1 00:00:17,150 --> 00:00:20,153 Hello and welcome to NASA Science Live. 2 00:00:20,153 --> 00:00:22,655 Today we're featuring a special climate edition. 3 00:00:22,655 --> 00:00:26,593 On NASA's innovations and efforts to help the environment. 4 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:29,262 I'm your host, Jasmine Hopkins. 5 00:00:29,262 --> 00:00:31,364 Since Earth is our home planet. 6 00:00:31,364 --> 00:00:34,300 Today's conversation is not just about us. 7 00:00:34,300 --> 00:00:35,835 We want to hear from you. 8 00:00:35,835 --> 00:00:37,771 So we invite you to join the conversation. 9 00:00:37,771 --> 00:00:40,607 Using hashtag ask NASA in the comment section. 10 00:00:40,607 --> 00:00:42,475 Wherever you are watching. 11 00:00:42,475 --> 00:00:44,577 Now let's dive right in. 12 00:00:44,577 --> 00:00:47,213 Now that does much more than explore space. 13 00:00:47,213 --> 00:00:48,915 In fact, many of the technologies 14 00:00:48,915 --> 00:00:50,283 NASA developed for space 15 00:00:50,283 --> 00:00:53,353 missions are also used to help protect planet Earth. 16 00:00:53,920 --> 00:00:55,522 And although much of the climate 17 00:00:55,522 --> 00:00:57,857 related news these days is pretty grim. 18 00:00:57,857 --> 00:01:01,194 Today we are happy to introduce you to some positive solutions. 19 00:01:01,861 --> 00:01:04,864 I have two special guests joining us to do this right now. 20 00:01:05,031 --> 00:01:07,033 So we'd like to welcome our NASA experts. 21 00:01:07,033 --> 00:01:08,968 First we have Doctor Kate Calvin. 22 00:01:08,968 --> 00:01:11,838 NASA chief scientist and senior climate advisor. 23 00:01:11,838 --> 00:01:12,539 Welcome, Kate. 24 00:01:13,573 --> 00:01:18,545 Hi. And Dan Lockney, new technology transfer program 25 00:01:18,545 --> 00:01:21,548 executive and NASA's space technology mission Directorate. 26 00:01:21,748 --> 00:01:24,751 Welcome, Dan. Hi, Jasmine. 27 00:01:25,051 --> 00:01:26,453 All right, so first we want to start 28 00:01:26,453 --> 00:01:28,455 by getting to know you a little bit better. 29 00:01:28,455 --> 00:01:30,790 So Kate and Dan, can you tell us a little bit 30 00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:32,892 more about your roles here at NASA? 31 00:01:32,892 --> 00:01:35,095 Kate, we'll start with you. 32 00:01:35,095 --> 00:01:36,596 Yeah. Thanks, Jasmine. 33 00:01:36,596 --> 00:01:40,133 So I'm NASA's chief scientist and senior climate advisor. 34 00:01:40,333 --> 00:01:42,669 And there's a few different aspects of that role. 35 00:01:42,669 --> 00:01:46,239 So part of my job is to serve as an advisor to NASA 36 00:01:46,239 --> 00:01:50,143 leadership on all things climate and on science more generally. 37 00:01:50,510 --> 00:01:53,213 I also work to connect within the agency. 38 00:01:53,213 --> 00:01:55,048 We have a lot of climate and science 39 00:01:55,048 --> 00:01:57,350 throughout our agency, and I work to connect 40 00:01:57,350 --> 00:01:59,219 those aspects internally. 41 00:01:59,219 --> 00:02:01,087 And then I spend a lot of time communicating 42 00:02:01,087 --> 00:02:03,790 what we do with the public and people like you. 43 00:02:05,391 --> 00:02:08,394 Thanks so much, Kate and Dan. 44 00:02:08,695 --> 00:02:10,430 I love my job. 45 00:02:10,430 --> 00:02:13,433 So at NASA, I have the responsibility 46 00:02:13,666 --> 00:02:16,302 for ensuring that the technologies and innovations 47 00:02:16,302 --> 00:02:19,305 we create for our space missions and aeronautics activities. 48 00:02:20,006 --> 00:02:22,976 All the cool stuff that we get asked to do. 49 00:02:22,976 --> 00:02:25,545 That those ideas, concepts and innovations 50 00:02:25,545 --> 00:02:27,514 technologies come back down to the earth 51 00:02:27,514 --> 00:02:30,316 in the form of practical terrestrial benefits 52 00:02:30,316 --> 00:02:33,319 that improves our lives, saves lives, 53 00:02:34,254 --> 00:02:37,056 boost the US economy and just cool gadgets 54 00:02:37,056 --> 00:02:37,991 and things we have in our life. 55 00:02:37,991 --> 00:02:40,994 As a result of the neat work that NASA gets to do. 56 00:02:42,529 --> 00:02:43,496 Thanks so much, Dan. 57 00:02:43,496 --> 00:02:45,698 Glad to know that you love your job here at NASA. 58 00:02:45,698 --> 00:02:48,701 So you guys both have excellent positions within the agency. 59 00:02:48,835 --> 00:02:51,337 So today we're going to talk about NASA 60 00:02:51,337 --> 00:02:53,173 and the technologies that benefit Earth 61 00:02:53,173 --> 00:02:54,674 and the life on it. 62 00:02:54,674 --> 00:02:57,076 These have many touch points throughout the agency. 63 00:02:57,076 --> 00:02:58,778 But first we want to talk about something 64 00:02:58,778 --> 00:03:00,947 that many of our viewers can relate to. 65 00:03:00,947 --> 00:03:04,184 And that's either driving in a car or flying in a plane. 66 00:03:04,484 --> 00:03:06,119 So, Dan, can you explain how NASA's 67 00:03:06,119 --> 00:03:09,088 technology is improving the way we travel more sustainably? 68 00:03:10,123 --> 00:03:10,857 Absolutely. 69 00:03:10,857 --> 00:03:13,626 So the first a NASA's aeronautics 70 00:03:13,626 --> 00:03:15,795 and if you've been on a plane, 71 00:03:15,795 --> 00:03:18,231 it has benefited from NASA research. 72 00:03:18,231 --> 00:03:20,233 And there's countless ways that it happens. 73 00:03:20,233 --> 00:03:21,768 But one of my favorites, 74 00:03:21,768 --> 00:03:23,503 goes back a couple of years, and it's the 75 00:03:23,503 --> 00:03:25,538 blended upturned winglets. 76 00:03:25,538 --> 00:03:26,439 And that's if you've seen these, 77 00:03:26,439 --> 00:03:30,610 these aircraft out on the, the tarmac or in the sky, 78 00:03:30,843 --> 00:03:34,013 you've got that, edge of the wing folded up a little bit. 79 00:03:34,547 --> 00:03:36,649 Now, intuitively, you know, if you ever made a paper 80 00:03:36,649 --> 00:03:39,652 airplane, curled up the wings a little bit, like, shown here, 81 00:03:39,886 --> 00:03:42,589 you thought across the room, and it just flies 82 00:03:42,589 --> 00:03:43,489 a little bit better. 83 00:03:43,489 --> 00:03:46,092 But our NASA engineers did that with metal, 84 00:03:46,092 --> 00:03:47,927 attach it to airplanes, real airplanes. 85 00:03:47,927 --> 00:03:50,530 And it turns out it works on the real ones, too. 86 00:03:50,530 --> 00:03:53,533 And it improves fuel efficiency, allows for steeper takeoff. 87 00:03:53,733 --> 00:03:55,201 So that it's quieter 88 00:03:55,201 --> 00:03:58,304 above, in areas directly around, airports. 89 00:03:58,404 --> 00:04:00,540 So you could put residences a little bit closer. 90 00:04:00,540 --> 00:04:02,942 And it overall makes the airplane 91 00:04:02,942 --> 00:04:04,744 fly a little bit smoother. 92 00:04:04,744 --> 00:04:06,846 And that's been around for 20 plus years. 93 00:04:06,846 --> 00:04:09,115 And it's on every Boeing aircraft. 94 00:04:09,115 --> 00:04:13,019 And they've estimated billions of gallons of fuel saved. 95 00:04:14,087 --> 00:04:15,121 There's a new technology 96 00:04:15,121 --> 00:04:18,191 called digital, winglets 97 00:04:19,125 --> 00:04:21,027 that very similarly 98 00:04:21,027 --> 00:04:23,730 takes its name from the original metal winglets 99 00:04:23,730 --> 00:04:25,298 very similarly makes air travel 100 00:04:25,298 --> 00:04:28,301 a little bit safer, more convenient, more efficient. 101 00:04:28,301 --> 00:04:31,971 And it's this neat concept where the plane and the ground 102 00:04:31,971 --> 00:04:34,974 can communicate with one another and redirect a flight path 103 00:04:35,208 --> 00:04:39,212 to get a plane to, changes altitude or direction 104 00:04:39,512 --> 00:04:42,882 in order to, avoid turbulence, avoid bad weather, 105 00:04:43,249 --> 00:04:45,251 find more efficiency in the road, 106 00:04:45,251 --> 00:04:48,288 and then also, not collide with other things in the air. 107 00:04:48,521 --> 00:04:49,722 This neat digital winglet 108 00:04:49,722 --> 00:04:51,891 concept that that planes can reroute 109 00:04:51,891 --> 00:04:54,160 from the original fixed flight plan 110 00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:56,562 get us there safer and more efficiently. 111 00:04:56,562 --> 00:04:59,232 And, just one of the many ways, two of the many ways that 112 00:04:59,232 --> 00:05:00,199 NASA tech is in 113 00:05:01,234 --> 00:05:03,836 with you when you fly. 114 00:05:03,836 --> 00:05:04,637 Thanks so much, Dan. 115 00:05:04,637 --> 00:05:06,005 And I hear that you mentioned 116 00:05:06,005 --> 00:05:08,007 fuel efficiency a couple times there, 117 00:05:08,007 --> 00:05:11,344 which is important to the agency as well as the United States. 118 00:05:11,344 --> 00:05:12,645 So the U.S. 119 00:05:12,645 --> 00:05:17,050 has a goal to achieve net zero emissions from aviation by 2050. 120 00:05:17,283 --> 00:05:20,286 Kate, can you tell us how NASA is supporting that goal? 121 00:05:20,987 --> 00:05:22,455 Yeah, absolutely. 122 00:05:22,455 --> 00:05:23,523 So as Dan mentioned, 123 00:05:23,523 --> 00:05:26,726 we've worked with the aviation industry for decades to reduce 124 00:05:26,726 --> 00:05:30,163 energy use and emissions associated with flying, 125 00:05:30,296 --> 00:05:31,864 and we are continuing now to 126 00:05:31,864 --> 00:05:35,134 work on reducing those emissions and energy use, even further. 127 00:05:35,668 --> 00:05:37,203 And we work in different areas. 128 00:05:37,203 --> 00:05:40,673 We work on airport operations as well as aircraft design. 129 00:05:41,074 --> 00:05:42,709 And one of the things we're working on 130 00:05:42,709 --> 00:05:44,243 is a new experimental plane. 131 00:05:44,243 --> 00:05:49,749 Or explain, called the X 66, a, and the X 66 A is a change 132 00:05:49,749 --> 00:05:53,853 in the design of the airplane in the materials, used to, to, 133 00:05:53,853 --> 00:05:54,787 to build it 134 00:05:54,787 --> 00:05:56,456 in a way that will reduce the amount 135 00:05:56,456 --> 00:05:59,892 of energy use and emissions associated with flying even more 136 00:05:59,959 --> 00:06:03,329 and help us get towards net zero emissions from aviation. 137 00:06:04,664 --> 00:06:05,965 That is wonderful to hear. 138 00:06:05,965 --> 00:06:07,700 Thank you so much, Kate. 139 00:06:07,700 --> 00:06:10,636 We are already seeing questions pour on online. 140 00:06:10,636 --> 00:06:12,038 Please keep those coming to us. 141 00:06:12,038 --> 00:06:12,739 And remember 142 00:06:12,739 --> 00:06:15,742 you can join the conversation using hashtag Ask NASA 143 00:06:15,908 --> 00:06:17,310 or posting something directly 144 00:06:17,310 --> 00:06:20,113 into the comment section wherever you are watching. 145 00:06:20,113 --> 00:06:23,082 So our first question comes from a viewer on 146 00:06:23,416 --> 00:06:25,218 saying fascinating topic. 147 00:06:25,218 --> 00:06:26,586 Can you share any specific 148 00:06:26,586 --> 00:06:29,622 examples of NASA technology improving energy 149 00:06:29,622 --> 00:06:32,625 efficiency, efficiency on a large scale? 150 00:06:36,262 --> 00:06:37,096 Okay. 151 00:06:37,096 --> 00:06:38,498 Go ahead Dan. Okay. 152 00:06:38,498 --> 00:06:39,665 So one of my favorites, 153 00:06:39,665 --> 00:06:41,401 this is several years old, 154 00:06:41,401 --> 00:06:43,903 but it takes a while for technology to be adopted. 155 00:06:43,903 --> 00:06:45,238 And then it become ubiquitous. 156 00:06:45,238 --> 00:06:47,540 And then you ask for large scale. 157 00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:49,075 And is that that doesn't happen overnight. 158 00:06:49,075 --> 00:06:51,043 So this is several decades old, 159 00:06:51,043 --> 00:06:52,645 but in the 1970s, 160 00:06:52,645 --> 00:06:55,348 there was an engineer at Marshall Space Flight Center 161 00:06:55,348 --> 00:06:59,519 in Alabama, who developed this voltage control device 162 00:06:59,952 --> 00:07:03,723 that changed the amount of energy an electric motor used 163 00:07:03,823 --> 00:07:05,725 according to how much load was on that motor. 164 00:07:06,793 --> 00:07:08,828 And we used it for saving energy 165 00:07:08,828 --> 00:07:11,164 and space, saving energy and everything that we do. 166 00:07:11,164 --> 00:07:13,866 Automation and, robotics. 167 00:07:13,866 --> 00:07:15,902 We know we want to save energy. 168 00:07:15,902 --> 00:07:18,538 The practical application here on Earth, though, 169 00:07:18,538 --> 00:07:22,475 is every escalator, 170 00:07:23,042 --> 00:07:26,412 every elevator, in every moving sidewalk 171 00:07:26,412 --> 00:07:29,916 that's been built in the world since the 1980s 172 00:07:30,216 --> 00:07:32,985 has this device in it that NASA invented. 173 00:07:32,985 --> 00:07:35,755 And we know this is true because there's a limited number 174 00:07:35,755 --> 00:07:39,158 of manufacturers of elevators, escalators, moving sidewalks. 175 00:07:39,192 --> 00:07:42,195 I think there's four who make all of them, 176 00:07:42,228 --> 00:07:43,629 and they all use this device. 177 00:07:43,629 --> 00:07:45,198 And the concept is pretty straightforward, 178 00:07:45,198 --> 00:07:46,432 but I'll describe it. 179 00:07:46,432 --> 00:07:50,036 If you call an elevator to your floor and it's empty, 180 00:07:50,436 --> 00:07:53,940 it now knows and senses that it's empty and uses 181 00:07:54,273 --> 00:07:56,776 less electricity to to bring the elevator 182 00:07:56,776 --> 00:07:59,712 to your floor versus prior to having this device, 183 00:07:59,712 --> 00:08:01,113 the motor didn't know 184 00:08:01,113 --> 00:08:04,116 and it would always operate at full speed. 185 00:08:04,183 --> 00:08:06,853 So in terms of large scale 186 00:08:06,853 --> 00:08:09,055 picture, every escalator, 187 00:08:09,055 --> 00:08:11,524 every elevator and every moving sidewalk 188 00:08:11,524 --> 00:08:15,294 you've ever seen, and they all have this device on them. 189 00:08:17,563 --> 00:08:18,431 Thank you so much, Dan. 190 00:08:18,431 --> 00:08:20,733 That is a great example of large scale. 191 00:08:20,733 --> 00:08:21,968 NASA is always with us, 192 00:08:21,968 --> 00:08:24,770 whether it's on an escalator or an elevator. 193 00:08:24,770 --> 00:08:28,374 Next we have Roland on it and he asks, what 194 00:08:28,407 --> 00:08:32,211 tech is NASA looking at most in terms of renewable energy? 195 00:08:32,478 --> 00:08:34,180 What about 30 years from now? 196 00:08:34,180 --> 00:08:37,283 Where do you hope we will be at in terms of our ability 197 00:08:37,283 --> 00:08:40,286 to harness renewable energy? 198 00:08:41,153 --> 00:08:44,156 Yes, I guess maybe I'll start and then Dan can add on that. 199 00:08:44,357 --> 00:08:45,458 So I think we work in a 200 00:08:45,458 --> 00:08:47,193 I think about this in a few different ways. 201 00:08:47,193 --> 00:08:49,996 One of the areas we work in is providing information 202 00:08:49,996 --> 00:08:52,999 to people around the world about what's happening on Earth, 203 00:08:53,165 --> 00:08:56,068 so they can better plan their own energy use, 204 00:08:56,068 --> 00:08:59,171 and, you know, respond to things happening in their community. 205 00:08:59,171 --> 00:09:01,107 And so a lot of our space based data 206 00:09:01,107 --> 00:09:02,174 and Earth satellites 207 00:09:02,174 --> 00:09:03,943 can help us understand that and understand 208 00:09:03,943 --> 00:09:06,345 what the possibilities are in the future. 209 00:09:06,345 --> 00:09:08,948 But we're also an agency that is thinking about our own 210 00:09:08,948 --> 00:09:10,182 environmental footprint. 211 00:09:10,182 --> 00:09:11,717 And so we take a lot of actions 212 00:09:11,717 --> 00:09:13,519 at our centers and our facilities 213 00:09:13,519 --> 00:09:15,521 to improve our climate resilience 214 00:09:15,521 --> 00:09:17,657 and reduce our energy use. 215 00:09:17,657 --> 00:09:18,591 And so there we think 216 00:09:18,591 --> 00:09:20,927 a lot about what is possible, where we are 217 00:09:20,927 --> 00:09:23,262 and what can you do with the different parts, 218 00:09:23,262 --> 00:09:25,331 that we operate in around the country. 219 00:09:27,133 --> 00:09:28,568 Thanks so much, Kate. 220 00:09:28,568 --> 00:09:31,003 And we actually have another question to you, Kate. 221 00:09:31,003 --> 00:09:34,640 You mentioned it before, but can you explain what is net 222 00:09:34,640 --> 00:09:37,643 zero for the net zero emissions? 223 00:09:37,643 --> 00:09:38,744 Yeah, absolutely. 224 00:09:38,744 --> 00:09:39,478 And that's think I 225 00:09:39,478 --> 00:09:41,213 probably should have explained that from the start. 226 00:09:41,213 --> 00:09:45,284 So net zero is, is means with any positive, 227 00:09:45,284 --> 00:09:48,487 emissions from human activity are balanced by removal. 228 00:09:48,487 --> 00:09:50,056 So if you are putting greenhouse 229 00:09:50,056 --> 00:09:51,724 gas emissions into the atmosphere, 230 00:09:51,724 --> 00:09:53,893 you're also taking out an equal amount. 231 00:09:53,893 --> 00:09:56,862 So the net total is zero emissions. 232 00:09:57,063 --> 00:09:59,098 And the reason that's important to scientist 233 00:09:59,098 --> 00:10:01,834 is when we get to net zero carbon dioxide emissions, 234 00:10:01,834 --> 00:10:04,837 that will that's what we need to do in order to limit warming. 235 00:10:04,837 --> 00:10:06,606 So as long as carbon dioxide 236 00:10:06,606 --> 00:10:09,141 emissions are positive, warming will continue. 237 00:10:09,141 --> 00:10:09,742 And so in 238 00:10:09,742 --> 00:10:12,745 order to halt warming, we need to get to this net zero. 239 00:10:12,878 --> 00:10:14,113 And so that's what we, you know, 240 00:10:14,113 --> 00:10:16,949 we think about is balancing those emissions with removals. 241 00:10:18,351 --> 00:10:18,818 Perfect. 242 00:10:18,818 --> 00:10:21,687 Thank you so much for adding that explanation, Kate. 243 00:10:21,687 --> 00:10:24,390 Now we have a viewer on YouTube asking, 244 00:10:24,390 --> 00:10:27,727 is there technology that could improve the impact of pollution? 245 00:10:32,965 --> 00:10:34,033 Dan, do you want to start on this one? 246 00:10:34,033 --> 00:10:34,634 I think yeah. 247 00:10:34,634 --> 00:10:37,637 Yeah, absolutely. 248 00:10:38,070 --> 00:10:41,440 So that there's several ways to to reduce pollution. 249 00:10:41,474 --> 00:10:43,209 One is to prevent it from happening in the first place, 250 00:10:43,209 --> 00:10:45,711 and the other one is trying to mitigate the results of it. 251 00:10:45,711 --> 00:10:48,681 And we're doing work in both of those areas. 252 00:10:48,681 --> 00:10:50,616 One of my favorites, 253 00:10:50,616 --> 00:10:52,885 and this is this might sound smaller scale 254 00:10:52,885 --> 00:10:55,888 than every escalator you've ever seen. 255 00:10:56,255 --> 00:11:00,326 But we developed a device to scrub the air of pollutants, 256 00:11:00,426 --> 00:11:04,897 for spacecraft that has since been applied to, 257 00:11:04,897 --> 00:11:09,702 toll taker boots at, on highways 258 00:11:10,102 --> 00:11:11,504 so that the people who have to stand there 259 00:11:11,504 --> 00:11:13,472 and collect your $2 when you go through the booth 260 00:11:13,472 --> 00:11:16,342 and, pay the toll to cross the bridge 261 00:11:16,342 --> 00:11:17,877 or keep moving on the highway. 262 00:11:17,877 --> 00:11:18,878 That air's cleaner. 263 00:11:18,878 --> 00:11:22,581 Now is a result of, research that NASA has done. 264 00:11:23,015 --> 00:11:23,816 We've also done, 265 00:11:26,218 --> 00:11:28,454 you know, how plants clean the air. 266 00:11:28,454 --> 00:11:30,356 I think everyone kind of knows this. 267 00:11:30,356 --> 00:11:32,992 We intuitively knew it, but NASA approved it. 268 00:11:32,992 --> 00:11:34,627 We tested it. 269 00:11:34,627 --> 00:11:38,998 And it came as a result of early space station designs. 270 00:11:38,998 --> 00:11:40,900 So one was all inorganic materials, 271 00:11:40,900 --> 00:11:44,537 plastics and and glues and and no windows 272 00:11:44,537 --> 00:11:46,372 because you can't really pop open a window in space. 273 00:11:46,372 --> 00:11:47,740 We're trying to figure out 274 00:11:47,740 --> 00:11:48,974 how to make these contained environments. 275 00:11:48,974 --> 00:11:52,044 We realized, the crew's training in these 276 00:11:52,344 --> 00:11:54,380 simulated environments were getting headaches. 277 00:11:54,380 --> 00:11:57,016 So we experimented with plant growth 278 00:11:57,016 --> 00:11:58,617 in these chambers 279 00:11:58,617 --> 00:12:00,152 in order to see if we could use them to clean the air. 280 00:12:00,152 --> 00:12:01,754 And it turns out we could, 281 00:12:01,754 --> 00:12:05,758 and then we tested to see which plants would provide 282 00:12:05,758 --> 00:12:09,361 the most clean air, which plants would be the best to grow? 283 00:12:11,097 --> 00:12:12,431 There was a couple years ago. 284 00:12:12,431 --> 00:12:13,265 But now when you go to Home 285 00:12:13,265 --> 00:12:15,601 Depot or Lowe's or wherever you buy your house plants, 286 00:12:15,601 --> 00:12:17,403 the things you find in your home, 287 00:12:17,403 --> 00:12:20,172 in the house plant section of the Norfolk pine, 288 00:12:20,172 --> 00:12:23,175 the different ferns and, and all of those things. 289 00:12:23,242 --> 00:12:25,478 It's not a coincidence that those are the plants 290 00:12:25,478 --> 00:12:26,512 that you find in the store. 291 00:12:26,512 --> 00:12:29,115 Those are the ones that that, the snake plant. 292 00:12:29,115 --> 00:12:33,786 All of those were on the list of NASA top air cleaning plants. 293 00:12:34,286 --> 00:12:37,857 So everything from large scale to small, the house 294 00:12:37,857 --> 00:12:40,860 plant that you're looking at in your, in your living room, 295 00:12:41,093 --> 00:12:44,096 we're a little bit everywhere. 296 00:12:44,663 --> 00:12:45,631 Thanks so much, Dan. 297 00:12:45,631 --> 00:12:48,901 Again, a good reminder that NASA is everywhere around us. 298 00:12:49,468 --> 00:12:49,668 Okay. 299 00:12:49,668 --> 00:12:52,204 We're going to switch gears now to talk about our next topic, 300 00:12:52,204 --> 00:12:54,540 but please keep those questions coming online 301 00:12:54,540 --> 00:12:56,876 using hashtag ask NASA. 302 00:12:56,876 --> 00:12:59,912 So now we're going to go into wildfire detection. 303 00:13:00,212 --> 00:13:01,213 Kate, can you tell us 304 00:13:01,213 --> 00:13:04,650 how NASA is improving the ability to spot wildfires 305 00:13:04,650 --> 00:13:07,419 so that first responders can know about them sooner? 306 00:13:08,854 --> 00:13:09,922 Yeah, absolutely. 307 00:13:09,922 --> 00:13:12,658 And wildfires is an active area of study for us. 308 00:13:12,658 --> 00:13:14,026 And we're really trying to help, 309 00:13:14,026 --> 00:13:16,462 both understand fire as well as help 310 00:13:16,462 --> 00:13:18,931 our first responders respond to fires. 311 00:13:18,931 --> 00:13:22,101 And we work in different areas looking at before, during 312 00:13:22,101 --> 00:13:25,671 and after a fire and provide different information for each. 313 00:13:25,938 --> 00:13:28,607 So before fire, we can provide information on, 314 00:13:28,607 --> 00:13:28,841 you know, 315 00:13:28,841 --> 00:13:30,709 where there's drive, agitation conditions, 316 00:13:30,709 --> 00:13:33,813 where you might have fuel for fire during a fire. 317 00:13:33,913 --> 00:13:36,215 We can look at where there are active fires. 318 00:13:36,215 --> 00:13:38,083 So we have a platform called firms 319 00:13:38,083 --> 00:13:41,554 or the fire information for resource manager system. 320 00:13:41,754 --> 00:13:42,254 And you may have 321 00:13:42,254 --> 00:13:44,156 actually seen this on the news, but it's showing you 322 00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:46,091 where there are active fires now. 323 00:13:46,091 --> 00:13:48,394 And it's using a bunch, several satellites 324 00:13:48,394 --> 00:13:51,931 to pull information from space about where those fires are. 325 00:13:52,231 --> 00:13:53,833 But we're continuing to work now 326 00:13:53,833 --> 00:13:56,802 to make sure we can get information to first responders 327 00:13:56,836 --> 00:13:59,905 quickly and efficiently so they know what's happening 328 00:13:59,905 --> 00:14:01,040 and how to respond. 329 00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:03,075 So we work closely with people like the U.S. 330 00:14:03,075 --> 00:14:03,943 Forest Service 331 00:14:03,943 --> 00:14:05,578 and the Bureau of Land Management, 332 00:14:05,578 --> 00:14:07,213 trying to understand the challenges 333 00:14:07,213 --> 00:14:09,048 they face in fighting a fire 334 00:14:09,048 --> 00:14:09,882 and thinking about 335 00:14:09,882 --> 00:14:13,752 what we can do to help improve their, their response. 336 00:14:14,854 --> 00:14:15,721 Thanks so much, Kate. 337 00:14:15,721 --> 00:14:16,722 It's great to know what we're doing 338 00:14:16,722 --> 00:14:19,725 to keep our first responders and the public safe. 339 00:14:19,859 --> 00:14:23,229 So next, Dan, now the technology is also helping 340 00:14:23,229 --> 00:14:24,930 improve ecosystems. 341 00:14:24,930 --> 00:14:27,933 Can you give us a few examples of how 342 00:14:27,967 --> 00:14:29,969 I could also add some firefighter ones? 343 00:14:29,969 --> 00:14:33,072 But, you can always call me my my information is always 344 00:14:33,072 --> 00:14:36,075 available online, so I'm easy to find. 345 00:14:36,108 --> 00:14:37,543 And I could do this all day. 346 00:14:37,543 --> 00:14:39,211 So ecosystem. 347 00:14:39,211 --> 00:14:42,982 And another weird fun one is, we think of beavers. 348 00:14:43,983 --> 00:14:47,653 We all do as, destructive animals 349 00:14:47,653 --> 00:14:50,623 that just go chop down trees and for for, 350 00:14:51,123 --> 00:14:54,126 decades, centuries, 351 00:14:54,293 --> 00:14:56,862 hunters and farmers would try 352 00:14:56,862 --> 00:15:00,165 to eradicate the beaver thinking it was just a nuisance animal. 353 00:15:00,766 --> 00:15:03,469 It turns out, though, there's an advantage 354 00:15:03,469 --> 00:15:07,573 to having these dams that they prevent the, 355 00:15:07,573 --> 00:15:08,974 drying up of wetlands. 356 00:15:10,342 --> 00:15:13,812 And with the removal of beavers, we ended up with longer, 357 00:15:13,812 --> 00:15:17,650 straighter, deeper rivers and then drier areas around them. 358 00:15:18,350 --> 00:15:21,353 So using NASA satellite data, 359 00:15:21,553 --> 00:15:23,355 researchers are now trying to figure out 360 00:15:23,355 --> 00:15:26,492 where in the US that they can repopulate beavers, 361 00:15:27,259 --> 00:15:30,162 with the intention of not having 362 00:15:30,162 --> 00:15:34,066 a significant impact on, that the human population 363 00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:37,202 or putting the beavers where they shouldn't be. 364 00:15:37,202 --> 00:15:38,137 In this picture, by the way, 365 00:15:38,137 --> 00:15:39,838 is one of the ways we attract beavers. 366 00:15:39,838 --> 00:15:45,344 That's a, manmade, dam meant to entice a beaver to, 367 00:15:45,377 --> 00:15:47,379 you know, head start on a beaver dam. 368 00:15:47,379 --> 00:15:50,382 Those clearly weren't chewed by beaver. 369 00:15:50,749 --> 00:15:52,584 But the idea is that we would help the beavers 370 00:15:52,584 --> 00:15:56,855 repopulate, these areas, and it would reduce, 371 00:15:57,990 --> 00:15:58,824 runoff. 372 00:15:58,824 --> 00:16:02,094 It would reduce the, drought, 373 00:16:02,461 --> 00:16:06,131 and it would, overall improve the watershed 374 00:16:07,833 --> 00:16:08,901 satellite data to help 375 00:16:08,901 --> 00:16:11,904 repopulate beavers in the US. 376 00:16:12,071 --> 00:16:13,138 Thank you so much, Dan. 377 00:16:13,138 --> 00:16:15,874 I can't help but love all those pictures of beavers. 378 00:16:15,874 --> 00:16:17,876 And like you mentioned earlier, 379 00:16:17,876 --> 00:16:21,613 NASA is kind of everywhere we look, including in our food. 380 00:16:21,613 --> 00:16:25,351 So now let's talk agriculture, which is where our food is grown 381 00:16:25,351 --> 00:16:26,685 and harvested. 382 00:16:26,685 --> 00:16:29,288 Kate, how has NASA technology helped farmers? 383 00:16:29,288 --> 00:16:31,457 For example? 384 00:16:31,457 --> 00:16:33,926 Yeah, two, two ways that we can help farmers. 385 00:16:33,926 --> 00:16:35,494 One is through earth observations. 386 00:16:35,494 --> 00:16:39,431 We can help farmers better plan their crops and fields so we're 387 00:16:39,431 --> 00:16:43,035 able to observe crops from space so we can see what's growing. 388 00:16:43,235 --> 00:16:44,236 We have satellites 389 00:16:44,236 --> 00:16:47,239 and instruments that can tell us things about soil moisture, 390 00:16:47,439 --> 00:16:50,442 drought conditions, plant health. 391 00:16:50,542 --> 00:16:53,445 And we can use that to provide information to farmers 392 00:16:53,445 --> 00:16:56,081 about when to plan and their irrigation. 393 00:16:56,081 --> 00:16:58,584 So we have a tool called open EBT 394 00:16:58,584 --> 00:17:01,286 that can help farmers in the US understand how 395 00:17:01,286 --> 00:17:03,655 how much water their fields are losing 396 00:17:03,655 --> 00:17:05,858 and better plan the irrigation for that. 397 00:17:05,858 --> 00:17:06,859 And farmers have used it, 398 00:17:06,859 --> 00:17:09,862 and they've saved a lot of water while still producing crops, 399 00:17:09,895 --> 00:17:11,497 and growing food that we can eat. 400 00:17:13,499 --> 00:17:14,500 Thanks so much, Kate. 401 00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:17,503 Again, great to see how NASA is affecting our daily lives. 402 00:17:17,903 --> 00:17:21,340 And speaking of that, let's get back to those viewers online. 403 00:17:21,340 --> 00:17:25,077 So first we have Debbie on YouTube asking, how about going 404 00:17:25,110 --> 00:17:26,278 to the moon again? 405 00:17:26,278 --> 00:17:29,848 Help us to better understand our own planet Earth and to plan 406 00:17:29,848 --> 00:17:32,851 for a more sustainable future. 407 00:17:34,053 --> 00:17:35,220 I guess I'll start with that one. 408 00:17:35,220 --> 00:17:36,889 So one of the things that, you know, 409 00:17:36,889 --> 00:17:38,490 we learn from going to the moon, 410 00:17:38,490 --> 00:17:39,224 the moon is, you know, it's 411 00:17:39,224 --> 00:17:42,127 part of our solar system, and it contains a history 412 00:17:42,127 --> 00:17:43,195 of our solar system. 413 00:17:43,195 --> 00:17:46,165 So by learning about the moon, we can learn more about Earth, 414 00:17:46,165 --> 00:17:48,100 from a science perspective, 415 00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:49,768 but also in our process of 416 00:17:49,768 --> 00:17:51,537 going to the moon, we're developing all 417 00:17:51,537 --> 00:17:54,373 a lot of technologies and learning a lot 418 00:17:54,373 --> 00:17:56,542 that can help us with sustainability on Earth. 419 00:17:56,542 --> 00:17:58,477 So when we think about going to space, 420 00:17:58,477 --> 00:18:00,045 we have to bring everything with us. 421 00:18:00,045 --> 00:18:03,048 And so we're very careful about how much weight we put on, 422 00:18:03,248 --> 00:18:05,384 what we think about doing in space. 423 00:18:05,384 --> 00:18:08,353 And a lot of the research that we do to get space, 424 00:18:08,620 --> 00:18:11,924 get to space and live in space helps us right here on Earth. 425 00:18:11,924 --> 00:18:15,994 So we have a lot of challenges around food, around, energy. 426 00:18:15,994 --> 00:18:18,497 So we have a challenge called What's on the moon 427 00:18:18,497 --> 00:18:21,433 that's looking at power on the moon and energy storage, 428 00:18:21,433 --> 00:18:23,302 but it also can help us with power 429 00:18:23,302 --> 00:18:25,337 and energy storage here on Earth. 430 00:18:25,337 --> 00:18:26,705 So we're always thinking, you know, 431 00:18:26,705 --> 00:18:28,874 we're going back to the moon for science, 432 00:18:28,874 --> 00:18:31,143 but we're also learning about Earth and learning 433 00:18:31,143 --> 00:18:33,812 and taking that technologies here to benefit us. 434 00:18:34,947 --> 00:18:35,848 Thanks so much, Kate. 435 00:18:35,848 --> 00:18:38,383 Yes, learning a lot about Earth from the moon. 436 00:18:38,383 --> 00:18:39,651 And we'll have some more information 437 00:18:39,651 --> 00:18:42,087 on these challenges later in today's program. 438 00:18:42,087 --> 00:18:45,691 So next we have entered to infinity on YouTube asking, 439 00:18:45,691 --> 00:18:47,960 how is net zero possible? 440 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,029 What are the technology advancements, used by NASA 441 00:18:51,029 --> 00:18:54,032 to accomplish this? 442 00:18:54,433 --> 00:18:54,733 Great. 443 00:18:54,733 --> 00:18:55,767 So I'm going to talk a little bit 444 00:18:55,767 --> 00:18:57,402 about net zero in general. And then I'll talk 445 00:18:57,402 --> 00:18:59,505 about the part that NASA is working on. 446 00:18:59,505 --> 00:19:02,841 So in general, you know there's two aspects of net zero. 447 00:19:02,841 --> 00:19:05,644 It's reducing emissions as well as removals. 448 00:19:05,644 --> 00:19:07,045 And some of the ways you can remove 449 00:19:07,045 --> 00:19:10,349 emissions from the atmosphere are things like planting trees. 450 00:19:10,349 --> 00:19:13,952 So trees take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere 451 00:19:13,952 --> 00:19:17,956 and can help counterbalance any positive emissions for now. 452 00:19:17,956 --> 00:19:20,959 So the the main part that we're working on, on 453 00:19:20,959 --> 00:19:24,062 achieving the US goals on net zero is through our aviation. 454 00:19:24,263 --> 00:19:26,365 So we do research on aircraft 455 00:19:26,365 --> 00:19:29,034 so that we can reduce the environmental impact of flying. 456 00:19:29,034 --> 00:19:32,337 So so when you do fly it has the minimal environmental impact. 457 00:19:32,337 --> 00:19:34,706 And that's the primary way that we've been doing 458 00:19:34,706 --> 00:19:37,242 research on technology related to net zero. 459 00:19:37,242 --> 00:19:39,311 But we also monitor Earth from space. 460 00:19:39,311 --> 00:19:42,314 So we can see where you've planted those trees and monitor 461 00:19:42,414 --> 00:19:45,884 changes in forest cover over tim 462 00:19:47,719 --> 00:19:48,554 Thanks so much, Kate. 463 00:19:48,554 --> 00:19:51,223 We have a lot of interest in net zero. 464 00:19:51,223 --> 00:19:53,892 Next we have Tarn Todd on ECS. 465 00:19:53,892 --> 00:19:56,695 An asset, that he 466 00:19:56,695 --> 00:20:00,465 that he has been riding a bicycle for the last 30 years. 467 00:20:00,499 --> 00:20:01,400 Very nice. 468 00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:04,403 He wants to know if 50% of the people, 469 00:20:04,436 --> 00:20:07,973 if it's 50% of people did this, would that be the power 470 00:20:07,973 --> 00:20:10,976 saving impact and carbon emissions that we need? 471 00:20:12,811 --> 00:20:13,612 This is a great question. 472 00:20:13,612 --> 00:20:14,413 So one of the things 473 00:20:14,413 --> 00:20:16,348 there are people that do research on 474 00:20:16,348 --> 00:20:16,982 what happens 475 00:20:16,982 --> 00:20:19,151 if you change the way you train, you travel 476 00:20:19,151 --> 00:20:21,453 and what that means for emissions. 477 00:20:21,453 --> 00:20:24,223 And I don't have the precise numbers off the top of my head, 478 00:20:24,223 --> 00:20:26,458 but one of the ways you can reduce emissions 479 00:20:26,458 --> 00:20:28,460 associated with travel is by walking, 480 00:20:28,460 --> 00:20:30,162 biking or public transit. 481 00:20:30,162 --> 00:20:32,998 It's not available to everyone, but it does tend to be lower 482 00:20:32,998 --> 00:20:35,267 emitting than other ways of travel. 483 00:20:35,267 --> 00:20:39,104 So so there would be emissions reductions if people did bike 484 00:20:39,104 --> 00:20:41,506 and walk, but not everyone has access to that. 485 00:20:42,674 --> 00:20:44,676 Thanks so much for that answer, Kate. 486 00:20:44,676 --> 00:20:48,447 Dave on X asks, does humanity have an ability 487 00:20:48,447 --> 00:20:51,617 to directly scrub CO2 or methane 488 00:20:51,617 --> 00:20:54,620 from the atmosphere? 489 00:20:55,354 --> 00:20:56,989 So there are ways of removing 490 00:20:56,989 --> 00:20:58,590 carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 491 00:20:58,590 --> 00:21:00,425 I mentioned trees before. 492 00:21:00,425 --> 00:21:01,960 There's also other ways. 493 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:03,262 So one of the things we actually do 494 00:21:03,262 --> 00:21:05,097 on our spacecraft is we capture carbon 495 00:21:05,097 --> 00:21:06,765 dioxide out of the spacecraft 496 00:21:06,765 --> 00:21:08,734 just to provide clean air to astronauts. 497 00:21:08,734 --> 00:21:11,570 It's at a small scale, the level of a few astronauts, 498 00:21:11,570 --> 00:21:12,704 but there are people doing 499 00:21:12,704 --> 00:21:14,339 research into technologies 500 00:21:14,339 --> 00:21:16,208 that are larger scale versions of that. 501 00:21:16,208 --> 00:21:19,144 So Department of Energy is responsible for that. 502 00:21:19,144 --> 00:21:22,147 But there are different ways of removing carbon dioxide. 503 00:21:22,147 --> 00:21:23,915 The one that people are most familiar 504 00:21:23,915 --> 00:21:26,918 with probably are trees. 505 00:21:27,152 --> 00:21:28,820 Thanks so much, Kate. 506 00:21:28,820 --> 00:21:32,424 We have another one asking can anyone use NASA's 507 00:21:32,424 --> 00:21:33,992 climate technology? 508 00:21:33,992 --> 00:21:35,427 This might be a question for Dan. 509 00:21:37,929 --> 00:21:40,932 Yes, anyone can use it. 510 00:21:41,033 --> 00:21:43,268 We actually have we have several portfolios. 511 00:21:43,268 --> 00:21:44,770 One is, software portfolio. 512 00:21:44,770 --> 00:21:46,505 It's software that NASA.gov 513 00:21:46,505 --> 00:21:48,473 and, that's free to the public to use. 514 00:21:48,473 --> 00:21:50,676 You can search it by keyword and hunt through it 515 00:21:50,676 --> 00:21:52,978 and, find something might be of interest to you. 516 00:21:52,978 --> 00:21:55,080 We also have our, our patent portfolio, 517 00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,049 which is available for licensing, and that's it. 518 00:21:57,049 --> 00:22:00,252 Technology dot nasa.gov again keyword searchable. 519 00:22:00,252 --> 00:22:04,089 And and some of the keywords will, will help you, hone in 520 00:22:04,389 --> 00:22:05,524 on what you're looking for. 521 00:22:05,524 --> 00:22:06,792 But there's also bins 522 00:22:06,792 --> 00:22:10,095 that you can search, for example environmental or climate tech. 523 00:22:10,529 --> 00:22:11,463 But yeah, take a look. 524 00:22:11,463 --> 00:22:14,466 There's a ton of technology, a lot of opportunities out there. 525 00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:16,001 Thanks so much, Dan. 526 00:22:16,001 --> 00:22:17,235 We actually have something related 527 00:22:17,235 --> 00:22:19,871 to that as NASA technologies for everyone. 528 00:22:19,871 --> 00:22:24,376 Darth on YouTube asks Dan if I, as a non U.S. 529 00:22:24,409 --> 00:22:26,445 citizen, want to use some of the NASA 530 00:22:26,445 --> 00:22:30,048 technology I found on the NASA technology report Server 531 00:22:30,349 --> 00:22:32,084 is the Small Business Innovation, 532 00:22:32,084 --> 00:22:35,087 Research and Small Business Technology Transfer Program. 533 00:22:35,187 --> 00:22:36,321 The only way 534 00:22:38,156 --> 00:22:39,624 Darth 535 00:22:39,624 --> 00:22:43,662 that there's there's three different questions in there. 536 00:22:44,129 --> 00:22:47,933 First, the technology available is on those two sites 537 00:22:47,933 --> 00:22:50,202 that I mentioned, software that NASA.gov and technology 538 00:22:50,202 --> 00:22:51,269 don't that I gave 539 00:22:51,269 --> 00:22:52,838 the NASA Technical Report server 540 00:22:52,838 --> 00:22:56,475 the entries is actually all of our scientific, publications. 541 00:22:56,475 --> 00:23:00,412 And those are that's data content knowledge 542 00:23:00,412 --> 00:23:01,580 that we've published that, 543 00:23:01,580 --> 00:23:04,583 that we want people to have to know when to use. 544 00:23:04,683 --> 00:23:07,686 It's somewhat different than the technology side of things. 545 00:23:07,719 --> 00:23:11,323 And then third, the small business Innovation research 546 00:23:11,323 --> 00:23:13,658 and the small business technology transfer research 547 00:23:13,658 --> 00:23:18,597 programs, are not necessarily for NASA technologies, 548 00:23:18,597 --> 00:23:21,800 but rather their solicitations where we ask people, 549 00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:25,303 to help us solve a problem, we provide funding for them. 550 00:23:25,303 --> 00:23:27,806 And that is only available to US citizens. 551 00:23:27,806 --> 00:23:32,110 But that SBIR STR programs, both are, 552 00:23:32,277 --> 00:23:35,280 innovative small dollar, 553 00:23:35,380 --> 00:23:38,817 research contracts and grants to help people, 554 00:23:40,252 --> 00:23:42,454 advance their own commercial potential with technology, 555 00:23:42,454 --> 00:23:44,990 but then also helping us to meet a mission. Need. 556 00:23:44,990 --> 00:23:47,959 So that was a complicated answer. 557 00:23:47,959 --> 00:23:49,361 Check out the website, 558 00:23:49,361 --> 00:23:52,364 and if you get confused, you can always be a know. 559 00:23:53,165 --> 00:23:53,565 Awesome. 560 00:23:53,565 --> 00:23:55,033 Thank you so much, Dan. 561 00:23:55,033 --> 00:23:56,334 We appreciate you telling 562 00:23:56,334 --> 00:23:58,069 that NASA is an open science, open 563 00:23:58,069 --> 00:24:00,038 technology agency, and we hope to see 564 00:24:00,038 --> 00:24:02,207 some involvement after today's show. 565 00:24:02,207 --> 00:24:04,042 Remember, you can continue to send us 566 00:24:04,042 --> 00:24:07,045 those questions by posting them directly in the comment section 567 00:24:07,112 --> 00:24:11,016 wherever you are watching or using hashtag ask NASA. 568 00:24:11,383 --> 00:24:14,219 So now we've talked agriculture, aviation and 569 00:24:14,219 --> 00:24:16,655 and now we're going to get into energy. 570 00:24:16,655 --> 00:24:17,456 Over the years, 571 00:24:17,456 --> 00:24:20,559 humans have developed systems to harvest and store energy 572 00:24:20,559 --> 00:24:24,396 from sources such as wind, sunlight, and tidal action. 573 00:24:24,696 --> 00:24:27,732 And these are known as renewable and alternative energies 574 00:24:27,732 --> 00:24:30,502 that can be replenished in a short period of time. 575 00:24:30,502 --> 00:24:34,339 So, Kate and Dan, how has NASA help expand renewable 576 00:24:34,339 --> 00:24:35,774 energies across the globe? 577 00:24:37,843 --> 00:24:38,043 Yeah. 578 00:24:38,043 --> 00:24:38,743 Thanks, Jasmine. 579 00:24:38,743 --> 00:24:41,713 Maybe I'll start and then Dan can add some specifics. 580 00:24:42,247 --> 00:24:45,217 So, you know, one of the ways when we think about, you know, 581 00:24:45,217 --> 00:24:46,818 climate change is driven by greenhouse 582 00:24:46,818 --> 00:24:50,055 gas emissions, principally, and we think about ways 583 00:24:50,055 --> 00:24:51,723 we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 584 00:24:51,723 --> 00:24:53,592 Some of the options that have really high 585 00:24:53,592 --> 00:24:57,295 potential to reduce emissions are things like wind and solar. 586 00:24:57,562 --> 00:24:58,830 And we have a 587 00:24:58,830 --> 00:25:01,900 there's a lot of research on wind and solar, some solar 588 00:25:01,900 --> 00:25:04,903 research at NASA, but a lot also at the Department of Energy. 589 00:25:05,403 --> 00:25:06,905 But one of the other things we do 590 00:25:06,905 --> 00:25:08,673 at NASA is help people understand 591 00:25:08,673 --> 00:25:10,709 what the potential is, where they live. 592 00:25:10,709 --> 00:25:14,312 So we have an application called power and NASA Power App, 593 00:25:14,513 --> 00:25:16,381 and it will tell you what the, 594 00:25:16,381 --> 00:25:19,184 what what renewable potential is where you are. 595 00:25:19,184 --> 00:25:20,519 So it takes information 596 00:25:20,519 --> 00:25:23,655 about incoming solar radiation and wind 597 00:25:23,655 --> 00:25:26,958 and provides information about renewable energy. 598 00:25:26,958 --> 00:25:28,994 So you know what's possible where you are. 599 00:25:30,495 --> 00:25:31,563 And you think maybe, Dan, 600 00:25:31,563 --> 00:25:34,933 you got some other specific examples, perhaps one of them. 601 00:25:35,433 --> 00:25:40,105 So we had this website spin off dot nasa.gov, 602 00:25:40,105 --> 00:25:43,742 and we call these these, practical terrestrial benefits, 603 00:25:43,742 --> 00:25:45,343 these products and services 604 00:25:45,343 --> 00:25:48,313 and technologies and devices and things 605 00:25:48,313 --> 00:25:49,714 that make our everyday life better. 606 00:25:49,714 --> 00:25:51,550 As a result of NASA's research. 607 00:25:51,550 --> 00:25:54,152 We call them spin offs, spin off of the original research. 608 00:25:54,152 --> 00:25:56,254 We have thousands of them online. 609 00:25:56,254 --> 00:26:00,225 One of them is one of my favorites. 610 00:26:00,659 --> 00:26:02,827 So we're building this big rocket. 611 00:26:02,827 --> 00:26:06,097 It's going to take astronauts to the moon and then to Mars. 612 00:26:06,464 --> 00:26:08,967 Big rocket. Biggest rocket that's ever been built. 613 00:26:08,967 --> 00:26:10,101 Beautiful thing. 614 00:26:10,101 --> 00:26:13,672 And during the design phase, they discovered 615 00:26:13,672 --> 00:26:17,475 that it was vibrating pretty violently on the launch pad. 616 00:26:17,576 --> 00:26:19,110 This is all computer design. 617 00:26:19,110 --> 00:26:20,011 This is not, 618 00:26:20,011 --> 00:26:22,681 you know, up on a launch pad like, oops, we made a mistake. 619 00:26:22,681 --> 00:26:25,050 This is during the design. 620 00:26:25,050 --> 00:26:28,286 And as Kate mentioned earlier, you can't 621 00:26:28,587 --> 00:26:29,054 you have to 622 00:26:29,054 --> 00:26:31,723 you're we're very conscious of weight restrictions 623 00:26:31,723 --> 00:26:33,925 when we talk about launch and space travel 624 00:26:33,925 --> 00:26:36,161 is you gotta leave Earth and you can't have it too heavy. 625 00:26:36,161 --> 00:26:37,295 And if if something was 626 00:26:37,295 --> 00:26:38,063 vibrating on Earth, 627 00:26:38,063 --> 00:26:38,797 you could just 628 00:26:38,797 --> 00:26:40,799 put a stack of books on it or something, or like, 629 00:26:40,799 --> 00:26:42,934 weight it now on the concrete or put a rock on it. 630 00:26:42,934 --> 00:26:44,269 You can't do that with the vehicle 631 00:26:44,269 --> 00:26:46,504 that you needed to have to leave Earth. 632 00:26:46,504 --> 00:26:48,840 We'd even changed at this point, 633 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:51,509 the paint job on the rocket to save weight. 634 00:26:51,509 --> 00:26:54,746 Like, that's how dialed in we were with trying to save 635 00:26:54,913 --> 00:26:57,115 weight on building this rocket. 636 00:26:57,115 --> 00:26:59,250 But it's vibrating, so we realized 637 00:26:59,250 --> 00:27:02,120 we had to find a solution that didn't add a lot of weight. 638 00:27:02,120 --> 00:27:04,289 And the researchers who were working on it, 639 00:27:04,289 --> 00:27:08,793 the engineers and physicists developed a system of baffles 640 00:27:09,060 --> 00:27:12,731 that would, insert into the liquid fuel tank. 641 00:27:12,731 --> 00:27:13,865 And when you look at the rocket, 642 00:27:13,865 --> 00:27:16,935 like the big NASA rocket, that's mostly liquid fuel. 643 00:27:16,935 --> 00:27:20,071 And the little the little action part on top is that big. 644 00:27:20,071 --> 00:27:22,073 And the rest of the rockets, most of the rocket. 645 00:27:22,073 --> 00:27:24,643 So liquid fuel, that's most of the mass. 646 00:27:24,643 --> 00:27:27,345 And they've determined that if you can control the slosh 647 00:27:27,345 --> 00:27:30,348 of that liquid fuel as it's burning down very quickly, 648 00:27:30,749 --> 00:27:31,883 if you can manage that, 649 00:27:31,883 --> 00:27:34,886 you could transmit the stability to the rest of the vehicle. 650 00:27:35,353 --> 00:27:38,323 That solved the problem without adding a ton of weight. 651 00:27:39,357 --> 00:27:40,959 We quickly then realized 652 00:27:40,959 --> 00:27:41,693 that we could put that 653 00:27:41,693 --> 00:27:45,563 in skyscrapers, tall buildings, and high rises, for earthquake 654 00:27:45,563 --> 00:27:48,566 mitigation and in areas that that were prone to high winds. 655 00:27:49,434 --> 00:27:52,437 But as we got going with it, we then realized 656 00:27:53,171 --> 00:27:56,007 we say we not me, the scientists and physicists 657 00:27:56,007 --> 00:27:59,010 who are working on this very interesting problem. 658 00:28:00,211 --> 00:28:01,713 They started working with some researchers 659 00:28:01,713 --> 00:28:05,083 up at the University of Maine who were trying to build, wind 660 00:28:05,083 --> 00:28:08,086 turbines, offshore wind turbines that, you know, 661 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:11,723 five, ten miles off the shore would float on the on the sea 662 00:28:12,090 --> 00:28:14,726 and then collect wind and turn it into energy. 663 00:28:14,726 --> 00:28:16,161 And these things would get 664 00:28:16,161 --> 00:28:20,498 beat up by the Atlantic, I mean, storms and saltwater 665 00:28:20,498 --> 00:28:24,436 just I mean, it's not a it's not an easy place to have 666 00:28:24,469 --> 00:28:27,472 a piece of equipment float around bobbing up and down. 667 00:28:28,239 --> 00:28:31,409 And they discovered that putting these baffles 668 00:28:31,409 --> 00:28:34,713 that stopped the rocket from vibrating underneath 669 00:28:34,713 --> 00:28:37,582 the floating platforms of these wind turbines, 670 00:28:37,582 --> 00:28:40,585 they could provide stability to the turbine, 671 00:28:40,785 --> 00:28:43,521 allowing it to, not get beat up 672 00:28:43,521 --> 00:28:46,524 as much and to be a little more predictable in its operation. 673 00:28:46,591 --> 00:28:49,294 So the estimate is that they would extend the life 674 00:28:49,294 --> 00:28:52,297 by at least ten, 15 years of these ocean bound, 675 00:28:52,564 --> 00:28:55,934 floating turbines. 676 00:28:56,367 --> 00:28:59,704 And it all came from NASA building a big rocket 677 00:28:59,704 --> 00:29:01,172 that's going to moon, the moon. 678 00:29:01,172 --> 00:29:02,674 And that goes back to Debbie's question that 679 00:29:04,175 --> 00:29:06,311 what do we expect humans are going to get out of 680 00:29:06,311 --> 00:29:07,178 going to the moon? 681 00:29:07,178 --> 00:29:08,012 There's certain things 682 00:29:08,012 --> 00:29:11,382 like, hey, mentioned the, saving power and learning about, 683 00:29:11,816 --> 00:29:17,288 recycling of air and water and, the vantage point of space. 684 00:29:17,288 --> 00:29:19,691 But for me, it's all the weird stuff that we don't expect. 685 00:29:19,691 --> 00:29:21,192 Like, did you know we're going to build 686 00:29:21,192 --> 00:29:23,661 this rocket, run into this vibration problem, 687 00:29:23,661 --> 00:29:26,498 and next thing you know, it's over in wind turbines off the, 688 00:29:26,498 --> 00:29:27,766 shore of Maine. 689 00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:31,302 And that's the fun part of of innovation 690 00:29:31,302 --> 00:29:34,272 and the exploration. 691 00:29:34,939 --> 00:29:36,341 Thank you so much, Dan. 692 00:29:36,341 --> 00:29:40,078 So from a moon rocket to wind turbines to the NASA power app, 693 00:29:40,078 --> 00:29:41,179 I appreciate you both for 694 00:29:41,179 --> 00:29:44,182 tag teaming that answer on renewable energies. 695 00:29:44,182 --> 00:29:46,551 As a reminder to our audience, please continue 696 00:29:46,551 --> 00:29:49,554 sending us our questions using hashtag ask NASA 697 00:29:49,621 --> 00:29:51,856 in the comment section wherever you're watching. 698 00:29:51,856 --> 00:29:53,925 And now we'll get back into that Q&A. 699 00:29:53,925 --> 00:29:57,195 So, King Throne on YouTube asks, 700 00:29:57,562 --> 00:30:01,566 what is your stance on embracing regenerative agriculture? 701 00:30:01,566 --> 00:30:04,903 To move CO2 from the atmosphere into the soil? 702 00:30:08,439 --> 00:30:11,676 I think, you know, as a science and technology agency, our view 703 00:30:11,676 --> 00:30:14,746 is that we provide scientific information and technology 704 00:30:15,013 --> 00:30:17,949 about what, what is happening and what might happen. 705 00:30:17,949 --> 00:30:21,186 So we do a lot of, monitoring of earth, 706 00:30:21,186 --> 00:30:24,389 soils and as well as plants from space. 707 00:30:24,389 --> 00:30:26,691 And so we can provide that kind of information. 708 00:30:26,691 --> 00:30:29,661 But we're our primary role is in providing scientific 709 00:30:29,661 --> 00:30:32,664 information and, and technologies. 710 00:30:32,964 --> 00:30:35,633 Thanks so much, Kate, for taking that question. 711 00:30:35,633 --> 00:30:38,469 Now a viewer on YouTube asks, is nascent 712 00:30:38,469 --> 00:30:41,472 involved in any energy storage solutions? 713 00:30:44,175 --> 00:30:45,410 Absolutely. 714 00:30:45,410 --> 00:30:49,447 It's yes and yes I would. 715 00:30:49,647 --> 00:30:52,183 That's I will tell you a quick one. 716 00:30:52,183 --> 00:30:55,053 And this one goes back a few years. 717 00:30:55,053 --> 00:30:57,755 Remember when those, 718 00:30:57,755 --> 00:31:01,159 I forget what they're called, things people. 719 00:31:01,159 --> 00:31:02,527 And for Christmas, you'd stand on them. 720 00:31:02,527 --> 00:31:05,296 They had two wheels and you kind of, like, roll around on them 721 00:31:05,296 --> 00:31:09,133 and people would fall and bus their teeth out and, 722 00:31:10,001 --> 00:31:11,970 roller boards. I'm going to call them roller boards. 723 00:31:11,970 --> 00:31:13,471 You know what I'm talking about. 724 00:31:13,471 --> 00:31:15,073 When those first came out, 725 00:31:15,073 --> 00:31:19,010 in addition to people falling and getting hurt, remember 726 00:31:19,010 --> 00:31:22,213 they were also lighting on fire, like fairly regularly. 727 00:31:22,814 --> 00:31:27,218 And and we're back 15 years ago or so when, like, laptops 728 00:31:27,218 --> 00:31:28,786 would light on fire like that was a thing 729 00:31:28,786 --> 00:31:30,455 these lithium ion batteries were like, 730 00:31:30,455 --> 00:31:31,723 they're great new technology. 731 00:31:31,723 --> 00:31:35,760 They're lightweight, had a lot of, energy. 732 00:31:36,194 --> 00:31:38,263 But occasionally they'd light on fire. 733 00:31:38,263 --> 00:31:41,232 And NASA's solved that problem 734 00:31:41,232 --> 00:31:43,534 because we wanted to use the batteries, too, 735 00:31:43,534 --> 00:31:44,402 but we didn't want them 736 00:31:44,402 --> 00:31:46,905 lighting on fire in space because, well, 737 00:31:46,905 --> 00:31:48,373 you can't really get the fire department up there 738 00:31:48,373 --> 00:31:49,440 as quickly as you'd like it 739 00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:50,942 would you have to train them and get them off. 740 00:31:50,942 --> 00:31:52,010 And so it's, it's, it's it's a mess. 741 00:31:52,010 --> 00:31:54,779 So the, the simpler thing is to avoid the fire altogether. 742 00:31:54,779 --> 00:31:57,782 So NASA researchers went out to the Department of Energy 743 00:31:58,082 --> 00:31:59,050 and they studied 744 00:31:59,050 --> 00:32:02,787 how to make these lithium ion batteries not light on fire. 745 00:32:03,154 --> 00:32:06,824 So you might be saying but then they don't light on fire, that. 746 00:32:07,258 --> 00:32:09,093 That's correct. We did that. 747 00:32:10,161 --> 00:32:10,495 But we've 748 00:32:10,495 --> 00:32:14,565 been working in, power storage in generation 749 00:32:14,565 --> 00:32:17,568 in numerous ways and for decades. 750 00:32:20,405 --> 00:32:20,838 Thank you. 751 00:32:20,838 --> 00:32:22,774 Dan, masterful storytelling. 752 00:32:22,774 --> 00:32:23,775 I didn't know how you're going to connect 753 00:32:23,775 --> 00:32:25,710 the lighting on fire, NASA, but you did it. 754 00:32:25,710 --> 00:32:28,713 All right, so moving on to our next question. 755 00:32:28,846 --> 00:32:32,650 If you are on YouTube asks what are NASA's plans for helping 756 00:32:32,650 --> 00:32:36,754 civilian and commercial industry for small nuclear reactors 757 00:32:36,921 --> 00:32:39,924 or green hydrogen tech? 758 00:32:43,227 --> 00:32:45,496 I think I'm not the best person, for that, 759 00:32:45,496 --> 00:32:46,664 we do have people that think 760 00:32:46,664 --> 00:32:48,933 about both hydrogen as well as nuclear, 761 00:32:48,933 --> 00:32:49,834 but I it's, 762 00:32:49,834 --> 00:32:51,669 I don't know if Dan has any examples there, 763 00:32:51,669 --> 00:32:52,904 but that might be a better question 764 00:32:52,904 --> 00:32:55,907 for one of our other colleagues in space technology, 765 00:32:56,808 --> 00:32:59,911 I the only thing I would add is, is if we had technology 766 00:32:59,911 --> 00:33:01,746 the NASA developed in those areas, 767 00:33:01,746 --> 00:33:03,348 we would make them available to the public. 768 00:33:05,583 --> 00:33:05,917 Awesome. 769 00:33:05,917 --> 00:33:07,919 Thank you so much, Dan and Kate. 770 00:33:07,919 --> 00:33:10,455 Next, if you are on aircraft, great 771 00:33:10,455 --> 00:33:13,358 to hear about NASA's innovations helping our planet. 772 00:33:13,358 --> 00:33:15,493 Could you share more about how these technologies 773 00:33:15,493 --> 00:33:18,763 improve renewable energy or make travel more efficient? 774 00:33:18,963 --> 00:33:19,897 I think you guys have both 775 00:33:19,897 --> 00:33:22,900 touched on that, but anything else to add? 776 00:33:23,735 --> 00:33:25,970 Make travel more efficient? 777 00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:27,472 Well, on the renewable energy, 778 00:33:27,472 --> 00:33:29,073 I think the one thing we haven't really talked about, 779 00:33:29,073 --> 00:33:31,242 we talked a little bit about our Earth observations. 780 00:33:31,242 --> 00:33:33,044 We talked a little bit about wind turbines. 781 00:33:33,044 --> 00:33:34,812 We haven't talked about solar as much now. 782 00:33:34,812 --> 00:33:37,815 So we use a lot of solar power in space. 783 00:33:38,016 --> 00:33:40,785 Most of our satellites have solar panels. 784 00:33:40,785 --> 00:33:42,420 The International Space Station does. 785 00:33:42,420 --> 00:33:45,256 And we've developed, rollouts, solar panels though. 786 00:33:45,256 --> 00:33:47,125 Dan, you want to give more details on that? 787 00:33:48,192 --> 00:33:48,893 Sure. 788 00:33:48,893 --> 00:33:50,461 There's actually two different 789 00:33:50,461 --> 00:33:53,464 roll-out solar arrays that we've developed. 790 00:33:54,465 --> 00:33:55,366 One of them is kind of neat. 791 00:33:55,366 --> 00:33:58,036 So you picture a solar panel 792 00:33:58,036 --> 00:34:02,106 and it's just fixed, rigid thing in picture it like bolted 793 00:34:02,106 --> 00:34:05,109 to the top of a house or, a building. 794 00:34:05,343 --> 00:34:09,414 So NASA developed rollable, deployable ones 795 00:34:09,414 --> 00:34:09,714 that we, 796 00:34:09,714 --> 00:34:11,315 we launch them into space, 797 00:34:11,315 --> 00:34:14,118 and you don't want to launch this big flat like, 798 00:34:14,118 --> 00:34:16,020 sheet of plywood into space. 799 00:34:16,020 --> 00:34:17,188 So we want this, like, tube, 800 00:34:17,188 --> 00:34:18,823 like a rug that you could, you could roll out. 801 00:34:18,823 --> 00:34:21,592 So we developed these rollable solar panels. 802 00:34:21,592 --> 00:34:26,297 That same concept has been applied to simple ones 803 00:34:26,297 --> 00:34:27,999 that you could take camping or hiking 804 00:34:27,999 --> 00:34:31,436 or roll out on a picnic, charge your radio, your telephone. 805 00:34:31,736 --> 00:34:32,437 You kind of like 806 00:34:32,437 --> 00:34:35,440 take it out your backpack and roll out this solar panel. 807 00:34:35,473 --> 00:34:37,675 That's kind of a small scale version for charging 808 00:34:37,675 --> 00:34:38,810 a single device. 809 00:34:40,244 --> 00:34:42,280 There's another neat one we've been working on. 810 00:34:42,280 --> 00:34:44,282 Because in addition to rolling them out, 811 00:34:44,282 --> 00:34:47,285 you also want to make sure they're not, like, delicate. 812 00:34:47,718 --> 00:34:48,519 And then they can do it. 813 00:34:48,519 --> 00:34:50,021 They can withstand a little bit of a beating 814 00:34:50,021 --> 00:34:52,123 because space launch is difficult 815 00:34:52,123 --> 00:34:54,459 and it's kind of rough on things. 816 00:34:54,459 --> 00:34:57,562 And then rolling something, I'm just having it float out, 817 00:34:57,562 --> 00:35:01,532 in space is also, you know, 818 00:35:01,933 --> 00:35:03,468 you want to make sure that it's 819 00:35:03,468 --> 00:35:05,236 that it's strong and you can't 820 00:35:05,236 --> 00:35:07,405 you can't easily pop up to repair it. 821 00:35:07,405 --> 00:35:10,408 So we developed these, 822 00:35:11,175 --> 00:35:14,178 solar panels that you can attach to, 823 00:35:14,278 --> 00:35:17,482 a building for between two trees, like a hammock 824 00:35:17,782 --> 00:35:20,685 or even put it on, say, the top of a gazebo or pagoda. 825 00:35:21,719 --> 00:35:24,255 That'll withstand weather and wind 826 00:35:24,255 --> 00:35:25,957 and take a beating outdoors. 827 00:35:25,957 --> 00:35:27,625 And then when you're done using it, 828 00:35:27,625 --> 00:35:29,127 you can roll it back up. 829 00:35:29,127 --> 00:35:32,730 And the neat advantage here is that you could actually have 830 00:35:32,730 --> 00:35:36,067 solar, power delivered to your home 831 00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:40,771 without having to go through the, expense and 832 00:35:40,838 --> 00:35:44,475 permanency of actually bolting those rigid ones to your roof. 833 00:35:44,642 --> 00:35:46,577 So this would work if you were renting, 834 00:35:46,577 --> 00:35:49,881 or if, in a circumstance where you had to set up 835 00:35:49,881 --> 00:35:52,884 emergency tents or something in an, in a, in an environment 836 00:35:53,017 --> 00:35:55,386 like a field hospital, you could put these things out 837 00:35:55,386 --> 00:35:56,854 and they would withstand rough weather, 838 00:35:56,854 --> 00:35:59,857 and you grow them up and pack them away when you're done. 839 00:36:01,325 --> 00:36:03,361 Thank you so much, Dan and Kate, for those examples 840 00:36:03,361 --> 00:36:04,295 of solar energy. 841 00:36:04,295 --> 00:36:05,396 Glad that we were able to loop 842 00:36:05,396 --> 00:36:07,899 that into the conversation as well. 843 00:36:07,899 --> 00:36:10,067 Sam on YouTube asks what, 844 00:36:11,202 --> 00:36:13,004 potential future endeavors in 845 00:36:13,004 --> 00:36:16,007 terms of finding various renewable energy sources. 846 00:36:16,207 --> 00:36:18,643 What are the crucial factors taken into, 847 00:36:18,643 --> 00:36:20,645 into condition for this purpose? 848 00:36:20,645 --> 00:36:23,648 In the point of view from NASA scientists? 849 00:36:26,184 --> 00:36:27,285 I think from, you know, 850 00:36:27,285 --> 00:36:30,054 we're continuing to explore both our home planet 851 00:36:30,054 --> 00:36:32,423 as well as space and learn as we go. 852 00:36:32,423 --> 00:36:34,258 And you never know what you might find. 853 00:36:34,258 --> 00:36:36,527 I think that's the findings, particularly, 854 00:36:36,527 --> 00:36:37,962 as Dan mentioned, about his job. 855 00:36:37,962 --> 00:36:39,230 When you're looking at one 856 00:36:39,230 --> 00:36:41,699 challenge, you might find solutions to another. 857 00:36:41,699 --> 00:36:43,801 And so I think we're always exploring. 858 00:36:43,801 --> 00:36:44,669 We're always learning. 859 00:36:44,669 --> 00:36:47,138 We're always understanding and we're always sharing. 860 00:36:47,138 --> 00:36:50,141 So we share what we can with the world. 861 00:36:50,841 --> 00:36:51,676 Thanks so much, Kate. 862 00:36:51,676 --> 00:36:53,578 Yeah, it's nice to see how many missions 863 00:36:53,578 --> 00:36:55,813 might affect others here at NASA. 864 00:36:55,813 --> 00:36:57,782 So if you were on Twitch asks, 865 00:36:57,782 --> 00:37:00,785 how does plant, how do you plant satellite 866 00:37:01,319 --> 00:37:05,223 imagery aid in overall food production and growth? 867 00:37:07,425 --> 00:37:10,194 So I yeah, I think we've got a number of different ways 868 00:37:10,194 --> 00:37:10,795 that we're able 869 00:37:10,795 --> 00:37:14,065 to study plants from space so we can see what's growing. 870 00:37:14,065 --> 00:37:15,766 We have a satellite called Landsat. 871 00:37:15,766 --> 00:37:16,667 It's actually a series 872 00:37:16,667 --> 00:37:20,271 of satellites in partnership with the US Geological Survey. 873 00:37:20,504 --> 00:37:22,506 And we have more than 50 years of records of this. 874 00:37:22,506 --> 00:37:23,341 And it can tell you where 875 00:37:23,341 --> 00:37:25,676 there are trees, where there are crops. 876 00:37:25,676 --> 00:37:26,644 And we've worked, you know, 877 00:37:26,644 --> 00:37:28,312 with people like the US Department 878 00:37:28,312 --> 00:37:29,547 of Agriculture to identify 879 00:37:29,547 --> 00:37:31,882 which crops, you can tell from space 880 00:37:31,882 --> 00:37:35,353 what's growing by when it greens the precise color that it is. 881 00:37:35,753 --> 00:37:37,421 We can also we have other satellites 882 00:37:37,421 --> 00:37:39,490 that can tell us about plant health. 883 00:37:39,490 --> 00:37:43,094 So we have one, an instrument on the International Space 884 00:37:43,094 --> 00:37:44,929 Station called Eco Stress 885 00:37:44,929 --> 00:37:45,696 that it measures 886 00:37:45,696 --> 00:37:48,699 temperature at this really, really high precision. 887 00:37:48,799 --> 00:37:50,735 And what it turns out you can learn from 888 00:37:50,735 --> 00:37:52,536 that is when plants are water stress. 889 00:37:52,536 --> 00:37:54,238 So when plants don't have enough water, 890 00:37:54,238 --> 00:37:56,474 they get a little bit hotter so they get a fever. 891 00:37:56,474 --> 00:37:57,975 And we can see that from space. 892 00:37:57,975 --> 00:38:00,311 And so this instrument that can show us urban heat 893 00:38:00,311 --> 00:38:03,347 island can also let us know when plants have water stress. 894 00:38:03,648 --> 00:38:07,184 But we're continuing to learn about agriculture and learn 895 00:38:07,184 --> 00:38:09,687 what we can do to provide more information 896 00:38:09,687 --> 00:38:11,822 to farmers about what's happening, 897 00:38:11,822 --> 00:38:13,791 and what might happen in the future. 898 00:38:13,791 --> 00:38:15,192 So we also have an active 899 00:38:15,192 --> 00:38:18,195 area of research around looking at future crop yields 900 00:38:18,195 --> 00:38:20,164 and future crop production to understand 901 00:38:20,164 --> 00:38:22,266 how changes in the environment in the future 902 00:38:22,266 --> 00:38:24,368 might affect our ability to grow different crops. 903 00:38:25,636 --> 00:38:26,103 Thank you. 904 00:38:26,103 --> 00:38:29,874 So so yeah, we're doing oh, Dan, would you like to add I do. 905 00:38:30,341 --> 00:38:30,641 Well, 906 00:38:30,641 --> 00:38:33,110 we also have some fascinating research 907 00:38:33,110 --> 00:38:35,780 being done down at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida 908 00:38:35,780 --> 00:38:37,581 on vertical farming. 909 00:38:37,581 --> 00:38:40,251 And, okay, mentioned sensors. 910 00:38:40,251 --> 00:38:43,554 We use sensors to dial in 911 00:38:43,988 --> 00:38:46,891 exactly on what a plant needs. 912 00:38:46,891 --> 00:38:48,459 So rather than having to use, 913 00:38:48,459 --> 00:38:50,461 you know, just throw more water at it. 914 00:38:50,461 --> 00:38:51,862 Just hope for the best. 915 00:38:51,862 --> 00:38:55,166 Put more, put more light on it, take a little light off 916 00:38:55,166 --> 00:38:56,701 and kind of see what happens. 917 00:38:56,701 --> 00:39:01,372 We can read plant health and stress up close 918 00:39:02,206 --> 00:39:04,575 and figure out what needs a little more of this nutrient. 919 00:39:04,575 --> 00:39:06,410 It needs a little bit more of, 920 00:39:06,410 --> 00:39:08,579 a little bit more water, a little less water, maybe. 921 00:39:08,579 --> 00:39:10,247 Needs a little more wind passing through. 922 00:39:10,247 --> 00:39:12,116 Maybe the temperature's not quite right. 923 00:39:12,116 --> 00:39:15,786 And we can, We can grow perfect crops 924 00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:19,123 with very little, if any. 925 00:39:19,123 --> 00:39:22,626 Fertilizers and no pesticides necessary, 926 00:39:22,626 --> 00:39:24,862 because this is largely done indoors. 927 00:39:24,862 --> 00:39:28,966 By the way, we were working on it at NASA 928 00:39:28,999 --> 00:39:32,303 was plant growth for long duration space flight. 929 00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:35,673 And these banks, these walls of 930 00:39:35,673 --> 00:39:38,676 of of plants that you could eat lettuces and such, 931 00:39:38,909 --> 00:39:40,978 don't require a lot of growing medium. 932 00:39:40,978 --> 00:39:43,714 It's not like, your Miracle-Gro, soil. 933 00:39:43,714 --> 00:39:46,817 This is, you know, generally a goo 934 00:39:46,817 --> 00:39:49,820 that they grow in, a nutrient dense goo. 935 00:39:49,820 --> 00:39:52,356 Sometimes it's water hydroponics, 936 00:39:52,356 --> 00:39:54,792 but a very light base. 937 00:39:54,792 --> 00:39:58,629 And then a wall of sensors, and you grow the, the plants 938 00:39:58,629 --> 00:39:59,397 off of it. 939 00:39:59,397 --> 00:40:01,899 So the cool application. 940 00:40:01,899 --> 00:40:03,934 And by the way, we just made this information 941 00:40:03,934 --> 00:40:05,469 publicly available. We said, have fun. 942 00:40:05,469 --> 00:40:06,937 You all grow some plants. 943 00:40:06,937 --> 00:40:09,673 The cool thing is there's multiple companies 944 00:40:09,673 --> 00:40:11,809 now that are farming this way. 945 00:40:11,809 --> 00:40:14,011 And you're seeing in dense urban environments. 946 00:40:14,011 --> 00:40:16,647 So as as the planet gets more populated, 947 00:40:16,647 --> 00:40:17,782 we're gonna have more people. 948 00:40:17,782 --> 00:40:19,083 They're going to be in urban environments, 949 00:40:19,083 --> 00:40:21,318 and we're going to have fewer or fewer, 950 00:40:21,318 --> 00:40:24,588 ways to feed them good green, healthy food. 951 00:40:24,855 --> 00:40:26,590 And we're going to have less farmland. 952 00:40:26,590 --> 00:40:29,393 So growing these plants indoors in order to, 953 00:40:29,393 --> 00:40:32,696 feed people is, kind of neat. 954 00:40:33,164 --> 00:40:37,034 And you can literally in cities on the East Coast 955 00:40:37,034 --> 00:40:38,769 and the West, purchase. 956 00:40:38,769 --> 00:40:40,738 Now when you go to the grocery store and lettuces 957 00:40:40,738 --> 00:40:43,741 that were grown indoors and you virtually 958 00:40:43,774 --> 00:40:46,844 indistinguishable from the other lettuces that you might find, 959 00:40:47,511 --> 00:40:48,913 and yes, it's primarily lettuce. 960 00:40:48,913 --> 00:40:50,714 It's right now, but but the sky's 961 00:40:50,714 --> 00:40:54,585 the limit on what you could grow in these neat vertical farms. 962 00:40:56,220 --> 00:40:57,788 Thanks so much, Dan, for that addition. 963 00:40:57,788 --> 00:41:00,691 And yes, lettuce is a start, but we have much more coming. 964 00:41:00,691 --> 00:41:04,428 A viewer on YouTube now asks, what are the experts 965 00:41:04,428 --> 00:41:06,664 most excited for to see technology 966 00:41:06,664 --> 00:41:09,667 that is being developed right now? 967 00:41:10,801 --> 00:41:13,304 A really expert, that's a great question. 968 00:41:13,304 --> 00:41:14,872 The most excited, 969 00:41:14,872 --> 00:41:17,241 I have to say, every time I hear 970 00:41:17,241 --> 00:41:18,876 about something that's happening, 971 00:41:18,876 --> 00:41:21,045 I get excited about it. So it changes. 972 00:41:21,045 --> 00:41:21,979 Since we were just 973 00:41:21,979 --> 00:41:24,615 talking about food, I always like learning. 974 00:41:24,615 --> 00:41:27,017 And the International Space Station, we grow crops, so 975 00:41:27,017 --> 00:41:28,519 our astronauts are farmers. 976 00:41:28,519 --> 00:41:31,155 And they've done a lot of research on things like LED 977 00:41:31,155 --> 00:41:32,990 lighting, on fertilizers 978 00:41:32,990 --> 00:41:34,425 that we use in some of those indoor 979 00:41:34,425 --> 00:41:36,594 agriculture facilities that Dan mentioned. 980 00:41:36,594 --> 00:41:39,163 And it's kind of fun to think about what we can learn. 981 00:41:39,163 --> 00:41:42,099 And it's also fun to think about growing crops in space. 982 00:41:42,099 --> 00:41:45,836 But we have a lot of other fun research around food, 983 00:41:46,036 --> 00:41:47,505 around energy. 984 00:41:47,505 --> 00:41:49,507 And you never know what we'll learn next. 985 00:41:51,141 --> 00:41:51,942 Thanks so much, Kate. 986 00:41:51,942 --> 00:41:53,110 A lot to be excited about. 987 00:41:53,110 --> 00:41:56,113 Dan, would you like to add what you're most excited for? 988 00:41:57,047 --> 00:41:59,450 I'm going to fall back into one of my other answers, 989 00:41:59,450 --> 00:42:02,453 and I'm I'm most excited about what we don't know yet 990 00:42:02,786 --> 00:42:04,321 and the wacky places that 991 00:42:04,321 --> 00:42:05,956 we're going to see technology turn up. 992 00:42:05,956 --> 00:42:08,959 Like one of my favorite stories is a few years back. 993 00:42:09,360 --> 00:42:11,929 Not climate related at all, 994 00:42:11,929 --> 00:42:15,833 but we developed a device at request, 995 00:42:16,233 --> 00:42:19,236 by a for our marching band in Michigan. 996 00:42:20,104 --> 00:42:22,172 They needed a way to keep their reeds warm 997 00:42:22,172 --> 00:42:26,744 for the wind instruments during, subzero marching season. 998 00:42:27,244 --> 00:42:28,879 So, yeah, we got that battery technology. 999 00:42:28,879 --> 00:42:29,647 You can use that 1000 00:42:29,647 --> 00:42:31,549 because otherwise you'd be kind of, like, stuck on your reed, 1001 00:42:31,549 --> 00:42:34,385 and then you take it out and it would freeze you. 1002 00:42:34,385 --> 00:42:35,653 And in order 1003 00:42:35,653 --> 00:42:38,856 to prevent that from happening, we made these reed warmers, 1004 00:42:39,056 --> 00:42:42,059 and there was no way we could have predicted that. 1005 00:42:42,059 --> 00:42:43,561 And it helped some people and some kids 1006 00:42:43,561 --> 00:42:44,895 didn't get chapped lips as a result. 1007 00:42:44,895 --> 00:42:47,264 And they played their, their instruments and, and 1008 00:42:48,599 --> 00:42:50,434 I don't know where that's the fun part. 1009 00:42:50,434 --> 00:42:51,435 That's why I love my job. 1010 00:42:51,435 --> 00:42:54,405 Like, who knows what's around the corner. 1011 00:42:54,538 --> 00:42:56,006 Awesome. Thank you so much, Stan. 1012 00:42:56,006 --> 00:42:57,675 So growing plants in space 1013 00:42:57,675 --> 00:43:01,245 and then reed warmer and lots to be excited about here at NASA. 1014 00:43:01,779 --> 00:43:03,314 So Kate, you just mentioned this, 1015 00:43:03,314 --> 00:43:06,517 but if you are on ECS as as an engineer 1016 00:43:06,550 --> 00:43:08,919 who's worked on space launch systems 1017 00:43:08,919 --> 00:43:11,188 and now the International Space Station, 1018 00:43:11,188 --> 00:43:14,925 what is a major contribution NASA has made to life on Earth 1019 00:43:15,192 --> 00:43:16,026 and have, 1020 00:43:16,026 --> 00:43:20,564 we have an amazing station powering things, from solar, 1021 00:43:20,864 --> 00:43:24,535 maintaining livable atmosphere, a water recovery system. 1022 00:43:24,535 --> 00:43:27,538 How do those improvements help us on Earth? 1023 00:43:28,806 --> 00:43:29,239 Yeah. 1024 00:43:29,239 --> 00:43:31,342 So we talked a little bit about food, 1025 00:43:31,342 --> 00:43:32,943 but now I'll talk about water. 1026 00:43:32,943 --> 00:43:34,311 So one of the other things you do on 1027 00:43:34,311 --> 00:43:35,946 the International Space Station, we need to make 1028 00:43:35,946 --> 00:43:38,315 sure our astronauts have clean water to drink. 1029 00:43:38,315 --> 00:43:41,685 And so we recycle water on the International Space Station. 1030 00:43:41,952 --> 00:43:42,386 And we've done 1031 00:43:42,386 --> 00:43:46,357 a ton of research on water filtration and water recycling. 1032 00:43:46,523 --> 00:43:48,058 And that's been used all around 1033 00:43:48,058 --> 00:43:49,660 the world in places where they don't 1034 00:43:49,660 --> 00:43:51,161 have access to clean water. 1035 00:43:53,063 --> 00:43:54,164 Thank you so much, Kate. Yes. 1036 00:43:54,164 --> 00:43:56,800 Bringing that benefit right back here to Earth. 1037 00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:57,401 Sorry. 1038 00:43:57,401 --> 00:44:01,238 Are you using an AI in any of these innovations? 1039 00:44:01,872 --> 00:44:04,875 And I think that question and go to both, Kate and Dan. 1040 00:44:05,776 --> 00:44:07,778 So we use AI and machine learning. 1041 00:44:07,778 --> 00:44:10,347 I'm trying to think about if we've mentioned anything yet. 1042 00:44:10,347 --> 00:44:12,049 But I will instead mention 1043 00:44:12,049 --> 00:44:13,817 things are doing, going forward. 1044 00:44:13,817 --> 00:44:16,186 So we use a lot of AI and machine learning. 1045 00:44:16,186 --> 00:44:17,154 We have for decades. 1046 00:44:17,154 --> 00:44:19,289 It's how we land a rover on Mars. 1047 00:44:19,289 --> 00:44:20,691 But some of the things we're doing 1048 00:44:20,691 --> 00:44:22,393 that are Earth and climate related 1049 00:44:22,393 --> 00:44:25,796 involves sort of using AI and machine learning to better, 1050 00:44:26,063 --> 00:44:30,534 track and identify features in, satellite imagery. 1051 00:44:30,668 --> 00:44:31,935 So we have some scientists 1052 00:44:31,935 --> 00:44:34,438 that have counted trees in northern Africa 1053 00:44:34,438 --> 00:44:35,406 using machine learning. 1054 00:44:35,406 --> 00:44:37,141 They taught the computer what a tree looks like, 1055 00:44:37,141 --> 00:44:38,475 and then they could count trees 1056 00:44:38,475 --> 00:44:41,445 all across, a large portion of Africa. 1057 00:44:41,512 --> 00:44:42,980 We also have, people 1058 00:44:42,980 --> 00:44:45,215 that are working on tracking wildfire emissions. 1059 00:44:45,215 --> 00:44:48,919 So when a wildfire burns, there's a lot of smoke from it 1060 00:44:48,919 --> 00:44:50,521 that causes air quality concerns, 1061 00:44:50,521 --> 00:44:53,791 not just where the fire is, but also pretty far from it. 1062 00:44:53,991 --> 00:44:57,428 And we're able to track that from space and in model that. 1063 00:44:57,628 --> 00:45:00,230 But we've used machine learning to make that faster. 1064 00:45:00,230 --> 00:45:02,232 So if you can track where the smoke is going, 1065 00:45:02,232 --> 00:45:04,301 you can put out air quality alerts 1066 00:45:04,301 --> 00:45:07,171 and help people, particularly those that have asthma 1067 00:45:07,171 --> 00:45:09,239 or other respiratory conditions, understand 1068 00:45:09,239 --> 00:45:11,542 what the air conditions are like outside. 1069 00:45:13,777 --> 00:45:15,679 I think so much. 1070 00:45:15,679 --> 00:45:17,715 Dan, would you like to add? 1071 00:45:17,715 --> 00:45:18,982 Of course. 1072 00:45:18,982 --> 00:45:20,884 So this is very specific. 1073 00:45:20,884 --> 00:45:23,754 Back to machine learning and tracking 1074 00:45:23,754 --> 00:45:26,757 of large data sets and making sense of, of 1075 00:45:27,224 --> 00:45:29,526 rapidly of these large data sets. 1076 00:45:29,526 --> 00:45:31,995 We developed an, 1077 00:45:31,995 --> 00:45:34,998 an algorithm and a tool for 1078 00:45:36,133 --> 00:45:38,736 making sense of all of the reams of data 1079 00:45:38,736 --> 00:45:41,038 that were coming back from the Hubble Space Telescope, 1080 00:45:41,038 --> 00:45:44,041 making sense of these star patterns. 1081 00:45:44,675 --> 00:45:46,844 We started working with researchers 1082 00:45:46,844 --> 00:45:51,582 at the University of Florida, to use the same tool 1083 00:45:52,349 --> 00:45:55,552 to track whale sharks, because whale sharks 1084 00:45:55,719 --> 00:45:59,189 have a distinctive spotting pattern on their bodies 1085 00:45:59,189 --> 00:46:01,024 that, much like the human fingerprint, 1086 00:46:01,024 --> 00:46:04,027 remains the same for the entire life of that animal. 1087 00:46:04,661 --> 00:46:07,664 So we were able to, with photography 1088 00:46:07,965 --> 00:46:10,968 and much more readily than, you know, swimming up 1089 00:46:10,968 --> 00:46:12,903 and tagging them with GPS sensors. 1090 00:46:12,903 --> 00:46:15,672 We're able to give a whale shark picture, 1091 00:46:15,672 --> 00:46:19,376 we're able to, to rapidly, determine 1092 00:46:20,277 --> 00:46:22,613 and accurately determine where these whale sharks were 1093 00:46:22,613 --> 00:46:24,214 and tractor migratory patterns. 1094 00:46:24,214 --> 00:46:27,718 And, and that helps us keep an eye on this, 1095 00:46:29,119 --> 00:46:31,054 endangered species. 1096 00:46:31,054 --> 00:46:32,623 So then, similarly, 1097 00:46:32,623 --> 00:46:35,793 these researchers at University of Alaska found out. 1098 00:46:36,260 --> 00:46:38,862 And then, much like the human fingerprint 1099 00:46:38,862 --> 00:46:40,531 and the markings on the whale shark, 1100 00:46:40,531 --> 00:46:43,534 they explained to us the polar bears 1101 00:46:43,567 --> 00:46:45,736 have a distinctive marking on their muzzles, 1102 00:46:45,736 --> 00:46:47,204 a spotting pattern 1103 00:46:47,204 --> 00:46:50,007 that stays the same for the life of the animal. 1104 00:46:50,007 --> 00:46:52,543 So polar bears are easily recognizable. 1105 00:46:52,543 --> 00:46:53,644 Easily, right? 1106 00:46:53,644 --> 00:46:56,914 If you know what to look for by the markings on their snout. 1107 00:46:57,614 --> 00:47:00,551 So now, if you wanted to track migration 1108 00:47:00,551 --> 00:47:03,554 and populations of polar bears in Alaska, 1109 00:47:03,620 --> 00:47:05,088 rather than have to sneak up 1110 00:47:05,088 --> 00:47:07,357 and tag them or learn all their names, 1111 00:47:07,357 --> 00:47:09,326 what you would do instead is 1112 00:47:09,326 --> 00:47:09,793 you could snap 1113 00:47:09,793 --> 00:47:10,661 photographs of them 1114 00:47:10,661 --> 00:47:12,162 and other people could snap photographs, 1115 00:47:12,162 --> 00:47:14,198 and you could put all this data together. 1116 00:47:14,198 --> 00:47:17,568 And then using those Hubble star tracking tools 1117 00:47:17,801 --> 00:47:20,938 to determine which polar bear you snapped a picture of. 1118 00:47:21,738 --> 00:47:24,975 And then finally, there's the human fingerprint. 1119 00:47:25,542 --> 00:47:27,744 There's the markings on the whale shark. 1120 00:47:27,744 --> 00:47:29,246 There's a snout of the polar bear, 1121 00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:33,483 a dog's nose 1122 00:47:33,684 --> 00:47:36,787 is like the human fingerprint, distinct to that animal. 1123 00:47:36,787 --> 00:47:41,491 And every dog has its own nose print that is, that dogs 1124 00:47:41,491 --> 00:47:43,994 and they're distinguishable by that. 1125 00:47:43,994 --> 00:47:45,395 There's no nasty technology there. 1126 00:47:45,395 --> 00:47:47,064 But like, isn't that awesome? 1127 00:47:47,064 --> 00:47:49,967 The dogs each have their own little nose markings. 1128 00:47:49,967 --> 00:47:52,736 I love it. 1129 00:47:52,736 --> 00:47:53,904 That's fascinating. 1130 00:47:53,904 --> 00:47:56,273 Thank you so much for that answer, Dan. 1131 00:47:56,273 --> 00:47:59,276 So now we're going to switch to the topic of carbon. 1132 00:47:59,443 --> 00:48:02,946 If you were asked, is NASA actively pursuing carbon 1133 00:48:03,080 --> 00:48:06,083 sequestration and carbon dioxide 1134 00:48:06,183 --> 00:48:08,619 analogies? 1135 00:48:08,619 --> 00:48:12,089 So I think the primary way we work in this area is around, 1136 00:48:12,089 --> 00:48:16,093 sort of monitoring Earth in particular things like, land. 1137 00:48:16,393 --> 00:48:19,463 So forests and, and other ways that people 1138 00:48:19,463 --> 00:48:22,466 might, begin to move carbon from the atmosphere. 1139 00:48:22,466 --> 00:48:23,533 And so we're able to monitor 1140 00:48:23,533 --> 00:48:26,570 that, and see what's happening and track that over time. 1141 00:48:26,770 --> 00:48:28,906 And we not just look at where there are trees. 1142 00:48:28,906 --> 00:48:30,908 We also have an instrument on the International Space 1143 00:48:30,908 --> 00:48:32,242 Station called Jedi 1144 00:48:32,242 --> 00:48:33,310 that can give us information 1145 00:48:33,310 --> 00:48:35,979 about how tall those trees are and the canopy structure, 1146 00:48:35,979 --> 00:48:37,581 and that can help us really understand 1147 00:48:37,581 --> 00:48:40,083 how much carbon is coming out of the atmosphere. 1148 00:48:40,083 --> 00:48:42,419 I think the other thing I would just mention here, 1149 00:48:42,419 --> 00:48:44,655 I mentioned earlier that one of the other things 1150 00:48:44,655 --> 00:48:47,224 we do is think about our own operations and facilities. 1151 00:48:47,224 --> 00:48:49,192 And at Kennedy Space Center, they've done 1152 00:48:49,192 --> 00:48:50,227 mangrove replanting. 1153 00:48:50,227 --> 00:48:52,162 So we've actually planted mangroves, 1154 00:48:52,162 --> 00:48:56,066 and try to keep the coastal ecosystems really healthy. 1155 00:48:56,066 --> 00:48:58,101 And those can take a lot of carbon out of the atmosphere. 1156 00:49:00,170 --> 00:49:01,171 Thank you so much, Kate. 1157 00:49:01,171 --> 00:49:03,373 I always love hearing about what NASA is doing, 1158 00:49:03,373 --> 00:49:05,108 even at our center level. 1159 00:49:05,108 --> 00:49:08,779 So now a viewer on Twitch asks, how do you acknowledge 1160 00:49:08,779 --> 00:49:11,915 the reality of climate change while keeping good mental 1161 00:49:11,915 --> 00:49:14,918 health? 1162 00:49:15,419 --> 00:49:16,286 That's a great question. 1163 00:49:16,286 --> 00:49:18,755 And as a climate scientist, I think I get this a lot. 1164 00:49:18,755 --> 00:49:20,991 And I think we do have to acknowledge that, 1165 00:49:20,991 --> 00:49:22,726 you know, temperatures are rising 1166 00:49:22,726 --> 00:49:24,494 and they are causing impacts 1167 00:49:24,494 --> 00:49:27,331 to people and ecosystems all around the world. 1168 00:49:27,331 --> 00:49:29,900 And we see devastating impacts across the world, 1169 00:49:29,900 --> 00:49:32,369 including close to home in the United States. 1170 00:49:32,369 --> 00:49:33,904 And that is a reality. 1171 00:49:33,904 --> 00:49:37,040 And as a scientist, we are trying to in a science agency, 1172 00:49:37,274 --> 00:49:38,442 we're trying to better understand 1173 00:49:38,442 --> 00:49:39,476 what's driving that, 1174 00:49:39,476 --> 00:49:40,644 provide that information 1175 00:49:40,644 --> 00:49:42,879 publicly and help people understand 1176 00:49:42,879 --> 00:49:45,115 what the actions are, where they live. 1177 00:49:45,115 --> 00:49:47,918 I would say for me personally, someone once told me 1178 00:49:47,918 --> 00:49:49,419 that science is help, 1179 00:49:49,419 --> 00:49:51,388 so I like to think about what we're doing it, 1180 00:49:51,388 --> 00:49:53,757 NASA, or what scientists are doing around the world. 1181 00:49:53,757 --> 00:49:55,792 And we know what's driving climate change, 1182 00:49:55,792 --> 00:49:57,527 which means we know how to stop it. 1183 00:49:57,527 --> 00:49:58,328 And there are people 1184 00:49:58,328 --> 00:50:02,232 working on this every day, and people like Dan figuring out 1185 00:50:02,232 --> 00:50:03,767 how things that we might not have thought of, 1186 00:50:03,767 --> 00:50:06,069 this climate can help us address climate. 1187 00:50:06,069 --> 00:50:07,671 And that helps me every day. 1188 00:50:08,872 --> 00:50:09,840 I'll go back to Todd. 1189 00:50:09,840 --> 00:50:11,174 Also, I think his name is Todd. 1190 00:50:11,174 --> 00:50:14,144 I wrote a bike for 30 years riding a bike. 1191 00:50:14,411 --> 00:50:15,612 Yeah. 1192 00:50:15,612 --> 00:50:18,582 I mean, not only does it help, but like, exercise is great 1193 00:50:18,582 --> 00:50:21,585 for the mental health and good for the environment. 1194 00:50:23,720 --> 00:50:24,121 Awesome. 1195 00:50:24,121 --> 00:50:26,456 Thank you so much for adding that, Dan and Kate. 1196 00:50:26,456 --> 00:50:28,125 I mean, mental health is extremely important, 1197 00:50:28,125 --> 00:50:30,694 so I'm really glad we got a question on that. 1198 00:50:30,694 --> 00:50:32,929 So unfortunately that looks like all the time 1199 00:50:32,929 --> 00:50:34,664 we have today to take your questions. 1200 00:50:34,664 --> 00:50:36,566 But thank you so much, Dan and Kate, 1201 00:50:36,566 --> 00:50:39,136 for taking the time to be here with us and answer them. 1202 00:50:39,136 --> 00:50:42,139 I'll give you now a chance to say goodbye to our audience. 1203 00:50:43,106 --> 00:50:45,909 Thank you so much, Jasmin. 1204 00:50:45,909 --> 00:50:47,244 Thank you all. A lot of fun. 1205 00:50:49,379 --> 00:50:49,980 All right. 1206 00:50:49,980 --> 00:50:52,516 And thank you to everyone who joined us online. 1207 00:50:52,516 --> 00:50:55,052 We had some fantastic questions come in today 1208 00:50:55,052 --> 00:50:58,055 and we love getting to engage with you, our viewers, 1209 00:50:58,155 --> 00:51:01,558 so you can learn more about NASA technology and stay up to date 1210 00:51:01,558 --> 00:51:04,561 on the latest innovations by following NASA 1211 00:51:04,961 --> 00:51:07,497 on both Facebook and ECS. 1212 00:51:07,497 --> 00:51:10,367 And you can also learn more about the NASA transfer 1213 00:51:10,367 --> 00:51:12,969 or technology transfer and spinoff technologies 1214 00:51:12,969 --> 00:51:15,839 by visiting NASA's spin off website. 1215 00:51:15,839 --> 00:51:18,475 There are also some fun ways that you can get involved 1216 00:51:18,475 --> 00:51:22,279 in our sustainability efforts, and the NASA Luna Recycle 1217 00:51:22,279 --> 00:51:23,880 Challenge is one of them. 1218 00:51:23,880 --> 00:51:26,683 So this is a $3 million competition 1219 00:51:26,683 --> 00:51:29,119 that invites innovators just like you 1220 00:51:29,119 --> 00:51:32,889 to design recycling solutions to reduce waste for long term 1221 00:51:32,889 --> 00:51:35,892 missions on the moon, like we'll do with Artemis. 1222 00:51:35,959 --> 00:51:38,795 So the challenge may also inspire us to improve 1223 00:51:38,795 --> 00:51:42,732 how we reduce, reuse and recycle right here on planet Earth. 1224 00:51:43,333 --> 00:51:45,669 You can help us inspire better sustainability 1225 00:51:45,669 --> 00:51:48,972 on and off the planet by going to go dot NASA 1226 00:51:49,372 --> 00:51:52,476 gov forward slash Luna, recycle challenge. 1227 00:51:53,677 --> 00:51:56,046 And finally, we invite you to stay updated on 1228 00:51:56,046 --> 00:51:56,446 all that 1229 00:51:56,446 --> 00:51:58,348 is happening here on planet Earth 1230 00:51:58,348 --> 00:52:00,217 and how we're protecting the people on it 1231 00:52:00,217 --> 00:52:04,121 by going to NASA Earth on Facebook, Instagram and X. 1232 00:52:04,754 --> 00:52:06,523 Thank you so much again for joining us, 1233 00:52:06,523 --> 00:52:09,426 and we hope to see you next time on NASA Science Live.