1 00:00:18,718 --> 00:00:19,919 Welcome to a special 2 00:00:19,919 --> 00:00:23,356 edition of NASA Science Live focusing on climate change. 3 00:00:23,923 --> 00:00:26,126 I'm your host Tahira Allen. 4 00:00:26,126 --> 00:00:28,828 Today we're diving into the world of extreme weather 5 00:00:28,828 --> 00:00:31,831 and how NASA's cutting edge technology and research 6 00:00:31,898 --> 00:00:34,667 are helping us understand these phenomena. 7 00:00:34,667 --> 00:00:37,537 This is your chance to interact with NASA experts 8 00:00:37,537 --> 00:00:40,540 and have your questions answered live on air. 9 00:00:40,607 --> 00:00:42,142 Be sure to drop those into the comments. 10 00:00:42,142 --> 00:00:45,412 Stream wherever you're watching using the hashtag ask NASA. 11 00:00:46,546 --> 00:00:48,882 Today's focus is extreme weather. 12 00:00:48,882 --> 00:00:52,152 As Earth's climate changes, we see changes in the frequency 13 00:00:52,152 --> 00:00:55,021 or intensity of events such as record breaking heat 14 00:00:55,021 --> 00:00:58,258 waves, severe floods, prolonged droughts, 15 00:00:58,758 --> 00:01:02,262 devastating wildfires and intense hurricanes. 16 00:01:02,929 --> 00:01:06,366 Understanding the science behind these changes is crucial 17 00:01:06,366 --> 00:01:08,168 for our future. 18 00:01:08,168 --> 00:01:11,137 Since the industrial Revolution, human activities, 19 00:01:11,137 --> 00:01:13,373 especially the burning of fossil fuels, 20 00:01:13,373 --> 00:01:16,376 have led to a rapid increase in greenhouse gases. 21 00:01:16,843 --> 00:01:19,679 These gases trap heat, acting as a blanket 22 00:01:19,679 --> 00:01:22,682 that's warming our planet and affecting weather patterns. 23 00:01:22,916 --> 00:01:25,418 NASA satellites provide invaluable data 24 00:01:25,418 --> 00:01:26,619 that are helping us monitor 25 00:01:26,619 --> 00:01:29,656 these changes and model what may happen in the future. 26 00:01:30,657 --> 00:01:31,658 We are keeping an eye 27 00:01:31,658 --> 00:01:33,259 on the questions pouring in online, 28 00:01:33,259 --> 00:01:34,694 and we'll be bringing those straight 29 00:01:34,694 --> 00:01:37,697 to our experts live on air later on in the show. 30 00:01:38,064 --> 00:01:40,533 We'll also have experts in the comments standing by 31 00:01:40,533 --> 00:01:43,503 to answer your questions in real time. 32 00:01:43,503 --> 00:01:45,138 Let's jump right in. 33 00:01:45,138 --> 00:01:48,274 With us now is NASA's chief scientist and senior climate 34 00:01:48,274 --> 00:01:50,110 advisor, Dr Kate Calvin. 35 00:01:50,110 --> 00:01:52,045 Welcome, Kate. 36 00:01:52,045 --> 00:01:54,781 Thanks for having me here. 37 00:01:54,781 --> 00:01:56,816 And Dr Michelle Hawkins, the program 38 00:01:56,816 --> 00:01:59,919 manager for NASA's Climate Resilience and Community Action. 39 00:02:00,220 --> 00:02:01,754 Hi, Michelle. 40 00:02:01,754 --> 00:02:03,990 Hi Tahira. 41 00:02:03,990 --> 00:02:05,959 Thank you both so much for being here with us. 42 00:02:05,959 --> 00:02:08,862 Can you start by explaining a little bit about your roles 43 00:02:08,862 --> 00:02:09,929 at NASA? 44 00:02:09,929 --> 00:02:12,198 Kate, we'll start with you. 45 00:02:12,198 --> 00:02:13,099 Yeah, thanks. 46 00:02:13,099 --> 00:02:16,603 So I'm NASA's chief scientist and senior climate advisor. 47 00:02:16,903 --> 00:02:19,639 So I play a few different roles within the agency, both 48 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:22,041 with respect to science and climate. 49 00:02:22,041 --> 00:02:24,277 I'm an advisor to the administrator 50 00:02:24,277 --> 00:02:25,345 and senior leadership 51 00:02:25,345 --> 00:02:28,348 and give them information about science and climate. 52 00:02:28,348 --> 00:02:30,850 I play a role in connecting within the agency. 53 00:02:30,850 --> 00:02:34,120 We have research on climate that happens throughout NASA, 54 00:02:34,120 --> 00:02:36,022 and I help bring those people together 55 00:02:36,022 --> 00:02:38,625 and ensure that connection within the agency. 56 00:02:38,625 --> 00:02:39,292 And then I do 57 00:02:39,292 --> 00:02:41,394 a lot of outreach and engagement externally 58 00:02:41,394 --> 00:02:43,429 so that people know what NASA is working on 59 00:02:43,429 --> 00:02:45,165 and have access to that information. 60 00:02:47,100 --> 00:02:49,068 I'm Michelle, 61 00:02:49,068 --> 00:02:49,736 thanks Tahira. 62 00:02:49,736 --> 00:02:52,539 So as a program manager at NASA headquarters 63 00:02:52,539 --> 00:02:54,574 in the Earth Action Program, 64 00:02:54,574 --> 00:02:58,211 I support projects that help us understand how, 65 00:02:58,211 --> 00:03:00,613 climate change is impacting communities 66 00:03:00,613 --> 00:03:04,150 and how NASA, science and data and information can be used 67 00:03:04,150 --> 00:03:07,287 to help build resilience to climate change and to address 68 00:03:07,287 --> 00:03:10,290 equity and environmental justice issues. 69 00:03:10,890 --> 00:03:11,558 Thank you both. 70 00:03:11,558 --> 00:03:13,893 That is really helpful and we are so glad 71 00:03:13,893 --> 00:03:15,528 to have you on today's show. 72 00:03:15,528 --> 00:03:18,531 So let's jump right into the topic extreme weather. 73 00:03:18,898 --> 00:03:21,401 Michelle, when we say extreme weather, 74 00:03:21,401 --> 00:03:24,404 what types of events are we talking about specifically? 75 00:03:25,104 --> 00:03:25,438 Yeah. 76 00:03:25,438 --> 00:03:26,673 So scientists 77 00:03:26,673 --> 00:03:28,741 have a really specific definition 78 00:03:28,741 --> 00:03:30,677 when talking about extreme weather. 79 00:03:30,677 --> 00:03:31,544 We're really talking 80 00:03:31,544 --> 00:03:35,515 about those really rare events that we would expect to happen. 81 00:03:35,848 --> 00:03:36,916 not often. 82 00:03:36,916 --> 00:03:39,719 So maybe even less than 10% of the time 83 00:03:39,719 --> 00:03:43,022 at a specific location or at a certain time of year. 84 00:03:43,423 --> 00:03:46,526 But climate change is changing those odds. 85 00:03:46,526 --> 00:03:49,596 So changing the, odds 86 00:03:49,596 --> 00:03:53,499 that we will experience more of these really rare events. 87 00:03:53,700 --> 00:03:55,268 And that's exactly what we're seeing. 88 00:03:55,268 --> 00:03:57,403 We're seeing more intense hurricanes. 89 00:03:57,403 --> 00:04:01,774 We're seeing longer, hotter heat 90 00:04:03,610 --> 00:04:05,245 That's really useful context. 91 00:04:05,245 --> 00:04:07,213 And so you know, Kate, to follow up. 92 00:04:07,213 --> 00:04:10,750 How do scientists determine that changes in extreme 93 00:04:10,750 --> 00:04:13,720 weather events are linked to climate change? 94 00:04:14,487 --> 00:04:15,088 Yeah, thanks. 95 00:04:15,088 --> 00:04:16,489 And that's a really great question. 96 00:04:16,489 --> 00:04:18,391 Scientists have a number of different ways 97 00:04:18,391 --> 00:04:20,159 at looking at how climate impacts 98 00:04:20,159 --> 00:04:22,028 things like extreme events. 99 00:04:22,028 --> 00:04:24,797 One of the things we can do is we can look at observations 100 00:04:24,797 --> 00:04:27,133 and see how things have changed over time. 101 00:04:27,133 --> 00:04:28,968 So we have more than, you know, decades 102 00:04:28,968 --> 00:04:30,670 worth of information from satellites, 103 00:04:30,670 --> 00:04:32,505 which give us this comprehensive 104 00:04:32,505 --> 00:04:34,841 coverage of our Earth and what's happening on it. 105 00:04:34,841 --> 00:04:37,443 We have an even longer records, and we look back, 106 00:04:37,443 --> 00:04:40,446 through the surface temperature and precipitation records 107 00:04:40,513 --> 00:04:42,115 and what we can do, and we look through that 108 00:04:42,115 --> 00:04:44,984 and see how there's been changes in events over time, 109 00:04:44,984 --> 00:04:48,288 whether the frequency, the duration or the intensity 110 00:04:48,554 --> 00:04:50,290 of those extreme events. 111 00:04:50,290 --> 00:04:52,592 We also use things called models. 112 00:04:52,592 --> 00:04:55,595 These are computer programs that capture our understanding 113 00:04:55,595 --> 00:04:57,797 of the the physics and the biology 114 00:04:57,797 --> 00:04:59,732 and the chemistry that happens on Earth. 115 00:04:59,732 --> 00:05:02,502 And we can use those to better understand the processes 116 00:05:02,502 --> 00:05:05,738 that drive changes or project them into the future. 117 00:05:06,039 --> 00:05:06,739 And usually 118 00:05:06,739 --> 00:05:07,206 when you hear 119 00:05:07,206 --> 00:05:08,174 people talk about 120 00:05:08,174 --> 00:05:08,908 extreme events, 121 00:05:08,908 --> 00:05:10,677 we often talk about types of events 122 00:05:10,677 --> 00:05:13,379 and how those types of events might change 123 00:05:13,379 --> 00:05:14,681 under a warming climate. 124 00:05:14,681 --> 00:05:17,884 So we might talk about more heat waves or other extreme events. 125 00:05:18,151 --> 00:05:21,154 But there's also people that look into an individual event 126 00:05:21,154 --> 00:05:23,890 and how much more likely it might be with climate change. 127 00:05:23,890 --> 00:05:26,626 So we can compare worlds within without warming, 128 00:05:26,626 --> 00:05:29,629 and see how much more likely was that event to have happened? 129 00:05:29,829 --> 00:05:31,698 Given that there's been climate change? 130 00:05:33,166 --> 00:05:34,100 Well, that makes sense. 131 00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:36,202 And it's great that we have so much data. 132 00:05:36,202 --> 00:05:37,570 You know, as we've been discussing, 133 00:05:37,570 --> 00:05:38,571 NASA has been able 134 00:05:38,571 --> 00:05:40,273 to observe and monitor 135 00:05:40,273 --> 00:05:42,608 these events from the vantage point of space, 136 00:05:42,608 --> 00:05:44,377 no matter where they've occurred. 137 00:05:44,377 --> 00:05:44,977 And so, you know, 138 00:05:44,977 --> 00:05:48,081 satellite data from NASA and other government agencies, 139 00:05:48,281 --> 00:05:51,951 like our partners at USGS and NOAA, are really critical 140 00:05:51,951 --> 00:05:55,688 to understanding how and why these extreme events take place. 141 00:05:56,055 --> 00:05:59,525 As you were just talking about, you know, how does NASA 142 00:05:59,525 --> 00:06:03,429 specifically address extreme weather events, say, before, 143 00:06:04,263 --> 00:06:07,266 during or after they occur? 144 00:06:07,567 --> 00:06:10,370 Yeah, so we do look before, during and after. 145 00:06:10,370 --> 00:06:11,671 Some of the ways that we look 146 00:06:11,671 --> 00:06:13,473 at these sorts of events or with near 147 00:06:13,473 --> 00:06:15,508 real time data from our satellites, 148 00:06:15,508 --> 00:06:16,342 and so we can look 149 00:06:16,342 --> 00:06:18,711 before an event and see if the conditions 150 00:06:18,711 --> 00:06:20,980 are conducive to a particular type of event 151 00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:22,582 occurring during an event. 152 00:06:22,582 --> 00:06:23,950 We can provide information 153 00:06:23,950 --> 00:06:26,185 in near real time to decision makers 154 00:06:26,185 --> 00:06:27,920 so they understand what's happening. 155 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:30,590 And after an event, we can look at what might happen, 156 00:06:30,590 --> 00:06:31,924 and has happens. 157 00:06:31,924 --> 00:06:32,592 And you can provide that 158 00:06:32,592 --> 00:06:35,228 to response agencies to help with recovery. 159 00:06:35,228 --> 00:06:37,063 That's just with near real time data. 160 00:06:37,063 --> 00:06:40,133 One of the other things NASA does is we develop models 161 00:06:40,133 --> 00:06:43,002 like the one I've mentioned and contribute to understanding. 162 00:06:43,002 --> 00:06:44,270 And so before an event, 163 00:06:44,270 --> 00:06:46,038 we can actually look into 164 00:06:46,038 --> 00:06:47,073 a better understanding 165 00:06:47,073 --> 00:06:49,175 what might lead to that event in the future 166 00:06:49,175 --> 00:06:50,843 and use that for long term planning. 167 00:06:50,843 --> 00:06:53,179 So we can understand how conditions might change 168 00:06:53,179 --> 00:06:56,416 further into the future and help people plan into that 169 00:06:56,482 --> 00:06:57,650 long term future. 170 00:06:59,619 --> 00:07:03,089 And I'll add that, we work very closely 171 00:07:03,089 --> 00:07:07,727 with our federal partners to help them access NASA data 172 00:07:07,727 --> 00:07:11,330 that can be useful in their, response missions. 173 00:07:11,497 --> 00:07:14,500 So, for example, NASA has a disasters program. 174 00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:17,637 And earlier this summer, the disasters program 175 00:07:17,637 --> 00:07:21,040 announced a new disaster response coordination system, 176 00:07:21,174 --> 00:07:25,445 which provides actionable, timely and trusted information 177 00:07:25,645 --> 00:07:30,249 to agencies and organizations that are actively responding 178 00:07:30,249 --> 00:07:31,451 to disasters. 179 00:07:31,451 --> 00:07:35,455 And in fact, just before jumping on here, I got a notification 180 00:07:35,455 --> 00:07:37,623 that the Disaster Response Coordination System 181 00:07:37,623 --> 00:07:40,626 was activated for flooding in Nepal right now. 182 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:43,796 Wow, that is really great to hear. 183 00:07:43,796 --> 00:07:46,432 You know, that we have this new coordination system. 184 00:07:46,432 --> 00:07:47,600 And as you mentioned it, 185 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:49,302 for anyone watching that wants to learn 186 00:07:49,302 --> 00:07:53,139 more about how NASA advances the science for disaster relief, 187 00:07:53,473 --> 00:07:57,610 and resilience, you can visit disasters nasa.gov. 188 00:07:58,211 --> 00:08:00,913 So let's talk specifically about hurricanes 189 00:08:00,913 --> 00:08:02,348 for a moment moment. 190 00:08:02,348 --> 00:08:03,850 Right now we're in the middle of Atlantic 191 00:08:03,850 --> 00:08:04,750 hurricane season, 192 00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:07,753 which is from, you know, June 1st through November 30th. 193 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:11,023 We have seen communities affected by Hurricane Beryl. 194 00:08:11,257 --> 00:08:14,160 And even here on the East Coast, many communities are currently 195 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:17,163 getting weather from Hurricane, hurricane Ernesto 196 00:08:17,463 --> 00:08:20,700 Michel, our more frequent and intense hurricanes 197 00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:21,834 linked to climate change. 198 00:08:22,869 --> 00:08:25,838 So although we don't see a direct link 199 00:08:25,838 --> 00:08:28,875 between climate change and landfalling hurricanes, 200 00:08:29,342 --> 00:08:32,979 we are seeing more intense hurricanes, especially as they 201 00:08:32,979 --> 00:08:36,415 move over the really warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. 202 00:08:36,816 --> 00:08:42,488 So, scientists are also seeing more slowly moving hurricanes. 203 00:08:42,488 --> 00:08:43,456 And so, 204 00:08:43,456 --> 00:08:45,625 some of this science is still happening, 205 00:08:45,625 --> 00:08:47,560 still working to understand 206 00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:48,227 the connection 207 00:08:48,227 --> 00:08:51,230 between climate change and slow moving hurricanes. 208 00:08:51,230 --> 00:08:52,265 But I will say that 209 00:08:52,265 --> 00:08:56,168 a slow moving hurricane is a very dangerous hurricane, 210 00:08:56,168 --> 00:09:00,039 because it can dump a lot of rainfall in a location 211 00:09:00,406 --> 00:09:02,942 and cause really catastrophic flooding. 212 00:09:02,942 --> 00:09:05,011 And we saw this in 2017 213 00:09:05,011 --> 00:09:07,847 when Hurricane Harvey hit the coast of Texas. 214 00:09:07,847 --> 00:09:11,817 That, hurricane slowed to about five miles an hour, 215 00:09:12,218 --> 00:09:14,020 after it made landfall 216 00:09:14,020 --> 00:09:17,323 and dumped historic amounts of rainfall 217 00:09:17,523 --> 00:09:19,892 and caused catastrophic flooding in that area. 218 00:09:21,661 --> 00:09:22,128 And you 219 00:09:22,128 --> 00:09:25,131 just mentioned we got an alert about heavy flooding, 220 00:09:25,131 --> 00:09:27,700 you know, so on this topic of heavy rain, 221 00:09:27,700 --> 00:09:28,801 which can sometimes lead 222 00:09:28,801 --> 00:09:31,804 to flash flooding events, even in more inland areas. 223 00:09:32,104 --> 00:09:35,107 Are these occurrences linked to climate change? 224 00:09:36,042 --> 00:09:36,409 Yeah. 225 00:09:36,409 --> 00:09:37,510 One of the things that climate 226 00:09:37,510 --> 00:09:39,345 change does is change the water cycle. 227 00:09:39,345 --> 00:09:41,113 And as a result, we're seeing more heavy 228 00:09:41,113 --> 00:09:42,648 precipitate ocean events. 229 00:09:42,648 --> 00:09:45,051 So when rain comes down, we're seeing a lot of it. 230 00:09:45,051 --> 00:09:46,986 and that can lead to flooding. 231 00:09:46,986 --> 00:09:49,221 And in addition to changes in rainfall, 232 00:09:49,221 --> 00:09:52,124 there's also, you know, we're seeing increases in sea levels. 233 00:09:52,124 --> 00:09:55,795 So melting of ice caps and, and the change in the, 234 00:09:55,795 --> 00:09:57,430 and the temperature of the 235 00:09:57,430 --> 00:10:00,099 water in the ocean has led to sea level rise. 236 00:10:00,099 --> 00:10:02,668 And for coastal communities with higher sea levels, 237 00:10:02,668 --> 00:10:05,237 we're seeing more storm surge and more flooding events, 238 00:10:05,237 --> 00:10:07,039 even without changes in rainfall. 239 00:10:07,039 --> 00:10:09,609 So we're seeing more rainfall, higher sea levels, 240 00:10:09,609 --> 00:10:11,777 and both can contribute to more flooding events. 241 00:10:13,813 --> 00:10:15,715 Wow. And you know, right now 242 00:10:15,715 --> 00:10:17,049 it seems we have gotten 243 00:10:17,049 --> 00:10:19,652 a little bit of a break from the heat waves. 244 00:10:19,652 --> 00:10:21,220 But, you know, for the last several months 245 00:10:21,220 --> 00:10:24,290 we have been seeing record breaking temperatures and heat. 246 00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:27,827 Kate, can we expect to see more heat waves in the future? 247 00:10:29,495 --> 00:10:30,863 Unfortunately, yes. 248 00:10:30,863 --> 00:10:33,132 With increases in global average temperatures, 249 00:10:33,132 --> 00:10:34,400 we're seeing more extreme heat 250 00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:37,903 events, more frequent, changes in duration. 251 00:10:38,237 --> 00:10:41,741 And these are having impacts on people all around the world. 252 00:10:43,776 --> 00:10:46,178 And if I can add, you know, 253 00:10:46,178 --> 00:10:48,981 I think it's important for people to remember that heat 254 00:10:48,981 --> 00:10:50,349 isn't just a nuisance. 255 00:10:50,349 --> 00:10:53,352 Heat is, it can be deadly. 256 00:10:53,452 --> 00:10:56,255 Exposure to extreme heat causes more deaths 257 00:10:56,255 --> 00:10:59,258 than any other extreme weather event. 258 00:10:59,558 --> 00:11:03,996 And so, yes, we'll be experiencing more extreme heat, 259 00:11:03,996 --> 00:11:05,031 but that doesn't mean 260 00:11:05,031 --> 00:11:08,034 that we'll necessarily experience more deaths 261 00:11:08,034 --> 00:11:11,971 related to heat because we know how to protect ourselves. 262 00:11:12,171 --> 00:11:15,908 our partners over at the National Weather Service issue, 263 00:11:16,142 --> 00:11:18,811 watch warnings and advisories for extreme heat, 264 00:11:18,811 --> 00:11:21,213 so letting us know when it's coming our way. 265 00:11:21,213 --> 00:11:23,049 We know that we need to stay cool, 266 00:11:23,049 --> 00:11:24,850 stay hydrated, and know where the cooling 267 00:11:24,850 --> 00:11:26,786 centers are in your area. 268 00:11:26,786 --> 00:11:29,622 And then also, NASA has ongoing research 269 00:11:29,622 --> 00:11:32,625 looking at how heat is impacting communities 270 00:11:32,792 --> 00:11:37,163 and how heat is impacting, some communities differently. 271 00:11:37,463 --> 00:11:41,033 And so, for example, from the vantage point of space, 272 00:11:41,033 --> 00:11:44,737 we can see where there may be areas of tree inequality. 273 00:11:44,970 --> 00:11:49,175 And this is information that city planners or state 274 00:11:49,175 --> 00:11:51,010 and local governments can use 275 00:11:51,010 --> 00:11:54,080 as they're thinking about how to create more cool spaces 276 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:56,916 in their area where they may want to plant more trees. 277 00:11:58,184 --> 00:11:58,451 Yeah. 278 00:11:58,451 --> 00:12:00,820 Thank you, Michelle, you know, for giving us some of this hope. 279 00:12:00,820 --> 00:12:01,954 And, you know, it's great to hear that 280 00:12:01,954 --> 00:12:04,957 these are things that we are able to plan for. 281 00:12:05,291 --> 00:12:07,993 And on this topic, as we're discussing heat, 282 00:12:07,993 --> 00:12:11,664 we do often get the questions are wildfires getting worse? 283 00:12:12,031 --> 00:12:15,034 So let's take a look. 284 00:12:16,435 --> 00:12:19,438 Are wildfires getting worse? 285 00:12:23,209 --> 00:12:24,910 Yes, unfortunately they are. 286 00:12:24,910 --> 00:12:28,013 We're seeing increases in the intensity and the severity, 287 00:12:28,013 --> 00:12:29,982 the overall burned area of wildfires 288 00:12:29,982 --> 00:12:31,617 and the duration of fire across 289 00:12:31,617 --> 00:12:35,254 the fire season and wildfire is a natural part of ecosystems. 290 00:12:35,354 --> 00:12:37,189 What's really driving this change is 291 00:12:37,189 --> 00:12:39,391 we're seeing a lot of changes in our climate. 292 00:12:39,391 --> 00:12:41,861 We're seeing increases in global temperature 293 00:12:41,861 --> 00:12:44,230 as well as more extreme weather events. 294 00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:45,931 So longer droughts. 295 00:12:45,931 --> 00:12:48,634 And so we have these hot and dry conditions, 296 00:12:48,634 --> 00:12:51,670 which makes vegetation, forests and grasses 297 00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:54,340 more available to burn because they're drier. 298 00:12:54,340 --> 00:12:56,175 And so with these drier conditions 299 00:12:56,175 --> 00:12:59,245 and these drier fuels, we're likely to see more fires. 300 00:12:59,245 --> 00:13:02,348 And this is happening in many locations all across the world. 301 00:13:02,414 --> 00:13:05,351 This can be really detrimental to the ecosystem, 302 00:13:05,351 --> 00:13:07,620 but also to human health, where we're seeing people 303 00:13:07,620 --> 00:13:10,322 going to the hospital with respiratory issues 304 00:13:10,322 --> 00:13:11,891 and smoke and just travel 305 00:13:11,891 --> 00:13:14,360 many thousands of miles with these fires. 306 00:13:14,360 --> 00:13:16,095 How can we help? What can we do? 307 00:13:16,095 --> 00:13:17,830 One thing that I find really hopeful 308 00:13:17,830 --> 00:13:21,066 is that NASA continues to study wildfires around the globe. 309 00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:23,068 We have people going out on the land 310 00:13:23,068 --> 00:13:24,069 to make measurements. 311 00:13:24,069 --> 00:13:25,871 We have airborne campaigns that fly 312 00:13:25,871 --> 00:13:29,108 around to better understand wildfires from the air, 313 00:13:29,341 --> 00:13:31,877 how it's impacting smoke, where wildfires are burning. 314 00:13:31,877 --> 00:13:33,579 And then, of course, we have satellite imagery, 315 00:13:33,579 --> 00:13:36,081 which gives us a global picture of wildfires. 316 00:13:36,081 --> 00:13:38,250 All around the world all the time. 317 00:13:38,250 --> 00:13:40,319 So are wildfires getting worse? 318 00:13:40,319 --> 00:13:41,554 Yes they are. 319 00:13:41,554 --> 00:13:44,023 But there are ways that we can all think about this together. 320 00:13:44,023 --> 00:13:46,325 And I think just learning about these issues 321 00:13:46,325 --> 00:13:48,427 and being able to share that with others members 322 00:13:48,427 --> 00:13:50,763 in our community is a way we can all go forward 323 00:13:50,763 --> 00:13:52,898 and think about climate change and wildfires. 324 00:13:58,103 --> 00:14:00,773 So, Michelle, we just got a few examples of what 325 00:14:00,773 --> 00:14:04,577 NASA is doing to, to look at wildfires. 326 00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:07,613 Could you expand a little bit on those? 327 00:14:07,646 --> 00:14:08,047 Yeah. 328 00:14:08,047 --> 00:14:11,050 So as you saw on that video, from the vantage 329 00:14:11,050 --> 00:14:14,386 point of space, we can see how wildfires are behaving. 330 00:14:14,620 --> 00:14:18,858 We can see how air how smoke from wildfires, 331 00:14:19,124 --> 00:14:24,163 impact communities way far away from those fires. 332 00:14:24,196 --> 00:14:27,333 I'm reminded of last year, and I think you're seeing this 333 00:14:27,333 --> 00:14:30,636 on the screen where, smoke from Canada 334 00:14:30,970 --> 00:14:32,271 made its way to New York, 335 00:14:32,271 --> 00:14:35,274 and we all remember those really eerie orange, 336 00:14:35,307 --> 00:14:38,544 pictures of the New York skyline. 337 00:14:38,911 --> 00:14:42,848 and I think it was July 8th, where New York had the worst 338 00:14:42,848 --> 00:14:44,350 air quality in the world. 339 00:14:44,350 --> 00:14:47,119 And so we can see that from space. 340 00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:50,055 our partners who do air quality forecasting 341 00:14:50,055 --> 00:14:54,660 can use that information and provide forecast of where, 342 00:14:54,793 --> 00:14:58,397 and when people will be experiencing poor air quality 343 00:14:58,631 --> 00:15:00,132 because of fires. 344 00:15:00,132 --> 00:15:03,702 NASA has a fire information for Resource Management System 345 00:15:03,702 --> 00:15:07,740 or firms, which provides near real time information 346 00:15:07,907 --> 00:15:09,541 for active fires. 347 00:15:09,541 --> 00:15:11,210 And this helps, fire 348 00:15:11,210 --> 00:15:15,314 managers, make better decisions on how to attack fires. 349 00:15:17,049 --> 00:15:18,484 And you know, another thing 350 00:15:18,484 --> 00:15:19,551 that really may be on 351 00:15:19,551 --> 00:15:21,654 people's minds right now, especially with a new 352 00:15:21,654 --> 00:15:24,657 the release of a recent Hollywood film or tornadoes. 353 00:15:24,924 --> 00:15:26,792 Kate, what does the current science 354 00:15:26,792 --> 00:15:27,760 tell us about the connection 355 00:15:27,760 --> 00:15:30,763 between climate change and tornadoes? 356 00:15:31,964 --> 00:15:34,967 So smaller scale, short lived, 357 00:15:35,501 --> 00:15:37,002 severe weather, like tornadoes 358 00:15:37,002 --> 00:15:39,138 are actually more difficult for us to assess 359 00:15:39,138 --> 00:15:41,674 than some of these larger scale events. 360 00:15:41,674 --> 00:15:44,410 but scientists are interested in better understanding 361 00:15:44,410 --> 00:15:45,744 changes in tornadoes. 362 00:15:45,744 --> 00:15:48,013 And so we are it's an active area of research. 363 00:15:48,013 --> 00:15:49,715 One of the challenges we have is that 364 00:15:49,715 --> 00:15:51,250 observations are incomplete. 365 00:15:51,250 --> 00:15:53,619 So when you're thinking about something like tornadoes, 366 00:15:53,619 --> 00:15:56,588 we often rely on tornado spotters or observation 367 00:15:57,122 --> 00:15:58,390 direct of tornadoes. 368 00:15:58,390 --> 00:16:00,960 And so we have incomplete information in the past 369 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:03,295 which limits our ability to draw really, 370 00:16:03,295 --> 00:16:04,797 you know, robust conclusions from it. 371 00:16:04,797 --> 00:16:05,998 But again, something 372 00:16:05,998 --> 00:16:08,200 given the severity of storms like this, it's 373 00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:10,502 something scientists really want to better understand. 374 00:16:10,502 --> 00:16:13,038 So there is active research looking into 375 00:16:13,038 --> 00:16:14,306 whether or not there's a change 376 00:16:14,306 --> 00:16:18,377 in the number of tornadoes or the the power of tornadoes. 377 00:16:18,610 --> 00:16:20,079 There are some emerging studies 378 00:16:20,079 --> 00:16:22,448 that show that tornado alley has shifted. 379 00:16:22,448 --> 00:16:23,549 And so I think that's an area 380 00:16:23,549 --> 00:16:23,983 we really want 381 00:16:23,983 --> 00:16:25,150 to better understand, 382 00:16:25,150 --> 00:16:26,018 because for people that have 383 00:16:26,018 --> 00:16:29,288 never been around a tornado, they may not know what to do. 384 00:16:29,788 --> 00:16:32,291 and so understanding if where tornadoes are occurring 385 00:16:32,291 --> 00:16:34,059 is going to change the frequency. 386 00:16:34,059 --> 00:16:35,227 That's something that scientists 387 00:16:35,227 --> 00:16:36,996 really want to better understand. 388 00:16:36,996 --> 00:16:38,197 and so there is an active 389 00:16:38,197 --> 00:16:41,233 area of research, but it is a harder, harder 390 00:16:41,233 --> 00:16:44,436 for scientists to assess because of the small scale storms. 391 00:16:46,071 --> 00:16:46,939 Thank you, Kate. 392 00:16:46,939 --> 00:16:47,740 And you 393 00:16:47,740 --> 00:16:50,042 know, Michelle here in the U.S., but we're not in the 394 00:16:50,042 --> 00:16:51,610 winter months right now. 395 00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:54,947 We also see these extreme events in that season as well. 396 00:16:54,947 --> 00:16:57,616 You know, with heavy snowfall and blizzards. 397 00:16:57,616 --> 00:17:00,819 What can you tell us about climate change and snow? 398 00:17:02,287 --> 00:17:04,723 Yeah, so that's also an area of active research. 399 00:17:04,723 --> 00:17:07,292 Scientists are working to better understand 400 00:17:07,292 --> 00:17:10,662 how climate change is impacting winter extremes. 401 00:17:11,063 --> 00:17:14,800 we do know that we are experiencing 402 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:20,572 and will experience less extreme cold, really cold days. 403 00:17:20,873 --> 00:17:24,309 And on those cold days that the temperatures will be milder. 404 00:17:24,510 --> 00:17:27,679 So on milder cold days, 405 00:17:27,679 --> 00:17:31,483 the precipitation is more likely to be rain instead of snow. 406 00:17:31,750 --> 00:17:35,821 So while overall we may see less, snow, 407 00:17:36,121 --> 00:17:38,223 that doesn't mean we should become complacent, 408 00:17:38,223 --> 00:17:41,994 because scientists also know that in a warmer, 409 00:17:42,127 --> 00:17:46,465 climate, we'll still experience those really impactful 410 00:17:46,465 --> 00:17:49,001 snowfall events that we experience now. 411 00:17:49,001 --> 00:17:51,303 So the ones that kids get really excited about 412 00:17:51,303 --> 00:17:51,670 because it's 413 00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:55,607 going to close schools, but also negatively impact 414 00:17:55,607 --> 00:17:58,644 our transportation systems and can be really deadly. 415 00:17:59,078 --> 00:18:03,248 we'll still experience those events even in a warmer climate. 416 00:18:05,184 --> 00:18:06,385 Well, thank you both so much for this 417 00:18:06,385 --> 00:18:08,754 fantastic introduction to extreme weather. 418 00:18:08,754 --> 00:18:10,656 We have a ton of questions coming in 419 00:18:10,656 --> 00:18:13,525 from our viewers online. So let's get to some of those. 420 00:18:13,525 --> 00:18:15,627 And remember, if you are just tuning in, 421 00:18:15,627 --> 00:18:16,328 you can submit 422 00:18:16,328 --> 00:18:19,298 your own questions for experts to answer live on air 423 00:18:19,531 --> 00:18:22,768 by using the hashtag ask NASA or dropping that question 424 00:18:22,768 --> 00:18:24,203 directly into the comment stream. 425 00:18:24,203 --> 00:18:25,871 Wherever you're watching. 426 00:18:25,871 --> 00:18:27,806 All right, let's jump right in. 427 00:18:27,806 --> 00:18:31,043 Our first question is from Jan on ECS, 428 00:18:31,510 --> 00:18:32,244 who asks, 429 00:18:32,244 --> 00:18:35,247 can you imagine what the extreme weather will look like 430 00:18:35,247 --> 00:18:36,882 when or if the Earth reaches 431 00:18:36,882 --> 00:18:39,918 four plus degrees Celsius at the end of the century, 432 00:18:41,553 --> 00:18:42,821 Cape or not? 433 00:18:42,821 --> 00:18:44,990 I think I can take that one. Yeah, dear. 434 00:18:44,990 --> 00:18:48,160 and I guess before I start, for those that aren't familiar 435 00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:49,928 with how climate scientists think about warming, 436 00:18:49,928 --> 00:18:52,931 that four degrees Celsius might not sound familiar. 437 00:18:53,165 --> 00:18:55,934 one of the things that we do is we look at how much 438 00:18:55,934 --> 00:18:59,571 climate has warmed from pre, from the late 19th century. 439 00:18:59,671 --> 00:19:03,575 So from, you know, looking compared to 1850 to 1900. 440 00:19:03,742 --> 00:19:05,944 And so we know today is about 1.1 or 1 441 00:19:05,944 --> 00:19:07,913 point two degrees Celsius more than that. 442 00:19:07,913 --> 00:19:10,149 So a little more than two degrees Fahrenheit. 443 00:19:10,149 --> 00:19:12,284 And so when you're talking about four degrees Celsius, 444 00:19:12,284 --> 00:19:13,085 that's warming 445 00:19:13,085 --> 00:19:16,421 almost three degrees Celsius more than where we are now. 446 00:19:17,156 --> 00:19:20,159 Warmer world than today by by a lot. 447 00:19:20,192 --> 00:19:22,094 and so one of the things that scientists do 448 00:19:22,094 --> 00:19:25,130 is we use climate models, like the ones I mentioned earlier, 449 00:19:25,397 --> 00:19:28,233 to better understand what a future climate might be. 450 00:19:28,233 --> 00:19:29,535 And what we can do is look at, 451 00:19:29,535 --> 00:19:31,436 you know, different projections of emissions 452 00:19:31,436 --> 00:19:33,338 and how much warming that might cause. 453 00:19:33,338 --> 00:19:35,507 And then from those different warming worlds, 454 00:19:35,507 --> 00:19:38,644 look at how that might impact things like extreme events. 455 00:19:38,810 --> 00:19:42,414 So there are a lot of studies that look at how much more 456 00:19:42,781 --> 00:19:44,950 how will extreme events change in a in a world 457 00:19:44,950 --> 00:19:47,019 that's two degrees warmer than before, 458 00:19:47,019 --> 00:19:48,453 four degrees warmer than before, 459 00:19:48,453 --> 00:19:49,121 and we can actually 460 00:19:49,121 --> 00:19:50,789 look at the changes in frequency 461 00:19:50,789 --> 00:19:53,025 or intensity of different events. 462 00:19:53,025 --> 00:19:54,159 and I think that's, you know, 463 00:19:54,159 --> 00:19:57,162 one of the things you'll see is more heatwaves, more heavy 464 00:19:57,162 --> 00:20:00,799 precipitation events and decline in Arctic sea ice. 465 00:20:00,799 --> 00:20:01,934 And so we can see 466 00:20:01,934 --> 00:20:03,869 one of the things that scientists track is, 467 00:20:03,869 --> 00:20:05,571 you know, how much ice do we have 468 00:20:05,571 --> 00:20:07,272 in the Arctic in September, 469 00:20:07,272 --> 00:20:09,208 which is when it's at its minimum at the end of 470 00:20:09,208 --> 00:20:12,344 northern hemisphere summer, and we'll see less and less ice 471 00:20:12,344 --> 00:20:15,814 over time with that, depending, you know, and more and more, 472 00:20:15,981 --> 00:20:20,619 you know, nearly ice free days in the future, more of them. 473 00:20:20,719 --> 00:20:21,987 The warmer the world gets. 474 00:20:24,089 --> 00:20:24,756 Thank you, Kate. 475 00:20:24,756 --> 00:20:26,024 And you know, 476 00:20:26,024 --> 00:20:27,759 the beginning of this show, we've talked a lot 477 00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:28,961 about what extreme weather 478 00:20:28,961 --> 00:20:32,831 is looking like and how it is getting more extreme. 479 00:20:33,098 --> 00:20:36,868 And so my next question hands me 97 on Twitch asks, 480 00:20:37,002 --> 00:20:38,270 what is the biggest thing that 481 00:20:38,270 --> 00:20:41,273 the world could do to slow down climate change? 482 00:20:41,473 --> 00:20:44,443 Michelle, do you want to take this on? 483 00:20:44,443 --> 00:20:45,244 Sure. 484 00:20:45,244 --> 00:20:48,614 so reduce our carbon emissions. 485 00:20:48,981 --> 00:20:53,318 but we know that, the more carbon in the carbon 486 00:20:53,318 --> 00:20:56,321 dioxide in the atmosphere and other greenhouse gases, 487 00:20:56,655 --> 00:20:58,991 we know that they're warming the Earth. 488 00:20:58,991 --> 00:21:01,760 And so reducing those emissions, 489 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:06,965 will help reduce the impacts that we'll see, in the future. 490 00:21:07,332 --> 00:21:09,201 And I don't know if Kate wants to add to that. 491 00:21:10,469 --> 00:21:10,802 Yeah. 492 00:21:10,802 --> 00:21:11,203 I mean, 493 00:21:11,203 --> 00:21:14,139 the number one driver of climate change is carbon dioxide. 494 00:21:14,139 --> 00:21:15,841 The second is methane. 495 00:21:15,841 --> 00:21:17,409 So those are both greenhouse gases. 496 00:21:17,409 --> 00:21:19,111 And we want to slow the rate of warming 497 00:21:19,111 --> 00:21:20,912 or even stop warming in the future. 498 00:21:20,912 --> 00:21:23,915 We need to reduce those emissions. 499 00:21:24,549 --> 00:21:26,184 And I have a follow up question. 500 00:21:26,184 --> 00:21:27,552 You know, for you, Kate. 501 00:21:27,552 --> 00:21:31,256 24 over seven live skies on YouTube 502 00:21:31,256 --> 00:21:34,259 asks didn't this all happen many times over again? 503 00:21:34,459 --> 00:21:37,062 You know, with the 26,000 year cycle 504 00:21:37,062 --> 00:21:40,065 we've been going through for millions of years? 505 00:21:40,599 --> 00:21:42,267 So there are changes in climate. 506 00:21:42,267 --> 00:21:44,336 natural changes in 507 00:21:44,336 --> 00:21:46,505 Earth's climate that have to do with, you know, 508 00:21:46,505 --> 00:21:49,941 that the tilt of the Earth, how far it is from the sun. 509 00:21:50,242 --> 00:21:52,911 But those happen on very, very long timescales, 510 00:21:52,911 --> 00:21:54,813 you know, tens of thousands of years. 511 00:21:54,813 --> 00:21:55,847 What we're seeing now 512 00:21:55,847 --> 00:21:59,918 is very rapid changes over the last 150 years. 513 00:22:00,085 --> 00:22:02,421 And it has a different signature on these changes. 514 00:22:02,421 --> 00:22:04,356 So when scientists, we can look at observations, 515 00:22:04,356 --> 00:22:05,924 we can look at what changes. 516 00:22:05,924 --> 00:22:07,659 And the kind of warming we're seeing now 517 00:22:07,659 --> 00:22:08,994 is different than before, 518 00:22:08,994 --> 00:22:10,162 because it's not from a change 519 00:22:10,162 --> 00:22:12,497 in the amount of sunlight coming in. We can measure that. 520 00:22:12,497 --> 00:22:13,665 We can study that. 521 00:22:13,665 --> 00:22:15,934 It's from a change in greenhouse gases. 522 00:22:15,934 --> 00:22:18,270 So there's less there's more heat being trapped 523 00:22:18,270 --> 00:22:20,906 and less heat leaving the Earth's surface 524 00:22:20,906 --> 00:22:22,174 and going back into space. 525 00:22:22,174 --> 00:22:24,876 So we're getting a warming that's due to trapping of heat, 526 00:22:24,876 --> 00:22:26,678 and it's happening very rapidly. 527 00:22:26,678 --> 00:22:30,716 and that rapid makes it means it's harder for, for ecosystems 528 00:22:30,716 --> 00:22:33,418 and people to adjust because it's happening so quickly. 529 00:22:35,087 --> 00:22:37,022 And, you know, talking about adjusting. 530 00:22:37,022 --> 00:22:39,124 Michelle, we have Sandy on Twitch 531 00:22:39,124 --> 00:22:42,728 who asks, what skills should we focus on learning 532 00:22:42,928 --> 00:22:43,929 or solidifying 533 00:22:43,929 --> 00:22:47,165 to help with the issues arising from climate change? 534 00:22:48,433 --> 00:22:50,235 You know, I love this question. 535 00:22:50,235 --> 00:22:54,973 what I I'm really encouraged by how universities 536 00:22:54,973 --> 00:22:58,710 now are really encouraging interdisciplinary studies. 537 00:22:58,944 --> 00:23:01,513 So, you know, we need to learn about 538 00:23:01,513 --> 00:23:03,248 how the climate is changing. 539 00:23:03,248 --> 00:23:04,816 We need to also learn 540 00:23:04,816 --> 00:23:08,286 how people, are responding to those changes. 541 00:23:08,286 --> 00:23:09,521 We need to learn. 542 00:23:09,521 --> 00:23:12,391 You know what new technologies and science 543 00:23:12,391 --> 00:23:16,328 needs to happen for us to, adapt moving forward. 544 00:23:16,561 --> 00:23:18,096 And so I think there are 545 00:23:18,096 --> 00:23:22,100 a number of opportunities to learn more about this topic, 546 00:23:22,501 --> 00:23:25,470 and different types of things that need to be learned. 547 00:23:26,204 --> 00:23:27,239 as we move forward, 548 00:23:29,007 --> 00:23:29,508 that's great. 549 00:23:29,508 --> 00:23:30,675 And that's really hopeful. 550 00:23:30,675 --> 00:23:33,278 So, you know, we have Michael Martin 551 00:23:33,278 --> 00:23:36,782 Dylan on YouTube who says regarding climate change, 552 00:23:37,149 --> 00:23:40,819 isn't it past largely past the point of no return? 553 00:23:41,219 --> 00:23:43,555 Would you say that? You know, 554 00:23:43,555 --> 00:23:45,524 look how much warmer it gets in the future. 555 00:23:45,524 --> 00:23:47,225 Depends on future emissions. 556 00:23:47,225 --> 00:23:49,060 You know, Michelle talked about greenhouse gases 557 00:23:49,060 --> 00:23:50,962 are driving the warming that we see now. 558 00:23:50,962 --> 00:23:52,631 How much warmer it gets depends on 559 00:23:52,631 --> 00:23:54,399 how much more we emit in the future. 560 00:23:54,399 --> 00:23:58,069 So we still we have a, we have a different alternative 561 00:23:58,069 --> 00:24:01,072 futures that we could achieve depending on emissions. 562 00:24:01,139 --> 00:24:04,810 everything from keeping warming at roughly the rates we have 563 00:24:04,910 --> 00:24:06,978 now to much warmer world. 564 00:24:06,978 --> 00:24:09,981 And it all depends on emissions. 565 00:24:10,615 --> 00:24:11,216 Thank you. 566 00:24:11,216 --> 00:24:14,219 And, Michelle, I have an, my next question is for you. 567 00:24:14,386 --> 00:24:17,389 We have Glenda Nelson on YouTube who asks, 568 00:24:17,589 --> 00:24:20,492 can you explain the difference between climate change 569 00:24:20,492 --> 00:24:22,994 and global warming? Is there a difference? 570 00:24:24,563 --> 00:24:24,963 Yeah. 571 00:24:24,963 --> 00:24:28,834 And I might, pop this over to Kate, as well. 572 00:24:29,134 --> 00:24:30,669 But you know, when we talk about 573 00:24:30,669 --> 00:24:33,672 global warming, we're talking about the average, 574 00:24:33,872 --> 00:24:36,875 warming that the Earth is experiencing. 575 00:24:37,209 --> 00:24:40,278 climate change is a bit more specific 576 00:24:40,278 --> 00:24:44,082 in the different changes that we're seeing in our climate. 577 00:24:44,082 --> 00:24:47,652 And so depending on where you live, you may experience, 578 00:24:48,019 --> 00:24:51,022 different changes in your environment. 579 00:24:52,591 --> 00:24:52,824 Yeah. 580 00:24:52,824 --> 00:24:54,392 And just adding on that, I will say in 581 00:24:54,392 --> 00:24:56,394 it's become this terms are often used 582 00:24:56,394 --> 00:24:58,630 interchangeably in, in common language. 583 00:24:58,630 --> 00:25:00,499 So you might hear either of them 584 00:25:00,499 --> 00:25:02,300 and they're both trying to capture this. 585 00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:05,737 You know, last 150 plus years where we are seeing rapid, 586 00:25:05,871 --> 00:25:08,073 you know, warming due to greenhouse gases. 587 00:25:08,073 --> 00:25:09,908 But as Michelle said, you know, 588 00:25:09,908 --> 00:25:12,143 climate change is broader than just temperatures. 589 00:25:12,143 --> 00:25:15,747 It also captures changes in, in, you know, rainfall 590 00:25:15,747 --> 00:25:17,682 and all these other impacts that we think about. 591 00:25:20,852 --> 00:25:24,155 And Kate we have a viewer on Twitch who wonders, you know, 592 00:25:24,155 --> 00:25:27,125 would there be a time where heat waves are so unusual 593 00:25:27,125 --> 00:25:30,128 that they become the new norm of climate. 594 00:25:32,330 --> 00:25:33,999 I mean, that's a really interesting question. 595 00:25:33,999 --> 00:25:35,467 I think what we know is that you'll 596 00:25:35,467 --> 00:25:37,369 you'll see changes in the frequency 597 00:25:37,369 --> 00:25:38,136 and the duration 598 00:25:38,136 --> 00:25:40,839 and the intensity of these heat waves over time. 599 00:25:40,839 --> 00:25:42,073 How much more you'll see 600 00:25:42,073 --> 00:25:45,076 depends on how much warmer the world gets as a whole. 601 00:25:45,176 --> 00:25:47,178 and, you know, as Michelle mentioned earlier, 602 00:25:47,178 --> 00:25:49,814 there are steps we can take, to adapt 603 00:25:49,814 --> 00:25:51,383 to some extent to those heat waves, 604 00:25:51,383 --> 00:25:53,919 but they are incredibly you know, 605 00:25:53,919 --> 00:25:56,354 incredibly impactful to people now, 606 00:25:56,354 --> 00:25:59,357 and could be in the future as well. 607 00:25:59,591 --> 00:26:00,959 And, Michelle, I know you work a lot 608 00:26:00,959 --> 00:26:03,962 with communities and how, you know, they 609 00:26:04,195 --> 00:26:06,998 deal with the climate change and things like that. 610 00:26:06,998 --> 00:26:08,466 We have Ryan on YouTube 611 00:26:08,466 --> 00:26:10,635 who asks, what is the future outlook 612 00:26:10,635 --> 00:26:12,671 if current climate trends continue? 613 00:26:12,671 --> 00:26:14,139 So, you know, we'd love to hear that 614 00:26:14,139 --> 00:26:16,141 not only from a science standpoint, 615 00:26:16,141 --> 00:26:18,777 but, living in this world. 616 00:26:18,777 --> 00:26:19,711 What do you see from that? 617 00:26:20,912 --> 00:26:21,179 Yeah. 618 00:26:21,179 --> 00:26:24,215 So if current climate, continues 619 00:26:24,215 --> 00:26:27,218 the way it is, we'll have to adapt a lot more. 620 00:26:27,619 --> 00:26:30,221 and that means that, 621 00:26:30,221 --> 00:26:33,224 what we're doing now definitely isn't enough. 622 00:26:33,325 --> 00:26:37,395 and, you know, we already know that we could be engaging 623 00:26:37,395 --> 00:26:40,231 communities more and having more community voices 624 00:26:40,231 --> 00:26:44,269 in these, these, discussions so that adaptations that are 625 00:26:44,269 --> 00:26:46,071 being made are appropriate 626 00:26:46,071 --> 00:26:49,541 for the location and the communities, involved. 627 00:26:49,708 --> 00:26:51,343 And that's something that we're doing more 628 00:26:51,343 --> 00:26:55,080 and more and more of, here at NASA, in particular 629 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:59,117 in the climate resilience program that I manage, we, 630 00:26:59,117 --> 00:27:03,254 had a solicitation that we released earlier this year, 631 00:27:03,254 --> 00:27:07,058 looking for research that directly involves communities. 632 00:27:07,058 --> 00:27:08,593 And so I'm really excited about 633 00:27:08,593 --> 00:27:09,861 what we're going to get out of that work. 634 00:27:12,097 --> 00:27:12,597 That's great. 635 00:27:12,597 --> 00:27:13,031 And Kate, 636 00:27:13,031 --> 00:27:16,868 you know, following up on that as well with what, you know, on 637 00:27:16,868 --> 00:27:17,969 what the current models 638 00:27:17,969 --> 00:27:20,171 and the data are showing us, are there 639 00:27:20,171 --> 00:27:24,009 any near-term predictions on what we can expect, 640 00:27:24,009 --> 00:27:26,978 maybe five, ten, 20 years from now? 641 00:27:27,779 --> 00:27:29,814 Yeah, this is an area that a lot of the 642 00:27:29,814 --> 00:27:32,150 the climate science community looks into is, 643 00:27:32,150 --> 00:27:34,719 you know, how much warmer will it get on different scales. 644 00:27:34,719 --> 00:27:35,820 And then, as I mentioned, 645 00:27:35,820 --> 00:27:37,422 how much warmer it gets in the long term 646 00:27:37,422 --> 00:27:40,125 really depends a lot on how much more emissions we have. 647 00:27:40,125 --> 00:27:43,261 So we look at different ranges of what, 648 00:27:43,261 --> 00:27:45,964 greenhouse gas emissions might look like in the future. 649 00:27:45,964 --> 00:27:47,732 But when we bring all of that together, 650 00:27:47,732 --> 00:27:49,401 you know, the studies show that, 651 00:27:49,401 --> 00:27:51,736 you know, we'll see continued warming in the near term 652 00:27:51,736 --> 00:27:56,207 reaching 1.5°C, probably in the early 2030s. 653 00:27:56,207 --> 00:27:58,076 But how much warmer beyond that 654 00:27:58,076 --> 00:28:00,278 depends on us depends on future emissions. 655 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:04,849 And I have a great question for the both of you. 656 00:28:04,849 --> 00:28:06,451 You know, Michelle, we can start with you, 657 00:28:06,451 --> 00:28:09,821 but we have a user on, on ECS who wants to know, 658 00:28:10,055 --> 00:28:11,189 how are you clients, 659 00:28:11,189 --> 00:28:14,426 how are you as climate experts, you know, feeling right now 660 00:28:14,426 --> 00:28:15,560 about the future? 661 00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:18,029 How do you keep up hope? 662 00:28:18,029 --> 00:28:22,400 Yeah, I'm happy to start there and I think I'm feeling hopeful. 663 00:28:22,634 --> 00:28:26,271 you know, as as Kate said, we have options, 664 00:28:26,471 --> 00:28:28,239 and the options are up to us. 665 00:28:28,239 --> 00:28:31,309 we there are decisions that we can make, 666 00:28:31,643 --> 00:28:34,679 that contribute to the future that we want to have. 667 00:28:34,679 --> 00:28:39,250 So, you know, making choices that reduce our greenhouse 668 00:28:39,250 --> 00:28:42,554 gas emissions, is where I'm. 669 00:28:42,554 --> 00:28:45,557 I'm leaning, and so, you know, as an individual, 670 00:28:45,557 --> 00:28:49,661 there are things we can do, like, you know, 671 00:28:49,661 --> 00:28:53,098 there are plenty of options for electric cars. 672 00:28:53,098 --> 00:28:55,900 We can reduce the amount of red meat we eat. 673 00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:59,504 As Kate mentioned, methane is a huge, source of emissions. 674 00:28:59,504 --> 00:29:02,507 And and we know that cows are a big part of that. 675 00:29:03,007 --> 00:29:05,310 so there are things we can do to change our diet. 676 00:29:05,310 --> 00:29:06,945 there are things we can do 677 00:29:06,945 --> 00:29:10,081 at the community level, at state and local government level. 678 00:29:10,081 --> 00:29:11,382 You know, here at NASA, again, 679 00:29:11,382 --> 00:29:15,019 we're doing a lot to understand how the Earth is changing. 680 00:29:15,820 --> 00:29:19,390 and, you know, the adaptations that we need to take. 681 00:29:19,591 --> 00:29:23,194 So I'm just really hopeful for all of the options 682 00:29:23,194 --> 00:29:26,531 before us and just knowing that we have choices, 683 00:29:26,831 --> 00:29:30,335 to create a better future for ourselves makes me hopeful. 684 00:29:33,037 --> 00:29:33,304 Yeah. 685 00:29:33,304 --> 00:29:33,938 I mean, I think, you 686 00:29:33,938 --> 00:29:36,541 know, climate change is clearly presenting challenges 687 00:29:36,541 --> 00:29:38,009 to people all around the world. 688 00:29:38,009 --> 00:29:40,912 And we've all experienced extreme events 689 00:29:40,912 --> 00:29:43,014 and they're no longer, you know, abstract 690 00:29:43,014 --> 00:29:44,649 things that might be coming in the future. 691 00:29:44,649 --> 00:29:46,618 They're things we're experiencing now. 692 00:29:46,618 --> 00:29:48,653 Michelle mentioned wildfire smoke. 693 00:29:48,653 --> 00:29:51,089 You know, I'm I'm from the northeastern part of the US. 694 00:29:51,089 --> 00:29:51,923 This is the first time 695 00:29:51,923 --> 00:29:55,059 I'd ever breathed in wildfire smoke in the northeast. 696 00:29:55,360 --> 00:29:57,295 and we are experiencing those. 697 00:29:57,295 --> 00:29:59,197 And they do present challenges. 698 00:29:59,197 --> 00:30:00,698 But I think for me, you know, 699 00:30:00,698 --> 00:30:03,101 someone told me once that science is hope. 700 00:30:03,101 --> 00:30:05,303 and I think for me, when I think about this, 701 00:30:05,303 --> 00:30:07,105 we understand what's driving climate change, 702 00:30:07,105 --> 00:30:10,375 which means we understand how we can address it in the future. 703 00:30:10,575 --> 00:30:12,177 And there are people all over the world 704 00:30:12,177 --> 00:30:13,244 that are working on it. 705 00:30:13,244 --> 00:30:16,214 And we're continually, you know, learning new things, 706 00:30:16,214 --> 00:30:19,517 and better understanding our planet. 707 00:30:21,820 --> 00:30:25,323 And, you know, we touched on this a little bit earlier 708 00:30:25,323 --> 00:30:26,958 in the show, but, for those 709 00:30:26,958 --> 00:30:29,460 that might just be tuning in, Michelle, 710 00:30:29,460 --> 00:30:31,329 this would actually be great for both of you, 711 00:30:31,329 --> 00:30:32,997 but we can start Michelle with you. 712 00:30:32,997 --> 00:30:36,100 Barbara on YouTube wants to know what is NASA doing to help 713 00:30:36,201 --> 00:30:39,204 humanity prepare for a climate change. 714 00:30:40,271 --> 00:30:40,772 Yeah. 715 00:30:40,772 --> 00:30:45,743 So, the first thing we're doing is, is understanding, 716 00:30:46,110 --> 00:30:48,179 how the Earth is changing. 717 00:30:48,179 --> 00:30:52,617 So, you know, we have right now about 25 missions, satellite 718 00:30:52,617 --> 00:30:55,620 missions, constantly observing the Earth, 719 00:30:55,820 --> 00:30:58,690 helping us understand the Earth as a system 720 00:30:58,690 --> 00:31:02,660 and how that system is changing, and how the systems 721 00:31:02,660 --> 00:31:05,663 within the systems impact each other. 722 00:31:05,730 --> 00:31:06,598 And so, 723 00:31:06,598 --> 00:31:08,633 you know, one of the major things we're doing 724 00:31:08,633 --> 00:31:11,636 is collecting a lot of data and information 725 00:31:11,936 --> 00:31:15,106 to help us understand how the Earth is changing. 726 00:31:15,340 --> 00:31:16,641 And the other thing we're doing, 727 00:31:16,641 --> 00:31:19,811 as I mentioned, is working more closely with, 728 00:31:19,811 --> 00:31:23,081 decision makers who need to use that information 729 00:31:23,381 --> 00:31:26,818 to, make decisions on how to protect people 730 00:31:26,818 --> 00:31:29,387 from the extreme events that we are seeing, 731 00:31:29,387 --> 00:31:32,490 and how to make decisions on adaptation. 732 00:31:32,490 --> 00:31:35,560 So that would be, useful in the future. 733 00:31:35,860 --> 00:31:40,331 So we are, more and more sharing our data and information 734 00:31:40,598 --> 00:31:43,534 with, communities and, and decision 735 00:31:43,534 --> 00:31:46,871 makers, to help us prepare for the future that we're seeing. 736 00:31:49,340 --> 00:31:49,641 Yeah. 737 00:31:49,641 --> 00:31:51,242 And just adding to that, you know, 738 00:31:51,242 --> 00:31:52,176 as Michelle mentioned, 739 00:31:52,176 --> 00:31:54,312 we're helping with understanding so people understand 740 00:31:54,312 --> 00:31:56,347 what's happening in their communities 741 00:31:56,347 --> 00:31:59,017 and can use that information to plan for the future. 742 00:31:59,017 --> 00:32:01,085 We use our models to do projections 743 00:32:01,085 --> 00:32:02,987 into the future, so you can understand 744 00:32:02,987 --> 00:32:04,489 what the different potential futures 745 00:32:04,489 --> 00:32:06,891 might look like and how you can prepare for them. 746 00:32:06,891 --> 00:32:08,927 And we provide that information publicly. 747 00:32:08,927 --> 00:32:10,428 So people have access to it 748 00:32:10,428 --> 00:32:12,397 so they can both understand what's happening 749 00:32:12,397 --> 00:32:14,499 and also take steps to address 750 00:32:14,499 --> 00:32:16,367 the challenges in their communities. 751 00:32:16,367 --> 00:32:17,268 And as part of that, 752 00:32:17,268 --> 00:32:20,271 we opened an Earth Information Center about a year ago. 753 00:32:20,538 --> 00:32:21,739 and there's a couple of parts to it. 754 00:32:21,739 --> 00:32:23,241 One is an in-person space. 755 00:32:23,241 --> 00:32:26,477 If you're ever in Washington, DC, in the NASA headquarters 756 00:32:26,477 --> 00:32:28,446 building, we have a public exhibit 757 00:32:28,446 --> 00:32:31,282 where we show some of the data and information that we have, 758 00:32:31,282 --> 00:32:33,651 as well as from our partner agencies. 759 00:32:33,651 --> 00:32:36,387 A lot of the other US government agencies that we work closely 760 00:32:36,387 --> 00:32:38,923 with to help understand what's happening on Earth. 761 00:32:38,923 --> 00:32:39,791 We've brought some of that 762 00:32:39,791 --> 00:32:40,858 information together 763 00:32:40,858 --> 00:32:43,261 and can show people, what you know, 764 00:32:43,261 --> 00:32:45,530 what we know about Earth and how it's changing. 765 00:32:45,530 --> 00:32:48,433 And then we also have information from that online. 766 00:32:48,433 --> 00:32:49,701 So if you don't come to DC, 767 00:32:49,701 --> 00:32:50,768 you can look, 768 00:32:50,768 --> 00:32:54,672 from wherever you are@earth.gov and see the information we have 769 00:32:54,672 --> 00:32:56,841 and better understand what we know about the planet 770 00:32:56,841 --> 00:32:59,310 and what data we can provide to help you respond 771 00:32:59,310 --> 00:33:00,678 to changes in your community. 772 00:33:02,447 --> 00:33:03,047 That's wonderful. 773 00:33:03,047 --> 00:33:03,848 Thank you both. 774 00:33:03,848 --> 00:33:07,218 our next our next question is from a viewer on Twitch. 775 00:33:07,685 --> 00:33:09,187 Kate, earlier you talked a little bit 776 00:33:09,187 --> 00:33:13,391 about how the, climate change and its relationship to 777 00:33:13,391 --> 00:33:16,361 tornadoes is an active area of research. 778 00:33:16,461 --> 00:33:19,630 this viewer has a question that asks, what effect 779 00:33:20,264 --> 00:33:23,401 is climate change likely going to have on tornado 780 00:33:23,401 --> 00:33:25,436 activity in the central U.S.? 781 00:33:25,436 --> 00:33:28,439 If we had to get a prediction from what we know now? 782 00:33:29,340 --> 00:33:30,641 Yeah, I think, you know, because it's 783 00:33:30,641 --> 00:33:31,743 an active area of research. 784 00:33:31,743 --> 00:33:33,878 You know, there are studies that are looking at, 785 00:33:33,878 --> 00:33:37,749 you know, whether or not, you know, tornado outbreaks 786 00:33:37,749 --> 00:33:38,883 are becoming more frequent. 787 00:33:38,883 --> 00:33:39,550 So there are people 788 00:33:39,550 --> 00:33:41,285 looking into that specific question 789 00:33:41,285 --> 00:33:43,654 and then whether there's a shift in tornado alley. 790 00:33:43,654 --> 00:33:45,156 So there are some emerging, 791 00:33:45,156 --> 00:33:46,624 literature on that, 792 00:33:46,624 --> 00:33:48,993 that the tornado alley has shifted eastward. 793 00:33:48,993 --> 00:33:51,929 but I think it's an area we want to better understand 794 00:33:51,929 --> 00:33:53,965 so that we can make those predictions. 795 00:33:53,965 --> 00:33:57,668 And, you know, we, you know, our partner agency, Noah, has a, 796 00:33:57,702 --> 00:33:59,437 you know, severe storm prediction center. 797 00:33:59,437 --> 00:34:01,172 And they work very actively on this 798 00:34:01,172 --> 00:34:02,540 to try to give the best predictions 799 00:34:02,540 --> 00:34:04,475 they can, about tornadoes. 800 00:34:04,475 --> 00:34:06,778 And so we're trying to, you know, help them understand it. 801 00:34:06,778 --> 00:34:08,046 One of the things we can do. 802 00:34:08,046 --> 00:34:10,381 So I had mentioned before that one of the challenges is around 803 00:34:10,381 --> 00:34:14,152 observation is we can also look at aftermath of tornadoes 804 00:34:14,152 --> 00:34:15,686 and look at things like tornado tracks 805 00:34:15,686 --> 00:34:18,423 and use that kind of information from satellite data 806 00:34:18,423 --> 00:34:20,425 to understand where tornadoes have been. 807 00:34:20,425 --> 00:34:21,492 And that's a way of complement. 808 00:34:21,492 --> 00:34:22,994 Other observations we have. 809 00:34:22,994 --> 00:34:24,996 And adding another tool to the scientists 810 00:34:24,996 --> 00:34:26,097 toolkit as they're 811 00:34:26,097 --> 00:34:28,900 looking into tornadoes, and how they're changing. 812 00:34:31,002 --> 00:34:31,569 Thank you. 813 00:34:31,569 --> 00:34:33,471 And our next question is for Michelle. 814 00:34:33,471 --> 00:34:34,505 Michelle, earlier 815 00:34:34,505 --> 00:34:35,706 you mentioned that NASA 816 00:34:35,706 --> 00:34:38,709 has a fleet of Earth observing satellites. 817 00:34:38,810 --> 00:34:40,044 And so now we have Scarlett 818 00:34:40,044 --> 00:34:41,379 on Twitch, who asks 819 00:34:41,379 --> 00:34:44,148 what is one of the newest weather satellites? 820 00:34:44,148 --> 00:34:46,150 And you know, what new add ons does 821 00:34:46,150 --> 00:34:49,153 it have compared to previous ones? 822 00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:53,691 So, I think I'll talk about my favorite, newest one, 823 00:34:53,858 --> 00:34:54,859 which is pace. 824 00:34:54,859 --> 00:34:57,261 Pace was launched back in February. 825 00:34:57,261 --> 00:35:01,199 and what pace is giving us is really unprecedented 826 00:35:01,199 --> 00:35:02,867 in terms of ocean color. 827 00:35:02,867 --> 00:35:06,737 We can see from space different types of phytoplankton. 828 00:35:07,071 --> 00:35:11,309 we can also we also have better characterize characterization 829 00:35:11,309 --> 00:35:14,378 of aerosols and says you, as I mentioned earlier, 830 00:35:14,378 --> 00:35:18,149 talking about wildfires and smoke, you know, we can see, 831 00:35:18,516 --> 00:35:23,020 the different types of aerosol within the smoke plumes. 832 00:35:24,222 --> 00:35:25,123 and we can see 833 00:35:25,123 --> 00:35:29,160 how there are connections, that perhaps we didn't see before. 834 00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:33,231 So how, wildfire smoke from one area, 835 00:35:33,598 --> 00:35:37,535 is transported again, really, really far away from that fire, 836 00:35:37,535 --> 00:35:41,772 but could become nutrients for different phytoplankton, 837 00:35:42,039 --> 00:35:45,042 leading to, harmful algal blooms. 838 00:35:45,042 --> 00:35:47,245 And so we really have an opportunity 839 00:35:47,245 --> 00:35:50,248 to see the Earth in a way, in a way that we haven't before. 840 00:35:50,481 --> 00:35:53,317 And so I'm really excited for for the pace mission. 841 00:35:53,317 --> 00:35:56,320 Pace stands for plankton, aerosols, clouds, 842 00:35:58,189 --> 00:36:01,192 and ocean ecosystems. 843 00:36:01,993 --> 00:36:02,593 Thank you. 844 00:36:02,593 --> 00:36:03,494 I have a great 845 00:36:03,494 --> 00:36:07,031 follow up from Mia on YouTube who asked about phytoplankton 846 00:36:07,031 --> 00:36:08,733 and wants to know your thoughts 847 00:36:08,733 --> 00:36:11,736 on their importance in climate change. 848 00:36:12,236 --> 00:36:12,637 Yeah. 849 00:36:12,637 --> 00:36:16,841 So, again, with with pace, we can understand phytoplankton 850 00:36:16,841 --> 00:36:18,009 and their environment. 851 00:36:19,043 --> 00:36:22,046 and different types of phytoplankton 852 00:36:22,246 --> 00:36:25,249 can lead to what's called harmful algal blooms. 853 00:36:25,449 --> 00:36:27,585 And these are really dangerous, 854 00:36:27,585 --> 00:36:31,389 areas that can, impact fisheries. 855 00:36:31,389 --> 00:36:34,625 They impact beaches sometimes they're beach closed closures 856 00:36:34,625 --> 00:36:37,628 due to, harmful algal blooms. 857 00:36:37,895 --> 00:36:41,299 And so, you know, again, piece is giving 858 00:36:41,299 --> 00:36:44,335 us an opportunity to really study phytoplankton 859 00:36:44,335 --> 00:36:47,338 in a way that we haven't been able to before. 860 00:36:48,940 --> 00:36:49,340 And, Kate, 861 00:36:49,340 --> 00:36:50,841 I know this might be a loaded question, 862 00:36:50,841 --> 00:36:54,845 but do you have a favorite Earth mission Earth observing 863 00:36:54,845 --> 00:36:56,981 satellite, or maybe one you'd just like to highlight? 864 00:36:56,981 --> 00:36:57,415 Right now? 865 00:36:57,415 --> 00:37:00,184 You don't have to call it a favorite. 866 00:37:00,184 --> 00:37:02,320 Yeah, I was thinking about that as Michelle was answering. 867 00:37:02,320 --> 00:37:03,588 I have lots of favorites. 868 00:37:03,588 --> 00:37:05,756 and I would say I will highlight 869 00:37:05,756 --> 00:37:07,692 two more in addition to what Michelle just mentioned. 870 00:37:07,692 --> 00:37:10,661 First of all, peace is great and really excited about its data. 871 00:37:10,661 --> 00:37:13,497 the other two I'll mention one is called Swat. 872 00:37:13,497 --> 00:37:15,833 the surface water and ocean topography, 873 00:37:15,833 --> 00:37:17,635 which is also studying the ocean. 874 00:37:17,635 --> 00:37:19,570 So it's looking at how oceans mix, 875 00:37:19,570 --> 00:37:22,740 and so or how the water moves on the surface of the ocean. 876 00:37:22,740 --> 00:37:24,342 And that's really important because oceans 877 00:37:24,342 --> 00:37:26,110 absorb a lot of heat and carbon. 878 00:37:26,110 --> 00:37:27,745 But one of the other interesting things 879 00:37:27,745 --> 00:37:30,748 that Swat is doing is it's gonna look at inland water. 880 00:37:30,915 --> 00:37:33,851 and so it's going to give us the first global survey of water 881 00:37:33,851 --> 00:37:35,353 running through rivers and lakes. 882 00:37:35,353 --> 00:37:38,122 We use a lot of water to water our crops 883 00:37:38,122 --> 00:37:39,890 or for energy production. 884 00:37:39,890 --> 00:37:43,594 and until Swat, we would rely on things like stream gauges. 885 00:37:43,594 --> 00:37:46,264 And so we can measure water in an individual river 886 00:37:46,264 --> 00:37:47,198 where we had a gauge, 887 00:37:47,198 --> 00:37:49,300 but we didn't have a comprehensive view 888 00:37:49,300 --> 00:37:50,201 of how much water 889 00:37:50,201 --> 00:37:52,069 we had available or how that was changing. 890 00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:54,038 And so that's what's really going to change that. 891 00:37:54,038 --> 00:37:55,006 and then my second one, 892 00:37:55,006 --> 00:37:56,574 just because I don't want to just pick one, 893 00:37:56,574 --> 00:38:00,411 would be tempo, which we launched a year ago. 894 00:38:00,878 --> 00:38:01,612 it's looking at air 895 00:38:01,612 --> 00:38:03,681 pollution over North America, and it's doing it 896 00:38:03,681 --> 00:38:05,583 at a neighborhood scale, at an hourly rate, 897 00:38:05,583 --> 00:38:07,618 so we can actually understand what's driving 898 00:38:07,618 --> 00:38:08,819 changes in air pollution 899 00:38:08,819 --> 00:38:10,154 and then provide that information 900 00:38:10,154 --> 00:38:13,357 to local decision makers so they can take steps, to, to, 901 00:38:13,424 --> 00:38:16,694 to change, and improve air quality where they are. 902 00:38:18,429 --> 00:38:19,063 That's wonderful. 903 00:38:19,063 --> 00:38:19,430 So, I mean, 904 00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:22,033 we've got such a fleet of satellites 905 00:38:22,033 --> 00:38:25,036 looking from so many different angles, you know, at this Earth. 906 00:38:25,369 --> 00:38:30,041 And one thing that I think we might have seen, in the news, 907 00:38:30,041 --> 00:38:33,177 but we have then on Twitch, who's asking about it? 908 00:38:33,611 --> 00:38:35,579 He says, we've heard that we've heard about the Gulf 909 00:38:35,579 --> 00:38:38,849 Stream stopping or reversing or changing directions, 910 00:38:38,883 --> 00:38:41,319 you know, is that really a possibility 911 00:38:41,319 --> 00:38:44,422 or have other theories disproven that idea? 912 00:38:44,689 --> 00:38:46,891 Okay. 913 00:38:46,891 --> 00:38:48,626 So this is also an active area. 914 00:38:48,626 --> 00:38:48,959 I mean, 915 00:38:48,959 --> 00:38:50,695 I think what I'll talk about usually 916 00:38:50,695 --> 00:38:52,830 when I hear about this, people are talking about the, 917 00:38:52,830 --> 00:38:56,500 a marker Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. 918 00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:58,569 So our oceans circulation that moves 919 00:38:58,569 --> 00:39:00,438 air around on the Atlantic. 920 00:39:00,438 --> 00:39:01,305 and, you know, 921 00:39:01,305 --> 00:39:03,174 if there was a big change in that, 922 00:39:03,174 --> 00:39:05,176 it would have pretty severe impacts on weather 923 00:39:05,176 --> 00:39:09,280 because it is carrying, warm air and moving air around. 924 00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:11,215 So scientists are looking into this, 925 00:39:11,215 --> 00:39:14,485 you know, I think it's an active area of research. 926 00:39:14,485 --> 00:39:18,389 I don't, you know, I think it's something that, 927 00:39:20,424 --> 00:39:21,959 That would have impacts if it happened. 928 00:39:21,959 --> 00:39:23,194 But I think the likelihood of it 929 00:39:23,194 --> 00:39:26,197 happening is perhaps different. 930 00:39:27,198 --> 00:39:28,099 Thank you. Kate. 931 00:39:28,099 --> 00:39:29,500 And, Michelle, 932 00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:31,202 our next question, I think would be great for you. 933 00:39:31,202 --> 00:39:35,306 It is Deon Emanuel on YouTube who asks, 934 00:39:35,473 --> 00:39:38,642 how is NASA helping to develop more sustainable practices 935 00:39:38,642 --> 00:39:40,478 and industries, you know, heavily 936 00:39:40,478 --> 00:39:43,781 impacted by climate change, like agriculture or energy? 937 00:39:44,482 --> 00:39:46,751 things like that. 938 00:39:46,751 --> 00:39:49,086 Yeah. So, 939 00:39:49,086 --> 00:39:52,089 again, by sharing our, our data and information. 940 00:39:52,089 --> 00:39:57,862 so one thing that comes to mind about, building 941 00:39:57,862 --> 00:40:00,464 sustainable and particular sustainable buildings is 942 00:40:00,464 --> 00:40:00,765 we have 943 00:40:00,765 --> 00:40:02,366 to think about our own buildings, 944 00:40:02,366 --> 00:40:04,568 when thinking about climate change. 945 00:40:04,568 --> 00:40:08,739 And so we have projects that, help us understand 946 00:40:08,739 --> 00:40:14,979 how climate change is impacting, the, towns in and around, 947 00:40:15,246 --> 00:40:17,448 the locations of our buildings 948 00:40:17,448 --> 00:40:18,382 and then sharing 949 00:40:18,382 --> 00:40:20,785 that information with nearby communities, 950 00:40:20,785 --> 00:40:22,219 because we know that climate change 951 00:40:22,219 --> 00:40:24,488 doesn't care about our gates. 952 00:40:24,488 --> 00:40:27,458 and so the more that we can do to build resilience, 953 00:40:27,691 --> 00:40:29,727 for NASA centers 954 00:40:29,727 --> 00:40:32,163 and share that information with communities, 955 00:40:32,163 --> 00:40:35,099 the more we're all we're all building resilience together. 956 00:40:36,867 --> 00:40:38,903 And maybe I could just add to that. 957 00:40:38,903 --> 00:40:39,303 Yeah. 958 00:40:39,303 --> 00:40:41,138 one of the other things, 959 00:40:41,138 --> 00:40:43,040 you know, a lot of people probably think of NASA 960 00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:43,774 when you think of NASA, 961 00:40:43,774 --> 00:40:46,777 you think of astronauts and exploring space. 962 00:40:46,777 --> 00:40:47,745 and one of the things we do, 963 00:40:47,745 --> 00:40:49,480 we have to think about how we can make sure 964 00:40:49,480 --> 00:40:52,716 that astronauts have clean air, clean water and food and space. 965 00:40:53,050 --> 00:40:55,419 And a lot of the research we've done into that 966 00:40:55,419 --> 00:40:56,954 also has benefits on Earth. 967 00:40:56,954 --> 00:41:00,491 So we're able to produce food and more sustainably or water 968 00:41:00,491 --> 00:41:01,459 filtration system. 969 00:41:01,459 --> 00:41:01,959 Some of the 970 00:41:01,959 --> 00:41:04,094 the technology we've used on the International Space 971 00:41:04,094 --> 00:41:05,896 Station is now used on Earth 972 00:41:05,896 --> 00:41:08,799 to provide clean water to places where they didn't have it, 973 00:41:08,799 --> 00:41:10,901 with, with crops, we actually grow 974 00:41:10,901 --> 00:41:12,670 crops on the International Space Station, 975 00:41:12,670 --> 00:41:15,706 and we've done a lot of work into LED lighting and fertilizer 976 00:41:15,906 --> 00:41:17,641 that can also be used here on Earth. 977 00:41:17,641 --> 00:41:19,043 So that's one of the other things we do. 978 00:41:19,043 --> 00:41:19,944 And we think about 979 00:41:19,944 --> 00:41:21,979 how do we send astronauts into space 980 00:41:21,979 --> 00:41:24,648 and make sure that they have air, water and food? 981 00:41:24,648 --> 00:41:27,251 We also think, can we use those technologies, 982 00:41:27,251 --> 00:41:28,652 people that are living here on earth 983 00:41:30,354 --> 00:41:31,388 is very cool. 984 00:41:31,388 --> 00:41:32,289 Thank you for adding that. 985 00:41:32,289 --> 00:41:35,226 Kate and I have a good question. 986 00:41:35,226 --> 00:41:37,194 A follow up question for you. 987 00:41:37,194 --> 00:41:40,164 The VR on YouTube asks, 988 00:41:40,164 --> 00:41:43,834 how do we know what the weather was like hundreds of years ago? 989 00:41:43,834 --> 00:41:45,135 You know, you talk about 990 00:41:45,135 --> 00:41:46,871 you've talked about the models and the data 991 00:41:46,871 --> 00:41:49,006 that we have that we that we built from it. 992 00:41:49,006 --> 00:41:50,441 But, with regards 993 00:41:50,441 --> 00:41:52,243 to extreme weather events, when we maybe 994 00:41:52,243 --> 00:41:53,077 didn't have all these 995 00:41:53,077 --> 00:41:56,080 satellites in place, how are we measuring that? 996 00:41:57,214 --> 00:41:58,983 So we have different ways of doing that. 997 00:41:58,983 --> 00:42:00,417 So first of all, from observation, 998 00:42:00,417 --> 00:42:02,653 direct observations of things like temperature 999 00:42:02,653 --> 00:42:04,788 and precipitation and other events, we have, 1000 00:42:04,788 --> 00:42:07,458 you know, several decades worth of satellite information. 1001 00:42:07,458 --> 00:42:09,426 And NASA's got more than 50 years 1002 00:42:09,426 --> 00:42:12,630 of satellite information from surface weather stations. 1003 00:42:12,630 --> 00:42:16,834 We have information back to like mid 1800s, 1850 to 18 80s 1004 00:42:16,834 --> 00:42:18,969 about when you start to get enough data 1005 00:42:18,969 --> 00:42:19,870 that you can actually look 1006 00:42:19,870 --> 00:42:22,506 at global temperatures from surface data. 1007 00:42:22,506 --> 00:42:23,140 and so we can look 1008 00:42:23,140 --> 00:42:25,576 at those direct observations from surface 1009 00:42:25,576 --> 00:42:28,012 measurements, starting back then 1010 00:42:28,012 --> 00:42:30,047 and then if you want to look further back in time, 1011 00:42:30,047 --> 00:42:31,482 we have two different ways of doing that. 1012 00:42:31,482 --> 00:42:35,419 One is we can use proxy records, so we can look at ice 1013 00:42:35,419 --> 00:42:36,520 cores and tree rings 1014 00:42:36,520 --> 00:42:39,490 and they'll tell us about the climate of the 1015 00:42:39,690 --> 00:42:42,860 in when the ice was formed or the tree was growing. 1016 00:42:43,060 --> 00:42:46,030 And so we can use that to extend our records even further back. 1017 00:42:46,163 --> 00:42:50,367 And then we can use models to, to fill in the, 1018 00:42:50,367 --> 00:42:53,437 the rest of the information using the observations we have, 1019 00:42:53,437 --> 00:42:56,440 as long as well as our physical understanding of processes, 1020 00:42:56,607 --> 00:42:58,342 we can get a more complete picture 1021 00:42:58,342 --> 00:43:01,211 by looking at, the modeling information. 1022 00:43:03,247 --> 00:43:03,914 Thank you Kate. 1023 00:43:03,914 --> 00:43:05,950 And so I have I have a follow up. 1024 00:43:05,950 --> 00:43:08,452 We were just talking about satellites. 1025 00:43:08,452 --> 00:43:10,521 we have a viewer on Twitch who wants to know 1026 00:43:10,521 --> 00:43:13,090 what are some of the most promising advancements 1027 00:43:13,090 --> 00:43:16,360 in satellite technology that NASA uses to monitor, 1028 00:43:16,360 --> 00:43:19,863 to monitor and mitigate the impacts of climate change? 1029 00:43:20,297 --> 00:43:21,899 this is one that, you know, 1030 00:43:21,899 --> 00:43:23,100 I'd love to hear from both of you on. 1031 00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:25,703 I know you both have favorite Earth satellites. 1032 00:43:25,703 --> 00:43:27,237 And so we can start 1033 00:43:27,237 --> 00:43:30,007 with Michelle and then hear from Kate. 1034 00:43:30,007 --> 00:43:30,975 Sure. 1035 00:43:30,975 --> 00:43:33,611 so one thing that comes to mind 1036 00:43:33,611 --> 00:43:36,447 is a mission that we're flying right now called eco stress. 1037 00:43:36,447 --> 00:43:39,350 And eco stress is on the International Space Station. 1038 00:43:39,350 --> 00:43:43,954 and a really unique project that's happening right now 1039 00:43:43,954 --> 00:43:49,159 is, by using data from Eco Stress, we're able to see where 1040 00:43:49,159 --> 00:43:52,496 there are hotspots within cities. 1041 00:43:52,496 --> 00:43:56,100 So we talked about extreme heat and how dangerous heat can be. 1042 00:43:56,367 --> 00:43:59,903 Well, from space, I'm always amazed at the things 1043 00:43:59,903 --> 00:44:01,472 that we can see from space. 1044 00:44:01,472 --> 00:44:05,075 We can see within cities where there may be hotspots. 1045 00:44:05,342 --> 00:44:08,312 And so, some cities are using 1046 00:44:08,312 --> 00:44:11,715 this information to paint reflective, 1047 00:44:11,715 --> 00:44:15,386 paint on different streets and in certain hotspot areas. 1048 00:44:15,519 --> 00:44:16,487 And they're seeing that 1049 00:44:16,487 --> 00:44:20,591 they're able to, reduce the heat in those areas. 1050 00:44:20,824 --> 00:44:24,962 And so I think that's just one really promising, example of, 1051 00:44:25,396 --> 00:44:28,699 how we are helping to, again, 1052 00:44:28,699 --> 00:44:31,568 share information and help build climate resilience. 1053 00:44:34,038 --> 00:44:34,238 Yeah. 1054 00:44:34,238 --> 00:44:35,072 And I'll just add to 1055 00:44:35,072 --> 00:44:36,640 that was another instrument that's on 1056 00:44:36,640 --> 00:44:39,043 the International Space Station called emit. 1057 00:44:39,043 --> 00:44:42,513 emit was actually designed to measure mineral trust, a mineral 1058 00:44:42,513 --> 00:44:45,482 just these fine particles, depending on the color 1059 00:44:45,482 --> 00:44:47,184 that either reflector absorbs sunlight. 1060 00:44:47,184 --> 00:44:47,818 And so we, 1061 00:44:47,818 --> 00:44:48,886 you know, climate scientists 1062 00:44:48,886 --> 00:44:51,889 wanted to better understand the distribution of mineral dust 1063 00:44:51,922 --> 00:44:54,058 to better understand what it's contributions 1064 00:44:54,058 --> 00:44:55,693 were to a warming or cooling. 1065 00:44:55,693 --> 00:44:56,927 But the science team, 1066 00:44:56,927 --> 00:45:00,030 just realized that they could also measure and observe, 1067 00:45:00,230 --> 00:45:03,233 methane from space using the same instrument. 1068 00:45:03,233 --> 00:45:04,802 So they're now been using emit 1069 00:45:04,802 --> 00:45:06,704 to identify methane super emitters. 1070 00:45:06,704 --> 00:45:09,106 And methane is a very potent greenhouse gas. 1071 00:45:09,106 --> 00:45:10,974 So knowing where those emissions are coming 1072 00:45:10,974 --> 00:45:13,010 from is really important in understanding 1073 00:45:13,010 --> 00:45:14,445 how to address and respond to them. 1074 00:45:16,513 --> 00:45:17,247 Thank you both. 1075 00:45:17,247 --> 00:45:18,949 And so earlier on in the show, 1076 00:45:18,949 --> 00:45:22,186 we talked a little bit about what climate change means. 1077 00:45:22,186 --> 00:45:24,054 You know, the difference between that. 1078 00:45:24,054 --> 00:45:27,357 Or if we say global warming, we have Richard on Twitch 1079 00:45:27,357 --> 00:45:31,228 who asks, does climate change also mean extreme cold? 1080 00:45:31,628 --> 00:45:33,731 Michelle. 1081 00:45:33,731 --> 00:45:35,466 So as I mentioned earlier, 1082 00:45:35,466 --> 00:45:38,769 scientists are still working to understand the connection 1083 00:45:38,769 --> 00:45:42,706 between, extreme winter, 1084 00:45:42,706 --> 00:45:45,709 events, and climate change. 1085 00:45:45,809 --> 00:45:53,050 So, but we do know that we are experiencing less cold days 1086 00:45:53,050 --> 00:45:56,887 and that on those cold days the temperatures are milder. 1087 00:45:57,287 --> 00:46:00,891 so we are we do see that connection with climate change. 1088 00:46:01,125 --> 00:46:02,659 But I'll reiterate, 1089 00:46:02,659 --> 00:46:04,795 as I said earlier, we shouldn't get complacent 1090 00:46:04,795 --> 00:46:08,365 because we are still going to see really impactful snow events 1091 00:46:08,665 --> 00:46:09,867 even in a warmer climate. 1092 00:46:12,269 --> 00:46:14,972 And our next question is from Hozier, 48, on Twitch, 1093 00:46:14,972 --> 00:46:18,242 who asks, do you see climate change on other planets? 1094 00:46:18,675 --> 00:46:20,844 Kate. 1095 00:46:20,844 --> 00:46:22,846 Yes. So we do study the changes 1096 00:46:22,846 --> 00:46:24,581 and climates of other planets, 1097 00:46:24,581 --> 00:46:27,484 and we can learn something from those planets about Earth. 1098 00:46:27,484 --> 00:46:29,153 The drivers are very different. 1099 00:46:29,153 --> 00:46:31,388 So I'll just give an example of Venus. 1100 00:46:31,388 --> 00:46:34,758 Venus has a very high concentration of carbon dioxide. 1101 00:46:35,259 --> 00:46:38,228 and so it's much, much warmer than it would be without that. 1102 00:46:38,228 --> 00:46:40,297 And so we see the greenhouse effect on Venus. 1103 00:46:40,297 --> 00:46:40,831 And we've 1104 00:46:40,831 --> 00:46:44,034 learned, we've learned from Venus about things about Earth. 1105 00:46:44,334 --> 00:46:45,736 The drivers are very different. 1106 00:46:45,736 --> 00:46:48,038 So on Earth, the increasing greenhouse 1107 00:46:48,038 --> 00:46:50,207 gases are coming from human activities. 1108 00:46:50,207 --> 00:46:51,975 On Venus, it's natural processes. 1109 00:46:51,975 --> 00:46:54,244 But they both have the same effect on temperature 1110 00:46:54,244 --> 00:46:55,345 in that they're increasing 1111 00:46:55,345 --> 00:46:56,914 the temperature of the planet itself. 1112 00:46:58,482 --> 00:47:01,051 And I have a I have a fun follow up for you. 1113 00:47:01,051 --> 00:47:04,488 a viewer on Twitch asks, who has the wackiest weather 1114 00:47:04,488 --> 00:47:07,491 then, Earth or Mars? 1115 00:47:08,926 --> 00:47:10,027 Oh, I don't know. 1116 00:47:10,027 --> 00:47:11,795 I mean, I think 1117 00:47:11,795 --> 00:47:14,364 we might need an answer. 1118 00:47:14,364 --> 00:47:16,700 No, not my area of expertise either. 1119 00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:19,469 I don't know. 1120 00:47:19,469 --> 00:47:19,870 That's funny. 1121 00:47:19,870 --> 00:47:21,572 Well, maybe one of our experts in the comments 1122 00:47:21,572 --> 00:47:25,209 can, can throw some, some comparisons down in there. 1123 00:47:27,244 --> 00:47:27,778 Thank you. 1124 00:47:27,778 --> 00:47:32,049 So, our next question is going to be from, 1125 00:47:32,850 --> 00:47:38,789 Jim Bode on Twitch, who asks, how does she see ice melting? 1126 00:47:38,789 --> 00:47:40,557 Raise the sea level? 1127 00:47:40,557 --> 00:47:41,725 So, you know, doesn't 1128 00:47:41,725 --> 00:47:45,095 the ice displace the amount of water it contains? 1129 00:47:45,562 --> 00:47:48,432 Kate. 1130 00:47:48,432 --> 00:47:48,799 Yeah. 1131 00:47:48,799 --> 00:47:51,201 So when we talk about sea level rise and ice melt, 1132 00:47:51,201 --> 00:47:53,003 we're talking about ice sheet melt. 1133 00:47:53,003 --> 00:47:56,139 So I spit over land, when it melts. 1134 00:47:56,139 --> 00:47:58,775 Greenland. Antarctica, glaciers. 1135 00:47:58,775 --> 00:48:01,678 When those melt, they add more water to the ocean. 1136 00:48:01,678 --> 00:48:02,512 So when we're talking 1137 00:48:02,512 --> 00:48:05,983 about the contribution of ice to sea level rise, 1138 00:48:05,983 --> 00:48:08,385 we are talking about ice over land. 1139 00:48:08,385 --> 00:48:10,687 and that is one major component of sea 1140 00:48:10,687 --> 00:48:13,023 level rise we're seeing is that as you melt 1141 00:48:13,023 --> 00:48:15,592 ice on Greenland and Antarctica and you're seeing, 1142 00:48:15,592 --> 00:48:19,196 some observations of, Antarctica right now 1143 00:48:19,196 --> 00:48:22,132 on the screen from one of our satellites called Grace. 1144 00:48:22,132 --> 00:48:24,668 And then it's follow UN mission. Great. Follow on. 1145 00:48:24,668 --> 00:48:27,671 so that's contributing more water to the ocean. 1146 00:48:27,704 --> 00:48:29,606 The other component of sea level rise 1147 00:48:29,606 --> 00:48:31,842 that you'll hear people talk about quite a bit 1148 00:48:31,842 --> 00:48:34,211 is what scientists would call thermal expansion. 1149 00:48:34,211 --> 00:48:37,147 So as water gets warmer, it takes up more space. 1150 00:48:37,147 --> 00:48:38,482 And that contributes. 1151 00:48:38,482 --> 00:48:41,418 but when we think about sea ice melting, it's not adding 1152 00:48:41,418 --> 00:48:44,354 volume to the ocean. It does change the salinity. 1153 00:48:44,354 --> 00:48:47,057 It changes the reflectiveness of the Earth's surface. 1154 00:48:47,057 --> 00:48:51,461 If you ice is, brighter than, then, then water might be, 1155 00:48:51,595 --> 00:48:53,931 but when we talk about ice melt and sea level rise, 1156 00:48:53,931 --> 00:48:56,500 we're talking about ice and over land melting into the ocean. 1157 00:48:57,834 --> 00:48:58,068 And, you 1158 00:48:58,068 --> 00:49:01,171 know, we just saw those great observations of Greenland. 1159 00:49:01,171 --> 00:49:04,174 We have a follow up question from one fun panel on Twitch, 1160 00:49:04,508 --> 00:49:07,544 who asks, Will Greenland melt in our lifetime? 1161 00:49:11,348 --> 00:49:13,517 It's a tough one. 1162 00:49:13,517 --> 00:49:15,686 I mean, there's parts in the edges of Greenland 1163 00:49:15,686 --> 00:49:17,554 you saw in that animation are melting now, 1164 00:49:17,554 --> 00:49:19,256 and I think with further warming we'll see. 1165 00:49:19,256 --> 00:49:20,557 Increased melting. 1166 00:49:20,557 --> 00:49:24,628 there, I have not looked at specific projections. 1167 00:49:24,661 --> 00:49:26,496 How much more melting you would experience 1168 00:49:26,496 --> 00:49:28,799 would depend on how much warmer it gets. 1169 00:49:28,799 --> 00:49:32,469 and so that there are people that have studied 1170 00:49:32,469 --> 00:49:34,404 that and have estimates of it. 1171 00:49:34,404 --> 00:49:37,407 so we can look at projections of future Greenland melting, 1172 00:49:37,474 --> 00:49:40,477 and look at that. 1173 00:49:42,045 --> 00:49:42,713 Thank you Kate. 1174 00:49:42,713 --> 00:49:44,715 And so my next question is for you, 1175 00:49:44,715 --> 00:49:47,551 Michelle, it's Jared on Twitch who asks, 1176 00:49:47,551 --> 00:49:50,487 how close is your day to day working relationship with Noah 1177 00:49:50,487 --> 00:49:51,555 or USGS? 1178 00:49:53,557 --> 00:49:54,791 that's a great question. 1179 00:49:54,791 --> 00:49:56,093 Very close. 1180 00:49:56,093 --> 00:50:00,097 you know, in the and I would say in the federal space, 1181 00:50:00,097 --> 00:50:03,100 we work closely with many agencies. 1182 00:50:03,166 --> 00:50:07,237 because we all bring different solutions to the table. 1183 00:50:07,404 --> 00:50:11,408 So, you know, NOAA has, an active, 1184 00:50:11,408 --> 00:50:14,444 responsibility for providing forecast. 1185 00:50:14,711 --> 00:50:18,548 and we have active responsibility 1186 00:50:18,548 --> 00:50:21,818 for providing research and data and information. 1187 00:50:22,119 --> 00:50:25,722 USGS has a different FEMA has a responsibility 1188 00:50:25,722 --> 00:50:28,792 for, responding to disasters. 1189 00:50:28,992 --> 00:50:32,062 so there are a number of federal agencies 1190 00:50:32,062 --> 00:50:36,566 that we work very closely with to bring all of our data 1191 00:50:36,566 --> 00:50:40,871 and information together, to, protect the public, 1192 00:50:41,138 --> 00:50:44,141 to protect our lives and livelihoods. 1193 00:50:44,541 --> 00:50:47,544 here on, on Earth. 1194 00:50:48,578 --> 00:50:48,945 Thank you. 1195 00:50:48,945 --> 00:50:49,946 Michelle. 1196 00:50:49,946 --> 00:50:52,115 And so I have another my next question. 1197 00:50:52,115 --> 00:50:54,451 Kate, we'll give this one to you. 1198 00:50:54,451 --> 00:50:55,285 You know, throughout the show, 1199 00:50:55,285 --> 00:50:58,288 we've talked about how climate change impacts 1200 00:50:58,555 --> 00:51:01,758 hurricanes, tornadoes, wildfires. 1201 00:51:02,159 --> 00:51:03,794 But we have another viewer on Twitter 1202 00:51:03,794 --> 00:51:07,164 who wants to know, does climate change impact cloud types? 1203 00:51:08,865 --> 00:51:09,666 Did you see that again? 1204 00:51:09,666 --> 00:51:10,734 Sorry. 1205 00:51:10,734 --> 00:51:13,703 Does climate change impact cloud types. 1206 00:51:13,703 --> 00:51:16,740 And you know, clouds, cloud cover and things like that. 1207 00:51:17,808 --> 00:51:18,208 Yeah. 1208 00:51:18,208 --> 00:51:19,209 So you know 1209 00:51:19,209 --> 00:51:22,679 changes in temperature and can impact cloud formation. 1210 00:51:22,679 --> 00:51:23,613 It's actually an area 1211 00:51:23,613 --> 00:51:24,147 that scientists 1212 00:51:24,147 --> 00:51:25,949 are really interested in better understanding, 1213 00:51:25,949 --> 00:51:28,118 because clouds are one of the things that, 1214 00:51:28,118 --> 00:51:29,719 you know, they have a big role in weather. 1215 00:51:29,719 --> 00:51:31,288 They also have a role in climate. 1216 00:51:31,288 --> 00:51:33,590 So the mission that Michelle mentioned, piece, 1217 00:51:33,590 --> 00:51:35,559 one of its components, is looking at clouds 1218 00:51:35,559 --> 00:51:37,260 and helping us better understand 1219 00:51:37,260 --> 00:51:40,263 cloud formation and how they change. 1220 00:51:41,565 --> 00:51:42,232 That's great. 1221 00:51:42,232 --> 00:51:44,568 And, you know, we also have the Globe program 1222 00:51:44,568 --> 00:51:45,235 where you can 1223 00:51:45,235 --> 00:51:47,204 make your own cloud observations 1224 00:51:47,204 --> 00:51:49,206 that's open to anyone in the public 1225 00:51:49,206 --> 00:51:52,209 to volunteer and input your, cloud observations. 1226 00:51:52,209 --> 00:51:52,909 So that is a NASA 1227 00:51:52,909 --> 00:51:55,045 citizen science project that folks are able to join. 1228 00:51:56,379 --> 00:51:56,680 All right. 1229 00:51:56,680 --> 00:51:59,683 Our next question is from 1230 00:51:59,683 --> 00:52:01,918 a viewer on YouTube who asks, roughly, 1231 00:52:01,918 --> 00:52:04,421 how many years does it take for a satellite 1232 00:52:04,421 --> 00:52:07,991 to positively identify a change in the climate? 1233 00:52:08,925 --> 00:52:12,028 and so, yes, trying to understand the process 1234 00:52:12,028 --> 00:52:15,031 that leads to the conclusion, 1235 00:52:15,065 --> 00:52:17,868 Kate, why don't you take that one? 1236 00:52:17,868 --> 00:52:18,902 Yeah, that's a good question. 1237 00:52:18,902 --> 00:52:20,637 So I think, you know, you learn different things 1238 00:52:20,637 --> 00:52:22,072 over different time periods. 1239 00:52:22,072 --> 00:52:23,840 And so with satellites, you know, the nice thing 1240 00:52:23,840 --> 00:52:26,443 about a satellite is that we see for most of our satellite 1241 00:52:26,443 --> 00:52:27,777 today orbit the Earth's, 1242 00:52:27,777 --> 00:52:30,447 we can get a complete picture of, Earth, 1243 00:52:30,447 --> 00:52:32,449 and we get near real time information 1244 00:52:32,449 --> 00:52:35,418 so we can get, you know, as soon as the satellite is launched. 1245 00:52:35,418 --> 00:52:38,488 You know, pretty quickly after that, we start to get data down. 1246 00:52:38,488 --> 00:52:41,291 From that, we can see things like, extreme events. 1247 00:52:41,291 --> 00:52:44,494 So we have, you know, satellites that look at precipitation, 1248 00:52:44,661 --> 00:52:46,763 you'll see on the screen now, GPM, 1249 00:52:46,763 --> 00:52:49,733 when you see that acronym that's looking at precipitation. 1250 00:52:49,733 --> 00:52:51,668 And so once we start getting data from that, 1251 00:52:51,668 --> 00:52:54,337 we can see things like heavy precipitation events. 1252 00:52:54,337 --> 00:52:57,073 If you want to see how climate is impacting things, you 1253 00:52:57,073 --> 00:52:59,609 then you want to look at a longer term record. 1254 00:52:59,609 --> 00:53:02,412 so looking at how things change over time. 1255 00:53:02,412 --> 00:53:04,147 And there are for some of our satellite missions, 1256 00:53:04,147 --> 00:53:05,682 we have decades long records. 1257 00:53:05,682 --> 00:53:08,151 And so we're able to look through those records 1258 00:53:08,151 --> 00:53:10,487 and see how things have changed over time. 1259 00:53:10,487 --> 00:53:12,956 So we have, you know, grace and grace follow on. 1260 00:53:12,956 --> 00:53:13,823 The ones that we were using 1261 00:53:13,823 --> 00:53:15,625 to look at Antarctica and Greenland. 1262 00:53:15,625 --> 00:53:18,929 We have more than 20 years of information for sea level rise. 1263 00:53:18,929 --> 00:53:21,198 We have more than 30 years of information. 1264 00:53:21,198 --> 00:53:23,300 And for things, looking at the land surface, 1265 00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:27,170 like lakes, trees, crops, we have more than 50 years. 1266 00:53:27,170 --> 00:53:28,338 And so we can look through that 1267 00:53:28,338 --> 00:53:30,307 record and see how things have changed 1268 00:53:30,307 --> 00:53:31,641 over a longer time scales. 1269 00:53:33,610 --> 00:53:34,244 Thanks, Kate. 1270 00:53:34,244 --> 00:53:37,981 And so our next question is from Madras, zero three on Twitch. 1271 00:53:38,348 --> 00:53:41,518 Who asks, how does El Nino impact European 1272 00:53:41,518 --> 00:53:44,521 summers and or winters? 1273 00:53:45,155 --> 00:53:47,924 Michelle, to make that. 1274 00:53:47,924 --> 00:53:48,992 Sure. 1275 00:53:48,992 --> 00:53:53,230 so El Nino and La Nina are natural, 1276 00:53:53,230 --> 00:53:56,233 our natural phases in our climate. 1277 00:53:56,233 --> 00:53:59,502 So El Nino refers to warmer 1278 00:53:59,502 --> 00:54:02,839 than average temperatures, in the tropical Pacific. 1279 00:54:03,073 --> 00:54:05,208 And La Nina is the opposite of that. 1280 00:54:05,208 --> 00:54:07,277 So cooler than average temperatures 1281 00:54:07,277 --> 00:54:09,079 in the tropical Pacific. 1282 00:54:09,079 --> 00:54:13,116 so these, both of these impact weather in, 1283 00:54:14,484 --> 00:54:16,453 really distinct ways. 1284 00:54:16,453 --> 00:54:19,889 the one that sort of sticks in my mind 1285 00:54:19,889 --> 00:54:24,394 because we're in hurricane season is, they really impact, 1286 00:54:24,461 --> 00:54:29,032 or La Nina really impacts, produces 1287 00:54:29,032 --> 00:54:32,469 favorable conditions for hurricanes to, to thrive. 1288 00:54:32,702 --> 00:54:35,071 So during La Nina years, 1289 00:54:35,071 --> 00:54:38,642 we expect to see more hurricanes. 1290 00:54:38,908 --> 00:54:40,810 And that's exactly why 1291 00:54:40,810 --> 00:54:44,714 we forecasters have predicted more hurricanes for this season. 1292 00:54:45,048 --> 00:54:50,787 because, the, our, our colleagues at NOAA, predict 1293 00:54:50,787 --> 00:54:55,258 when we go in and out of these La Nina or El Nino phases. 1294 00:54:55,258 --> 00:54:59,095 And so they're predicting that we will be moving into a 1295 00:54:59,095 --> 00:55:02,832 La Nina phase, right at the height of hurricane season. 1296 00:55:06,002 --> 00:55:06,336 All right. 1297 00:55:06,336 --> 00:55:07,304 Thank you so much. 1298 00:55:07,304 --> 00:55:09,339 We have time for one more question. 1299 00:55:09,339 --> 00:55:11,441 And this is a great one for both of you. 1300 00:55:11,441 --> 00:55:15,045 How is NASA's climate data available to individuals 1301 00:55:15,045 --> 00:55:16,846 across the globe? Table. 1302 00:55:16,846 --> 00:55:18,882 Start with you. 1303 00:55:18,882 --> 00:55:19,249 Yeah. 1304 00:55:19,249 --> 00:55:22,419 So every all of NASA's data is publicly available. 1305 00:55:22,719 --> 00:55:25,855 And so you can get it for free wherever you are just going. 1306 00:55:25,855 --> 00:55:27,357 You start by nasa.gov. 1307 00:55:27,357 --> 00:55:29,759 And there's different data sets available there. 1308 00:55:29,759 --> 00:55:31,227 But one of the things we're doing is working 1309 00:55:31,227 --> 00:55:33,797 to make it easier to use and easier to find. 1310 00:55:33,797 --> 00:55:35,699 so I mentioned EarthGang 1311 00:55:35,699 --> 00:55:36,299 before, and that's 1312 00:55:36,299 --> 00:55:38,468 one of the portals that we have where you can see 1313 00:55:38,468 --> 00:55:40,203 based on different types of impacts. 1314 00:55:40,203 --> 00:55:43,239 If you want to learn more about wildfires, sea level rise, 1315 00:55:43,239 --> 00:55:44,874 you can find different data sets. There. 1316 00:55:46,976 --> 00:55:47,277 Yeah. 1317 00:55:47,277 --> 00:55:48,878 And I'll just, sure. 1318 00:55:48,878 --> 00:55:50,413 I'll just add that, 1319 00:55:50,413 --> 00:55:51,114 you know, 1320 00:55:51,114 --> 00:55:54,250 as I mentioned earlier, we have more than 25 missions 1321 00:55:54,250 --> 00:55:55,885 constantly observing the Earth, 1322 00:55:55,885 --> 00:55:58,888 giving us tons of data and information. 1323 00:55:58,922 --> 00:56:00,090 And one thing we're really, 1324 00:56:00,090 --> 00:56:03,393 really good at is collecting data and analyzing that data. 1325 00:56:03,393 --> 00:56:06,396 As Kate said, and we're getting better. 1326 00:56:06,396 --> 00:56:07,731 And better and better 1327 00:56:07,731 --> 00:56:09,632 at getting that data and information 1328 00:56:09,632 --> 00:56:11,835 into the hands of people who need to make decisions. 1329 00:56:11,835 --> 00:56:15,638 And this is a really big focus of our Earth action, portfolio. 1330 00:56:15,939 --> 00:56:18,041 And so that could range from farmers 1331 00:56:18,041 --> 00:56:20,877 who need information about which crops to plant, 1332 00:56:20,877 --> 00:56:23,346 to city planners who are making decisions 1333 00:56:23,346 --> 00:56:25,849 about where to, you know, plant or trees 1334 00:56:25,849 --> 00:56:29,753 and how cool spaces and their, neighborhoods or, develop 1335 00:56:29,753 --> 00:56:31,688 climate action plans and implement 1336 00:56:31,688 --> 00:56:35,191 those plans to our other federal agencies. 1337 00:56:35,458 --> 00:56:38,261 there are lots of discussions about climate services now 1338 00:56:38,261 --> 00:56:41,231 and the data and information needed for climate services. 1339 00:56:41,364 --> 00:56:44,033 so, you know, it's a really, 1340 00:56:44,033 --> 00:56:48,037 I think space that is, is much needed. 1341 00:56:48,037 --> 00:56:49,639 And we're doing more and more in that area. 1342 00:56:51,307 --> 00:56:51,541 Yeah. 1343 00:56:51,541 --> 00:56:53,943 And that is great to hear. That's great information. 1344 00:56:53,943 --> 00:56:55,311 And for folks watching, you know, 1345 00:56:55,311 --> 00:56:58,214 you can also contribute your own Earth observations. 1346 00:56:58,214 --> 00:56:59,616 We mentioned earlier 1347 00:56:59,616 --> 00:57:02,685 the globe project where you can submit cloud observations. 1348 00:57:02,685 --> 00:57:04,320 That is just one number, 1349 00:57:04,320 --> 00:57:05,889 one example of a number 1350 00:57:05,889 --> 00:57:08,291 of citizen science volunteer projects 1351 00:57:08,291 --> 00:57:10,427 that you can do from the comfort of your own home. 1352 00:57:10,427 --> 00:57:14,531 So to learn more, you can visit cokanasiga or slash 1353 00:57:14,564 --> 00:57:16,433 citizen science. 1354 00:57:16,433 --> 00:57:19,736 Kate, Michelle, thank you both so much for joining us today. 1355 00:57:19,736 --> 00:57:22,739 You know, to discuss this incredibly important topic. 1356 00:57:23,940 --> 00:57:25,141 Thanks for having me here. 1357 00:57:25,141 --> 00:57:27,410 This was fun. 1358 00:57:27,410 --> 00:57:28,611 Thank you. 1359 00:57:28,611 --> 00:57:30,613 And thank you all online for watching. 1360 00:57:30,613 --> 00:57:33,650 You know, to stay up to date on the Climate science at NASA, 1361 00:57:33,650 --> 00:57:37,420 follow NASA Earth on Facebook and Instagram. 1362 00:57:38,021 --> 00:57:42,292 Remember from the SpaceX Sky Sea Land, NASA 1363 00:57:42,292 --> 00:57:45,695 provides detailed climate data and research to the world. 1364 00:57:46,129 --> 00:57:46,729 All of this 1365 00:57:46,729 --> 00:57:50,467 data, as I just mentioned, is freely available to anyone 1366 00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:52,502 and you can access this information 1367 00:57:52,502 --> 00:57:55,638 and more at Claim Climate dot NASA.gov. 1368 00:57:56,272 --> 00:57:57,907 Thank you and see you next time.