1223 00:39:02,723 --> 00:39:03,991 WHEN YOU'RE FACING THE SUN, 1224 00:39:03,991 --> 00:39:05,493 THEY'RE GETTING SO HOT THEY 1225 00:39:05,493 --> 00:39:06,127 WOULDN'T WORK ANYMORE. 1226 00:39:06,127 --> 00:39:10,564 SO WE HAD TO PUT THEM ON AN 1227 00:39:10,564 --> 00:39:10,931 ANGLE. 1228 00:39:10,931 --> 00:39:12,166 THIS INTRICATE HEAT SHIELD AND 1229 00:39:12,166 --> 00:39:14,335 ALL OF THAT. 1230 00:39:14,335 --> 00:39:16,303 SO THE WHOLE SUITE OF 1231 00:39:16,303 --> 00:39:18,472 INSTRUMENTS IS REALLY AT THE 1232 00:39:18,472 --> 00:39:19,874 TOPNOTCH, FOREFRONT OF 1233 00:39:19,874 --> 00:39:20,274 TECHNOLOGY. 1234 00:39:20,274 --> 00:39:21,542 YOU DO THESE FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1235 00:39:21,542 --> 00:39:22,410 THESE THINGS. 1236 00:39:22,410 --> 00:39:24,045 THEN YOU CAN PREDICT HOW LONG IT 1237 00:39:24,045 --> 00:39:25,713 WILL TAKE, BUT IN THE END, IT 1238 00:39:25,713 --> 00:39:28,816 TAKES AS LONG AS IT TAKES. 1239 00:39:28,816 --> 00:39:30,251 THE PROBLEM, YOU DON'T WANT TO 1240 00:39:30,251 --> 00:39:31,252 COMPROMISE ON QUALITY. 1241 00:39:31,252 --> 00:39:32,987 SO WE REALLY DON'T WANT TO GIVE 1242 00:39:32,987 --> 00:39:34,422 UP ON THE EXCELLENCE OF SCIENCE. 1243 00:39:34,422 --> 00:39:37,858 AND THEREFORE, WE HAD TO ACCEPT 1244 00:39:37,858 --> 00:39:39,593 THE DELAY, BUT I THINK SINCE 1245 00:39:39,593 --> 00:39:41,128 ABOUT TWO YEARS OR SO, WE HAVE 1246 00:39:41,128 --> 00:39:43,631 BEEN STRAIGHT ON, ON OUR 1247 00:39:43,631 --> 00:39:44,098 PROGRAMS. 1248 00:39:44,098 --> 00:39:45,633 SO THIS IS LIFE IN SPACE. 1249 00:39:45,633 --> 00:39:48,436 WE TRY TO IMPROVE ON THAT, BUT I 1250 00:39:48,436 --> 00:39:50,037 THINK WE ARE DOING THINGS FOR 1251 00:39:50,037 --> 00:39:53,107 THE FIRST TIME, AND YOU NEVER 1252 00:39:53,107 --> 00:39:53,741 KNOW WHAT HAPPENS. 1253 00:39:53,741 --> 00:39:55,876 >> I THINK THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT. 1254 00:39:55,876 --> 00:39:57,611 ULTIMATELY, SPACE IS HARD. 1255 00:39:57,611 --> 00:40:00,614 WE SEE THAT EVERY TIME NEW 1256 00:40:00,614 --> 00:40:02,983 COUNTRIES GET INVOLVED. 1257 00:40:02,983 --> 00:40:06,287 IT'S MUCH EASIER TO BUILD 1258 00:40:06,287 --> 00:40:07,455 SOMETHING GROUND BASED AND TRY 1259 00:40:07,455 --> 00:40:07,788 IT OUT. 1260 00:40:07,788 --> 00:40:09,090 BUT HERE WE ESSENTIALLY HAVE 1261 00:40:09,090 --> 00:40:09,890 THIS ONE CHANCE. 1262 00:40:09,890 --> 00:40:12,326 WE JUST NEED TO GET IT RIGHT THE 1263 00:40:12,326 --> 00:40:12,726 FIRST TIME. 1264 00:40:12,726 --> 00:40:13,894 THIS IS WHY WE BUILD, WE 1265 00:40:13,894 --> 00:40:18,499 PROTOTYPE, AND WE TEST. 1266 00:40:18,499 --> 00:40:20,367 WE NEED TO ITERATE IT UNTIL 1267 00:40:20,367 --> 00:40:21,735 WE'RE CONVINCED IT WILL WORK. 1268 00:40:21,735 --> 00:40:22,770 IDEALLY, YOU GET IT RIGHT THE 1269 00:40:22,770 --> 00:40:23,304 FIRST TIME. 1270 00:40:23,304 --> 00:40:25,339 OFTEN YOU FIND OUT MORE ABOUT 1271 00:40:25,339 --> 00:40:26,874 THE PROBLEM WHILE YOU'RE TRYING 1272 00:40:26,874 --> 00:40:28,342 TO SOLVE IT, AND ULTIMATELY, 1273 00:40:28,342 --> 00:40:30,611 THAT GIVES YOU THE BETTER 1274 00:40:30,611 --> 00:40:30,978 SOLUTION. 1275 00:40:30,978 --> 00:40:37,284 YES, IT DOES TAKE OFTEN A BIT 1276 00:40:37,284 --> 00:40:37,618 LONGER. 1277 00:40:37,618 --> 00:40:38,119 >> [ INAUDIBLE ]. 1278 00:40:38,119 --> 00:40:38,586 >> ABSOLUTELY. 1279 00:40:38,586 --> 00:40:40,054 THAT'S EXACTLY CORRECT. 1280 00:40:40,054 --> 00:40:41,555 THE HEAT SHIELD THAT WE HAVE IS 1281 00:40:41,555 --> 00:40:43,224 A COMPLETELY NEW DESIGN. 1282 00:40:43,224 --> 00:40:46,260 WE COULD NOT REUSE THE ONE 1283 00:40:46,260 --> 00:40:48,929 BECAUSE IT'S A COMPLETELY 1284 00:40:48,929 --> 00:40:53,801 DIFFERENT MISSION. 1285 00:40:53,801 --> 00:40:56,303 IT ALSO COULDN'T BE ONE LIKE 1286 00:40:56,303 --> 00:40:57,138 PARKER SOLAR PROBE HAD BECAUSE 1287 00:40:57,138 --> 00:40:58,606 WE NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO LOOK 1288 00:40:58,606 --> 00:41:02,009 THROUGH IT AND HAVE THESE 1289 00:41:02,009 --> 00:41:02,376 PEEPHOLES. 1290 00:41:02,376 --> 00:41:04,578 IT'S A TWO-LEVEL DESIGN WHERE WE 1291 00:41:04,578 --> 00:41:08,082 HAVE A BOTTOM LAYER THAT'S 1292 00:41:08,082 --> 00:41:10,618 ALUMINUM COVERED IN CARBON FIBER 1293 00:41:10,618 --> 00:41:10,918 SKINS. 1294 00:41:10,918 --> 00:41:11,685 THOSE WERE DIFFICULT BECAUSE 1295 00:41:11,685 --> 00:41:13,220 THEY STILL HAD TO WITHSTAND 1296 00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:14,688 TEMPERATURES OF ABOUT 300 1297 00:41:14,688 --> 00:41:15,656 DEGREES CENTIGRADE. 1298 00:41:15,656 --> 00:41:18,592 THEN THERE'S A GAP. 1299 00:41:18,592 --> 00:41:20,461 ABOVE THAT GAP, THERE'S ALMOST A 1300 00:41:20,461 --> 00:41:24,298 FLOPPY PLAYER OF TITANIUM WITH A 1301 00:41:24,298 --> 00:41:25,833 PARTICULAR COATING WE CALL SOLAR 1302 00:41:25,833 --> 00:41:28,235 BLACK, WHICH IS COMPLETELY NEW 1303 00:41:28,235 --> 00:41:31,005 FOR SPACE. 1304 00:41:31,005 --> 00:41:32,106 SO THERE HAS BEEN APPLICATIONS 1305 00:41:32,106 --> 00:41:33,340 ON EARTH DERIVED FROM SPACE 1306 00:41:33,340 --> 00:41:33,707 MATERIALS. 1307 00:41:33,707 --> 00:41:34,508 THIS ONE WAS ACTUALLY THE OTHER 1308 00:41:34,508 --> 00:41:35,276 WAY AROUND. 1309 00:41:35,276 --> 00:41:38,179 PEOPLE HAD DEVELOPED A COATING 1310 00:41:38,179 --> 00:41:39,813 FOR TITANIUM IMPLANTS FOR 1311 00:41:39,813 --> 00:41:41,682 HUMANS, AND THEY REALIZED THAT 1312 00:41:41,682 --> 00:41:43,317 THE TITANIUM WOULD BOND BETTER 1313 00:41:43,317 --> 00:41:45,452 TO HUMAN BONES IF IT HAD A 1314 00:41:45,452 --> 00:41:47,888 COATING MADE OUT OF ROUGHLY THE 1315 00:41:47,888 --> 00:41:49,356 SAME MATERIAL, CALCIUM 1316 00:41:49,356 --> 00:41:49,757 PHOSPHATE. 1317 00:41:49,757 --> 00:41:50,424 THEN THEY FOUND OUT THIS 1318 00:41:50,424 --> 00:41:51,926 MATERIAL WAS UNIQUE. 1319 00:41:51,926 --> 00:41:53,727 IT WAS ABSOLUTELY RESISTANT TO 1320 00:41:53,727 --> 00:41:54,128 EVERYTHING. 1321 00:41:54,128 --> 00:41:55,262 SO YOU CAN MAKE IT BLACK, AND IT 1322 00:41:55,262 --> 00:41:56,463 CAN NEVER GET ANY BLACKER. 1323 00:41:56,463 --> 00:41:59,567 IT WILL ALSO NOT DEGRADE OVER 1324 00:41:59,567 --> 00:42:00,334 TIME OR EVAPORATE. 1325 00:42:00,334 --> 00:42:01,302 WE THOUGHT, THIS IS OUR 1326 00:42:01,302 --> 00:42:01,669 MATERIAL. 1327 00:42:01,669 --> 00:42:02,736 BUT OF COURSE, IT HADN'T BEEN 1328 00:42:02,736 --> 00:42:03,337 QUALIFIED FOR SPACE. 1329 00:42:03,337 --> 00:42:04,738 SO THAT TOOK EXTRA TIME TO 1330 00:42:04,738 --> 00:42:07,374 REALLY GET THAT QUALIFICATION. 1331 00:42:07,374 --> 00:42:08,676 IT'S A SMALL COMPANY, A 1332 00:42:08,676 --> 00:42:10,477 START-UP, AND WE'RE PROUD AND 1333 00:42:10,477 --> 00:42:11,579 THEY'RE PROUD THAT THEY'VE NOW 1334 00:42:11,579 --> 00:42:13,814 MADE IT ALL THE WAY TO SPACE. 1335 00:42:13,814 --> 00:42:14,982 >> AND YOU WERE ASKING WHETHER 1336 00:42:14,982 --> 00:42:17,017 THE INSTRUMENTS WERE USING THIS 1337 00:42:17,017 --> 00:42:21,488 EXTRA TIME TO GET IMPROVEMENTS. 1338 00:42:21,488 --> 00:42:24,625 I THINK IT WAS IN A SENSE A 1339 00:42:24,625 --> 00:42:25,292 TWO-WAY STREET BECAUSE THE 1340 00:42:25,292 --> 00:42:26,193 INSTRUMENTS ALSO WENT TO NEW 1341 00:42:26,193 --> 00:42:26,627 TECHNOLOGIES. 1342 00:42:26,627 --> 00:42:28,395 SOME OF THEM TOOK LONGER THAN 1343 00:42:28,395 --> 00:42:29,663 THEY ORIGINALLY THOUGHT. 1344 00:42:29,663 --> 00:42:30,931 I THINK THE GOOD THING IS REALLY 1345 00:42:30,931 --> 00:42:31,932 WE HAVE EVERYTHING UP THERE ON 1346 00:42:31,932 --> 00:42:33,667 THE ROCKET NOW AT THE QUALITY 1347 00:42:33,667 --> 00:42:35,536 THAT WAS ANTICIPATED BEFORE AND 1348 00:42:35,536 --> 00:42:37,738 EVEN BETTER. 1349 00:42:37,738 --> 00:42:39,273 FOR INSTANCE, ONE OF THE BIG 1350 00:42:39,273 --> 00:42:40,741 ISSUES IN THIS SENSITIVE 1351 00:42:40,741 --> 00:42:42,710 ENVIRONMENT IS THE 1352 00:42:42,710 --> 00:42:43,177 CONTAMINATION. 1353 00:42:43,177 --> 00:42:46,380 YOU DON'T WANT TO HAVE DIRT IN 1354 00:42:46,380 --> 00:42:47,715 YOUR SPACECRAFT OR IN YOUR 1355 00:42:47,715 --> 00:42:48,115 ENVIRONMENT. 1356 00:42:48,115 --> 00:42:50,284 SO CONTAMINATION CONTROL WAS A 1357 00:42:50,284 --> 00:42:50,751 HUGE EFFORT. 1358 00:42:50,751 --> 00:42:52,987 NOW WE KNOW THAT THE 1359 00:42:52,987 --> 00:42:53,787 CONTAMINATION THAT WE HAVE ON 1360 00:42:53,787 --> 00:42:55,522 THE SPACECRAFT IS ACTUALLY TEN 1361 00:42:55,522 --> 00:42:56,457 TIMES MORE THAN -- MORE THAN TEN 1362 00:42:56,457 --> 00:42:58,125 TIMES BETTER THAN WAS SPECIFIED. 1363 00:42:58,125 --> 00:43:01,528 SO WE HAVE A LITTLE BIT OVERDONE 1364 00:43:01,528 --> 00:43:02,930 IT, BUT IT IS THE CLEANEST 1365 00:43:02,930 --> 00:43:05,466 SPACECRAFT THAT HAS EVER BEEN 1366 00:43:05,466 --> 00:43:05,833 LAUNCHED. 1367 00:43:05,833 --> 00:43:10,104 >> BACK TO STEVE YOUNG. 1368 00:43:10,104 --> 00:43:17,745 >> STEVEN YOUNG WITH ASTRONOMY 1369 00:43:17,745 --> 00:43:18,012 NOW. 1370 00:43:18,012 --> 00:43:18,779 YOU SAID WHAT A GREAT TIME IT IS 1371 00:43:18,779 --> 00:43:21,382 TO BE IN HELIOPHYSICS, BUT WITH 1372 00:43:21,382 --> 00:43:23,417 THE CURRENT FLEET AND WITH SOLAR 1373 00:43:23,417 --> 00:43:25,386 ORBITER COMING IN, WHAT GAPS 1374 00:43:25,386 --> 00:43:27,288 REMAIN IN YOUR ABILITY TO STUDY 1375 00:43:27,288 --> 00:43:28,022 THE SUN? 1376 00:43:28,022 --> 00:43:30,557 AND IF YOU WON THE NASA BUDGET, 1377 00:43:30,557 --> 00:43:32,459 HOW WOULD YOU FILL THOSE GAPS? 1378 00:43:32,459 --> 00:43:32,960 >> WOW. 1379 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:35,729 SO I WOULD LIKE A FLEET OF 1380 00:43:35,729 --> 00:43:37,531 SPACECRAFT ALL THE WAY AROUND 1381 00:43:37,531 --> 00:43:40,167 THE SUN, BOTH AROUND THE EQUATOR 1382 00:43:40,167 --> 00:43:41,669 AND OVER THE POLES, CONTINUALLY 1383 00:43:41,669 --> 00:43:42,102 LOOKING DOWN. 1384 00:43:42,102 --> 00:43:43,904 IF I WON THE NASA BUDGET, THAT'S 1385 00:43:43,904 --> 00:43:44,772 WHAT I'D LIKE TO DO. 1386 00:43:44,772 --> 00:43:46,840 I THINK TO THOMAS' POINT, REALLY 1387 00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:48,375 GETTING IN AND UNDERSTANDING THE 1388 00:43:48,375 --> 00:43:50,244 INNER HELIOSPHERE. 1389 00:43:50,244 --> 00:43:51,645 WE'RE STARTING TO ANSWER 1390 00:43:51,645 --> 00:43:53,681 QUESTIONS WITH PARKER SOLAR 1391 00:43:53,681 --> 00:43:54,014 PROBE. 1392 00:43:54,014 --> 00:43:55,883 SOLAR ORBITER IS GOING TO START 1393 00:43:55,883 --> 00:43:56,884 ANSWERING QUESTIONS IMMEDIATELY. 1394 00:43:56,884 --> 00:44:00,020 THEY'RE ALSO GOING TO START 1395 00:44:00,020 --> 00:44:00,521 ASKING QUESTIONS. 1396 00:44:00,521 --> 00:44:01,789 THERE'S GOING TO BE THE UNKNOWN 1397 00:44:01,789 --> 00:44:02,156 UNKNOWNS. 1398 00:44:02,156 --> 00:44:02,923 THERE'S GOING TO BE THINGS YOU 1399 00:44:02,923 --> 00:44:04,391 NEED TO DESIGN THE NEXT MISSIONS 1400 00:44:04,391 --> 00:44:04,692 FOR. 1401 00:44:04,692 --> 00:44:07,428 REALLY UNDERSTANDING THIS INNER 1402 00:44:07,428 --> 00:44:08,395 HELIOSPHERE, UNDERSTANDING THE 1403 00:44:08,395 --> 00:44:09,630 POLES IS REALLY IMPORTANT. 1404 00:44:09,630 --> 00:44:10,564 THERE ARE MANY CONCEPTS OUT 1405 00:44:10,564 --> 00:44:12,533 THERE AS WE MOVE INTO OUR NEXT 1406 00:44:12,533 --> 00:44:12,866 DECADE. 1407 00:44:12,866 --> 00:44:14,068 THERE ARE MANY SCIENTISTS WHO 1408 00:44:14,068 --> 00:44:15,436 WOULD LIKE TO DO, YOU KNOW, A 1409 00:44:15,436 --> 00:44:16,704 DEDICATED KIND OF POLE FITTER 1410 00:44:16,704 --> 00:44:18,372 GOING OVER THE POLES INSTEAD OF 1411 00:44:18,372 --> 00:44:21,709 SITTING THERE FOR A LONG TIME. 1412 00:44:21,709 --> 00:44:24,678 IT'S A VERY HOT, EXCUSE THE PUN, 1413 00:44:24,678 --> 00:44:25,546 REGION OF SCIENCE. 1414 00:44:25,546 --> 00:44:27,581 ALSO, LEAVING THE HELIOSPHERE 1415 00:44:27,581 --> 00:44:29,016 WITH A DEDICATED MISSION TO 1416 00:44:29,016 --> 00:44:30,651 STUDY THAT BOUNDARY THAT 1417 00:44:30,651 --> 00:44:32,219 PROTECTS US FROM INTERSTELLAR 1418 00:44:32,219 --> 00:44:32,586 SPACE. 1419 00:44:32,586 --> 00:44:34,521 BUT FROM MY OWN PERSONAL THING, 1420 00:44:34,521 --> 00:44:36,357 SUPPORTING OUR ARTEMIS MISSION, 1421 00:44:36,357 --> 00:44:37,758 MAKING SURE WE'RE MAKING THE 1422 00:44:37,758 --> 00:44:39,993 MEASUREMENTS THAT ARE SO KEY TO 1423 00:44:39,993 --> 00:44:40,594 BE ABLE TO PROTECT OUR 1424 00:44:40,594 --> 00:44:42,062 ASTRONAUT, PARTICULARLY AS THEY 1425 00:44:42,062 --> 00:44:44,465 LEAVE THE PROTECTIVE BUBBLE OF 1426 00:44:44,465 --> 00:44:51,038 THE EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE. 1427 00:44:51,038 --> 00:44:52,206 WE'RE EXCITED TO SUPPORT THAT 1428 00:44:52,206 --> 00:44:53,640 PROGRAM AND ALREADY LOOKING AT 1429 00:44:53,640 --> 00:44:54,641 PUTTING INSTRUMENTS ON THE FIRST 1430 00:44:54,641 --> 00:44:55,676 LAUNCH OF GATEWAY. 1431 00:44:55,676 --> 00:44:58,746 SO LOTS OF EXCITING THINGS, BUT 1432 00:44:58,746 --> 00:45:01,215 A NICE STRING OF PEARLS ALL THE 1433 00:45:01,215 --> 00:45:01,749 WAY AROUND THE SUN. 1434 00:45:01,749 --> 00:45:02,483 THAT'D BE REALLY NICE. 1435 00:45:02,483 --> 00:45:05,519 >> DO YOU MIND IF I ADD? 1436 00:45:05,519 --> 00:45:11,024 IT'S REALLY A PROFOUND QUESTION 1437 00:45:11,024 --> 00:45:11,725 BECAUSE OF COURSE YOU DON'T 1438 00:45:11,725 --> 00:45:12,025 KNOW. 1439 00:45:12,025 --> 00:45:12,860 WE HAVEN'T DONE THIS RESEARCH 1440 00:45:12,860 --> 00:45:14,395 YET, RIGHT. 1441 00:45:14,395 --> 00:45:16,730 SO WHEN WE DID SOHO, I WAS A 1442 00:45:16,730 --> 00:45:17,297 GRAD STUDENT THEN. 1443 00:45:17,297 --> 00:45:21,435 I WENT TO THESE MEETINGS. 1444 00:45:21,435 --> 00:45:22,236 YOU TALKED ABOUT LISTENING TO 1445 00:45:22,236 --> 00:45:24,705 THE SOUNDS OF THE SUN AND 1446 00:45:24,705 --> 00:45:28,742 LEARNING ABOUT THE STRUCTURE 1447 00:45:28,742 --> 00:45:29,076 THERE. 1448 00:45:29,076 --> 00:45:30,210 IT GAVE A FEW RESULTS THAT ARE 1449 00:45:30,210 --> 00:45:30,811 REALLY IMPORTANT. 1450 00:45:30,811 --> 00:45:32,613 HOW EXACTLY THE STRUCTURE IS, 1451 00:45:32,613 --> 00:45:35,749 HOW THE MATERIAL TURNS OVER. 1452 00:45:35,749 --> 00:45:39,286 YOU SAW THAT MOVIE IN THE 1453 00:45:39,286 --> 00:45:39,987 SHORT-TIME SPATIAL SCALE. 1454 00:45:39,987 --> 00:45:41,422 THERE'S ALSO A LARGER SPATIAL 1455 00:45:41,422 --> 00:45:42,623 SCALE THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT. 1456 00:45:42,623 --> 00:45:44,892 ONE OF THE RESULTS WAS THERE 1457 00:45:44,892 --> 00:45:46,860 WERE FLOES TOWARDS THE POLE. 1458 00:45:46,860 --> 00:45:48,462 IT TURNS OUT THE FLOES WERE AT 1459 00:45:48,462 --> 00:45:50,464 THE SAME KIND OF TEMPO SCALE AS 1460 00:45:50,464 --> 00:45:51,732 THE SOLAR ACTIVITY CYCLE, WHICH 1461 00:45:51,732 --> 00:45:54,701 IS WHY DANIEL SAID WHAT IT IS. 1462 00:45:54,701 --> 00:45:57,971 SO YOU TAKE ALL THE MODELS THAT 1463 00:45:57,971 --> 00:46:02,609 EXIST AS A RESULT OF THOSE DAY 1464 00:46:02,609 --> 00:46:04,511 -- DATA, AND WHERE ARE THEY 1465 00:46:04,511 --> 00:46:04,878 DIFFERENT? 1466 00:46:04,878 --> 00:46:06,113 IT'S HOW THEY DEAL WITH THE 1467 00:46:06,113 --> 00:46:06,980 POLAR REGIONS. 1468 00:46:06,980 --> 00:46:08,549 DOES IT SUBMERGE? 1469 00:46:08,549 --> 00:46:10,984 HOW DOES IT WORK? 1470 00:46:10,984 --> 00:46:12,252 THE ANSWER IS, THAT'S THE REAL 1471 00:46:12,252 --> 00:46:18,158 QUESTION WE NEED TO ADDRESS. 1472 00:46:18,158 --> 00:46:18,892 GUESS WHY SOLAR ORBITER GOES OUT 1473 00:46:18,892 --> 00:46:19,693 OF THE POLAR REGIONS? 1474 00:46:19,693 --> 00:46:21,428 FROM ULYSSES, WE SAW THE SOLAR 1475 00:46:21,428 --> 00:46:23,630 WIND IS SO FUNDAMENTALLY 1476 00:46:23,630 --> 00:46:24,031 DIFFERENT. 1477 00:46:24,031 --> 00:46:24,698 BECAUSE OF SOME OF THE 1478 00:46:24,698 --> 00:46:25,799 MEASUREMENTS THAT WERE PIONEERED 1479 00:46:25,799 --> 00:46:27,601 THERE, MEASUREMENTS IMPROVED 1480 00:46:27,601 --> 00:46:31,104 UPON 10X, IS THE MEASUREMENTS 1481 00:46:31,104 --> 00:46:31,738 SOLAR ORBITER IS DOING. 1482 00:46:31,738 --> 00:46:35,476 FOR ME, THE QUESTION NOW IS 1483 00:46:35,476 --> 00:46:36,710 REALLY A QUESTION THAT FRANKLY 1484 00:46:36,710 --> 00:46:38,278 WHEN WE STARTED WITH SOHO, WE 1485 00:46:38,278 --> 00:46:39,346 DIDN'T KNOW HOW TO ASK. 1486 00:46:39,346 --> 00:46:40,781 IT'S A QUESTION WE NOW KNOW 1487 00:46:40,781 --> 00:46:43,784 RELATES TO ALL OF STELLAR 1488 00:46:43,784 --> 00:46:44,384 ACTIVITY. 1489 00:46:44,384 --> 00:46:46,320 IT'S NOT JUST OUR OWN STAR. 1490 00:46:46,320 --> 00:46:47,588 IT'S HOW THAT WORKS. 1491 00:46:47,588 --> 00:46:50,357 THAT'S WHY WE'RE LOOKING WITH 1492 00:46:50,357 --> 00:46:53,527 INTEREST AT OTHER MAGNETIC 1493 00:46:53,527 --> 00:46:53,861 BODIES. 1494 00:46:53,861 --> 00:46:57,831 LIKE JUPITER AND SATURN. 1495 00:46:57,831 --> 00:46:59,132 WE RECOGNIZE THAT'S SIMILAR 1496 00:46:59,132 --> 00:46:59,666 SCIENCE. 1497 00:46:59,666 --> 00:47:00,968 THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD IS 1498 00:47:00,968 --> 00:47:01,635 ALSO CHANGING. 1499 00:47:01,635 --> 00:47:03,070 THE POLE IS MOVING DOWN. 1500 00:47:03,070 --> 00:47:04,471 THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS A LOT 1501 00:47:04,471 --> 00:47:06,940 WEAKER THAN WHEN I WAS LOOKING 1502 00:47:06,940 --> 00:47:08,275 UP IN SOME BOOK WHAT THE 1503 00:47:08,275 --> 00:47:10,377 MAGNETIC FIELD IS, RIGHT. 1504 00:47:10,377 --> 00:47:12,079 THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD IS 1505 00:47:12,079 --> 00:47:13,046 ALSO CHANGING. 1506 00:47:13,046 --> 00:47:13,347 WHY? 1507 00:47:13,347 --> 00:47:14,081 THAT'S THE KIND OF QUESTION 1508 00:47:14,081 --> 00:47:15,182 WE'RE TRYING TO ADDRESS. 1509 00:47:15,182 --> 00:47:16,216 FOR ME, WHAT'S THE QUESTION 1510 00:47:16,216 --> 00:47:17,818 WE'RE GOING TO WANT TO KNOW? 1511 00:47:17,818 --> 00:47:21,455 OF COURSE, THE ARTEMIS THING IS 1512 00:47:21,455 --> 00:47:22,956 SOMETHING VERY DEEP, VERY 1513 00:47:22,956 --> 00:47:25,893 MOTIVATING TO US BECAUSE OF THE 1514 00:47:25,893 --> 00:47:26,493 IMMEDIATE MOTIVATION. 1515 00:47:26,493 --> 00:47:28,996 WE WANT THAT IN A FEW YEARS, 1516 00:47:28,996 --> 00:47:29,296 RIGHT? 1517 00:47:29,296 --> 00:47:30,531 WE WANT TO BE IN BETTER SHAPE. 1518 00:47:30,531 --> 00:47:32,165 BUT THE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION 1519 00:47:32,165 --> 00:47:33,000 AFTERWARDS IS REALLY THE ONE 1520 00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:34,334 THAT WE'RE AFTER NOW. 1521 00:47:34,334 --> 00:47:37,104 WE DON'T KNOW YET. 1522 00:47:37,104 --> 00:47:37,404 FAIR? 1523 00:47:37,404 --> 00:47:38,705 >> MAYBE I CAN ADD SOMETHING, 1524 00:47:38,705 --> 00:47:40,107 WHICH IS TRUE FOR ALL OF 1525 00:47:40,107 --> 00:47:40,440 SCIENCE. 1526 00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:42,943 WE KNOW OUR KNOWLEDGE INCREASES 1527 00:47:42,943 --> 00:47:44,011 EXPONENTIALLY, BUT WITH EVERY 1528 00:47:44,011 --> 00:47:45,779 NEW DISCOVERY, WE OPEN A DOOR 1529 00:47:45,779 --> 00:47:47,681 AND SEE TEN MORE CLOSED DOORS WE 1530 00:47:47,681 --> 00:47:48,515 DON'T UNDERSTAND. 1531 00:47:48,515 --> 00:47:50,384 SO OUR IGNORANCE GROWS FASTER 1532 00:47:50,384 --> 00:47:52,252 THAN OUR KNOWLEDGE. 1533 00:47:52,252 --> 00:47:55,756 SO WE WILL NOT GO OUT OF JOBS 1534 00:47:55,756 --> 00:47:56,089 SOON. 1535 00:47:56,089 --> 00:47:57,824 >> I GUESS I'LL JUST THROW IN 1536 00:47:57,824 --> 00:47:58,926 ONE OF THE REASONS I CONTINUALLY 1537 00:47:58,926 --> 00:48:02,296 SAY IT'S A GREAT TIME TO BE A 1538 00:48:02,296 --> 00:48:03,063 HELIOPHYSICIST IS THERE ARE SO 1539 00:48:03,063 --> 00:48:04,698 MANY GREAT NEW MISSIONS. 1540 00:48:04,698 --> 00:48:05,866 THERE ARE GREAT NEW MISSIONS 1541 00:48:05,866 --> 00:48:06,700 BEING PROPOSED. 1542 00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:07,668 WE HAVE SEVERAL MORE IN THE 1543 00:48:07,668 --> 00:48:10,938 QUEUE ALREADY LAUNCHING IN THE 1544 00:48:10,938 --> 00:48:13,173 NEXT FEW YEARS. 1545 00:48:13,173 --> 00:48:14,508 NOBODY YET ASKED ME WHY I'M SO 1546 00:48:14,508 --> 00:48:15,375 EXCITED ABOUT THIS PARTICULAR 1547 00:48:15,375 --> 00:48:16,510 BRANCH OF SCIENCE, BUT IT IS 1548 00:48:16,510 --> 00:48:18,645 BECAUSE IT IS SO PROFOUND. 1549 00:48:18,645 --> 00:48:20,314 IT HAS SO MANY IMPACTS. 1550 00:48:20,314 --> 00:48:21,748 PLANETS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 1551 00:48:21,748 --> 00:48:22,783 BUT THE ABILITY TO GO AND STUDY 1552 00:48:22,783 --> 00:48:25,552 A STAR UP CLOSE, IT'S GOING TO 1553 00:48:25,552 --> 00:48:27,654 BE A WHILE UNTIL WE CAN STUDY 1554 00:48:27,654 --> 00:48:30,424 ANOTHER STAR UP CLOSE. 1555 00:48:30,424 --> 00:48:31,224 I SAID A WHILE. 1556 00:48:31,224 --> 00:48:32,192 NOT INFINITE. 1557 00:48:32,192 --> 00:48:35,729 IT WILL BE SOON. 1558 00:48:35,729 --> 00:48:37,898 BUT MY GOD, WE'RE STUDYING A 1559 00:48:37,898 --> 00:48:38,198 STAR. 1560 00:48:38,198 --> 00:48:39,433 WE'RE RIGHT UP CLOSE TO A STAR. 1561 00:48:39,433 --> 00:48:42,336 IT'S AMAZING. 1562 00:48:42,336 --> 00:48:44,504 SO YOU CAN JUST SAY SO MANY MORE 1563 00:48:44,504 --> 00:48:45,639 THINGS ABOUT OTHER STARS, 1564 00:48:45,639 --> 00:48:46,239 STELLAR SYSTEMS. 1565 00:48:46,239 --> 00:48:47,708 WE KNOW THEY HAVE STELLAR 1566 00:48:47,708 --> 00:48:48,041 STORMS. 1567 00:48:48,041 --> 00:48:51,545 AS THOMAS SAID, AS WE LOOK FOR 1568 00:48:51,545 --> 00:48:52,713 EXOPLANETS AND OTHER PLACES THAT 1569 00:48:52,713 --> 00:48:54,848 ARE HABITABLE ZONES, OTHER 1570 00:48:54,848 --> 00:48:55,949 GOLDILOCKS REGIONS, STUDYING OUR 1571 00:48:55,949 --> 00:48:56,984 STAR IS THE WAY TO DO IT. 1572 00:48:56,984 --> 00:49:02,222 IT'S A GREAT TIME TO BE A 1573 00:49:02,222 --> 00:49:02,689 HELIOPHYSICIST. 1574 00:49:02,689 --> 00:49:03,056 >> GREAT. 1575 00:49:03,056 --> 00:49:06,059 WE'LL GO TO SIMON HERE IN THE 1576 00:49:06,059 --> 00:49:06,360 BACK. 1577 00:49:06,360 --> 00:49:08,195 >> I IMAGINE THAT YOU'LL HAVE A 1578 00:49:08,195 --> 00:49:09,763 DEEP SENSE OF RELIEF WHEN YOU 1579 00:49:09,763 --> 00:49:11,398 SEE IT SAFELY ON ITS WAY ON 1580 00:49:11,398 --> 00:49:11,732 SUNDAY. 1581 00:49:11,732 --> 00:49:12,666 BUT HOW ARE YOU GOING TO COPE 1582 00:49:12,666 --> 00:49:13,900 WITH THE TENSION OVER THE NEXT 1583 00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:15,335 TWO YEARS BEFORE YOU START 1584 00:49:15,335 --> 00:49:18,605 GETTING DATA BACK FROM THE 1585 00:49:18,605 --> 00:49:19,006 SPACECRAFT? 1586 00:49:19,006 --> 00:49:19,906 >> OKAY. 1587 00:49:19,906 --> 00:49:24,444 SO LUCKILY WE'LL HAVE A SOFT 1588 00:49:24,444 --> 00:49:26,446 START AFTER THE ROCKET LAUNCH 1589 00:49:26,446 --> 00:49:27,447 THAT WILL REALLY TEST THE 1590 00:49:27,447 --> 00:49:29,116 ABILITY OF THE SPACECRAFT TO ITS 1591 00:49:29,116 --> 00:49:29,449 LIMITS. 1592 00:49:29,449 --> 00:49:31,585 ONCE WE'RE IN SPACE, IT'S 1593 00:49:31,585 --> 00:49:32,619 SMOOTH, WE'LL XHIPGS THE 1594 00:49:32,619 --> 00:49:34,021 INSTRUMENTS, MEANING CHECKING 1595 00:49:34,021 --> 00:49:36,990 OUT ALL THE SUBSYSTEMS, MAKING 1596 00:49:36,990 --> 00:49:37,624 SURE EVERYTHING WORKS. 1597 00:49:37,624 --> 00:49:41,762 BUT THEN HOPEFULLY BY JUNE, THE 1598 00:49:41,762 --> 00:49:42,896 SENSE OF TOUCH INSTRUMENTS, THE 1599 00:49:42,896 --> 00:49:45,399 PARTICLE SENSORS AND FIELD 1600 00:49:45,399 --> 00:49:47,534 SENSORS WILL ALREADY BE 1601 00:49:47,534 --> 00:49:47,901 OPERATING. 1602 00:49:47,901 --> 00:49:48,669 FOR THEM, SCIENCE IS STARTING 1603 00:49:48,669 --> 00:49:49,403 ALREADY IN JUNE, WHICH IS 1604 00:49:49,403 --> 00:49:52,939 FANTASTIC. 1605 00:49:52,939 --> 00:49:55,075 INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, PARKER 1606 00:49:55,075 --> 00:49:56,209 SOLAR PROBE HAS ONE ALMOST AT 1607 00:49:56,209 --> 00:49:58,045 THE SAME TIME. 1608 00:49:58,045 --> 00:50:02,783 SO WE ARE ALREADY DOING SCIENCE 1609 00:50:02,783 --> 00:50:03,350 WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR. 1610 00:50:03,350 --> 00:50:05,152 THAT WILL SURELY KEEP US BUSY 1611 00:50:05,152 --> 00:50:08,455 UNTIL NOVEMBER 2021 WHEN WE'LL 1612 00:50:08,455 --> 00:50:13,460 THEN START THE FULL MISSION OF 1613 00:50:13,460 --> 00:50:13,927 ALL INSTRUMENTS. 1614 00:50:13,927 --> 00:50:16,063 >> AND YOU NEVER RELAX, 1615 00:50:16,063 --> 00:50:16,430 ACTUALLY. 1616 00:50:16,430 --> 00:50:17,931 PARKER SOLAR PROBE JUST CAME OUT 1617 00:50:17,931 --> 00:50:20,367 OF HER FOURTH AND I JUST 1618 00:50:20,367 --> 00:50:21,201 BREATHED A SIGH OF RELIEF. 1619 00:50:21,201 --> 00:50:22,636 I'M GETTING READY FOR THE FIFTH 1620 00:50:22,636 --> 00:50:23,770 ONE, WHEN I'LL GO BACK INTO 1621 00:50:23,770 --> 00:50:24,271 PANIC MODE. 1622 00:50:24,271 --> 00:50:26,506 >> MAYBE JUST TO ADD, WE HAVE 1623 00:50:26,506 --> 00:50:28,775 LAUNCHED THE COLUMBO, AS YOU 1624 00:50:28,775 --> 00:50:30,177 KNOW, ABOUT 1 1/2 YEARS AGO. 1625 00:50:30,177 --> 00:50:33,246 THIS WILL BE ON ITS WAY FOR 1626 00:50:33,246 --> 00:50:34,081 SEVEN YEARS. 1627 00:50:34,081 --> 00:50:35,182 IT IS THREE SPACECRAFTS. 1628 00:50:35,182 --> 00:50:37,918 THE CAMERAS WILL NOT SEE 1629 00:50:37,918 --> 00:50:40,654 ANYTHING BEFORE THE STACK IS 1630 00:50:40,654 --> 00:50:41,054 UNMOUNTED. 1631 00:50:41,054 --> 00:50:42,589 STILL, WE TRY TO DO SCIENCE AS 1632 00:50:42,589 --> 00:50:44,858 MUCH AS POSSIBLE. 1633 00:50:44,858 --> 00:50:46,126 FOR INSTANCE, THE FLY BYS, WHEN 1634 00:50:46,126 --> 00:50:48,161 WE FLY BY VENUS, FLY BY EARTH. 1635 00:50:48,161 --> 00:50:49,963 WE GET A LOT OF ADDITIONAL 1636 00:50:49,963 --> 00:50:50,397 EXCITEMENT. 1637 00:50:50,397 --> 00:50:51,932 WE'LL NEVER SLEEP FOR SEVEN 1638 00:50:51,932 --> 00:50:52,232 YEARS. 1639 00:50:52,232 --> 00:50:54,367 >> WE HAVE TIME FOR TWO MORE 1640 00:50:54,367 --> 00:50:56,236 QUESTIONS. 1641 00:50:56,236 --> 00:51:02,976 HERE, PLEASE. 1642 00:51:02,976 --> 00:51:04,611 >> THE BENEFITS OF THIS MISSION 1643 00:51:04,611 --> 00:51:09,316 ARE PRETTY PROFOUND AND VERY 1644 00:51:09,316 --> 00:51:14,488 IMPORTANT ON THE BASIS OF BASIC 1645 00:51:14,488 --> 00:51:15,756 SCIENCE AND ALSO OF TRAVEL TO 1646 00:51:15,756 --> 00:51:16,556 OTHER PLANETS. 1647 00:51:16,556 --> 00:51:18,225 SO I UNDERSTAND THAT. 1648 00:51:18,225 --> 00:51:20,260 BUT I ALSO WOULD LIKE TO TRY TO 1649 00:51:20,260 --> 00:51:23,964 TELL MY READERS, FOR THE AVERAGE 1650 00:51:23,964 --> 00:51:25,665 PERSON ON THE STREET, IN THE 1651 00:51:25,665 --> 00:51:26,900 RELATIVELY NEAR TERM, NOT 100 1652 00:51:26,900 --> 00:51:29,569 YEARS FROM NOW, WHAT'S IN IT FOR 1653 00:51:29,569 --> 00:51:29,870 THEM? 1654 00:51:29,870 --> 00:51:30,704 IS THERE SOMETHING THAT I CAN 1655 00:51:30,704 --> 00:51:34,741 TELL MY READERS THAT THEY WILL 1656 00:51:34,741 --> 00:51:37,811 BENEFIT FROM IN THEIR LIFETIMES 1657 00:51:37,811 --> 00:51:39,146 OR EVEN NEXT YEAR OR TEN YEARS 1658 00:51:39,146 --> 00:51:41,782 FROM NOW? 1659 00:51:41,782 --> 00:51:44,451 >> YES, I THINK THEY WILL. 1660 00:51:44,451 --> 00:51:45,986 IN PARTICULAR, THE EFFECTS THAT 1661 00:51:45,986 --> 00:51:51,391 THE SUN HAS ON OUR STRUCTURE ARE 1662 00:51:51,391 --> 00:51:51,758 HUMONGOUS. 1663 00:51:51,758 --> 00:51:52,626 THERE HAVE BEEN EVENTS IN THE 1664 00:51:52,626 --> 00:51:53,693 PAST WHERE OUR TECHNOLOGY WAS 1665 00:51:53,693 --> 00:51:56,596 NOT YET SO DEVELOPED, BUT THERE 1666 00:51:56,596 --> 00:51:58,632 WAS ALREADY HUGE EFFECTS. 1667 00:51:58,632 --> 00:52:00,901 FOR INSTANCE, THERE WAS ONE 1668 00:52:00,901 --> 00:52:04,671 EVENT WHERE THE TELEGRAPH 1669 00:52:04,671 --> 00:52:05,472 STATIONS, THE PAPERS STARTED TO 1670 00:52:05,472 --> 00:52:07,374 BURN BECAUSE THE SUN HAS 1671 00:52:07,374 --> 00:52:10,443 INFLUENCED THE POWER LINES. 1672 00:52:10,443 --> 00:52:13,947 THERE WAS AN EVENT LAST CENTURY 1673 00:52:13,947 --> 00:52:15,348 WHEN THE NORTH OF CANADA, THE 1674 00:52:15,348 --> 00:52:16,583 WHOLE NORTH OF CANADA WAS 1675 00:52:16,583 --> 00:52:17,684 COMPLETELY BLOCKED OUT. 1676 00:52:17,684 --> 00:52:19,085 THE POWER STATIONS WERE KIND OF 1677 00:52:19,085 --> 00:52:21,454 LIKE DOMINOS FALLING OUT BECAUSE 1678 00:52:21,454 --> 00:52:24,991 THE SUN WAS AFFECTING THE GRID. 1679 00:52:24,991 --> 00:52:26,693 I THINK WE HAVE NOT SEEN THE 1680 00:52:26,693 --> 00:52:28,328 BIGGEST SOLAR EVENTS YET. 1681 00:52:28,328 --> 00:52:31,464 I THINK IN THE PAST THERE WERE 1682 00:52:31,464 --> 00:52:32,132 BIGGER ONES. 1683 00:52:32,132 --> 00:52:33,834 IF SOMETHING LIKE THAT HAPPENS 1684 00:52:33,834 --> 00:52:34,968 IN THE NEAR FUTURE, IT COULD 1685 00:52:34,968 --> 00:52:38,405 REALLY HAVE A PROFOUND EFFECT ON 1686 00:52:38,405 --> 00:52:41,274 ALL THE SATELLITES, THE GPS 1687 00:52:41,274 --> 00:52:41,842 SATELLITES, ALL THE 1688 00:52:41,842 --> 00:52:43,210 INFRASTRUCTURE IN SPACE. 1689 00:52:43,210 --> 00:52:48,882 IT IS A REAL DIRECT, EVEN 1690 00:52:48,882 --> 00:52:49,616 FINANCIAL IMPACT THAT THIS KIND 1691 00:52:49,616 --> 00:52:50,050 OF STUDY HAS. 1692 00:52:50,050 --> 00:52:51,351 >> AND I THINK YOU MADE A REALLY 1693 00:52:51,351 --> 00:52:53,253 GOOD POINT THAT WE DIDN'T HAVE 1694 00:52:53,253 --> 00:52:54,387 THE TECHNOLOGY, SO WE DIDN'T 1695 00:52:54,387 --> 00:52:55,655 KNOW THE IMPACTS. 1696 00:52:55,655 --> 00:52:58,391 WE'VE ALSO SEEN NOW BIG EVENTS. 1697 00:52:58,391 --> 00:53:00,126 ONE WENT OFF A FEW YEARS AGO, 1698 00:53:00,126 --> 00:53:01,094 OFF THE SIDE OF THE SUN. 1699 00:53:01,094 --> 00:53:02,362 WE DIDN'T KNOW TO LOOK FOR THAT 1700 00:53:02,362 --> 00:53:02,696 BEFORE. 1701 00:53:02,696 --> 00:53:03,530 WE DIDN'T HAVE THE INSTRUMENTS 1702 00:53:03,530 --> 00:53:04,598 TO BE ABLE TO LOOK FOR THAT 1703 00:53:04,598 --> 00:53:04,931 BEFORE. 1704 00:53:04,931 --> 00:53:07,367 BUT WHEN WE MODELED THE IMPACT, 1705 00:53:07,367 --> 00:53:09,102 IT ACTUALLY HIT ONE OF OUR 1706 00:53:09,102 --> 00:53:10,103 STEREO SPACECRAFT, AND WE WERE 1707 00:53:10,103 --> 00:53:11,238 ABLE TO TAKE THE DATA. 1708 00:53:11,238 --> 00:53:13,039 WHEN IT WAS MODELED, IT WAS SAID 1709 00:53:13,039 --> 00:53:14,040 THAT IT WOULD HAVE BEEN A LARGER 1710 00:53:14,040 --> 00:53:16,276 STORM THAN EVEN THE CARRINGTON 1711 00:53:16,276 --> 00:53:16,576 EVENT. 1712 00:53:16,576 --> 00:53:21,715 THAT WAS, I THINK, 2013. 1713 00:53:21,715 --> 00:53:22,549 BUT, YOU KNOW, SO I TALK AT 1714 00:53:22,549 --> 00:53:23,316 SCHOOLS A LOT. 1715 00:53:23,316 --> 00:53:24,017 I HAVE YOUNG KIDS. 1716 00:53:24,017 --> 00:53:27,387 I ALWAYS LIKE TO SAY CARRINGTON 1717 00:53:27,387 --> 00:53:28,555 EVENT AND THE TELEGRAPH SYSTEM 1718 00:53:28,555 --> 00:53:29,856 IN THE U.S. WENT DOWN FOR FOUR 1719 00:53:29,856 --> 00:53:30,156 DAYS. 1720 00:53:30,156 --> 00:53:31,458 THE KIDS LOOK AT ME LIKE, SO 1721 00:53:31,458 --> 00:53:31,758 WHAT? 1722 00:53:31,758 --> 00:53:33,326 I SAY, NOW, IMAGINE YOU DIDN'T 1723 00:53:33,326 --> 00:53:35,328 HAVE YOUR iPAD FOR FOUR DAYS. 1724 00:53:35,328 --> 00:53:38,798 PANIC ENSUES IN THE CLASSROOM. 1725 00:53:38,798 --> 00:53:39,532 SO, YOU KNOW, NOBODY REALLY 1726 00:53:39,532 --> 00:53:40,867 CARED THAT MUCH BECAUSE IT WAS A 1727 00:53:40,867 --> 00:53:42,369 LITTLE INCONVENIENT. 1728 00:53:42,369 --> 00:53:46,273 NOW IT WOULD BE, YOU KNOW, IT 1729 00:53:46,273 --> 00:53:47,040 WOULD CHANGE LIFE AND SOCIETY AS 1730 00:53:47,040 --> 00:53:48,275 WE'VE COME TO RELY ON IT. 1731 00:53:48,275 --> 00:53:53,713 SO IT'S A VERY DIFFERENT THING. 1732 00:53:53,713 --> 00:53:56,783 >> -- HELP PREDICT WHEN THESE 1733 00:53:56,783 --> 00:53:58,318 THINGS MIGHT HAPPEN, OR IS IT 1734 00:53:58,318 --> 00:54:00,820 SIMPLY A WAY OF EXPLAINING WHEN 1735 00:54:00,820 --> 00:54:02,088 THEY DO HAPPEN, HERE'S WHY? 1736 00:54:02,088 --> 00:54:03,657 >> IT'S THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE 1737 00:54:03,657 --> 00:54:05,325 MODELS THAT WILL BE SO KEY. 1738 00:54:05,325 --> 00:54:07,827 SO YES, RIGHT NOW IF SOMETHING 1739 00:54:07,827 --> 00:54:09,229 REALLY BIG HAPPENED AND PARKER 1740 00:54:09,229 --> 00:54:10,664 WAS IN THERE, WE WOULD BE ABLE 1741 00:54:10,664 --> 00:54:12,365 TO GIVE YOU THE DATA AFTERWARDS 1742 00:54:12,365 --> 00:54:13,033 AND UNLOCK IT. 1743 00:54:13,033 --> 00:54:13,934 IT'S BY UNDERSTANDING THE 1744 00:54:13,934 --> 00:54:16,303 PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT ARE 1745 00:54:16,303 --> 00:54:20,707 GOING ON IN THE INNER 1746 00:54:20,707 --> 00:54:22,108 HELIOSPHERE AND THE POLES THAT 1747 00:54:22,108 --> 00:54:23,376 SOLAR ORBITER IS GOING TO ADD, 1748 00:54:23,376 --> 00:54:26,179 BEING ABLE TO REALLY ADD THE 1749 00:54:26,179 --> 00:54:27,080 PHYSICS TO THE MODELS. 1750 00:54:27,080 --> 00:54:29,749 WE KNOW THINGS HAPPEN, BUT WE'RE 1751 00:54:29,749 --> 00:54:31,017 NOT QUITE SURE WHY. 1752 00:54:31,017 --> 00:54:32,319 WE'VE SEEN SOME SMOKING GUNS IN 1753 00:54:32,319 --> 00:54:33,720 THE PARKER DATA ALREADY WITH THE 1754 00:54:33,720 --> 00:54:36,690 SWITCH BACKS WE PUBLISHED IN 1755 00:54:36,690 --> 00:54:37,090 DECEMBER. 1756 00:54:37,090 --> 00:54:38,558 THINGS THAT ARE CAUSING THE 1757 00:54:38,558 --> 00:54:40,160 MAGNETIC FIELDS TO COIL AND 1758 00:54:40,160 --> 00:54:41,261 RELEASE, WHICH WILL ACTUALLY ADD 1759 00:54:41,261 --> 00:54:45,198 ENERGY AND LET IT BE RELEASED 1760 00:54:45,198 --> 00:54:46,032 AGAIN. 1761 00:54:46,032 --> 00:54:47,701 SO, YOU KNOW, WE KNOW THERE ARE 1762 00:54:47,701 --> 00:54:48,702 BIG, PHYSICAL PROCESSES THAT ARE 1763 00:54:48,702 --> 00:54:49,436 HAPPENING IN THE SUN. 1764 00:54:49,436 --> 00:54:51,838 ONCE WE REALLY KNOW WHAT THOSE 1765 00:54:51,838 --> 00:54:53,039 ARE, AND AGAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF 1766 00:54:53,039 --> 00:54:54,641 THE MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE POLES, 1767 00:54:54,641 --> 00:54:56,676 THE PROCESSES THAT ARE HAPPENING 1768 00:54:56,676 --> 00:55:01,514 THAT ARE ACTUALLY HEATING THE 1769 00:55:01,514 --> 00:55:04,284 CORONA AND ACCELERATING THE 1770 00:55:04,284 --> 00:55:05,151 SOLAR WIND, YOU CAN ADD THAT TO 1771 00:55:05,151 --> 00:55:05,719 THESE BIG MODELS. 1772 00:55:05,719 --> 00:55:07,087 THAT'S WHEN YOU GET THESE 1773 00:55:07,087 --> 00:55:08,054 TRANSFORMATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS IN 1774 00:55:08,054 --> 00:55:10,623 OUR ABILITY TO PREDICT FROM WHAT 1775 00:55:10,623 --> 00:55:13,059 WE SEE A NUMBER OF DAYS BEFORE, 1776 00:55:13,059 --> 00:55:13,994 PREDICTING ACCURATELY WHAT IS 1777 00:55:13,994 --> 00:55:16,896 GOING TO IMPACT OUR PLANET. 1778 00:55:16,896 --> 00:55:21,901 THEN YOU CAN TAKE DOWN A POWER 1779 00:55:21,901 --> 00:55:22,869 GRID, IT'S INCONVENIENT, BUT 1780 00:55:22,869 --> 00:55:24,037 THEN YOU START IT BACK UP AGAIN 1781 00:55:24,037 --> 00:55:25,138 IN AN ORDERLY FASHION. 1782 00:55:25,138 --> 00:55:26,573 IT'S VERY DIFFERENT TO A POWER 1783 00:55:26,573 --> 00:55:29,042 GRID FAILING. 1784 00:55:29,042 --> 00:55:30,110 >> WE ARE UNFORTUNATELY GOING TO 1785 00:55:30,110 --> 00:55:32,278 HAVE TO WRAP UP. 1786 00:55:32,278 --> 00:55:33,079 I KNOW THERE WERE SOME OTHER 1787 00:55:33,079 --> 00:55:33,813 QUESTIONS IN THE ROOM. 1788 00:55:33,813 --> 00:55:34,914 I KNOW THERE ARE MORE ANSWERS 1789 00:55:34,914 --> 00:55:36,182 YOU WANT TO GIVE. 1790 00:55:36,182 --> 00:55:39,285 PEOPLE WILL BE IN THE ROOM. 1791 00:55:39,285 --> 00:55:40,020 WE CAN ANSWER MORE QUESTIONS 1792 00:55:40,020 --> 00:55:40,620 AFTER WE WRAP UP. 1793 00:55:40,620 --> 00:55:42,055 BUT FOR THOSE OF US ON 1794 00:55:42,055 --> 00:55:43,056 TELEVISION, WE ARE SAYING 1795 00:55:43,056 --> 00:55:45,425 GOOD-BYE FOR NOW. 1796 00:55:45,425 --> 00:55:47,127 YOU MAY WATCH THE LAUNCH 1797 00:55:47,127 --> 00:55:50,630 STARTING AT ABOUT 10:30 P.M. 1798 00:55:50,630 --> 00:55:53,199 EAST COAST TIME ON SUNDAY, 1799 00:55:53,199 --> 00:55:54,200 FEBRUARY 9th. 1800 00:55:54,200 --> 00:56:01,207 YOU CAN SEE THAT AT 1801 00:56:01,207 --> 00:56:01,674 NASA.GOV/LIVE. 1802 00:56:01,674 --> 00:56:06,780 FOR MISSION UPDATES, GO TO 1803 00:56:06,780 --> 00:56:07,380 NASA.GOV/SOLARORBITER. 1804 00:56:07,380 --> 00:56:08,748 WE HOPE YOU'RE AS EXCITED ABOUT 1805 00:56:08,748 --> 00:56:09,482 THIS AS WE ARE. 1806 00:56:09,482 --> 00:56:11,785 LET'S DO IT.