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[ MUSIC ]

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>> WE ARE A SPECIES

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OF EXPLORERS...

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BELIEVERS.

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>> WE CHOSE TO GO TO

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THE MOON IN THIS DECADE

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AND DO THE OTHER THINGS.

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NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE EASY,

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BUT BECAUSE THEY ARE HARD.

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>> WE ARE WILLING TO DO

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THE HARD THINGS,

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TO OVERCOME THE MANY CHALLENGES.

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THIS IS WHAT BRINGS OUT

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THE BEST IN US.

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>> WE ARE GO FOR

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A MISSION TO THE MOON.

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>> OUR PATH HAS LED TO SUCCESS

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AND TO BITTER LOSSES.

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>> WE COME TOGETHER TODAY

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TO MOURN THE LOSS OF

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SEVEN BRAVE AMERICANS.

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>> YET, EVEN WHEN FACED

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WITH TRAGEDY AND SETBACKS,

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WE PERSEVERE.

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WE KEEP STRIVING.

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WE KEEP BELIEVING.

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FROM SPACE,

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WE SEE OUR PLANET AS A WHOLE.

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WE SEE THE CHALLENGES

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FACING IT, AND WE FACE

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THOSE CHALLENGES TOGETHER.

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WE WILL NOT GIVE UP.

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WE CHALLENGE CONVENTION.

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WE REFUSE TO ACCEPT

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THE STATUS QUO.

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THE TIME AT HAND IS HARD,

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BUT WE WILL PERSEVERE.

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WE CAN STILL DRAW HOPE FROM

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THE MOON AND THE STARS,

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FROM SPACE,

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FROM EXPLORATION.

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THERE IS A NEW DAY BEYOND

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THE CHALLENGES WE FACE NOW.

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>> CURIOSITY, INSIGHT,

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SPIRIT, OPPORTUNITY.

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IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT,

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ALL OF THESE NAMES OF PAST

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MARS ROVERS ARE QUALITIES

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WE POSSESS AS HUMANS.

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>> TEN, NINE-- WE HAVE

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IGNITION SEQUENCE DIALED.

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>> BUT IF ROVERS START

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TO BE THE QUALITIES

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OF US AS A RACE...

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>> HOUSTON, WE HAVE A PROBLEM.

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>> WE MISS THE MOST

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IMPORTANT THING.

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>> THREE, TWO...

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>> PERSEVERANCE.

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>> LAUNCH COMMENCED.

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LIFTOFF!

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WE HAVE LIFTOFF.

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>> WE ARE A SPECIES

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OF EXPLORERS.

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WE WILL MEET MANY OBSTACLES

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ON OUR WAY TO MARS.

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BUT AS HUMANS,

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WE'LL NOT GIVE UP.

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WE WILL ALWAYS PERSEVERE.

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>> HELLO AND WELCOME TO

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ANOTHER VIRTUAL EPISODE

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OF NASA SCIENCE LIVE.

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I'M RAQUEL VILLANUEVA

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WITH NASA'S JET PROPULSION

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LABORATORY AND TODAY WE'RE

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TALKING ABOUT A NEW CHAPTER

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OF MARS EXPLORATION.

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OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES,

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FOUR ROVERS, SOJOURNER,

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SPIRIT, OPPORTUNITY,

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AND CURIOSITY HAVE TRAVERSED

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THE MARTIAN LANDSCAPE

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REVEALING THE SECRETS OF

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THE RED PLANET'S ANCIENT PAST.

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THE CURIOSITY ROVER DISCOVERED

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THAT ITS LANDING SITE,

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GALE CRATER, HOSTED A LAKE

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BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO

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IN AN ENVIRONMENT THAT

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COULD'VE SUPPORTED

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MICROBIAL LIFE.

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NOW PERSEVERANCE,

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NASA'S NEXT MARS ROVER,

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AIMS TO TAKE THE NEXT STEP

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BY SEEKING TO ANSWER

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ONE OF THE KEY QUESTIONS

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OF ASTROBIOLOGY:

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ARE THERE POTENTIAL SIGNS

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OF PAST MICROBIAL LIFE

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OR BIOSIGNATURES ON MARS?

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SO YOU MAY BE WONDERING HOW

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WE WILL LOOK FOR ANCIENT LIFE,

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WHERE WE ARE LANDING,

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AND WHEN WILL THIS MISSION

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TAKE PLACE?

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STAY TUNED, BECAUSE

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THE ANSWERS ARE COMING UP.

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BUT FIRST, LET'S

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GET TO KNOW PERSEVERANCE.

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>> NASA'S NEXT MARS ROVER,

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PERSEVERANCE,

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HAS AN AMBITIOUS MISSION.

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WE KNOW FROM DECADES OF MARS

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MISSIONS THAT THE RED PLANET

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NOT ONLY HAD WATER IN ITS

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ANCIENT PAST BUT THAT WATER

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COULD HAVE SUPPORTED LIFE.

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>> MARS IS OUR NEIGHBORING

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PLANET, AND IN MANY WAYS,

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THE MOST SIMILAR TO US

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CONCERNING ITS HISTORY.

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AND THE QUESTION WHETHER

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ANCIENT LIFE WAS THERE

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IS STILL THE QUESTION

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THAT KEEPS US UP AT NIGHT.

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>> IN SEARCH OF AN ANSWER,

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NASA IS SENDING A ROVER

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THE SIZE OF AN SUV TO

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AN ANCIENT LAKEBED ON MARS

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CALLED JEZERO CRATER.

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EQUIPPED WITH DURABLE,

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CUSTOM BUILT WHEELS,

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TWO ROBOTIC ARMS,

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AND A WHOLE SUITE OF

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SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS

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BOTH INSIDE AND OUT,

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PERSEVERANCE WILL ROVE ACROSS

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THE SURFACE OF MARS IN SEARCH

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OF EVIDENCE THAT ANCIENT LIFE

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MIGHT'VE EXISTED IN THE PAST.

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>> SO THE MARS 2020 ROVER

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WILL BE SEEKING SIGNS OF

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ANCIENT LIFE IN THE--

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IN THE ANCIENT ROCKS OF MARS

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TO LOOK FOR THINGS THAT

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WE CALL BIOSIGNATURES,

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WHICH ARE SIGNS THAT ANCIENT

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LIFE MIGHT'VE BEEN THERE

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IN THE PAST.

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>> BUT THAT'S NOT ALL

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THIS DETERMINED ROVER

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WILL ACCOMPLISH.

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>> MARS 2020 IS REALLY

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THE ESSENTIAL FIRST PART OF

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A SAMPLE RETURN MISSION,

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WHICH IS TO BRING SAMPLES BACK

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TO THE BEST LABS WE HAVE,

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WHICH ARE HERE ON EARTH.

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>> PERSEVERANCE WILL DRILL

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INTO MARTIAN ROCKS,

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COLLECT SAMPLES,

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AND PREPARE THEM FOR A FUTURE

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MISSION TO PICK THEM UP

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AND BRING THEM BACK TO EARTH.

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THIS IS SOMETHING THAT'S

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NEVER BEEN DONE BEFORE.

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>> SO MARS 2020 IS THE FIRST

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HALF OF OUR RETURN TRIP.

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>> TO GET TO THE MOST

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INTERESTING ROCKS ON MARS,

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PERSEVERANCE HAS TO LAND

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SAFELY AMONG CREVICES,

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CRATERS, AND CANYONS.

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NASA ENGINEERS DESIGNED

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A NEW TERRAIN RELATIVE

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NAVIGATION SYSTEM,

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ALLOWING THE ROVER TO

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AUTONOMOUSLY DIVERT FROM

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KNOWN RISKS IN THE AREA

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WHILE TARGETING A SMALLER

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LANDING ZONE THAN EVER BEFORE.

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>> IT MEANS THAT WE CAN BOTH

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GO TO PLACES THAT ARE MAYBE

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MORE INTERESTING TO

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THE SCIENTISTS BECAUSE

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WE'RE ABLE TO HANDLE PLACES

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WITH MORE HAZARDS AS WELL AS

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LAND CLOSER TO THE THINGS

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THAT THEY'RE INTERESTED IN

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OFF THE BAT.

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SO WE GET TO THE SCIENCE

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THAT THEY CARE ABOUT,

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AND MORE QUICKLY.

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>> SO WE CAN GET TO THE MOST

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EXCITING PLACES, WHICH ARE

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OFTEN THE MOST CHALLENGING.

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>> BUILDING ON THE DISCOVERIES

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OF ORBITERS, LANDERS,

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AND ROVERS BEFORE IT,

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PERSEVERANCE IS PIVOTAL IN OUR

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SEARCH FOR LIFE BEYOND EARTH.

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>> I COULD FINALLY ANSWER

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THE AGE-OLD QUESTION,

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ARE WE ALONE?

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>> TODAY, WE ARE JOINED BY

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PERSEVERANCE PROJECT SCIENTIST,

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KEN FARLEY.

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THANK YOU FOR JOINING US

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TODAY, KEN.

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>> YOU'RE WELCOME.

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>> PERSEVERANCE WILL BE

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SEARCHING FOR SIGNS OF

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ANCIENT LIFE ON MARS.

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WHY IS MARS AN INTERESTING

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PLACE TO SEARCH FOR SIGNS

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OF LIFE BEYOND EARTH?

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>> RAQUEL, THE BEST PLACE

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TO LOOK FOR LIFE IS

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A PLACE WHERE YOU THINK

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LIFE COULD'VE EXISTED.

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AND MARS IS SPECIAL

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IN THIS REGARD.

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THE CURRENT SURFACE OF MARS

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IS TOO COLD AND TOO DRY

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FOR ANY LIFE THAT

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WE KNOW ABOUT TO EXIST.

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BUT BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO,

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IT WAS VERY DIFFERENT.

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IT WAS MUCH WARMER AND THERE

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WAS WATER ON THE SURFACE.

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THERE WERE LAKES

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AND THERE WERE RIVERS.

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AND ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT

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THINGS THAT THE ROVER MISSIONS

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THAT'VE GONE TO MARS OVER

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THE LAST FEW YEARS HAVE SHOWN US

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IS THAT THE ROCKS THAT WERE

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DEPOSITED AT THAT TIME PERIOD,

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THEY RECORD

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HABITABLE ENVIRONMENTS.

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SO THE REASON TO GO TO MARS

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IS TO LOOK AT THOSE ROCKS,

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WHICH RECORD

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HABITABLE ENVIRONMENTS,

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AND SEE IF LIFE WAS IN THEM.

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SO TO BE CLEAR,

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WE'RE NOT LOOKING FOR EXTANT

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LIFE, LIFE PRESENT TODAY.

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WE ARE LOOKING FOR LIFE

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RECORDED IN THESE ROCKS

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THAT WERE DEPOSITED

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BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO.

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>> WHAT DO WE THINK

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THIS ANCIENT LIFE

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MIGHT'VE LOOKED LIKE?

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>> WE HAVE ONLY ONE MODEL

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FOR WHAT LIFE HAS LOOKED LIKE

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OVER TIME, AND THAT'S THE EARTH.

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SO WE USE THAT AS A REFERENCE

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TO UNDERSTAND WHAT

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WE MIGHT FIND ON MARS.

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AND IF WE LOOK AT THE EARTH'S

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ROCK RECORD FROM

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BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO,

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WHAT WE SEE THAT LIFE

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AT THAT TIME, UH, IS--

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WAS VERY PRIMITIVE.

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IT WAS MOSTLY MICROBIAL.

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SO WHAT THAT MEANS IS WE ARE

270
00:07:26,078 --> 00:07:27,713
NOT LOOKING FOR FOSSILS

271
00:07:27,713 --> 00:07:29,015
OF ADVANCED LIFE FORMS,

272
00:07:29,015 --> 00:07:29,649
WE'RE NOT LOOKING FOR

273
00:07:29,649 --> 00:07:31,417
DINOSAUR BONES OR FISH FOSSILS

274
00:07:31,417 --> 00:07:32,852
OR LEAF FOSSILS.

275
00:07:32,852 --> 00:07:34,153
WE'RE LOOKING FOR

276
00:07:34,153 --> 00:07:35,788
THE KINDS OF DEPOSITS THAT

277
00:07:35,788 --> 00:07:39,826
MICROBES WOULD LEAVE BEHIND.

278
00:07:39,826 --> 00:07:40,693
>> NOW KEN,

279
00:07:40,693 --> 00:07:41,894
I UNDERSTAND THAT MEMBERS OF

280
00:07:41,894 --> 00:07:43,296
THE PERSEVERANCE TEAM TRAVELED

281
00:07:43,296 --> 00:07:44,397
TO AUSTRALIA AS PART OF

282
00:07:44,397 --> 00:07:45,698
THE MISSION.

283
00:07:45,698 --> 00:07:46,699
COULD YOU TELL US

284
00:07:46,699 --> 00:07:47,667
WHAT THEY DID THERE

285
00:07:47,667 --> 00:07:50,903
AND WHY IT'S IMPORTANT?

286
00:07:50,903 --> 00:07:52,538
>> I WAS VERY FORTUNATE TO

287
00:07:52,538 --> 00:07:54,941
JOIN THIS-- JOIN NASA EUROPEAN

288
00:07:54,941 --> 00:07:57,109
SPACE AGENCY TRIP TO LOOK AT

289
00:07:57,109 --> 00:07:58,778
THE OLDEST UNDISPUTED

290
00:07:58,778 --> 00:08:00,913
EVIDENCE OF LIFE ON EARTH.

291
00:08:00,913 --> 00:08:02,915
IT OCCURS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

292
00:08:02,915 --> 00:08:05,151
IN A VERY REMOTE PLACE.

293
00:08:05,151 --> 00:08:07,119
AND WE WENT OUT TO LOOK AT THOSE

294
00:08:07,119 --> 00:08:08,821
ROCKS SO THAT WE WOULD KNOW

295
00:08:08,821 --> 00:08:11,090
WHAT MICROBIAL BIOSIGNATURES

296
00:08:11,090 --> 00:08:12,692
ACTUALLY LOOK LIKE.

297
00:08:12,692 --> 00:08:14,360
AND THE ROCKS THAT WE SAW THERE

298
00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:16,195
ARE CALLED STROMATOLITES.

299
00:08:16,195 --> 00:08:17,797
SO A STROMATOLITE IS

300
00:08:17,797 --> 00:08:19,832
PRODUCED BY MICROBES.

301
00:08:19,832 --> 00:08:21,934
MICROBES FORM A FILM,

302
00:08:21,934 --> 00:08:23,703
A LAYER, UH,

303
00:08:23,703 --> 00:08:24,470
AT THE BOTTOM OF

304
00:08:24,470 --> 00:08:25,404
A BODY OF WATER,

305
00:08:25,404 --> 00:08:27,673
LIKE A LAKE OR A SHALLOW SEA.

306
00:08:27,673 --> 00:08:29,141
AND THAT MICROBIAL FILM

307
00:08:29,141 --> 00:08:30,643
GROWS ON THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN

308
00:08:30,643 --> 00:08:32,945
THE MUD AND THE WATER.

309
00:08:32,945 --> 00:08:33,880
THE FILM GROWS,

310
00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:34,881
IT GETS BURIED.

311
00:08:34,881 --> 00:08:35,882
ANOTHER FILM GROWS,

312
00:08:35,882 --> 00:08:36,983
IT GETS BURIED.

313
00:08:36,983 --> 00:08:38,217
SO YOU GET THIS LAYERED

314
00:08:38,217 --> 00:08:40,419
STRUCTURE THAT IS A VERY

315
00:08:40,419 --> 00:08:42,421
DISTINCTIVE PATTERN AND VERY

316
00:08:42,421 --> 00:08:43,322
DIFFERENT THAN THE KIND OF

317
00:08:43,322 --> 00:08:45,524
PATTERN THAT YOU GET IN

318
00:08:45,524 --> 00:08:46,659
ROCKS THAT ARE DEPOSITED

319
00:08:46,659 --> 00:08:48,561
IN THE ABSENCE OF LIFE.

320
00:08:48,561 --> 00:08:49,295
SO WE WENT AND LOOKED AT THESE

321
00:08:49,295 --> 00:08:50,029
ROCKS AND I HAVE TO SAY,

322
00:08:50,029 --> 00:08:51,797
I-I'M NOT AN ASTROBIOLOGIST,

323
00:08:51,797 --> 00:08:53,065
BUT I FOUND THEM

324
00:08:53,065 --> 00:08:54,166
VERY COMPELLING.

325
00:08:54,166 --> 00:08:54,867
THEY'RE THE KINDS OF THINGS

326
00:08:54,867 --> 00:08:56,869
YOU CAN SEE WITH YOUR EYES

327
00:08:56,869 --> 00:08:57,637
THAT SUGGEST THAT

328
00:08:57,637 --> 00:08:58,905
LIFE WAS PRESENT.

329
00:08:58,905 --> 00:08:59,338
AND OF COURSE,

330
00:08:59,338 --> 00:09:00,539
THIS WOULD BE A VERY EXCITING

331
00:09:00,539 --> 00:09:03,276
THING FOR US TO FIND ON MARS.

332
00:09:03,276 --> 00:09:04,076
>> AND CAN YOU TELL US

333
00:09:04,076 --> 00:09:05,111
WHAT INSTRUMENTS WILL

334
00:09:05,111 --> 00:09:06,612
ENABLE PERSEVERANCE TO SEARCH

335
00:09:06,612 --> 00:09:08,381
FOR SIGNS OF ANCIENT LIFE?

336
00:09:08,381 --> 00:09:09,649
HOW DO ITS INSTRUMENTS

337
00:09:09,649 --> 00:09:13,119
DIFFER FROM CURIOSITY?

338
00:09:13,119 --> 00:09:14,153
>> THE PERSEVERANCE ROVER

339
00:09:14,153 --> 00:09:14,820
LOOKS A LOT LIKE

340
00:09:14,820 --> 00:09:16,522
THE CURIOSITY ROVER

341
00:09:16,522 --> 00:09:17,156
EXCEPT FOR IT HAS

342
00:09:17,156 --> 00:09:19,125
NEW SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS.

343
00:09:19,125 --> 00:09:19,892
THESE SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS

344
00:09:19,892 --> 00:09:21,360
WERE SELECTED TO ALLOW US

345
00:09:21,360 --> 00:09:23,396
TO LOOK FOR BIOSIGNATURES.

346
00:09:23,396 --> 00:09:25,164
WE WILL HAVE HIGH RESOLUTION

347
00:09:25,164 --> 00:09:27,133
CAMERAS THAT WILL ALLOW US TO

348
00:09:27,133 --> 00:09:30,069
SURVEY THE LANDSCAPE LOOKING FOR

349
00:09:30,069 --> 00:09:31,270
ROCKS THAT MIGHT'VE RECORDED

350
00:09:31,270 --> 00:09:32,905
HABITABLE ENVIRONMENTS.

351
00:09:32,905 --> 00:09:34,240
AND ONCE WE DRIVE UP TO THEM,

352
00:09:34,240 --> 00:09:35,474
WE WILL DEPLOY INSTRUMENTS

353
00:09:35,474 --> 00:09:37,343
THAT ARE ON THE ROBOTIC ARM.

354
00:09:37,343 --> 00:09:39,612
WE HAVE TWO VERY INTERESTING

355
00:09:39,612 --> 00:09:41,714
NEW CAPABILITIES THAT ALLOW US

356
00:09:41,714 --> 00:09:44,317
TO INVESTIGATE A POSTAGE STAMP

357
00:09:44,317 --> 00:09:47,153
SIZE AREA FOR THE ELEMENTAL

358
00:09:47,153 --> 00:09:49,388
COMPOSITION AND THE ORGANIC

359
00:09:49,388 --> 00:09:51,023
MOLECULE COMPOSITION.

360
00:09:51,023 --> 00:09:53,225
SO WE ESSENTIALLY MAKE A MAP

361
00:09:53,225 --> 00:09:54,093
AND THEN WE TAKE

362
00:09:54,093 --> 00:09:56,595
A MICROSCOPIC IMAGE AS WELL.

363
00:09:56,595 --> 00:09:57,563
AND THESE THREE KINDS OF

364
00:09:57,563 --> 00:09:59,765
OBSERVATIONS, THE TEXTURE,

365
00:09:59,765 --> 00:10:01,367
THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION,

366
00:10:01,367 --> 00:10:02,068
AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF

367
00:10:02,068 --> 00:10:04,270
ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE A VERY

368
00:10:04,270 --> 00:10:05,838
COMPELLING WAY TO LOOK FOR

369
00:10:05,838 --> 00:10:08,641
MICROBIAL BIOSIGNATURES.

370
00:10:08,641 --> 00:10:09,809
>> AND HOW WILL PERSEVERANCE

371
00:10:09,809 --> 00:10:13,145
EXPLORE THE AREA?

372
00:10:13,145 --> 00:10:14,580
>> WE'RE VERY FORTUNATE THAT

373
00:10:14,580 --> 00:10:16,615
WE HAVE A LOT OF DETAILED

374
00:10:16,615 --> 00:10:20,252
INFORMATION ON THE LANDING SITE.

375
00:10:20,252 --> 00:10:21,654
AND ONE OF THE KEY TARGETS

376
00:10:21,654 --> 00:10:23,222
THAT WE CAN SEE FROM THE ORBITAL

377
00:10:23,222 --> 00:10:25,925
IMAGES THAT EXIST IS A DELTA.

378
00:10:25,925 --> 00:10:27,927
SO A DELTA IS A PLACE WHERE

379
00:10:27,927 --> 00:10:29,829
A RIVER FLOWED INTO A LAKE

380
00:10:29,829 --> 00:10:30,896
AND THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT

381
00:10:30,896 --> 00:10:33,299
IN THE RIVER WAS DEPOSITED.

382
00:10:33,299 --> 00:10:34,767
THIS IS A VERY INTERESTING

383
00:10:34,767 --> 00:10:36,068
PLACE FOR US TO EXPLORE

384
00:10:36,068 --> 00:10:37,803
BECAUSE IT'S THE KIND OF PLACE

385
00:10:37,803 --> 00:10:39,772
WHERE ORGANISMS ON EARTH

386
00:10:39,772 --> 00:10:41,273
EXIST TODAY.

387
00:10:41,273 --> 00:10:41,941
AND ALSO,

388
00:10:41,941 --> 00:10:43,642
IT'S THE KIND OF PLACE WHERE,

389
00:10:43,642 --> 00:10:45,144
BECAUSE THEY GET BURIED,

390
00:10:45,144 --> 00:10:46,112
THOSE BIOSIGNATURES ARE

391
00:10:46,112 --> 00:10:47,780
PRESERVED IN THE ROCK RECORD

392
00:10:47,780 --> 00:10:48,681
FOR US TO COME AND SEE

393
00:10:48,681 --> 00:10:50,383
BILLIONS OF YEARS LATER.

394
00:10:50,383 --> 00:10:51,250
SO ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS

395
00:10:51,250 --> 00:10:52,818
THAT WE'LL DO AFTER WE LAND IS

396
00:10:52,818 --> 00:10:53,753
WE WILL DRIVE UP AND WE WILL

397
00:10:53,753 --> 00:10:56,522
EXPLORE THAT DELTA.

398
00:10:56,522 --> 00:10:57,456
>> AND WHAT WOULD FINDING

399
00:10:57,456 --> 00:10:58,791
SIGNS OF ANCIENT LIFE MEAN

400
00:10:58,791 --> 00:11:02,461
FOR HUMANS ON EARTH?

401
00:11:02,461 --> 00:11:02,962
>> WELL OF COURSE,

402
00:11:02,962 --> 00:11:04,230
THAT IS A, UH--

403
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:05,598
A CLASSIC QUESTION THAT

404
00:11:05,598 --> 00:11:06,732
WE ALL ASK OURSELVES.

405
00:11:06,732 --> 00:11:08,667
ARE-ARE WE ALONE?

406
00:11:08,667 --> 00:11:11,337
AND I THINK WHAT MARS 2020

407
00:11:11,337 --> 00:11:13,472
IS DOING IN LOOKING FOR LIFE,

408
00:11:13,472 --> 00:11:15,274
IF WE HAPPEN TO FIND LIFE,

409
00:11:15,274 --> 00:11:18,077
IT IS A VERY NON-THREATENING

410
00:11:18,077 --> 00:11:18,878
FORM OF LIFE.

411
00:11:18,878 --> 00:11:20,980
IT IS PRESUMABLY GOING TO BE

412
00:11:20,980 --> 00:11:22,048
MICROBIAL AND IT IS

413
00:11:22,048 --> 00:11:23,149
GOING TO BE ANCIENT.

414
00:11:23,149 --> 00:11:24,617
WE'RE NOT LIKELY TO FIND

415
00:11:24,617 --> 00:11:26,886
ADVANCED ALIEN LIFE.

416
00:11:26,886 --> 00:11:27,787
BUT THAT DOESN'T MEAN

417
00:11:27,787 --> 00:11:29,355
IT ISN'T IMPORTANT.

418
00:11:29,355 --> 00:11:30,489
AND IT'S IMPORTANT IN

419
00:11:30,489 --> 00:11:31,424
THE SENSE THAT,

420
00:11:31,424 --> 00:11:32,058
IF WE HAPPEN TO

421
00:11:32,058 --> 00:11:33,459
FIND LIFE THERE,

422
00:11:33,459 --> 00:11:35,928
IT WILL MEAN THAT OF THE TWO

423
00:11:35,928 --> 00:11:37,430
ENVIRONMENTS THAT WE KNOW OF

424
00:11:37,430 --> 00:11:39,832
ANYWHERE IN THE GALAXY,

425
00:11:39,832 --> 00:11:41,333
THE TWO PLACES THAT WE KNOW

426
00:11:41,333 --> 00:11:43,202
HAVE HABITABLE ENVIRONMENTS,

427
00:11:43,202 --> 00:11:44,637
EARTH AND MARS,

428
00:11:44,637 --> 00:11:46,705
BOTH HAVE LIFE.

429
00:11:46,705 --> 00:11:47,740
AND THAT WOULD TEND TO SUGGEST

430
00:11:47,740 --> 00:11:49,842
THAT LIFE IS UBIQUITOUS.

431
00:11:49,842 --> 00:11:50,876
THAT WHEN YOU BUILD

432
00:11:50,876 --> 00:11:52,478
AN ENVIRONMENT WHERE LIFE

433
00:11:52,478 --> 00:11:55,614
CAN THRIVE, LIFE APPEARS.

434
00:11:55,614 --> 00:11:57,650
AND THEN IF YOU PUT THAT

435
00:11:57,650 --> 00:11:59,418
RESULT IN THE CONTEXT OF

436
00:11:59,418 --> 00:12:00,719
THE FACT THAT THERE ARE

437
00:12:00,719 --> 00:12:02,455
LITERALLY BILLIONS OF

438
00:12:02,455 --> 00:12:05,091
PLANETS BEYOND EARTH,

439
00:12:05,091 --> 00:12:06,959
IT STARTS TO FEEL LIKELY THAT

440
00:12:06,959 --> 00:12:08,394
NOT ONLY ARE THERE HABITABLE

441
00:12:08,394 --> 00:12:09,795
PLANETS OUT THERE,

442
00:12:09,795 --> 00:12:10,963
BUT THOSE PLANETS

443
00:12:10,963 --> 00:12:12,965
MAY WELL BE INHABITED,

444
00:12:12,965 --> 00:12:15,134
THEY MAY BE INHABITED TODAY,

445
00:12:15,134 --> 00:12:17,036
AND THERE MAY ACTUALLY BE

446
00:12:17,036 --> 00:12:18,838
INTELLIGENT LIFE THERE.

447
00:12:18,838 --> 00:12:20,706
SO THAT'S ALL SPECULATION,

448
00:12:20,706 --> 00:12:21,674
BUT IT'S SPECULATION THAT

449
00:12:21,674 --> 00:12:22,908
WOULD BE INFORMED BY

450
00:12:22,908 --> 00:12:25,077
THE DISCOVERY OF LIFE

451
00:12:25,077 --> 00:12:27,279
ON THE ONLY HABITABLE

452
00:12:27,279 --> 00:12:28,180
PLACE BEYOND EARTH

453
00:12:28,180 --> 00:12:28,948
THAT WE KNOW ABOUT,

454
00:12:28,948 --> 00:12:31,083
AND THAT'S MARS.

455
00:12:31,083 --> 00:12:31,784
>> GREAT.

456
00:12:31,784 --> 00:12:32,451
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR

457
00:12:32,451 --> 00:12:34,653
JOINING US TODAY, KEN.

458
00:12:34,653 --> 00:12:35,688
>> YOU'RE WELCOME.

459
00:12:35,688 --> 00:12:36,655
>> THE SEARCH FOR ANCIENT LIFE

460
00:12:36,655 --> 00:12:39,258
ON MARS CAN BE A DAUNTING TASK.

461
00:12:39,258 --> 00:12:39,859
WHERE DO YOU EVEN

462
00:12:39,859 --> 00:12:41,060
BEGIN TO LOOK?

463
00:12:41,060 --> 00:12:42,094
HERE AT NASA,

464
00:12:42,094 --> 00:12:43,996
WE DEDICATED FIVE YEARS

465
00:12:43,996 --> 00:12:44,763
TO SEARCHING FOR

466
00:12:44,763 --> 00:12:46,565
THE PERFECT LANDING SITE.

467
00:12:46,565 --> 00:12:47,867
AFTER MUCH CONSIDERATION,

468
00:12:47,867 --> 00:12:50,269
NASA CHOSE JEZERO CRATER,

469
00:12:50,269 --> 00:12:53,305
A 28-MILE WIDE CRATER ONCE HOME

470
00:12:53,305 --> 00:12:55,374
TO AN ANCIENT RIVER DELTA.

471
00:12:55,374 --> 00:12:56,075
TODAY WE'RE JOINED

472
00:12:56,075 --> 00:12:57,610
BY BRIONY HORGAN,

473
00:12:57,610 --> 00:12:59,211
A SCIENCE TEAM MEMBER WORKING

474
00:12:59,211 --> 00:13:01,147
ON THE ROVER'S MASTCAM-Z

475
00:13:01,147 --> 00:13:02,615
INSTRUMENT TO TELL US MORE

476
00:13:02,615 --> 00:13:04,717
ABOUT THIS INTRIGUING SITE

477
00:13:04,717 --> 00:13:07,153
WHERE WATER ONCE FLOWED ON MARS.

478
00:13:07,153 --> 00:13:07,953
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US

479
00:13:07,953 --> 00:13:09,388
TODAY, BRIONY.

480
00:13:09,388 --> 00:13:10,656
>> THANKS FOR HAVING ME.

481
00:13:10,656 --> 00:13:12,658
>> NOW, WHY JEZERO CRATER?

482
00:13:12,658 --> 00:13:13,993
WHY IS THIS AN IDEAL LANDING

483
00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:16,162
SITE FOR THIS MISSION?

484
00:13:16,162 --> 00:13:17,196
>> SO JEZERO CRATER IS GOING

485
00:13:17,196 --> 00:13:18,430
TO BE A FANTASTIC PLACE FOR

486
00:13:18,430 --> 00:13:20,099
MARS 2020 BECAUSE IT'S

487
00:13:20,099 --> 00:13:21,000
A GREAT PLACE TO LOOK FOR

488
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,535
SIGNS OF ANCIENT LIFE.

489
00:13:22,535 --> 00:13:23,769
WE SEE REALLY CLEAR EVIDENCE

490
00:13:23,769 --> 00:13:25,337
FROM OUR SATELLITES IN ORBIT

491
00:13:25,337 --> 00:13:26,405
THAT JEZERO CRATER ONCE

492
00:13:26,405 --> 00:13:27,873
HOSTED AN ANCIENT LAKE.

493
00:13:27,873 --> 00:13:28,974
THE BIGGEST PIECE OF EVIDENCE

494
00:13:28,974 --> 00:13:29,708
COMES FROM, YOU KNOW,

495
00:13:29,708 --> 00:13:30,476
WE JUST-- WHEN WE LOOK AT

496
00:13:30,476 --> 00:13:31,510
OUR IMAGES OF THE CRATER,

497
00:13:31,510 --> 00:13:32,778
WE SEE THIS BIG RIVER CHANNEL

498
00:13:32,778 --> 00:13:34,413
FLOWING INTO THE CRATER,

499
00:13:34,413 --> 00:13:35,281
AND THEN RIGHT WHERE IT HITS

500
00:13:35,281 --> 00:13:36,148
THE RIM OF THE CRATER,

501
00:13:36,148 --> 00:13:37,716
WE SEE A RIVER DELTA BEING

502
00:13:37,716 --> 00:13:39,852
DEPOSITED INSIDE OF JEZERO.

503
00:13:39,852 --> 00:13:40,953
AND SO, THAT-- THOSE, UH,

504
00:13:40,953 --> 00:13:42,054
DELTAS FORM WHEN YOU HAVE

505
00:13:42,054 --> 00:13:43,556
RIVERS FLOWING INTO LAKES

506
00:13:43,556 --> 00:13:44,690
AND DEPOSITING OUT ALL OF

507
00:13:44,690 --> 00:13:45,791
THE MUD AND OTHER SEDIMENTS

508
00:13:45,791 --> 00:13:46,859
THEY'RE CARRYING, AND THEY

509
00:13:46,859 --> 00:13:48,227
TAKE A LONG TIME TO FORM.

510
00:13:48,227 --> 00:13:48,827
SO WHEN WE SEE

511
00:13:48,827 --> 00:13:50,196
THE DELTA IN JEZERO,

512
00:13:50,196 --> 00:13:51,330
IT TELL US THAT THE LAKE

513
00:13:51,330 --> 00:13:52,064
PERSISTED FOR SOME

514
00:13:52,064 --> 00:13:53,332
LONG PERIOD OF TIME.

515
00:13:53,332 --> 00:13:54,266
AND IT'S NOT EVEN JUST THAT,

516
00:13:54,266 --> 00:13:55,467
WE ACTUALLY SEE A RIVER

517
00:13:55,467 --> 00:13:56,702
CHANNEL LEADING OUT THE OTHER

518
00:13:56,702 --> 00:13:57,803
SIDE OF THE CRATER TOO,

519
00:13:57,803 --> 00:13:59,004
SO THAT TELLS US THAT

520
00:13:59,004 --> 00:14:00,072
THE RIVER FLOWED IN,

521
00:14:00,072 --> 00:14:01,006
FORMED THIS DELTA,

522
00:14:01,006 --> 00:14:01,740
AND THEN ACTUALLY FILLED

523
00:14:01,740 --> 00:14:03,175
THE CRATER UP AND OVERFLOWED

524
00:14:03,175 --> 00:14:04,577
OUT THE OTHER SIDE.

525
00:14:04,577 --> 00:14:05,477
SO THAT TELLS US THAT WE HAD

526
00:14:05,477 --> 00:14:07,580
A NICE LONG-LIVED, HABITABLE

527
00:14:07,580 --> 00:14:08,314
LAKE ENVIRONMENT WHERE

528
00:14:08,314 --> 00:14:09,715
LIFE COULD'VE THRIVED.

529
00:14:09,715 --> 00:14:10,683
AND THE DELTA ITSELF IS

530
00:14:10,683 --> 00:14:11,984
A GREAT PLACE TO GO LOOK FOR

531
00:14:11,984 --> 00:14:13,085
SIGNS OF THAT ANCIENT LIFE

532
00:14:13,085 --> 00:14:14,119
BECAUSE WE THINK THE BOTTOM OF

533
00:14:14,119 --> 00:14:15,487
THE DELTA PRESERVES

534
00:14:15,487 --> 00:14:16,322
THE BOTTOM OF THE LAKE.

535
00:14:16,322 --> 00:14:17,590
SO ALL THE MUDS AND THINGS

536
00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:19,158
THAT ACCUMULATED ALL THE STUFF

537
00:14:19,158 --> 00:14:20,526
THAT FELL OUT OF THE LAKE.

538
00:14:20,526 --> 00:14:21,093
UH, THINGS LIKE

539
00:14:21,093 --> 00:14:22,094
ORGANIC MATERIALS THAT

540
00:14:22,094 --> 00:14:22,962
COULD'VE BEEN, YOU KNOW,

541
00:14:22,962 --> 00:14:23,729
INCORPORATED INTO

542
00:14:23,729 --> 00:14:24,530
THE LIFE THERE,

543
00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:26,031
OTHER SIGNS OF ANCIENT LIFE,

544
00:14:26,031 --> 00:14:26,999
OTHER, UM, YOU KNOW,

545
00:14:26,999 --> 00:14:28,000
FOSSILIZED BITS OF LIFE,

546
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:29,101
THINGS LIKE THAT COULD BE

547
00:14:29,101 --> 00:14:29,802
PRESERVED IN THE BOTTOM

548
00:14:29,802 --> 00:14:31,403
OF THE DELTA.

549
00:14:31,403 --> 00:14:32,805
BUT IT'S NOT JUST THE DELTA

550
00:14:32,805 --> 00:14:33,739
AND SORT OF THOSE FEATURES

551
00:14:33,739 --> 00:14:34,807
THAT WE SEE IN THE IMAGES

552
00:14:34,807 --> 00:14:35,641
THAT ARE REALLY INTERESTING,

553
00:14:35,641 --> 00:14:36,675
WE ALSO SEE EVIDENCE FOR

554
00:14:36,675 --> 00:14:38,010
INTERESTING MINERALS THAT

555
00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:39,211
MIGHT'VE FORMED IN THIS LAKE.

556
00:14:39,211 --> 00:14:39,778
IN PARTICULAR,

557
00:14:39,778 --> 00:14:41,413
WE SEE A RING OF CARBONATE

558
00:14:41,413 --> 00:14:42,615
MINERALS RIGHT AROUND

559
00:14:42,615 --> 00:14:44,216
THE INSIDE MARGIN OF THE CRATER,

560
00:14:44,216 --> 00:14:44,917
AND CARBONATES ARE REALLY

561
00:14:44,917 --> 00:14:46,552
INTERESTING BECAUSE ON EARTH,

562
00:14:46,552 --> 00:14:47,653
THEY FORM IN LAKES

563
00:14:47,653 --> 00:14:48,687
AND OCEANS WHEN YOU HAVE

564
00:14:48,687 --> 00:14:50,089
A LITTLE BIT OF EVAPORATION

565
00:14:50,089 --> 00:14:50,990
AND THEY PRECIPITATE OUT

566
00:14:50,990 --> 00:14:52,191
NEAR THE SHORELINES.

567
00:14:52,191 --> 00:14:53,025
AND WE SEE THIS RING

568
00:14:53,025 --> 00:14:54,059
OF CARBONATE IN JEZERO

569
00:14:54,059 --> 00:14:55,261
RIGHT WHERE WE EXPECT ANCIENT

570
00:14:55,261 --> 00:14:56,495
SHORELINES TO HAVE BEEN.

571
00:14:56,495 --> 00:14:57,229
SO WE THINK IT MIGHT BE

572
00:14:57,229 --> 00:14:57,863
TELLING US SOMETHING

573
00:14:57,863 --> 00:14:58,931
ABOUT THE LAKE.

574
00:14:58,931 --> 00:15:00,332
THIS IS ALSO GREAT FOR LOOKING

575
00:15:00,332 --> 00:15:01,133
FOR SIGNS OF ANCIENT LIFE,

576
00:15:01,133 --> 00:15:02,401
THOUGH, BECAUSE CARBONATES,

577
00:15:02,401 --> 00:15:03,936
WHERE THEY FORM ON EARTH,

578
00:15:03,936 --> 00:15:05,004
THEY CAN ACTUALLY PRECIPITATE

579
00:15:05,004 --> 00:15:06,405
OUT AND TRAP ANYTHING

580
00:15:06,405 --> 00:15:07,273
THAT'S LIVING RIGHT

581
00:15:07,273 --> 00:15:08,641
ALONG THEIR SHORELINES.

582
00:15:08,641 --> 00:15:09,675
WE SEE THIS REALLY COMMONLY

583
00:15:09,675 --> 00:15:11,277
WITH THINGS LIKE MICROBIAL MATS

584
00:15:11,277 --> 00:15:12,244
THAT GROW ALONG THE SHORELINES

585
00:15:12,244 --> 00:15:13,512
OF LAKES ON EARTH.

586
00:15:13,512 --> 00:15:14,480
UH, AND THEN THE CARBONATE

587
00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:15,581
PRECIPITATES OUT AND CAN

588
00:15:15,581 --> 00:15:16,782
ACTUALLY FOSSILIZE THEM

589
00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:17,816
IN THAT WAY AND KIND OF

590
00:15:17,816 --> 00:15:19,351
PRESERVE THEM IN A ROCK RECORD.

591
00:15:19,351 --> 00:15:20,486
SO MARS 2020 IS GOING TO

592
00:15:20,486 --> 00:15:21,987
EXPLORE BOTH THE DELTA

593
00:15:21,987 --> 00:15:22,888
AND THE SHORELINES OF

594
00:15:22,888 --> 00:15:23,989
ANCIENT LAKE JEZERO TO

595
00:15:23,989 --> 00:15:25,858
LOOK FOR SIGNS OF LIFE.

596
00:15:25,858 --> 00:15:27,026
>> YOU KIND OF TOUCHED ON THIS,

597
00:15:27,026 --> 00:15:28,661
BUT WHAT DID JEZERO CRATER

598
00:15:28,661 --> 00:15:30,963
ONCE LOOK LIKE?

599
00:15:30,963 --> 00:15:31,430
>> SO, IT WOULD'VE BEEN

600
00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:32,398
A PRETTY BIG LAKE.

601
00:15:32,398 --> 00:15:33,565
I MEAN, SO, IT'S ABOUT H--

602
00:15:33,565 --> 00:15:34,133
IT WOULD'VE BEEN ABOUT HALF

603
00:15:34,133 --> 00:15:35,367
THE SIZE OF LAKE ONTARIO

604
00:15:35,367 --> 00:15:36,168
AND ALMOST AS DEEP,

605
00:15:36,168 --> 00:15:37,703
A COUPLE HUNDRED METERS DEEP,

606
00:15:37,703 --> 00:15:38,904
AND, UH, WE ALSO THINK

607
00:15:38,904 --> 00:15:40,506
IT WAS A PRETTY OLD LAKE,

608
00:15:40,506 --> 00:15:41,106
SO WE THINK IT MIGHT'VE

609
00:15:41,106 --> 00:15:42,775
FORMED ON MARS ABOUT, UH,

610
00:15:42,775 --> 00:15:45,244
AS OLD AS 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO.

611
00:15:45,244 --> 00:15:45,744
AND THAT TIMING'S

612
00:15:45,744 --> 00:15:46,412
REALLY IMPORTANT,

613
00:15:46,412 --> 00:15:47,079
'CAUSE THAT'S RIGHT WHEN WE

614
00:15:47,079 --> 00:15:48,414
THINK LIFE WAS REALLY GETTING

615
00:15:48,414 --> 00:15:49,982
STARTED HERE ON EARTH,

616
00:15:49,982 --> 00:15:50,716
SO THAT MEANS WE HAVE

617
00:15:50,716 --> 00:15:51,884
A HABITABLE ENVIRONMENT

618
00:15:51,884 --> 00:15:52,985
ON MARS THAT WAS THERE

619
00:15:52,985 --> 00:15:54,486
FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME,

620
00:15:54,486 --> 00:15:55,888
THAT WAS THERE WHEN LIFE

621
00:15:55,888 --> 00:15:57,056
WAS HOPEFULLY, UH,

622
00:15:57,056 --> 00:15:58,457
SPREADING ACROSS THE PLANET.

623
00:15:58,457 --> 00:15:59,191
SO WE HOPE IT'LL PRESERVE

624
00:15:59,191 --> 00:16:01,026
SIGNS OF THAT LIFE.

625
00:16:01,026 --> 00:16:01,627
>> AND SPEAKING OF LIFE,

626
00:16:01,627 --> 00:16:02,861
I UNDERSTAND THAT WE'RE ALSO

627
00:16:02,861 --> 00:16:03,962
COLLECTING SAMPLES AT

628
00:16:03,962 --> 00:16:05,197
JEZERO CRATER FOR FUTURE

629
00:16:05,197 --> 00:16:07,066
MISSIONS TO RETURN TO EARTH.

630
00:16:07,066 --> 00:16:08,300
AND WHY ARE WE DOING THAT

631
00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:10,736
AND WHAT DO WE HOPE TO FIND?

632
00:16:10,736 --> 00:16:11,170
>> YEAH, WELL,

633
00:16:11,170 --> 00:16:11,870
THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION.

634
00:16:11,870 --> 00:16:13,339
SO, YOU KNOW, WITH MARS 2020,

635
00:16:13,339 --> 00:16:14,807
WE'RE HOPING TO SEE SIGNS

636
00:16:14,807 --> 00:16:15,774
OF ANCIENT LIFE WITH

637
00:16:15,774 --> 00:16:16,675
THE ROVER ITSELF.

638
00:16:16,675 --> 00:16:17,409
WHEN WE'RE DOING

639
00:16:17,409 --> 00:16:18,077
THE BEST WE CAN.

640
00:16:18,077 --> 00:16:19,044
WE HAVE GREAT INSTRUMENTS

641
00:16:19,044 --> 00:16:19,611
THAT CAN HELP US

642
00:16:19,611 --> 00:16:21,280
IDENTIFY ORGANIC MATERIALS

643
00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:22,715
ASSOCIATED WITH THE LIFE,

644
00:16:22,715 --> 00:16:24,149
HELP LOOK FOR TEXTURES DUE TO

645
00:16:24,149 --> 00:16:25,584
THINGS LIKE MICROBIAL MATS

646
00:16:25,584 --> 00:16:26,418
GROWING ON THE SHORES

647
00:16:26,418 --> 00:16:27,519
OF THIS ANCIENT LAKE.

648
00:16:27,519 --> 00:16:28,654
BUT ULTIMATELY, YOU KNOW,

649
00:16:28,654 --> 00:16:29,755
IT'S A REALLY HARD THING TO DO,

650
00:16:29,755 --> 00:16:30,489
TO LOOK FOR SIGNS OF

651
00:16:30,489 --> 00:16:31,924
ANCIENT MICROBIAL LIFE.

652
00:16:31,924 --> 00:16:33,425
IT'S JUST REALLY SMALL.

653
00:16:33,425 --> 00:16:34,193
AND SO EVEN ON EARTH,

654
00:16:34,193 --> 00:16:34,960
WHEN WE LOOK FOR SIGNS OF

655
00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:36,161
ANCIENT MICROBIAL LIFE

656
00:16:36,161 --> 00:16:37,596
IN THE EARTH'S ROCK RECORD,

657
00:16:37,596 --> 00:16:39,131
WE REALLY HAVE TO USE THINGS

658
00:16:39,131 --> 00:16:40,666
LIKE ELECTRON MICROSCOPES,

659
00:16:40,666 --> 00:16:42,067
YOU KNOW, REALLY HEAVY-DUTY,

660
00:16:42,067 --> 00:16:43,602
HIGHER-RESOLUTION LABORATORY

661
00:16:43,602 --> 00:16:44,436
INSTRUMENTS THAT WE JUST,

662
00:16:44,436 --> 00:16:45,971
UH, CAN'T-- AT LEAST YET--

663
00:16:45,971 --> 00:16:46,705
CAN'T SEND TO MARS

664
00:16:46,705 --> 00:16:48,040
ON THE BACK OF A ROVER.

665
00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:50,008
SO TO REALLY BE SURE THAT WE'RE

666
00:16:50,008 --> 00:16:51,477
SEEING SIGNS OF ANCIENT LIFE

667
00:16:51,477 --> 00:16:52,678
ON MARS IN THE ROCKS THERE,

668
00:16:52,678 --> 00:16:53,679
WE HAVE TO BRING SAMPLES

669
00:16:53,679 --> 00:16:55,013
BACK EARTH TO CHECK.

670
00:16:55,013 --> 00:16:55,981
WE'RE ALSO HOPING WE'LL GET ALL

671
00:16:55,981 --> 00:16:57,416
KINDS OF GREAT OTHER SAMPLES

672
00:16:57,416 --> 00:16:58,550
TELLING US ABOUT THE HISTORY

673
00:16:58,550 --> 00:16:59,852
OF MARS, UH, YOU KNOW,

674
00:16:59,852 --> 00:17:01,019
FOR EXAMPLE, SOME OF THE SAMPLES

675
00:17:01,019 --> 00:17:02,254
MIGHT HELP US DATE WHEN

676
00:17:02,254 --> 00:17:03,555
A LOT OF THESE THINGS HAPPEN,

677
00:17:03,555 --> 00:17:05,190
SO WHEN WAS THE LAKE THERE?

678
00:17:05,190 --> 00:17:05,824
THAT'S ALSO A REALLY

679
00:17:05,824 --> 00:17:06,859
HARD QUESTION TO ANSWER

680
00:17:06,859 --> 00:17:07,726
WITH THE ROVER, BUT WE CAN

681
00:17:07,726 --> 00:17:08,494
DO THAT WHEN WE BRING

682
00:17:08,494 --> 00:17:10,095
THE SAMPLES BACK TO EARTH.

683
00:17:10,095 --> 00:17:11,096
>> WOW, AND THANK YOU FOR

684
00:17:11,096 --> 00:17:12,398
ANSWERING MY QUESTIONS.

685
00:17:12,398 --> 00:17:13,565
NOW LET'S TAKE A QUESTION

686
00:17:13,565 --> 00:17:14,833
FROM THE SOCIAL MEDIA

687
00:17:14,833 --> 00:17:17,069
HASHTAG #askNASA.

688
00:17:17,069 --> 00:17:18,971
SOMOIT ON FACEBOOK ASKS,

689
00:17:18,971 --> 00:17:20,272
"A TEAM OF RESEARCHERS

690
00:17:20,272 --> 00:17:20,939
FROM THE EUROPEAN

691
00:17:20,939 --> 00:17:22,574
SPACE AGENCY RECENTLY

692
00:17:22,574 --> 00:17:23,575
PUBLISHED SOME INTERESTING

693
00:17:23,575 --> 00:17:24,810
FINDINGS ABOUT MUD ON

694
00:17:24,810 --> 00:17:26,111
THE SURFACE OF MARS THAT

695
00:17:26,111 --> 00:17:28,680
FLOWS LIKE LAVA ON EARTH.

696
00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:29,681
NOW, WILL YOU BE

697
00:17:29,681 --> 00:17:32,050
LOOKING INTO THIS TOO?"

698
00:17:32,050 --> 00:17:32,718
>> FOR SURE, THAT'S

699
00:17:32,718 --> 00:17:34,186
DEFINITELY AN INTERESTING IDEA.

700
00:17:34,186 --> 00:17:35,087
I MEAN, SO ACTUALLY,

701
00:17:35,087 --> 00:17:36,989
THE THING-- THE-THE DEPOSIT

702
00:17:36,989 --> 00:17:37,956
WE THINK WE'RE GOING TO LAND

703
00:17:37,956 --> 00:17:39,024
ON A JEZERO CRATER ISN'T

704
00:17:39,024 --> 00:17:39,992
NECESSARILY THE LAKE

705
00:17:39,992 --> 00:17:41,393
SEDIMENTS THEMSELVES.

706
00:17:41,393 --> 00:17:42,161
IT ACTUALLY MIGHT BE

707
00:17:42,161 --> 00:17:44,062
THIS KIND OF DARK, UH, UNIT

708
00:17:44,062 --> 00:17:45,197
THAT'S RIGHT AT THE SURFACE.

709
00:17:45,197 --> 00:17:45,898
IT KINDA LOOKS LIKE

710
00:17:45,898 --> 00:17:46,765
A LAVA FLOW.

711
00:17:46,765 --> 00:17:48,367
IT HAS THESE EDGES THAT LOOK

712
00:17:48,367 --> 00:17:49,101
LIKE THEY FLOWED AROUND

713
00:17:49,101 --> 00:17:50,536
HIGH POINTS IN THE CRATER,

714
00:17:50,536 --> 00:17:51,603
AND IT'S REALLY DARK.

715
00:17:51,603 --> 00:17:52,604
UM, BUT IT ALSO COULD BE

716
00:17:52,604 --> 00:17:53,739
SOMETHING LIKE A MUD FLOW,

717
00:17:53,739 --> 00:17:54,273
WHEN WE'RE THINKING

718
00:17:54,273 --> 00:17:55,474
ABOUT IDEAS LIKE THAT.

719
00:17:55,474 --> 00:17:56,141
SO, YOU KNOW, WE'RE NOT--

720
00:17:56,141 --> 00:17:56,975
WE'RE NOT TOTALLY SURE

721
00:17:56,975 --> 00:17:57,709
JUST BASED ON WE SEE

722
00:17:57,709 --> 00:17:59,077
FROM ORBIT WHAT IT IS.

723
00:17:59,077 --> 00:17:59,578
WE'LL BE THINKING ABOUT

724
00:17:59,578 --> 00:18:00,345
MUD FLOWS,

725
00:18:00,345 --> 00:18:01,046
WE'LL BE THINKING ABOUT,

726
00:18:01,046 --> 00:18:01,914
YOU KNOW, COULD IT BE

727
00:18:01,914 --> 00:18:02,981
LATER LAKE SEDIMENTS THAT

728
00:18:02,981 --> 00:18:04,550
CAME IN AND WERE LAID DOWN?

729
00:18:04,550 --> 00:18:05,184
SO HOPEFULLY IT'S ONE OF

730
00:18:05,184 --> 00:18:05,751
THE FIRST THINGS WE'LL

731
00:18:05,751 --> 00:18:06,518
FIGURE OUT WHEN WE GET

732
00:18:06,518 --> 00:18:08,720
INTO JEZERO CRATER.

733
00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:09,221
>> THANK YOU.

734
00:18:09,221 --> 00:18:09,855
THANKS FOR ANSWERING

735
00:18:09,855 --> 00:18:10,656
MY QUESTIONS, BRIONY.

736
00:18:10,656 --> 00:18:12,558
NOW PERSEVERANCE IS PLANNING

737
00:18:12,558 --> 00:18:13,625
TO GO TO JEZERO CRATER

738
00:18:13,625 --> 00:18:15,461
ON MARS TO COLLECT SAMPLES

739
00:18:15,461 --> 00:18:16,328
SO THAT ONE DAY WE CAN

740
00:18:16,328 --> 00:18:17,362
SEND THOSE SAMPLES BACK

741
00:18:17,362 --> 00:18:18,697
TO EARTH TO DETERMINE IF

742
00:18:18,697 --> 00:18:20,532
THERE WAS EVER LIFE ON MARS.

743
00:18:20,532 --> 00:18:21,667
BUT HOW DO WE MAKE SURE THAT

744
00:18:21,667 --> 00:18:23,435
THE LIFE WE FIND ON MARS ISN'T

745
00:18:23,435 --> 00:18:24,636
SOMETHING WE'VE BROUGHT BACK

746
00:18:24,636 --> 00:18:26,505
FROM US FROM EARTH?

747
00:18:26,505 --> 00:18:27,773
PLANETARY PROTECTION OFFICERS

748
00:18:27,773 --> 00:18:29,308
AT NASA ACTIVELY TEST

749
00:18:29,308 --> 00:18:30,943
ALL SPACECRAFT FOR

750
00:18:30,943 --> 00:18:31,977
MICROBIAL STOWAWAYS

751
00:18:31,977 --> 00:18:34,213
BEFORE THEY LEAVE OUR PLANET.

752
00:18:34,213 --> 00:18:36,248
LET'S FOLLOW MOOGEGA STRICKER

753
00:18:36,248 --> 00:18:37,249
AS SHE TAKES US BEHIND

754
00:18:37,249 --> 00:18:38,650
THE SCENES AT NASA'S

755
00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:39,985
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER

756
00:18:39,985 --> 00:18:41,920
TO SEE HOW IT'S DONE.

757
00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:42,588
>> HI, MY NAME IS

758
00:18:42,588 --> 00:18:43,455
MOOGEGA STRICKER,

759
00:18:43,455 --> 00:18:44,089
AND I'M THE PLANETARY

760
00:18:44,089 --> 00:18:44,990
PROTECTION LEAD FOR

761
00:18:44,990 --> 00:18:46,725
THE MARS 2020 MISSION OUT AT

762
00:18:46,725 --> 00:18:48,927
THE JET PROPULSION LABORATORY.

763
00:18:48,927 --> 00:18:50,362
I'M ACTUALLY TALKING TO YOU

764
00:18:50,362 --> 00:18:51,697
FROM THE KENNEDY SPACE CENTER

765
00:18:51,697 --> 00:18:53,298
IN CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA,

766
00:18:53,298 --> 00:18:54,700
BECAUSE WE TOOK OUR LAB,

767
00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:55,367
WE PICKED IT UP,

768
00:18:55,367 --> 00:18:57,169
WE MOVED IT ACROSS COUNTRY,

769
00:18:57,169 --> 00:18:57,936
SO THAT WE CAN FOLLOW

770
00:18:57,936 --> 00:18:59,338
THE SPACECRAFT WHILE IT GOES

771
00:18:59,338 --> 00:18:59,905
THROUGH ITS FINAL

772
00:18:59,905 --> 00:19:01,507
ASSEMBLY AND TESTING,

773
00:19:01,507 --> 00:19:03,809
ALL THE WAY THROUGH LAUNCH.

774
00:19:03,809 --> 00:19:04,977
WE TAKE SEVERAL SAMPLES

775
00:19:04,977 --> 00:19:06,111
OF THE SPACECRAFT

776
00:19:06,111 --> 00:19:06,778
AND WE PROCESS IT

777
00:19:06,778 --> 00:19:08,814
IN THIS VERY LAB.

778
00:19:08,814 --> 00:19:10,415
WE TAKE EITHER SWABS

779
00:19:10,415 --> 00:19:12,518
OR WIPES OF THE SURFACE,

780
00:19:12,518 --> 00:19:13,252
AND ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS

781
00:19:13,252 --> 00:19:15,587
THAT WE DO IS WE SONICATE IT.

782
00:19:15,587 --> 00:19:17,022
SONICATION IS HITTING IT WITH

783
00:19:17,022 --> 00:19:19,358
SOUNDWAVES SO THAT IT CAN

784
00:19:19,358 --> 00:19:21,093
GENTLY RELEASE THE MICROBES

785
00:19:21,093 --> 00:19:22,427
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE SAMPLING

786
00:19:22,427 --> 00:19:24,429
TOOL WITHOUT DAMAGING IT,

787
00:19:24,429 --> 00:19:25,364
'CAUSE WE WANNA GROW IT UP

788
00:19:25,364 --> 00:19:26,498
AND SEE WHAT EXISTS

789
00:19:26,498 --> 00:19:28,500
ON THE SPACECRAFT.

790
00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:29,301
SO THEY SONICATE IT,

791
00:19:29,301 --> 00:19:31,169
WE RELEASE THOSE MICROBES,

792
00:19:31,169 --> 00:19:32,704
THEN WE HEAT SHOCK IT.

793
00:19:32,704 --> 00:19:33,939
HEAT SHOCKING, UH,

794
00:19:33,939 --> 00:19:35,507
AT 80 DEGREES CELSIUS,

795
00:19:35,507 --> 00:19:37,075
OR 167 DEGREE--

796
00:19:37,075 --> 00:19:39,444
176 DEGREES, FAHRENHEIT,

797
00:19:39,444 --> 00:19:42,047
UH, BASICALLY ALLOWS US TO

798
00:19:42,047 --> 00:19:43,815
ELIMINATE THE COMMON MICROBES

799
00:19:43,815 --> 00:19:45,784
LIKE STAPH AND E. COLI,

800
00:19:45,784 --> 00:19:46,919
THINGS THAT EXIST,

801
00:19:46,919 --> 00:19:47,853
UH, ON HUMANS OR

802
00:19:47,853 --> 00:19:49,187
IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

803
00:19:49,187 --> 00:19:50,656
BUT WE CAN SELECT FOR

804
00:19:50,656 --> 00:19:52,491
REALLY HARDY SPORES.

805
00:19:52,491 --> 00:19:54,459
THESE SPORES HAVE THE ABILITY

806
00:19:54,459 --> 00:19:57,129
TO SURVIVE DESICCATION,

807
00:19:57,129 --> 00:19:58,597
THE VACUUM OF SPACE,

808
00:19:58,597 --> 00:20:00,165
HIGHER TEMPERATURES,

809
00:20:00,165 --> 00:20:02,334
AND IT'S THE MAIN FORM OF LIFE

810
00:20:02,334 --> 00:20:04,336
THAT HAS THE HIGHEST POTENTIAL

811
00:20:04,336 --> 00:20:06,572
TO SURVIVE THE JOURNEY TO MARS.

812
00:20:06,572 --> 00:20:07,906
SO WE PERFORM

813
00:20:07,906 --> 00:20:09,408
PLANETARY PROTECTION,

814
00:20:09,408 --> 00:20:10,609
THE REASON WHY WE SELECT FOR

815
00:20:10,609 --> 00:20:12,311
SPORES IS BECAUSE THE GOAL OF

816
00:20:12,311 --> 00:20:13,845
FORWARD PLANETARY PROTECTION

817
00:20:13,845 --> 00:20:15,213
IS TO MAKE SURE

818
00:20:15,213 --> 00:20:16,214
WE DON'T CONTAMINATE

819
00:20:16,214 --> 00:20:17,149
THE ENVIRONMENT THAT WE'RE

820
00:20:17,149 --> 00:20:19,084
EXPLORING SO THAT WE'RE

821
00:20:19,084 --> 00:20:20,452
RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS,

822
00:20:20,452 --> 00:20:22,154
AND, UH, WE BASICALLY

823
00:20:22,154 --> 00:20:23,055
DO THE RIGHT THING.

824
00:20:23,055 --> 00:20:24,856
IT'S THE RIGHT THING TO DO.

825
00:20:24,856 --> 00:20:26,158
IN ADDITION TO THAT,

826
00:20:26,158 --> 00:20:27,726
A SEPARATE THING THAT INVOLVES

827
00:20:27,726 --> 00:20:29,695
A LOT OF BIOLOGY IS CALLED

828
00:20:29,695 --> 00:20:31,396
RETURN SAMPLE SCIENCE.

829
00:20:31,396 --> 00:20:32,764
SO THAT'S A SEPARATE ENTITY

830
00:20:32,764 --> 00:20:34,433
THAT ALLOWS US TO NOT ONLY

831
00:20:34,433 --> 00:20:36,368
LOOK FOR THE SPORE FORMERS,

832
00:20:36,368 --> 00:20:38,437
BUT ALSO TAKE SAMPLES AND LOOK

833
00:20:38,437 --> 00:20:40,472
FOR DNA OR LOOK FOR ALL

834
00:20:40,472 --> 00:20:42,441
NON-SPORE FORMERS AND MAKE

835
00:20:42,441 --> 00:20:43,642
SURE THAT THEY DON'T WORK

836
00:20:43,642 --> 00:20:45,911
ITS WAY TO THE ACQUIRED SAMPLE

837
00:20:45,911 --> 00:20:47,179
SO THAT WE CAN DO GOOD SCIENCE

838
00:20:47,179 --> 00:20:48,480
AND CONFIDENTLY SAY THAT

839
00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:50,015
THE SIGNAL THAT WE SEE

840
00:20:50,015 --> 00:20:51,850
IS A TRUE SIGNAL.

841
00:20:51,850 --> 00:20:53,385
SO WE DO ALL THAT IN THIS

842
00:20:53,385 --> 00:20:55,587
LABORATORY HERE THAT-THAT

843
00:20:55,587 --> 00:20:56,588
YOU'RE SEEING RIGHT NOW.

844
00:20:56,588 --> 00:20:58,090
THESE ARE PETRI DISHES

845
00:20:58,090 --> 00:21:00,359
THAT ARE-- THEY LOOK BLANK,

846
00:21:00,359 --> 00:21:01,026
BUT THEY ACTUALLY HAVE

847
00:21:01,026 --> 00:21:02,594
REAL SAMPLES IN HERE.

848
00:21:02,594 --> 00:21:03,562
AND IT'S SO CLEAN THAT

849
00:21:03,562 --> 00:21:04,763
WE DON'T ACTUALLY DETECT

850
00:21:04,763 --> 00:21:06,264
MICROBES ON THE SURFACE,

851
00:21:06,264 --> 00:21:07,232
SO WE HAVE TO WAIT THREE DAYS

852
00:21:07,232 --> 00:21:08,734
FOR THEM TO GROW, UM,

853
00:21:08,734 --> 00:21:09,534
TO A LEVEL THAT WE CAN

854
00:21:09,534 --> 00:21:11,937
SEE THEM BY EYE.

855
00:21:11,937 --> 00:21:13,872
WE ALSO, WHEN WE LOOK FOR DNA,

856
00:21:13,872 --> 00:21:14,873
CATCH EVERYTHING,

857
00:21:14,873 --> 00:21:16,541
ALL FORMS OF MICROBIOLOGY,

858
00:21:16,541 --> 00:21:18,110
UH, INCLUDING VIRUSES.

859
00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:19,711
AND ONE OF MY NUMBER ONE

860
00:21:19,711 --> 00:21:20,879
QUESTIONS THAT I GET

861
00:21:20,879 --> 00:21:22,814
THESE DAYS IS HAVE-HAVE YOU

862
00:21:22,814 --> 00:21:23,915
DONE ANYTHING DIFFERENTLY

863
00:21:23,915 --> 00:21:25,017
SINCE CORONAVIRUS CAME,

864
00:21:25,017 --> 00:21:26,485
AND MY ANSWER IS NO,

865
00:21:26,485 --> 00:21:27,819
BECAUSE EVERYTHING THAT WE DO,

866
00:21:27,819 --> 00:21:29,321
THE SAMPLES THAT WE COLLECT,

867
00:21:29,321 --> 00:21:30,822
WILL EITHER, UH,

868
00:21:30,822 --> 00:21:32,190
DETECT CORONAVIRUS

869
00:21:32,190 --> 00:21:34,926
OR WILL KILL CORONAVIRUS

870
00:21:34,926 --> 00:21:36,495
AMONG ALL THE OTHER,

871
00:21:36,495 --> 00:21:38,463
EVEN HARDIER MICROORGANISMS

872
00:21:38,463 --> 00:21:40,232
THAT WE'RE ACTUALLY LOOKING FOR.

873
00:21:40,232 --> 00:21:42,267
SO CORONAVIRUS IS SOMETHING

874
00:21:42,267 --> 00:21:44,002
THAT WE ARE-- THAT'S ON

875
00:21:44,002 --> 00:21:45,337
OUR RADAR FOR DETECTION,

876
00:21:45,337 --> 00:21:48,407
BUT IT'S DEFINITELY NOT WHAT--

877
00:21:48,407 --> 00:21:49,441
IT'S ONE OF MANY THINGS

878
00:21:49,441 --> 00:21:51,276
THAT WE LOOK FOR.

879
00:21:51,276 --> 00:21:52,344
SO THE WAY WE KEEP SURFACES

880
00:21:52,344 --> 00:21:54,880
CLEAN-- IT'S MANY, MANY

881
00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:56,415
DIFFERENT WAYS THAT WE USE,

882
00:21:56,415 --> 00:21:57,783
UH, ONE OF WHICH IS HEAT

883
00:21:57,783 --> 00:21:59,151
MICROBIALLY REDUCING

884
00:21:59,151 --> 00:22:01,219
THE SPACECRAFT AND ESSENTIALLY

885
00:22:01,219 --> 00:22:03,021
WE PUT THE SPACECRAFT AT

886
00:22:03,021 --> 00:22:04,656
VARIOUS COMPONENT LEVELS

887
00:22:04,656 --> 00:22:05,924
INTO THE OVEN.

888
00:22:05,924 --> 00:22:06,925
IT REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF

889
00:22:06,925 --> 00:22:09,327
MICROBES PRESENT ON THE SURFACE,

890
00:22:09,327 --> 00:22:10,862
AND THEN THAT ALLOWS US

891
00:22:10,862 --> 00:22:12,964
TO CLEAN THE SPACECRAFT.

892
00:22:12,964 --> 00:22:13,932
WE ALSO BUILD IT

893
00:22:13,932 --> 00:22:15,534
IN A CLEAN ROOM,

894
00:22:15,534 --> 00:22:16,568
AND IN THAT CLEAN ROOM,

895
00:22:16,568 --> 00:22:17,469
WE'RE WEARING BODYSUITS

896
00:22:17,469 --> 00:22:18,537
HEAD TO TOE.

897
00:22:18,537 --> 00:22:19,571
IT KEEPS THE BIGGEST RISK

898
00:22:19,571 --> 00:22:21,406
OF CONTAMINATION, US,

899
00:22:21,406 --> 00:22:23,508
SEPARATE FROM CONTAMINATING

900
00:22:23,508 --> 00:22:25,243
THE SPACECRAFT.

901
00:22:25,243 --> 00:22:26,178
WE ALSO WIPE IT DOWN

902
00:22:26,178 --> 00:22:28,046
WITH ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL,

903
00:22:28,046 --> 00:22:29,448
A 70/30 MIX.

904
00:22:29,448 --> 00:22:30,382
AND THE NICE THING IS,

905
00:22:30,382 --> 00:22:30,949
THIS IS SOMETHING THAT

906
00:22:30,949 --> 00:22:32,217
YOU CAN DO AT HOME.

907
00:22:32,217 --> 00:22:33,285
SO AS YOU-- AS YOU CLEAN

908
00:22:33,285 --> 00:22:34,753
YOUR SURFACES OFF AT HOME,

909
00:22:34,753 --> 00:22:35,520
YOU CAN THINK, WOW,

910
00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:36,154
THIS IS THE SAME THING

911
00:22:36,154 --> 00:22:37,289
THAT THEY DO TO

912
00:22:37,289 --> 00:22:38,724
KEEP SPACECRAFTS CLEAN.

913
00:22:38,724 --> 00:22:39,658
HOPEFULLY YOU LEARNED

914
00:22:39,658 --> 00:22:41,093
SOMETHING NEW.

915
00:22:41,093 --> 00:22:43,862
THANKS FOR VISITING.

916
00:22:43,862 --> 00:22:44,763
>> IT TAKES THOUSANDS OF

917
00:22:44,763 --> 00:22:46,431
PEOPLE AND YEARS OF HARD WORK

918
00:22:46,431 --> 00:22:47,632
TO GET A SPACECRAFT

919
00:22:47,632 --> 00:22:49,234
FROM EARTH TO MARS.

920
00:22:49,234 --> 00:22:50,602
FROM FINDING POTENTIAL LANDING

921
00:22:50,602 --> 00:22:52,070
SITES TO BRINGING TOGETHER

922
00:22:52,070 --> 00:22:54,306
MANY ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS,

923
00:22:54,306 --> 00:22:55,607
NASA IS ON THE ROAD

924
00:22:55,607 --> 00:22:57,175
TO LAUNCH PERSEVERANCE

925
00:22:57,175 --> 00:22:58,944
IN LESS THAN A WEEK.

926
00:22:58,944 --> 00:23:00,045
WE HAVE EXCITING INFORMATION

927
00:23:00,045 --> 00:23:00,812
FOR YOU AT THE END OF

928
00:23:00,812 --> 00:23:02,147
THE EPISODE TO JOIN

929
00:23:02,147 --> 00:23:03,782
THE GLOBAL WATCH PARTY,

930
00:23:03,782 --> 00:23:05,050
SO STAY TUNED.

931
00:23:05,050 --> 00:23:05,951
BUT FIRST,

932
00:23:05,951 --> 00:23:07,919
LET'S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK

933
00:23:07,919 --> 00:23:09,020
AT ALL THE PEOPLE

934
00:23:09,020 --> 00:23:10,922
BEHIND THE SPACECRAFT.

935
00:23:12,357 --> 00:23:12,891
>> WHEN YOU GO TO

936
00:23:12,891 --> 00:23:13,759
ANOTHER PLANET,

937
00:23:13,759 --> 00:23:14,459
THERE'S JUST SO MUCH

938
00:23:14,459 --> 00:23:15,060
POTENTIAL FOR MAKING

939
00:23:15,060 --> 00:23:16,294
BRAND NEW DISCOVERIES.

940
00:23:16,294 --> 00:23:17,229
>> I'M ACTUALLY PUTTING

941
00:23:17,229 --> 00:23:17,996
SOMETHING TOGETHER

942
00:23:17,996 --> 00:23:19,331
THAT'S FLYING TO MARS.

943
00:23:19,331 --> 00:23:20,165
>> ONE WAY OR ANOTHER,

944
00:23:20,165 --> 00:23:20,832
YOU'RE GOING TO BE ON

945
00:23:20,832 --> 00:23:22,000
THE GROUND IN SEVEN MINUTES.

946
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,169
WE WANT IT TO BE THERE SAFELY.

947
00:23:24,169 --> 00:23:25,170
>> MY NAME IS HEATHER BOTTOM

948
00:23:25,170 --> 00:23:26,037
AND I'M HELPING PREPARE

949
00:23:26,037 --> 00:23:27,139
THE SPACECRAFT THAT WILL FLY

950
00:23:27,139 --> 00:23:28,507
OUR NEXT MARS ROVER TO

951
00:23:28,507 --> 00:23:29,474
THE MARTIAN SURFACE.

952
00:23:29,474 --> 00:23:30,442
>> MY NAME IS DIANA TRUJILLO

953
00:23:30,442 --> 00:23:31,710
AND I WORK WITH ROBOTIC ARMS

954
00:23:31,710 --> 00:23:33,245
TO COLLECT SAMPLES ON MARS.

955
00:23:33,245 --> 00:23:34,146
>> I'M AL CHEN AND I LEAD

956
00:23:34,146 --> 00:23:35,947
THE LANDING TEAM FOR MARS 2020.

957
00:23:35,947 --> 00:23:36,381
>> MY NAME IS

958
00:23:36,381 --> 00:23:37,382
MICHELLE TOMEY COLIZZI.

959
00:23:37,382 --> 00:23:37,916
>> MY NAME IS

960
00:23:37,916 --> 00:23:38,583
MOOGEGA STRICKER.

961
00:23:38,583 --> 00:23:39,551
>> MY NAME'S ERIC AGUILAR.

962
00:23:39,551 --> 00:23:40,018
>> MY NAME IS

963
00:23:40,018 --> 00:23:40,952
KATIE STACK MORGAN.

964
00:23:40,952 --> 00:23:42,154
>> AND I'M HELPING TO PROTECT

965
00:23:42,154 --> 00:23:43,922
THE NEXT MARS ROVER.

966
00:23:43,922 --> 00:23:45,257
>> MARS 2020 WILL BE SEEKING

967
00:23:45,257 --> 00:23:46,424
SIGNS OF ANCIENT LIFE IN

968
00:23:46,424 --> 00:23:47,659
THE ROCK RECORD OF MARS.

969
00:23:47,659 --> 00:23:48,493
>> WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS

970
00:23:48,493 --> 00:23:49,661
TO ROVER AROUND THE SURFACE

971
00:23:49,661 --> 00:23:51,596
OF THIS UNKNOWN PLANET.

972
00:23:51,596 --> 00:23:52,597
>> COLLECT SAMPLES.

973
00:23:52,597 --> 00:23:53,431
>> PROCESS THE TUBES

974
00:23:53,431 --> 00:23:54,332
AS THEY COME BACK.

975
00:23:54,332 --> 00:23:55,033
>> TO LOOK FOR THINGS THAT

976
00:23:55,033 --> 00:23:56,268
WE CALL BIOSIGNATURES.

977
00:23:56,268 --> 00:23:57,502
>> SO THAT EVENTUALLY WE CAN

978
00:23:57,502 --> 00:23:58,804
BRING THOSE SAMPLES BACK TO

979
00:23:58,804 --> 00:23:59,704
EARTH AND DETERMINE FOR

980
00:23:59,704 --> 00:24:01,173
THE VERY FIRST TIME,

981
00:24:01,173 --> 00:24:02,874
DID LIFE EXIST ON MARS?

982
00:24:02,874 --> 00:24:03,842
>> BUT ALSO, WHERE COULD IT

983
00:24:03,842 --> 00:24:05,043
BE PRESERVED FOR

984
00:24:05,043 --> 00:24:06,077
FOUR MORE BILLION YEARS

985
00:24:06,077 --> 00:24:07,078
FOR US TO FIND IT?

986
00:24:07,078 --> 00:24:07,579
>> BEFORE THE ROVER

987
00:24:07,579 --> 00:24:08,413
ACTUALLY FLIES,

988
00:24:08,413 --> 00:24:09,014
YOU HAVE TO MAKE SURE THAT

989
00:24:09,014 --> 00:24:10,148
EVERYTHING WORKS PROPERLY

990
00:24:10,148 --> 00:24:11,416
WITH THE FLIGHT SOFTWARE

991
00:24:11,416 --> 00:24:12,317
AND THE HARDWARE.

992
00:24:12,317 --> 00:24:13,318
>> WE HIT THE ATMOSPHERE GOING,

993
00:24:13,318 --> 00:24:14,352
YOU KNOW, 12-13,000

994
00:24:14,352 --> 00:24:15,120
MILES PER HOUR.

995
00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:16,188
>> AFTER THE JOURNEY THROUGH

996
00:24:16,188 --> 00:24:17,956
SPACE, THROUGH THE VACUUM.

997
00:24:17,956 --> 00:24:19,925
>> WE TRY TO TEST ALL OF OUR

998
00:24:19,925 --> 00:24:21,126
HARDWARE TO THE ENVIRONMENTS

999
00:24:21,126 --> 00:24:22,327
THAT WE WOULD SEE.

1000
00:24:22,327 --> 00:24:22,994
>> SO THAT'S WHERE A LOT OF

1001
00:24:22,994 --> 00:24:24,129
THE TESTING HAPPENS,

1002
00:24:24,129 --> 00:24:24,930
UH, BEHIND ME.

1003
00:24:24,930 --> 00:24:25,797
>> WE SPEND LOTS AND LOTS OF

1004
00:24:25,797 --> 00:24:27,599
HOURS HERE TESTING EVERYTHING.

1005
00:24:27,599 --> 00:24:28,800
>> IT GETS PUT IN AN OVEN,

1006
00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:29,968
IT GETS PUT IN VARIOUS

1007
00:24:29,968 --> 00:24:31,269
CHAMBERS AND CLEAN ROOMS.

1008
00:24:31,269 --> 00:24:31,970
>> SO WHAT WE CAN SEE

1009
00:24:31,970 --> 00:24:33,138
OVER HERE IS

1010
00:24:33,138 --> 00:24:35,006
THE STACKED SPACECRAFT.

1011
00:24:35,006 --> 00:24:35,807
>> THE ROBOTIC ARM IS

1012
00:24:35,807 --> 00:24:37,275
ACTUALLY RIGHT BEHIND ME.

1013
00:24:37,275 --> 00:24:38,009
>> THIS IS THE PLACE WHERE

1014
00:24:38,009 --> 00:24:39,044
THE MAGIC HAPPENS.

1015
00:24:39,044 --> 00:24:39,878
>> THIS IS THE MARS YARD,

1016
00:24:39,878 --> 00:24:40,946
AND THIS IS WHERE OUR ROVERS

1017
00:24:40,946 --> 00:24:41,746
PRACTICE DRIVING OVER

1018
00:24:41,746 --> 00:24:42,848
ROCKY TERRAIN.

1019
00:24:42,848 --> 00:24:43,648
>> THERE ARE HUNDREDS

1020
00:24:43,648 --> 00:24:44,282
OF PEOPLE THAT

1021
00:24:44,282 --> 00:24:45,183
HAVE TO COME TOGETHER

1022
00:24:45,183 --> 00:24:46,551
AND BUILD A SPACECRAFT.

1023
00:24:46,551 --> 00:24:47,352
>> YOU KIND OF HAVE TO PUT THOSE

1024
00:24:47,352 --> 00:24:48,420
DIFFERENT PIECES TOGETHER

1025
00:24:48,420 --> 00:24:49,154
AND MAKE SURE THAT THOSE

1026
00:24:49,154 --> 00:24:50,722
PIECES ALL ARE GONNA WORK.

1027
00:24:50,722 --> 00:24:51,223
>> AND I FEEL LIKE

1028
00:24:51,223 --> 00:24:53,124
SUCH A LUCKY PERSON

1029
00:24:53,124 --> 00:24:54,459
TO BE WORKING ON THIS.

1030
00:24:54,459 --> 00:24:55,227
>> EVERYTHING THAT YOU'RE

1031
00:24:55,227 --> 00:24:56,561
TOUCHING ALL IS HARD WORK

1032
00:24:56,561 --> 00:24:57,395
THAT YOU'RE PUTTING IN

1033
00:24:57,395 --> 00:24:58,430
IN THE LONG HOURS.

1034
00:24:58,430 --> 00:24:59,431
>> TWENTY YEARS THE CHILDREN

1035
00:24:59,431 --> 00:25:00,265
WILL BE READING THIS IN

1036
00:25:00,265 --> 00:25:00,999
THEIR SCIENCE BOOK.

1037
00:25:00,999 --> 00:25:01,900
>> IT FEELS GREAT.

1038
00:25:01,900 --> 00:25:03,702
[ LAUGHING ]

1039
00:25:05,670 --> 00:25:06,605
>> THERE WILL BE A GLOBAL

1040
00:25:06,605 --> 00:25:07,739
LAUNCH PARTY TO WATCH

1041
00:25:07,739 --> 00:25:09,007
AND CELEBRATE THE LAUNCH OF

1042
00:25:09,007 --> 00:25:11,142
NASA'S PERSEVERANCE ROVER.

1043
00:25:11,142 --> 00:25:12,744
LET'S LEARN A LITTLE BIT MORE

1044
00:25:12,744 --> 00:25:14,045
ABOUT THIS ROVING ROBOT

1045
00:25:14,045 --> 00:25:15,247
HEADING TO MARS.

1046
00:25:15,247 --> 00:25:16,181
FOR THAT, I'M JOINED BY

1047
00:25:16,181 --> 00:25:17,382
FLIGHT SYSTEM MANAGER,

1048
00:25:17,382 --> 00:25:18,984
RAY BAKER.

1049
00:25:18,984 --> 00:25:19,618
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR

1050
00:25:19,618 --> 00:25:21,853
JOINING US TODAY, RAY.

1051
00:25:21,853 --> 00:25:22,420
>> THANK YOU, RAQUEL,

1052
00:25:22,420 --> 00:25:23,822
MY PLEASURE.

1053
00:25:23,822 --> 00:25:24,456
>> NOW, CAN YOU

1054
00:25:24,456 --> 00:25:25,624
EXPLAIN YOUR ROLE ON

1055
00:25:25,624 --> 00:25:27,959
THE MARS 2020 MISSION?

1056
00:25:27,959 --> 00:25:28,660
>> YEAH, I'M THE FLIGHT

1057
00:25:28,660 --> 00:25:30,562
SYSTEM MANAGER FOR MARS 2020,

1058
00:25:30,562 --> 00:25:31,529
SO I MANAGE THE GROUP OF

1059
00:25:31,529 --> 00:25:32,864
PEOPLE, ENGINEERS,

1060
00:25:32,864 --> 00:25:35,066
TECHNICIANS, SOFTWARE DESIGNERS

1061
00:25:35,066 --> 00:25:36,868
THAT DEVELOPED, BUILT,

1062
00:25:36,868 --> 00:25:38,103
AND TESTED THE SPACECRAFT.

1063
00:25:38,103 --> 00:25:38,603
EVERYTHING FROM

1064
00:25:38,603 --> 00:25:39,905
THE HEAT SHIELD,

1065
00:25:39,905 --> 00:25:40,805
TO THE PARACHUTE,

1066
00:25:40,805 --> 00:25:41,907
THE PROPULSION SYSTEMS,

1067
00:25:41,907 --> 00:25:43,174
FLIGHT COMPUTER,

1068
00:25:43,174 --> 00:25:43,675
AND THE SOFTWARE

1069
00:25:43,675 --> 00:25:45,977
THAT RUNS ON IT.

1070
00:25:45,977 --> 00:25:47,078
>> NOW I UNDERSTAND

1071
00:25:47,078 --> 00:25:47,946
WHEN LAUNCHING TO MARS

1072
00:25:47,946 --> 00:25:49,180
THERE'S A SPECIAL WINDOW

1073
00:25:49,180 --> 00:25:50,248
OF TIME THAT OCCURS

1074
00:25:50,248 --> 00:25:53,184
APPROXIMATELY EVERY 26 MONTHS.

1075
00:25:53,184 --> 00:25:55,253
WHY IS THAT AND WHEN IS THAT

1076
00:25:55,253 --> 00:25:57,422
WINDOW FOR PERSEVERANCE?

1077
00:25:57,422 --> 00:25:58,156
>> IT HAS TO DO WITH

1078
00:25:58,156 --> 00:25:59,758
THE ALIGNMENT OF EARTH AND MARS.

1079
00:25:59,758 --> 00:26:00,392
WHEN THEY'RE ALIGNED

1080
00:26:00,392 --> 00:26:01,660
JUST RIGHT,

1081
00:26:01,660 --> 00:26:02,761
WE CAN THROW A MAXIMUM AMOUNT

1082
00:26:02,761 --> 00:26:05,263
OF MASS AT THE PLANET.

1083
00:26:05,263 --> 00:26:06,798
THAT MEANS BIGGER SPACECRAFT,

1084
00:26:06,798 --> 00:26:08,266
MORE PAYLOAD, UM,

1085
00:26:08,266 --> 00:26:09,134
MORE THINGS THAT WE CAN DO

1086
00:26:09,134 --> 00:26:11,603
ONCE WE GET THERE.

1087
00:26:11,603 --> 00:26:12,871
>> AND IF YOU LAUNCH ON

1088
00:26:12,871 --> 00:26:13,838
A DIFFERENT DAY THAN

1089
00:26:13,838 --> 00:26:15,206
THE INTENDED LAUNCH,

1090
00:26:15,206 --> 00:26:16,675
WILL IT STILL GET THERE

1091
00:26:16,675 --> 00:26:18,777
AT THE SAME TIME?

1092
00:26:18,777 --> 00:26:19,444
>> IT WILL,

1093
00:26:19,444 --> 00:26:21,046
BECAUSE AFTER LAUNCH WE DO

1094
00:26:21,046 --> 00:26:22,080
WHAT'S CALLED A TRAJECTORY

1095
00:26:22,080 --> 00:26:24,783
CORRECTION MANEUVER TO REFINE

1096
00:26:24,783 --> 00:26:26,117
OUR TRAJECTORY SO THAT WE HIT

1097
00:26:26,117 --> 00:26:27,919
THE PLANET NOT ONLY WHERE

1098
00:26:27,919 --> 00:26:29,154
WE WANT TO HIT THE PLANET,

1099
00:26:29,154 --> 00:26:30,121
UH, AT THE LANDING SITE,

1100
00:26:30,121 --> 00:26:31,523
BUT ALSO PRECISELY AT THE TIME

1101
00:26:31,523 --> 00:26:33,992
THAT WE WANNA ARRIVE.

1102
00:26:33,992 --> 00:26:35,160
>> AND ONCE PERSEVERANCE

1103
00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:36,127
LAUNCHES INTO SPACE,

1104
00:26:36,127 --> 00:26:38,496
WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?

1105
00:26:38,496 --> 00:26:39,097
>> AFTER LAUNCH,

1106
00:26:39,097 --> 00:26:40,231
WE PREPARE THE SPACECRAFT

1107
00:26:40,231 --> 00:26:41,132
FOR THE SEVEN-MONTH LONG

1108
00:26:41,132 --> 00:26:42,300
JOURNEY TO MARS.

1109
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:43,301
WE ADJUST ITS SPIN RATE

1110
00:26:43,301 --> 00:26:44,336
TO ABOUT TWO REVOLUTIONS

1111
00:26:44,336 --> 00:26:45,303
PER MINUTE.

1112
00:26:45,303 --> 00:26:46,504
WE ADJUST THE POINTING RELATIVE

1113
00:26:46,504 --> 00:26:47,505
TO THE SUN AND THE EARTH

1114
00:26:47,505 --> 00:26:48,640
SO WE CAN PRODUCE POWER

1115
00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:49,874
ON THE SOLAR RAYS

1116
00:26:49,874 --> 00:26:50,475
AND SO THAT WE CAN

1117
00:26:50,475 --> 00:26:51,943
COMMUNICATE WITH IT.

1118
00:26:51,943 --> 00:26:52,844
AND WE'LL ALSO PERFORM

1119
00:26:52,844 --> 00:26:53,578
CHECKOUTS OF ALL OF

1120
00:26:53,578 --> 00:26:55,480
THE SUBSYSTEMS TO MAKE SURE

1121
00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:56,581
THAT WE'RE HEALTHY AND READY

1122
00:26:56,581 --> 00:26:58,049
FOR ENTRY, DESCENT, AND LANDING,

1123
00:26:58,049 --> 00:26:58,683
AND THE MISSION

1124
00:26:58,683 --> 00:27:00,952
THAT COMES AFTER.

1125
00:27:00,952 --> 00:27:02,821
>> AND NOW I HAVE AN #askNASA

1126
00:27:02,821 --> 00:27:03,621
QUESTION FOR YOU

1127
00:27:03,621 --> 00:27:04,756
FROM SOCIAL MEDIA.

1128
00:27:04,756 --> 00:27:06,858
SANJIV ON FACEBOOK IS ASKING,

1129
00:27:06,858 --> 00:27:08,360
"WHERE IS THE CHIP CONTAINING

1130
00:27:08,360 --> 00:27:11,062
MILLIONS OF NAMES SUBMITTED?"

1131
00:27:11,062 --> 00:27:11,863
>> SO THAT CHIP IS ON A PIECE

1132
00:27:11,863 --> 00:27:12,864
OF STRUCTURE CALLED

1133
00:27:12,864 --> 00:27:13,965
THE AFT CROSSBEAM.

1134
00:27:13,965 --> 00:27:15,100
IT'S A BRIDGE-LIKE STRUCTURE

1135
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:16,801
THAT'S ON THE BACK OF THE ROVER.

1136
00:27:16,801 --> 00:27:17,736
AT THE TOP OF THE BRIDGE IS

1137
00:27:17,736 --> 00:27:19,304
A PLAQUE WITH SOME ARTWORK

1138
00:27:19,304 --> 00:27:20,071
AND THIS CHIP WITH

1139
00:27:20,071 --> 00:27:20,939
EVERYBODY'S NAME,

1140
00:27:20,939 --> 00:27:23,408
INCLUDING MINE.

1141
00:27:23,408 --> 00:27:24,009
>> THAT'S GREAT.

1142
00:27:24,009 --> 00:27:24,976
MINE'S ON THERE TOO.

1143
00:27:24,976 --> 00:27:25,744
I'M REALLY EXCITED FOR IT

1144
00:27:25,744 --> 00:27:26,678
TO GO TO MARS.

1145
00:27:26,678 --> 00:27:28,246
AND THAT IS ALL THE TIME

1146
00:27:28,246 --> 00:27:29,647
WE HAVE TODAY.

1147
00:27:29,647 --> 00:27:30,415
THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR

1148
00:27:30,415 --> 00:27:32,350
JOINING US, RAY.

1149
00:27:32,350 --> 00:27:33,818
>> THANK YOU, RAQUEL.

1150
00:27:33,818 --> 00:27:34,619
>> AND THANK YOU FOR

1151
00:27:34,619 --> 00:27:36,021
JOINING US AT HOME.

1152
00:27:36,021 --> 00:27:37,188
MAKE SURE YOU TUNE IN TO WATCH

1153
00:27:37,188 --> 00:27:38,623
PERSEVERANCE'S LAUNCH TO MARS

1154
00:27:38,623 --> 00:27:41,893
NEXT WEEK AT NASA.GOV/LIVE.

1155
00:27:41,893 --> 00:27:43,228
YOU CAN ALSO PARTICIPATE IN

1156
00:27:43,228 --> 00:27:45,430
THE VIRTUAL NASA SOCIAL EVENT,

1157
00:27:45,430 --> 00:27:45,997
WHICH WILL TAKE YOU

1158
00:27:45,997 --> 00:27:47,098
BEHIND THE SCENES

1159
00:27:47,098 --> 00:27:48,266
AND UP CLOSE WITH NASA

1160
00:27:48,266 --> 00:27:50,268
EXPERTS AHEAD OF THE LAUNCH.

1161
00:27:50,268 --> 00:27:51,669
YOU CAN USE THE HASHTAG

1162
00:27:51,669 --> 00:27:52,971
#COUNTDOWNTOMARS TO JOIN

1163
00:27:52,971 --> 00:27:54,706
THE CONVERSATION ONLINE

1164
00:27:54,706 --> 00:27:58,243
AND VISIT NASA.GOV/BEOURGUEST

1165
00:27:58,243 --> 00:28:00,145
AND FOLLOW @NASAPERSEVERE

1166
00:28:00,145 --> 00:28:01,479
ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER

1167
00:28:01,479 --> 00:28:02,680
FOR THE LATEST UPDATES

1168
00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:04,649
AND WAYS TO GET INVOLVED.

1169
00:28:04,649 --> 00:28:06,251
WE ARE SO EXCITED FOR

1170
00:28:06,251 --> 00:28:08,386
THIS COUNTDOWN TO MARS.

1171
00:28:09,721 --> 00:28:15,960
[ MUSIC ]