1 00:00:18,918 --> 00:00:21,221 Welcome to NASA's Science Live. 2 00:00:21,221 --> 00:00:24,491 This is your opportunity to interact with NASA experts 3 00:00:24,491 --> 00:00:27,494 and have your questions answered in real time. 4 00:00:27,694 --> 00:00:29,863 I'm your host to Hera Allen. 5 00:00:29,863 --> 00:00:32,499 Today, we're exploring NASA's Juno mission, 6 00:00:32,499 --> 00:00:35,668 which has been orbiting Jupiter for almost eight years. 7 00:00:36,002 --> 00:00:38,938 This has given it the unique opportunity to study two 8 00:00:38,938 --> 00:00:43,476 fascinating moons, one boasting lakes of lava on its surface, 9 00:00:43,743 --> 00:00:44,811 and the other thought 10 00:00:44,811 --> 00:00:49,115 to have a global liquid ocean hiding beneath its icy crust. 11 00:00:49,616 --> 00:00:52,619 Let's dive into the worlds of Europa and IO. 12 00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:56,790 Earlier this year, the Juno spacecraft conducted two ultra 13 00:00:56,790 --> 00:00:58,458 close flybys of Jupiter's 14 00:00:58,458 --> 00:01:01,561 volcanic moon IO capturing a wealth of data 15 00:01:01,795 --> 00:01:05,598 and the highest resolution images of its surface in over 16 00:01:05,598 --> 00:01:07,200 two decades. 17 00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:08,735 These flybys are the closest 18 00:01:08,735 --> 00:01:10,637 that a mission has come to the surface 19 00:01:10,637 --> 00:01:15,008 since a visit by the Galileo spacecraft in October 2001. 20 00:01:15,708 --> 00:01:19,079 The maneuvers have allowed Juno to study the most volcanically 21 00:01:19,079 --> 00:01:21,381 active world in our solar system, 22 00:01:21,381 --> 00:01:24,384 which is also only a little bit larger than Earth's moon. 23 00:01:25,051 --> 00:01:28,354 IO is caught in a tug of war between Jupiter's powerful 24 00:01:28,354 --> 00:01:31,691 gravity and the smaller pole from two neighboring moons. 25 00:01:32,192 --> 00:01:36,062 This constant stretch is turning its insides, creating 26 00:01:36,062 --> 00:01:40,467 volcanic eruptions and lakes of lava that cover its surface. 27 00:01:41,401 --> 00:01:43,036 Now, if IO is the world 28 00:01:43,036 --> 00:01:46,406 of fire, you can think of Europa as the world of ice. 29 00:01:46,806 --> 00:01:49,042 And just earlier this week, scientists 30 00:01:49,042 --> 00:01:50,543 released a new estimate 31 00:01:50,543 --> 00:01:53,546 for the amount of oxygen that's being produced on this moon 32 00:01:53,746 --> 00:01:56,749 using data collected by Juno in 2022. 33 00:01:57,484 --> 00:01:59,986 Europa is the destination of our upcoming Europa 34 00:01:59,986 --> 00:02:01,020 Clipper mission 35 00:02:01,020 --> 00:02:03,556 that's launching later this fall and is a world 36 00:02:03,556 --> 00:02:06,292 that is great of great interest to astrobiologists 37 00:02:06,292 --> 00:02:09,295 searching for signs of life in the universe. 38 00:02:09,429 --> 00:02:12,432 Scientists are almost certain that a vast ocean lies beneath 39 00:02:12,432 --> 00:02:15,435 Europa's icy shell, as well as other ingredients 40 00:02:15,435 --> 00:02:18,438 for life as we know it, like chemistry and energy. 41 00:02:19,205 --> 00:02:22,175 These new findings are helping us better understand if this 42 00:02:22,175 --> 00:02:25,778 icy moon has conditions that could be favorable to life. 43 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:29,816 Let's see how scientists are using Juno data 44 00:02:29,816 --> 00:02:32,819 to unravel the mysteries of this fascinating world. 45 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:35,722 Now, if you have questions throughout today's show, 46 00:02:35,722 --> 00:02:37,657 you can submit them using the hashtag 47 00:02:37,657 --> 00:02:40,727 AskNASA on social media or you can drop them 48 00:02:40,727 --> 00:02:43,730 directly into the comment box wherever you're watching. 49 00:02:44,230 --> 00:02:46,232 Today, we're joined by two special guests 50 00:02:46,232 --> 00:02:49,369 who are going to be answering those questions live on air. 51 00:02:50,069 --> 00:02:53,239 We have Dustin Buccino, a NASA's Juno mission 52 00:02:53,239 --> 00:02:55,041 engineer and scientist. 53 00:02:55,041 --> 00:02:57,410 Welcome Dustin. 54 00:02:57,410 --> 00:02:57,977 Thank you. 55 00:02:57,977 --> 00:03:00,346 Thanks for having me. 56 00:03:00,346 --> 00:03:01,014 And Dr. 57 00:03:01,014 --> 00:03:02,248 Rosaly Lopes, 58 00:03:02,248 --> 00:03:05,785 a volcano expert and NASA's Juno associate team member. 59 00:03:06,019 --> 00:03:08,521 Welcome, Rosaly. 60 00:03:08,521 --> 00:03:09,155 Thank you. 61 00:03:09,155 --> 00:03:12,158 And it's a pleasure to be here. 62 00:03:12,492 --> 00:03:15,495 And thank you both so much for being here with us today. 63 00:03:15,728 --> 00:03:17,497 Can you start off by telling our viewers 64 00:03:17,497 --> 00:03:19,566 a little bit about your individual roles 65 00:03:19,566 --> 00:03:22,368 with the Juno mission? Dustin, let's start with you. 66 00:03:23,903 --> 00:03:26,940 So what I do, I have two hats on Juno. 67 00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:30,743 I my first role is the Gravity Instrument Engineer. 68 00:03:30,743 --> 00:03:33,513 So I'm responsible for collecting all of the data 69 00:03:33,513 --> 00:03:36,549 and processing the data for the gravity science investigations 70 00:03:36,549 --> 00:03:37,283 we do, 71 00:03:37,283 --> 00:03:38,184 which is measuring 72 00:03:38,184 --> 00:03:41,187 the interior structures of Jupiter and its moons. 73 00:03:41,621 --> 00:03:44,657 I'm also a part of the Science Planning Working Group, 74 00:03:44,657 --> 00:03:47,794 where we take all of the science objectives that we want 75 00:03:47,794 --> 00:03:52,232 to accomplish on any given orbit around Jupiter and combine 76 00:03:52,232 --> 00:03:54,567 them into a cohesive plan that we can give 77 00:03:54,567 --> 00:03:57,570 to the engineering team to execute. 78 00:03:59,172 --> 00:04:02,008 And what about you, Rosaly? 79 00:04:02,008 --> 00:04:03,543 I also have two hats. 80 00:04:03,543 --> 00:04:06,546 The first is my job here at 81 00:04:06,746 --> 00:04:10,550 JPL is depth to direct for the Planetary 82 00:04:10,550 --> 00:04:13,953 Science Directorate, and Juno is one of our missions. 83 00:04:13,953 --> 00:04:17,557 So the success of Juno is very important to me. 84 00:04:17,991 --> 00:04:20,994 But the other, which is actually more fun, 85 00:04:20,994 --> 00:04:24,163 is a collaborator on the science of Juno. 86 00:04:24,530 --> 00:04:28,101 Scott Bolton, the PI of Juno and I 87 00:04:28,334 --> 00:04:31,638 worked together back on Galileo days, 88 00:04:31,638 --> 00:04:36,542 and because of my expertise on the year, he invited me to 89 00:04:36,542 --> 00:04:40,413 help out the Juno scientists and. 90 00:04:40,413 --> 00:04:42,148 And that's been great. 91 00:04:43,149 --> 00:04:46,185 You know, Rosalee, talking about your expertise 92 00:04:46,185 --> 00:04:49,589 with IO, I know you've done a lot of research on this moon. 93 00:04:49,822 --> 00:04:53,526 Even winning a world record for the amount of active volcanoes 94 00:04:53,526 --> 00:04:54,627 you've discovered. 95 00:04:54,627 --> 00:04:57,997 Can you tell us why is NASA's so interested in this world? 96 00:04:59,932 --> 00:05:02,101 IO is a really interesting 97 00:05:02,101 --> 00:05:05,071 and rather weird, unique moment. 98 00:05:05,405 --> 00:05:08,174 It's the most volcanically active object 99 00:05:08,174 --> 00:05:09,909 in the solar system. 100 00:05:09,909 --> 00:05:13,446 We may think that the Earth has a lot of volcanoes, but 101 00:05:13,746 --> 00:05:17,750 IO has bigger volcanoes, bigger lava flows that erupt 102 00:05:17,917 --> 00:05:19,285 all the time. 103 00:05:19,285 --> 00:05:24,857 Gigantic plumes, volcanic plumes above the surface. 104 00:05:24,924 --> 00:05:26,359 And them. 105 00:05:26,359 --> 00:05:29,362 And we think that 106 00:05:29,862 --> 00:05:33,199 some of the eruptions on IO, 107 00:05:33,466 --> 00:05:36,736 a very similar to the eruptions on the earth 108 00:05:37,036 --> 00:05:39,138 in the Earth's early history, 109 00:05:39,138 --> 00:05:42,442 like hundreds of millions to billions of years ago. 110 00:05:42,909 --> 00:05:45,511 And even the composition of the lava 111 00:05:45,511 --> 00:05:49,449 may be very similar to premier lava on the earth. 112 00:05:49,782 --> 00:05:53,720 So looking at the IO gives us a way to 113 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:56,856 look at the early earth and study 114 00:05:56,856 --> 00:06:00,126 eruptions that don't exist anymore on Earth. 115 00:06:01,361 --> 00:06:03,629 That is so cool to think about. 116 00:06:03,629 --> 00:06:07,834 And so I understand too, it's due to IO any position 117 00:06:08,301 --> 00:06:11,371 in this Jupiter system that really has to deal 118 00:06:11,371 --> 00:06:14,607 with its volcanoes and its inner mechanics. 119 00:06:14,807 --> 00:06:18,544 And so, Dustin, I know you focus a lot on the Jovian system. 120 00:06:18,544 --> 00:06:21,547 So again, Jupiter, its rings, its moons. 121 00:06:21,948 --> 00:06:24,951 Can you explain the significance of IO 122 00:06:24,951 --> 00:06:27,954 and Europa within this system? 123 00:06:28,688 --> 00:06:30,123 So IO drives 124 00:06:30,123 --> 00:06:33,493 so much of what's happening in the Jovian system. 125 00:06:33,693 --> 00:06:37,830 As Rosalie mentioned, IO has a lot of volcanoes 126 00:06:38,097 --> 00:06:42,068 and it erupts and and creates these, these 127 00:06:42,301 --> 00:06:46,806 these plumes which are then create the atmosphere of IO 128 00:06:47,173 --> 00:06:51,144 this atmosphere gets stripped away because Jupiter is rotating 129 00:06:51,144 --> 00:06:54,147 very quickly and has a large magnetic field. 130 00:06:54,380 --> 00:06:57,350 And Jupiter's magnetic field actually takes 131 00:06:57,350 --> 00:07:00,953 these particles that are being erupted by IO and emits them 132 00:07:01,988 --> 00:07:04,724 and ionized them into the magnetic field. 133 00:07:04,724 --> 00:07:07,193 And once they are ionized and charged, 134 00:07:07,193 --> 00:07:10,196 they get to move around along these magnetic field lines 135 00:07:10,296 --> 00:07:12,665 and they create these large amounts of plasma 136 00:07:12,665 --> 00:07:14,500 that then are move around 137 00:07:14,500 --> 00:07:16,469 the Jovian system creates radiation hazards 138 00:07:16,469 --> 00:07:18,404 for when we fly our spacecraft through there. 139 00:07:18,404 --> 00:07:22,675 But also these particles then get in the right position. 140 00:07:22,675 --> 00:07:24,610 They get moved along 141 00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:26,879 the magnetic field lines into Jupiter itself, 142 00:07:26,879 --> 00:07:27,947 and they hit 143 00:07:27,947 --> 00:07:30,950 Jupiter at the poles and create these massive auroras 144 00:07:30,950 --> 00:07:32,552 just like we see on Earth. 145 00:07:32,552 --> 00:07:33,486 But the auroras, 146 00:07:33,486 --> 00:07:36,689 there are auroras on Jupiter that are that are even larger. 147 00:07:36,856 --> 00:07:40,760 And it puts a lot of energy into the into the Jovian atmosphere 148 00:07:41,027 --> 00:07:41,994 through this mechanism. 149 00:07:41,994 --> 00:07:45,164 And it really is a full circle approach to this. 150 00:07:47,099 --> 00:07:48,601 And so I want to 151 00:07:48,601 --> 00:07:51,204 now pivot a little bit and talk about Europa. 152 00:07:51,204 --> 00:07:54,640 So just this week, NASA's released New Science 153 00:07:54,640 --> 00:07:57,543 from Juno's 2022 flyby of the moon. 154 00:07:57,543 --> 00:08:01,180 And this data indicated that the ice covered moon generates 155 00:08:01,414 --> 00:08:05,852 1000 tons of oxygen every 24 hours. So 156 00:08:05,852 --> 00:08:09,255 that's enough to keep a million humans breathing for a day. 157 00:08:09,789 --> 00:08:12,792 Dustin, what is the key takeaway here? 158 00:08:13,459 --> 00:08:15,161 So the key takeaway here is really, 159 00:08:15,161 --> 00:08:18,097 you know, Europa is producing oxygen. 160 00:08:18,097 --> 00:08:19,332 And one of the 161 00:08:19,332 --> 00:08:23,002 interesting things about Europa is that the surface is ice. 162 00:08:23,236 --> 00:08:24,537 And underneath that surface 163 00:08:24,537 --> 00:08:27,573 we believe there is a large liquid water ocean. 164 00:08:28,140 --> 00:08:30,843 And on earth here where there's water, there is life. 165 00:08:30,843 --> 00:08:34,247 And and we believe that could be the case on Europa. 166 00:08:34,247 --> 00:08:37,383 So we want to find out how habitable is Europa. 167 00:08:37,917 --> 00:08:40,653 Now, this paper looked at a very interesting way 168 00:08:40,653 --> 00:08:42,989 of figuring out how much oxygen 169 00:08:42,989 --> 00:08:44,423 production there is 170 00:08:44,423 --> 00:08:45,024 when these 171 00:08:45,024 --> 00:08:47,126 same charged particles that I just talked about 172 00:08:47,126 --> 00:08:47,627 that are moving 173 00:08:47,627 --> 00:08:51,130 around the Jovian system impact that ice on Europa, 174 00:08:51,364 --> 00:08:54,934 it splits the ice which is composed of hydrogen and oxygen 175 00:08:55,067 --> 00:08:58,504 combined H2O, it splits it into hydrogen and oxygen, 176 00:08:58,771 --> 00:09:00,206 and some of that oxygen 177 00:09:00,206 --> 00:09:03,876 can propagate through the ice into the ocean of Europa, 178 00:09:04,110 --> 00:09:06,979 and that creates the potentially conditions for life. 179 00:09:09,448 --> 00:09:10,349 I mean, just some 180 00:09:10,349 --> 00:09:13,352 fascinating workings going on on these two moons. 181 00:09:13,553 --> 00:09:15,588 And we have a ton of questions 182 00:09:15,588 --> 00:09:17,957 coming in from our viewers online right now. 183 00:09:17,957 --> 00:09:20,560 So let's hop right into this Q&A 184 00:09:20,560 --> 00:09:22,728 as a reminder to those watching live. 185 00:09:22,728 --> 00:09:25,831 You can submit your own questions for Dustin and Rosalie 186 00:09:25,998 --> 00:09:29,068 using the hashtag Ask Nassr on social media, 187 00:09:29,335 --> 00:09:30,703 or you can drop your question 188 00:09:30,703 --> 00:09:33,706 directly into the comment box wherever you're watching. 189 00:09:34,206 --> 00:09:34,740 All right. 190 00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:38,744 Our first question is from Andrew Kate Tyler on Facebook 191 00:09:38,811 --> 00:09:43,049 who asks, Where will Juno go after IO Destin? 192 00:09:44,617 --> 00:09:47,720 So Juno is continuing to orbit around Jupiter 193 00:09:47,954 --> 00:09:51,490 and every time we orbit what IO did to our orbit 194 00:09:51,490 --> 00:09:56,462 was actually when we flew by IO in 2020 and December 2023, 195 00:09:56,462 --> 00:09:59,699 and in February of this year it actually shrunk 196 00:09:59,732 --> 00:10:00,800 our orbital period. 197 00:10:00,800 --> 00:10:03,970 We were in a larger orbit and IO we did a grab. 198 00:10:04,036 --> 00:10:07,106 When we fly by that close, it alters Juno's trajectory. 199 00:10:07,106 --> 00:10:09,775 And so we're actually going to think our bit. 200 00:10:09,775 --> 00:10:10,376 And so we're going to be 201 00:10:10,376 --> 00:10:14,313 by Jupiter faster than we used to be, and we're going taking 202 00:10:15,681 --> 00:10:16,949 of Jupiter to understand this 203 00:10:16,949 --> 00:10:19,051 interior structure and its magnetic field 204 00:10:19,051 --> 00:10:22,021 and all these particle pulling that occur close in. 205 00:10:24,390 --> 00:10:26,559 And so as a follow up, 206 00:10:26,559 --> 00:10:29,662 we have Redman on YouTube who as 207 00:10:30,429 --> 00:10:33,432 you know, we've been studying IO with Juno. 208 00:10:33,532 --> 00:10:36,736 Are there any ice volcanoes on Europa? 209 00:10:37,370 --> 00:10:39,438 Rosalie. 210 00:10:39,438 --> 00:10:41,307 good question. 211 00:10:41,307 --> 00:10:44,310 Yes, we have seen features 212 00:10:44,677 --> 00:10:48,914 that can be interpreted as ice volcanoes. 213 00:10:48,914 --> 00:10:53,686 So we call this Cryovolcanism because it's called volcanism. 214 00:10:54,020 --> 00:10:57,690 Essentially, volcanism is the process that brings 215 00:10:57,690 --> 00:11:00,693 material from the interior to the surface. 216 00:11:00,993 --> 00:11:05,431 So if you're interior has 217 00:11:05,431 --> 00:11:08,401 magma like IO and S, then 218 00:11:08,968 --> 00:11:13,639 when it comes to the surface, that molten rock will be lava. 219 00:11:13,839 --> 00:11:18,210 But because it ropa has liquid water under its ice crust, 220 00:11:18,577 --> 00:11:21,580 what comes to the surface is 221 00:11:21,847 --> 00:11:24,583 either a plume of vapor 222 00:11:24,583 --> 00:11:27,620 or a sort of slushy ice. 223 00:11:27,620 --> 00:11:32,491 You can think of it that way and it's 224 00:11:32,491 --> 00:11:34,160 there have been a number of 225 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:38,197 studies, even some evidence showing 226 00:11:38,197 --> 00:11:42,268 that plumes may be erupting from a rope. 227 00:11:43,102 --> 00:11:45,571 But, you know, we haven't found that 228 00:11:45,571 --> 00:11:48,841 that proof yet. 229 00:11:48,841 --> 00:11:52,011 And that's one of the things that the Europa Clipper 230 00:11:52,011 --> 00:11:53,145 will be looking for. 231 00:11:53,145 --> 00:11:57,083 Both evidence of Cryovolcanoes on the surface 232 00:11:57,083 --> 00:12:02,121 and also plumes coming out of the surface. 233 00:12:03,622 --> 00:12:05,658 And so while we're on this topic of Europa, 234 00:12:05,658 --> 00:12:09,028 we have Rittman on YouTube who asks, Is Europa 235 00:12:09,028 --> 00:12:12,965 pulled like IO with this gravitational pull? 236 00:12:12,965 --> 00:12:15,101 Dustin? 237 00:12:15,101 --> 00:12:16,936 Yes. So the mechanism 238 00:12:16,936 --> 00:12:19,939 that we talked about on IO, which is this type of we 239 00:12:20,072 --> 00:12:24,844 we call it tidal heating, and so the orbit around that, 240 00:12:24,844 --> 00:12:28,881 that IO and Europa take around Jupiter is not perfectly 241 00:12:29,949 --> 00:12:31,817 circular, it's off by a little bit. 242 00:12:31,817 --> 00:12:35,821 And so when the moons get closer to Jupiter they are 243 00:12:35,821 --> 00:12:37,623 they are subject to what we call tidal heating 244 00:12:37,623 --> 00:12:39,759 so that the moon is essentially 245 00:12:39,759 --> 00:12:42,762 being pulled by Jupiter and squished almost. 246 00:12:43,229 --> 00:12:45,564 And that creates some heat. 247 00:12:45,564 --> 00:12:49,034 And that heat creates on IO the molten the molten rock 248 00:12:49,201 --> 00:12:50,736 that we see in the volcanoes 249 00:12:50,736 --> 00:12:54,840 and on Europa, which is farther away than IO. 250 00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:58,744 And so it's, it's not as large of a magnitude of effect, 251 00:12:58,744 --> 00:12:59,578 but it's still there. 252 00:12:59,578 --> 00:13:03,716 And that tidal heating creates the liquid ocean that we believe 253 00:13:03,716 --> 00:13:05,117 exists under the crust. 254 00:13:07,119 --> 00:13:08,187 That's incredible. 255 00:13:08,187 --> 00:13:11,490 And so we do we have Benjamin Wilson on Facebook 256 00:13:11,490 --> 00:13:12,691 who wants to know 257 00:13:12,691 --> 00:13:17,062 how are we going to get under this icy ocean, under this ice, 258 00:13:17,096 --> 00:13:20,366 the ocean of Europa, And will we be able to do it remotely 259 00:13:21,233 --> 00:13:24,236 best And you want to take that one. 260 00:13:25,337 --> 00:13:27,473 So there are there are ways that we can look 261 00:13:27,473 --> 00:13:29,708 under the surface without having to go there. 262 00:13:29,708 --> 00:13:32,244 We would obviously love to go there and just, you know, 263 00:13:32,244 --> 00:13:34,580 look at the water and look at samples. 264 00:13:34,580 --> 00:13:36,882 But we can do what we call remote 265 00:13:36,882 --> 00:13:39,885 sensing techniques to sort of look under the surface. 266 00:13:40,085 --> 00:13:43,589 So the Europa Clipper spacecraft and Juno have instruments 267 00:13:43,589 --> 00:13:45,024 that are able to do that. 268 00:13:45,024 --> 00:13:47,927 So what I work on is the is the gravity science. 269 00:13:47,927 --> 00:13:49,562 And so that's measuring the interior 270 00:13:49,562 --> 00:13:51,063 structure of these moons 271 00:13:51,063 --> 00:13:54,500 and measuring this tidal heating effect that occurs. 272 00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:55,835 And we can do that 273 00:13:55,835 --> 00:13:59,572 by essentially measuring the position of the spacecraft. 274 00:13:59,839 --> 00:14:01,740 And we measure the position of the spacecraft 275 00:14:01,740 --> 00:14:03,776 very precisely with by measuring 276 00:14:03,776 --> 00:14:06,779 the Doppler shift to earth on the radio signal. 277 00:14:06,946 --> 00:14:09,615 And from doing that, we're measuring essentially 278 00:14:09,615 --> 00:14:12,751 a spacecraft's position, velocity and acceleration. 279 00:14:12,985 --> 00:14:15,821 And that gives us how much gravity was experienced. 280 00:14:15,821 --> 00:14:18,190 And so if you're standing on the surface of Earth, you're 281 00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:21,060 you're being pulled by all the particles around 282 00:14:21,060 --> 00:14:22,528 you all the way to the center. 283 00:14:22,528 --> 00:14:22,995 And so if 284 00:14:22,995 --> 00:14:26,565 we measure this gravity field on a global scale around 285 00:14:26,765 --> 00:14:27,700 the two moons, 286 00:14:27,700 --> 00:14:29,768 we can actually determine what the interior structures 287 00:14:29,768 --> 00:14:31,203 look like and how much liquid 288 00:14:31,203 --> 00:14:33,839 there is relative to solid and what kinds of solid points. 289 00:14:33,839 --> 00:14:35,808 The density of the solids. 290 00:14:35,808 --> 00:14:36,809 Other instruments 291 00:14:36,809 --> 00:14:40,179 such as Juno's microwave radiometer are able to look 292 00:14:40,179 --> 00:14:41,547 a little bit below the surface 293 00:14:41,547 --> 00:14:44,550 to see differences in the ice at depth, 294 00:14:44,583 --> 00:14:47,386 and missions like the Europa Clipper will have an ice 295 00:14:47,386 --> 00:14:50,422 penetrating radar to look below the surface as well. 296 00:14:51,991 --> 00:14:53,359 So we're talking a lot about 297 00:14:53,359 --> 00:14:54,593 how we're going to be studying this. 298 00:14:54,593 --> 00:14:58,530 Moon But Rosalie, can you give us an idea of why 299 00:14:58,530 --> 00:15:01,333 Europa, why, why is NASA's so interested 300 00:15:01,333 --> 00:15:04,270 in going to this ice covered Moon 301 00:15:04,270 --> 00:15:07,339 And we're very interested in the Europa 302 00:15:07,339 --> 00:15:10,342 because it's what we call a notion world 303 00:15:10,342 --> 00:15:14,813 and a rope a rope as Ocean may actually have. 304 00:15:14,813 --> 00:15:16,348 Life is one of the most 305 00:15:16,348 --> 00:15:19,852 promising places in the solar system for life. 306 00:15:20,185 --> 00:15:23,188 You know, as we were saying before, 307 00:15:23,589 --> 00:15:25,524 there is this tidal heating. 308 00:15:25,524 --> 00:15:29,728 And so rope as interior also suffers 309 00:15:29,995 --> 00:15:34,934 don't to a much lesser extent denial from this tidal heating. 310 00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:39,305 There may be a volcanism 311 00:15:39,305 --> 00:15:42,308 in the in the deep interior of a rope. 312 00:15:42,441 --> 00:15:46,445 If you have water, you have heat energy. 313 00:15:46,445 --> 00:15:48,547 Those are some of the ingredients that 314 00:15:48,547 --> 00:15:50,182 you'll need for life. 315 00:15:50,182 --> 00:15:54,887 And the Galileo mission actually was the mission that found the 316 00:15:55,321 --> 00:15:57,623 that a rope had this liquid ocean 317 00:15:57,623 --> 00:16:01,860 under a nice crust and became very, very excited. 318 00:16:03,495 --> 00:16:04,396 Well, it's 319 00:16:04,396 --> 00:16:07,299 it's so exciting again to to think that we're now, 320 00:16:07,299 --> 00:16:09,601 you know, months away from launching back 321 00:16:09,601 --> 00:16:12,071 to studying this moon with Clipper. 322 00:16:12,071 --> 00:16:14,707 And I want to take us back to Juno now. 323 00:16:14,707 --> 00:16:17,943 So we have liberty on YouTube. 324 00:16:17,943 --> 00:16:18,777 Who asks, 325 00:16:18,777 --> 00:16:23,082 how did Juno manage to function way past its intended lifetime? 326 00:16:23,882 --> 00:16:26,352 Dustin 327 00:16:26,352 --> 00:16:27,119 So Juno. 328 00:16:27,119 --> 00:16:31,223 Juno was designed to last a certain number of orbits 329 00:16:31,223 --> 00:16:34,293 around Jupiter, and we've lasted a lot longer than that. 330 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:38,197 And Juno is a very well-designed spacecraft. 331 00:16:38,197 --> 00:16:39,932 We designed the spacecraft to go to 332 00:16:39,932 --> 00:16:42,935 this intense environment around Jupiter. 333 00:16:43,002 --> 00:16:49,508 It has a vault that protects all of the electronics 334 00:16:49,508 --> 00:16:52,177 from Jupiter's radiation in the space environment, 335 00:16:52,177 --> 00:16:55,080 essentially bringing what would be, you know, 336 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:56,849 a death sentence to a computer 337 00:16:56,849 --> 00:16:59,885 and preventing it from being hit by all these particles. 338 00:17:00,119 --> 00:17:03,689 And so Juno has been, you know, we fly the spacecraft 339 00:17:03,689 --> 00:17:05,090 very well and safely, 340 00:17:05,090 --> 00:17:09,061 and we keep monitoring and and watching for these effects. 341 00:17:09,061 --> 00:17:12,464 And, you know, it's all a matter of the engineering 342 00:17:12,464 --> 00:17:14,066 and how well it was put together. 343 00:17:14,066 --> 00:17:16,068 And so it's a very well built spacecraft, 344 00:17:16,068 --> 00:17:19,638 and we're seeing it last longer because of the way we fly it 345 00:17:19,638 --> 00:17:22,474 and because of the design with the radiation from. 346 00:17:24,576 --> 00:17:26,612 And so I have a great follow up really quickly, 347 00:17:26,612 --> 00:17:28,480 Mohammed, on the on Facebook, who wants to know 348 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:31,483 what is the velocity of Juno in orbit? 349 00:17:32,718 --> 00:17:33,052 Okay. 350 00:17:33,052 --> 00:17:35,854 So Juno is in what we call an elliptical orbit. 351 00:17:35,854 --> 00:17:40,793 It comes in very close to Jupiter, only once per orbit. 352 00:17:41,093 --> 00:17:43,762 And when it is close to Jupiter, it is traveling at around 353 00:17:43,762 --> 00:17:47,399 50 kilometers per second is very, very fast. 354 00:17:47,599 --> 00:17:49,468 And so we 355 00:17:49,468 --> 00:17:53,072 that is also how we have survived so long around Jupiter. 356 00:17:53,372 --> 00:17:56,575 So if we go in really fast, we collect our data 357 00:17:56,909 --> 00:17:57,709 and then get out 358 00:17:57,709 --> 00:18:01,080 and then we have a lot of time away from the intense radiation 359 00:18:01,146 --> 00:18:02,448 to send the data back 360 00:18:02,448 --> 00:18:04,650 and do remote observations from a distance. 361 00:18:04,650 --> 00:18:07,953 And so that is that's how we are able also to help with that. 362 00:18:09,855 --> 00:18:12,391 And Rosalee, we have a shark who asks, 363 00:18:12,391 --> 00:18:15,360 how much longer will Juno be active? 364 00:18:16,962 --> 00:18:19,898 well, 365 00:18:19,898 --> 00:18:24,169 that's maybe more of a question for Dustin, but, you know, 366 00:18:24,203 --> 00:18:30,375 it's there are limits based on the amount of radiation 367 00:18:30,375 --> 00:18:34,713 that Judah can withstand, you know, and, you know, 368 00:18:34,713 --> 00:18:39,518 and there is always the limit of funding as well. 369 00:18:39,818 --> 00:18:45,390 But we hope that Juno will be around for a while longer. 370 00:18:45,624 --> 00:18:48,427 And this missions, by the way, they 371 00:18:48,427 --> 00:18:52,531 they are very well engineered and they tend to last longer 372 00:18:52,831 --> 00:18:56,969 than we then we think, for example, 373 00:18:56,969 --> 00:18:59,938 Galileo lasted a lot longer. 374 00:19:00,205 --> 00:19:03,509 The Mars Exploration Rovers, again, 375 00:19:03,842 --> 00:19:07,012 you know, last a lot longer than we expected. 376 00:19:07,012 --> 00:19:09,515 So we build them well. 377 00:19:09,515 --> 00:19:12,017 And the you know, we 378 00:19:13,085 --> 00:19:15,120 put put the lot of 379 00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:18,590 work and and thought into that engineering 380 00:19:19,024 --> 00:19:22,394 because these missions are very expensive 381 00:19:22,394 --> 00:19:26,431 and you know, so if they last longer, 382 00:19:26,431 --> 00:19:29,434 you get more out of them. 383 00:19:29,801 --> 00:19:30,836 Absolutely. 384 00:19:30,836 --> 00:19:33,238 And so I have a great follow up. 385 00:19:33,238 --> 00:19:36,241 You know talking about this incredible engineering. 386 00:19:36,308 --> 00:19:40,045 We have tailored t69420 on x who asked 387 00:19:40,379 --> 00:19:43,081 what kind of radiation hardening is used 388 00:19:43,081 --> 00:19:46,185 to allow probes to survive the Jovian system. 389 00:19:46,618 --> 00:19:48,687 Dustin 390 00:19:48,687 --> 00:19:51,690 So the the the quick answer to that is 391 00:19:52,090 --> 00:19:52,724 several hundred 392 00:19:52,724 --> 00:19:54,226 pounds of aluminum in titanium 393 00:19:54,226 --> 00:19:57,229 to protect all of the electronics. 394 00:19:57,229 --> 00:19:59,965 The Juno mission has what I called this radiation vault. 395 00:19:59,965 --> 00:20:03,569 And it is it is composed of titanium to protect 396 00:20:03,835 --> 00:20:06,772 all of the electronics that we put in to Juno. 397 00:20:06,772 --> 00:20:08,040 And so that's one step. 398 00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:10,409 The other step is all of our 399 00:20:10,409 --> 00:20:13,445 spacecraft that we design have what we call redundancy in them. 400 00:20:13,445 --> 00:20:14,913 So if a 401 00:20:14,913 --> 00:20:17,950 if we get hit by radiation or if we get hit by a particle 402 00:20:17,950 --> 00:20:19,818 or something that causes damage to 403 00:20:19,818 --> 00:20:22,955 a component on the spacecraft, all of the critical components 404 00:20:23,222 --> 00:20:25,824 of the spacecraft, there are generally two of them. 405 00:20:25,824 --> 00:20:28,360 So we have two radio communicators, two ERs, me, 406 00:20:28,360 --> 00:20:29,194 two radios to Earth. 407 00:20:29,194 --> 00:20:31,230 We have to computers, you know, to data 408 00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:33,098 handling systems and all of these. 409 00:20:33,098 --> 00:20:34,800 So one goes down. 410 00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:35,100 In fact, 411 00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:39,271 the spacecraft will autonomously detect that something's wrong 412 00:20:39,271 --> 00:20:41,607 with what's happening and it will switch to the what 413 00:20:41,607 --> 00:20:42,708 the backup. 414 00:20:42,708 --> 00:20:45,210 And so we can either command that to happen 415 00:20:45,210 --> 00:20:48,614 or if it happens and and the spacecraft thinks it's 416 00:20:48,614 --> 00:20:52,384 going to end up hurting itself by maintain trying to use 417 00:20:52,384 --> 00:20:54,553 the current device, it will switch to the other one. 418 00:20:54,553 --> 00:20:56,622 And so we have this what we call redundancy. 419 00:20:56,622 --> 00:20:58,824 And we also have the radiation hardening. 420 00:21:00,692 --> 00:21:03,328 It is fascinating to honestly hear, you know, 421 00:21:03,328 --> 00:21:07,232 just the engineering involved in these spacecraft missions. 422 00:21:07,566 --> 00:21:11,937 Justin, can you tell us how long from maybe like concept 423 00:21:11,937 --> 00:21:16,141 design to build, finish did it take to even come up 424 00:21:16,141 --> 00:21:19,144 with Juno? 425 00:21:19,211 --> 00:21:19,645 I don't. 426 00:21:19,645 --> 00:21:22,447 I've I've been on Juno since orbit insertion. 427 00:21:22,447 --> 00:21:24,783 So that's it's been a since 2016. 428 00:21:24,783 --> 00:21:26,952 Just prior to that as when I started 429 00:21:26,952 --> 00:21:30,088 before that you know, the mission launched in 2011 430 00:21:30,322 --> 00:21:33,625 and the concept and design and proposal 431 00:21:33,725 --> 00:21:35,027 was many years before that. 432 00:21:35,027 --> 00:21:37,562 So these are these are decades long projects 433 00:21:37,562 --> 00:21:41,033 that that that takes it takes a lot of time to design 434 00:21:41,033 --> 00:21:44,970 the mission, the concept, put it together and build it 435 00:21:44,970 --> 00:21:45,871 and then launch it. 436 00:21:45,871 --> 00:21:47,639 And once you launch it, you still have to wait 437 00:21:47,639 --> 00:21:49,574 a very long time to get to Jupiter. 438 00:21:49,574 --> 00:21:51,677 And so this is often a decades long process. 439 00:21:52,711 --> 00:21:53,412 Yeah. 440 00:21:53,412 --> 00:21:55,480 And so going back to this, you know, 441 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:58,884 always the radiation question and how we're protecting 442 00:21:58,884 --> 00:22:01,553 spacecraft against radiation from Jupiter 443 00:22:01,553 --> 00:22:04,790 is could this technology be used to protect humans 444 00:22:04,990 --> 00:22:09,361 if we one day venture out there ourselves, Rosalee 445 00:22:09,494 --> 00:22:12,497 or Dustin, for that one? 446 00:22:13,432 --> 00:22:17,502 Well, if we if we go to Europe 447 00:22:17,636 --> 00:22:22,074 or IO, we're certainly going to have to protect the humans. 448 00:22:22,474 --> 00:22:25,977 I mean, the the radiation, those Apollo would kill 449 00:22:25,977 --> 00:22:29,047 you in a day, so 450 00:22:29,047 --> 00:22:32,050 you would have to protect the humans very well. 451 00:22:32,184 --> 00:22:35,087 And I'm not sure what exactly 452 00:22:35,087 --> 00:22:40,258 you would use, but maybe by then 453 00:22:40,325 --> 00:22:45,731 we'll have even better ways or better materials. 454 00:22:45,731 --> 00:22:48,734 Dustin, anything to add? 455 00:22:50,302 --> 00:22:50,502 Yeah. 456 00:22:50,502 --> 00:22:51,136 I mean, you know, 457 00:22:51,136 --> 00:22:55,307 when Juno flies by Jupiter, we get about 150,000 458 00:22:55,674 --> 00:22:59,311 dental X-rays worth of radiation in a very, very short period. 459 00:22:59,678 --> 00:23:01,413 It's a lot of radiation. 460 00:23:01,413 --> 00:23:02,948 And so we definitely would need to protect. 461 00:23:02,948 --> 00:23:06,451 And, you know, right now we're using metals to do that. 462 00:23:06,451 --> 00:23:07,519 But as Rosalee mentioned, 463 00:23:07,519 --> 00:23:09,421 maybe there will be future materials 464 00:23:09,421 --> 00:23:11,356 that we will discover that will help us 465 00:23:12,391 --> 00:23:13,125 protect humans. 466 00:23:13,125 --> 00:23:16,561 And so to your mention it, like when talking about 467 00:23:16,795 --> 00:23:19,831 Juno flying by Jupiter, we have 20 on YouTube. 468 00:23:19,831 --> 00:23:23,969 Who asks, what is the propulsion that is used on on Juno, 469 00:23:23,969 --> 00:23:27,406 and how do you navigate between these moons and Jupiter? 470 00:23:27,639 --> 00:23:30,175 Dustin 471 00:23:30,175 --> 00:23:33,645 So we use well, just standard on Juno. 472 00:23:33,645 --> 00:23:36,081 It's just what we call standard chemical propulsion. 473 00:23:36,081 --> 00:23:37,816 It's just it's, it's a rocket. 474 00:23:37,816 --> 00:23:41,720 We use combine fuel and oxidizer together and burn 475 00:23:41,920 --> 00:23:43,555 and through the rocket nozzle. 476 00:23:43,555 --> 00:23:45,123 And that provides us thrust. 477 00:23:45,123 --> 00:23:48,627 Juno is a very elegantly designed emission in that 478 00:23:48,627 --> 00:23:49,161 we don't need 479 00:23:49,161 --> 00:23:52,397 to do a whole lot of that while we are at Jupiter. 480 00:23:52,397 --> 00:23:54,266 We use a lot of fuel to get there 481 00:23:54,266 --> 00:23:57,536 and to enter orbit in 2016, but that we're there. 482 00:23:57,536 --> 00:24:00,205 Juno is mostly on what we call a ballistic trajectory. 483 00:24:00,205 --> 00:24:02,641 So what we do is we fly the spacecraft 484 00:24:02,641 --> 00:24:05,610 and Jupiter pulls on it, the moons pull on Juno, 485 00:24:05,744 --> 00:24:09,047 and that just naturally causes the spacecraft to keep flying 486 00:24:09,047 --> 00:24:10,348 in a particular orientation. 487 00:24:11,416 --> 00:24:12,617 Every orbit 488 00:24:12,617 --> 00:24:16,154 we take analysis of what this of what 489 00:24:16,154 --> 00:24:19,291 the spacecraft's position is, and we measure that by sending 490 00:24:19,291 --> 00:24:22,928 a radio signal from Juno to Earth at a given frequency. 491 00:24:22,928 --> 00:24:24,563 And we know when that was sent 492 00:24:24,563 --> 00:24:26,531 and what frequency it was sent at 493 00:24:26,531 --> 00:24:28,333 and what we when we receive it on earth 494 00:24:28,333 --> 00:24:29,835 at these massive antennas 495 00:24:29,835 --> 00:24:33,705 at NASA's Deep Space network, we can receive that signal. 496 00:24:33,705 --> 00:24:36,708 And the frequency we received is different than what was sent. 497 00:24:36,875 --> 00:24:39,144 And so that tells us the spacecraft velocity. 498 00:24:39,144 --> 00:24:41,580 And then it we also know when it was received. 499 00:24:41,580 --> 00:24:42,347 And so if you know, 500 00:24:42,347 --> 00:24:44,683 when the signal was sent and when it was received, 501 00:24:44,683 --> 00:24:46,251 that's the distance to the spacecraft. 502 00:24:46,251 --> 00:24:48,920 And so we measure what we call range and Doppler measurements 503 00:24:48,920 --> 00:24:51,022 to determine the spacecraft's trajectory. 504 00:24:51,022 --> 00:24:54,359 And then we can carefully navigate that spacecraft to 505 00:24:54,726 --> 00:24:55,994 where we want to go 506 00:24:55,994 --> 00:24:58,396 relatively close to what that ballistic trajectory was. 507 00:24:58,396 --> 00:25:00,665 So we make little corrections every single orbit 508 00:25:00,665 --> 00:25:03,835 in order to maintain what we want to do for our science. 509 00:25:05,971 --> 00:25:07,272 And so I want to take it back. 510 00:25:07,272 --> 00:25:10,709 We have a lot of interest coming in right now on Europa, 511 00:25:11,176 --> 00:25:14,246 and I have Carrie Ann on YouTube. 512 00:25:14,246 --> 00:25:15,247 Who wants to know, 513 00:25:15,247 --> 00:25:18,416 will there ever be an attempt to get samples from the plumes 514 00:25:19,784 --> 00:25:22,787 on Europa? 515 00:25:23,088 --> 00:25:25,924 Rosalee Yeah, I can take that. 516 00:25:25,924 --> 00:25:28,159 That's a very interesting question. 517 00:25:28,159 --> 00:25:32,063 But the problem with plumes on their rope 518 00:25:32,297 --> 00:25:35,901 is that, well, first of all, we still have to confirm 519 00:25:36,134 --> 00:25:40,972 that this plumes idea and and they seem to come and go. 520 00:25:41,273 --> 00:25:45,243 So you can't really plan a sample collecting mission 521 00:25:45,544 --> 00:25:48,547 unless you actually know that the plume 522 00:25:48,880 --> 00:25:51,883 is going to be there for a long time. 523 00:25:51,950 --> 00:25:56,054 So, in fact, we are doing a study 524 00:25:56,054 --> 00:26:00,258 at the moment about the sample, collecting a sample, 525 00:26:00,258 --> 00:26:03,261 collecting mission to collect 526 00:26:03,261 --> 00:26:08,333 a sample from IO, because on the air, we know that 527 00:26:08,333 --> 00:26:11,336 there are some plumes that last a very long time. 528 00:26:11,603 --> 00:26:16,741 For example, one of them, the Prometheus plume, was active 529 00:26:16,741 --> 00:26:20,178 when Voyager field flew by in 1979 530 00:26:20,579 --> 00:26:23,315 and every mission that flies by 531 00:26:23,315 --> 00:26:26,785 Galileo, New Horizons, Juno, 532 00:26:27,118 --> 00:26:30,255 everyone sees Prometheus being active 533 00:26:30,622 --> 00:26:36,428 so that you can plan for it because you it's 534 00:26:36,428 --> 00:26:40,699 a reasonable assumption that the plume will still be active 535 00:26:41,933 --> 00:26:44,002 or able to give us a little details 536 00:26:44,002 --> 00:26:46,972 on like how this sampling 537 00:26:46,972 --> 00:26:49,808 mission could work. 538 00:26:49,808 --> 00:26:53,545 Well, you would have to send a spacecraft there. 539 00:26:53,578 --> 00:26:57,382 We have ways of collecting samples while 540 00:26:57,449 --> 00:27:01,152 the spacecraft flies through a plume. 541 00:27:01,453 --> 00:27:05,924 And the and and then the spacecraft 542 00:27:05,924 --> 00:27:10,261 comes back to Earth, drops off the capsule, and 543 00:27:11,363 --> 00:27:14,366 and then that's on the list in laboratories. 544 00:27:14,499 --> 00:27:19,204 We we can send very good spacecraft to the planets. 545 00:27:19,504 --> 00:27:22,841 But we can't send the kind of instrumentation 546 00:27:23,074 --> 00:27:26,077 that we have on the laboratory is on Earth. 547 00:27:26,144 --> 00:27:29,314 And and that's why, you know, we have been 548 00:27:29,314 --> 00:27:32,851 collecting samples from asteroids like Osiris. 549 00:27:32,851 --> 00:27:37,589 Rex has come back with samples that that being analyzed now 550 00:27:37,889 --> 00:27:41,760 and also the Hayabusa missions from Japan 551 00:27:42,193 --> 00:27:46,498 and bring back rocks from Mars 552 00:27:46,731 --> 00:27:50,068 so they can be on the list in laboratories on this. 553 00:27:51,870 --> 00:27:53,838 And so sticking with this 554 00:27:53,838 --> 00:27:58,410 topic of science of these two moons, J word on YouTube asks, 555 00:27:58,643 --> 00:28:03,515 Is there any tectonic plate activity on either Europa or IO? 556 00:28:03,748 --> 00:28:04,516 And if so, 557 00:28:04,516 --> 00:28:07,919 what kind of natural formations have formed due to it? 558 00:28:08,453 --> 00:28:10,188 Rosalie 559 00:28:10,188 --> 00:28:12,157 If I can take that. 560 00:28:12,157 --> 00:28:17,162 We see mountains on IO, but C mountains means 561 00:28:17,162 --> 00:28:21,433 there is some tectonic activity, but not plate tectonics. 562 00:28:22,067 --> 00:28:26,638 And on the rope we see a lot of faults 563 00:28:26,638 --> 00:28:31,409 on the cracks on the surface and the and people 564 00:28:31,409 --> 00:28:34,612 who have studied those cracks and the morphology 565 00:28:35,413 --> 00:28:40,819 say that, okay, the crust has been in a crack. 566 00:28:40,819 --> 00:28:43,822 Then these pieces have moved around 567 00:28:44,022 --> 00:28:46,891 because they're floating on top of the ocean. 568 00:28:46,891 --> 00:28:50,595 So it's a little bit like you, you see on earth with, 569 00:28:50,595 --> 00:28:54,299 you know, ice, for example, near Antarctica. 570 00:28:54,733 --> 00:29:00,138 And but plate tectonics is something that we have not seen 571 00:29:00,405 --> 00:29:04,109 on any other body outside the earth. 572 00:29:04,275 --> 00:29:08,747 So that seems to be very specific to the earth. 573 00:29:09,047 --> 00:29:11,850 And the is a very interesting question 574 00:29:11,850 --> 00:29:15,854 about why may be because we need 575 00:29:15,854 --> 00:29:21,359 a lot of water enough for this to lubricate 576 00:29:21,693 --> 00:29:25,296 this plates, particularly in the sub subduction zones, 577 00:29:25,563 --> 00:29:30,001 one plate diving under the other. We 578 00:29:31,369 --> 00:29:34,606 need perhaps a certain 579 00:29:34,939 --> 00:29:38,343 thickness of crust relative to the size of the planet. 580 00:29:38,676 --> 00:29:43,214 So, for example, one, you know, a rope of the 581 00:29:43,281 --> 00:29:48,153 the ice may be is to sand, although there have been 582 00:29:48,153 --> 00:29:51,823 suggestions of subduction on the ropes, 583 00:29:52,423 --> 00:29:57,595 it's possible on Mars, the crust is too thick. 584 00:29:57,929 --> 00:30:01,800 So you need that kind of Goldilocks 585 00:30:02,066 --> 00:30:05,303 for plate tectonics to take place. 586 00:30:07,238 --> 00:30:10,041 And a great follow up we have universe on actually 587 00:30:10,041 --> 00:30:13,745 wants to know how thick is the ice layer on Europa? 588 00:30:14,279 --> 00:30:16,581 Dustin 589 00:30:16,581 --> 00:30:19,450 So we don't really know exactly for sure. 590 00:30:19,450 --> 00:30:21,019 That's one thing that we want 591 00:30:21,019 --> 00:30:23,288 to get a better answer to is how thick is it truly? 592 00:30:23,288 --> 00:30:24,489 But we believe it's on the order 593 00:30:24,489 --> 00:30:26,224 of something like 10 to 20 kilometers. 594 00:30:27,926 --> 00:30:29,627 Wow. And 595 00:30:29,627 --> 00:30:32,630 so taking it back to Juno, 596 00:30:33,031 --> 00:30:36,134 what are the tools that Juno has on board? 597 00:30:36,334 --> 00:30:39,337 This is from scientific potato. 598 00:30:40,505 --> 00:30:42,040 So Juno has 599 00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:46,077 a lot of instruments on board, and Juno's instruments 600 00:30:46,077 --> 00:30:47,846 were designed to look at Jupiter primarily. 601 00:30:47,846 --> 00:30:51,449 And so we have what we call the gravity science, 602 00:30:51,449 --> 00:30:53,484 which is what I do, which is tries to measure the 603 00:30:53,484 --> 00:30:55,553 the gravity fields of the objects 604 00:30:55,553 --> 00:30:58,923 that were flying by Juno also has a microwave radiometer 605 00:30:58,923 --> 00:31:02,861 which probes the atmosphere of Jupiter and also, of course, 606 00:31:03,094 --> 00:31:06,231 the structure of the surfaces on the moons. 607 00:31:07,432 --> 00:31:09,367 We also have a magnetometer at the 608 00:31:09,367 --> 00:31:10,501 at the end of the boom there. 609 00:31:10,501 --> 00:31:12,570 The one solar panel that looks a little different 610 00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:15,974 is the magnetometer, the magnetic field of Jupiter. 611 00:31:16,674 --> 00:31:18,443 We also have a couple of cameras. 612 00:31:18,443 --> 00:31:21,913 We have an infrared camera called Jiram, and we have a 613 00:31:23,348 --> 00:31:25,450 visible camera called Juno Cam. 614 00:31:25,450 --> 00:31:28,052 There's also a suite of particle 615 00:31:28,052 --> 00:31:31,422 sensors, high energy and low energy particle detectors. 616 00:31:31,890 --> 00:31:34,893 And then we also have 617 00:31:35,159 --> 00:31:38,329 a plasma wave sensor instrument which measures the 618 00:31:38,329 --> 00:31:42,100 the the electrical fields that the spacecraft is experiencing. 619 00:31:42,367 --> 00:31:46,337 And I think I missed and I might have missed one or two, 620 00:31:46,504 --> 00:31:50,375 but we also have another star camera that looks at at the at 621 00:31:50,909 --> 00:31:52,477 the both Jupiter and the moons. 622 00:31:52,477 --> 00:31:55,480 A little more detail. 623 00:31:55,847 --> 00:31:59,150 So all in all, though, we have a ton of science going on 624 00:31:59,517 --> 00:32:02,954 and we have on YouTube who has given the signal delay? 625 00:32:02,954 --> 00:32:05,957 How are you able to control Juno? 626 00:32:06,124 --> 00:32:10,461 Dustin So Juno we don't actively control Juno 627 00:32:10,461 --> 00:32:12,096 as if we're, you know, we call it. 628 00:32:12,096 --> 00:32:13,364 We're not joy sticking it. 629 00:32:13,364 --> 00:32:16,367 We don't send it a command and wait for wait for it 630 00:32:16,367 --> 00:32:17,669 to do it, and then we send it back. 631 00:32:17,669 --> 00:32:19,537 It takes 45 minutes, roughly, 632 00:32:19,537 --> 00:32:22,440 for a signal that we send from Earth to reach Juno. 633 00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:23,041 And then another 634 00:32:23,041 --> 00:32:26,077 45 minutes for it to come back all the way to earth. 635 00:32:26,611 --> 00:32:29,914 So we can't actively control the spacecraft in that way. 636 00:32:29,914 --> 00:32:33,084 What we do is we send it a command of a sequence 637 00:32:33,084 --> 00:32:36,087 command, which generally lasts about a week, 638 00:32:36,087 --> 00:32:39,691 somewhere between one week and four weeks long. 639 00:32:40,058 --> 00:32:42,794 And it's generally covers one orbit around Juno, 640 00:32:42,794 --> 00:32:43,761 around Jupiter, 641 00:32:43,761 --> 00:32:47,332 and that that command sequence instructs the spacecraft to do 642 00:32:47,332 --> 00:32:50,335 everything that it should do in that time period. 643 00:32:50,368 --> 00:32:52,804 So whether it be a week, whether a month, 644 00:32:52,804 --> 00:32:55,440 it does all those commands within that time period. 645 00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:58,443 And so every time it's while we're already 646 00:32:59,043 --> 00:33:02,313 well, it's executing a one month plan or a three week plan, 647 00:33:03,081 --> 00:33:04,716 we're already planning the next one 648 00:33:04,716 --> 00:33:06,451 and we're generating that set of commands. 649 00:33:06,451 --> 00:33:07,785 And so it all will happen. 650 00:33:07,785 --> 00:33:09,120 On that cadence, 651 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:12,690 there are times where we will command it more frequently 652 00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:14,993 and those are for things like when we're doing 653 00:33:14,993 --> 00:33:16,661 these orbit correction maneuvers 654 00:33:16,661 --> 00:33:19,197 or if there's an anomaly and we need to respond to it, 655 00:33:19,197 --> 00:33:21,899 we then send commands on a more frequent basis. 656 00:33:21,899 --> 00:33:24,002 But the general structure is you, 657 00:33:24,002 --> 00:33:27,872 you it's it's largely just flying there an automated 658 00:33:27,872 --> 00:33:28,740 on this command set. 659 00:33:30,441 --> 00:33:31,442 Well, 660 00:33:31,442 --> 00:33:34,645 and so I have a follow up for you, Rosalie. 661 00:33:34,645 --> 00:33:36,514 It's elevated one on YouTube. 662 00:33:36,514 --> 00:33:39,117 Who wants to know how powerful is Juno 663 00:33:39,117 --> 00:33:42,653 now compared to the Voyager spacecraft, for example? 664 00:33:43,955 --> 00:33:46,591 Well, I wouldn't say 665 00:33:46,591 --> 00:33:50,328 powerful is a is the right term. 666 00:33:50,728 --> 00:33:55,433 Voyager flew by so Voyager was a flyby. 667 00:33:55,433 --> 00:33:57,769 It flew by the Jupiter system. 668 00:33:57,769 --> 00:34:01,372 So the amount of data it could take was limited. 669 00:34:02,173 --> 00:34:04,509 Now, Galileo 670 00:34:04,509 --> 00:34:09,814 was a Jupiter orbiter like Juno, so Galileo 671 00:34:09,814 --> 00:34:13,918 got a lot of data, you know, on the ropes and IO. 672 00:34:14,352 --> 00:34:17,121 But the 673 00:34:17,121 --> 00:34:20,892 the the more recent spacecraft, of course, have more 674 00:34:21,259 --> 00:34:26,531 of later technology and better instrumentation. 675 00:34:26,898 --> 00:34:31,536 So you'll always get a lot of improvement. 676 00:34:31,536 --> 00:34:35,673 And also the previous missions tell you what 677 00:34:35,673 --> 00:34:38,676 science questions you're trying to answer. 678 00:34:38,776 --> 00:34:42,480 So when you design the next mission, you're going like, 679 00:34:42,647 --> 00:34:45,650 I want to answer these science questions that 680 00:34:46,417 --> 00:34:48,853 we couldn't answer with the last mission. 681 00:34:48,853 --> 00:34:54,258 So you tailor your instruments to those science questions. 682 00:34:54,592 --> 00:34:58,262 And the science questions are always the starting point 683 00:34:58,529 --> 00:35:02,967 for any new missions or any new mission planning. 684 00:35:03,434 --> 00:35:05,403 So, you know, 685 00:35:06,704 --> 00:35:09,707 Juno is gathering 686 00:35:09,941 --> 00:35:14,445 a lot of except of data on the on there 687 00:35:14,445 --> 00:35:20,251 Ropa and IO that Voyager could not get to because 688 00:35:20,351 --> 00:35:23,321 when Voyager flew by 689 00:35:23,321 --> 00:35:26,390 Voyager was a very exploratory mission. 690 00:35:26,691 --> 00:35:29,694 It didn't even know what it was going to find. 691 00:35:29,961 --> 00:35:32,964 And for example, with the robot clipper, 692 00:35:33,030 --> 00:35:36,367 now we know a lot more about it. 693 00:35:36,367 --> 00:35:39,871 Roper from Galileo 694 00:35:39,871 --> 00:35:42,874 and somewhat more from Juno as well. 695 00:35:43,608 --> 00:35:48,346 And so the instruments were designed, 696 00:35:48,346 --> 00:35:51,816 you know, for example, radar 697 00:35:51,816 --> 00:35:55,920 to tell you about the thickness of the ice layer. 698 00:35:56,387 --> 00:35:59,991 And I will stress that Juno was not designed 699 00:35:59,991 --> 00:36:01,259 to look at the satellites. 700 00:36:01,259 --> 00:36:04,862 So this was really a great opportunity. 701 00:36:05,163 --> 00:36:09,200 And and I think Dustin can talk more about that. 702 00:36:11,802 --> 00:36:12,003 Yeah. 703 00:36:12,003 --> 00:36:15,206 So Juno was designed to look at Jupiter, and 704 00:36:15,206 --> 00:36:18,276 in the original mission we would not be actually flying 705 00:36:18,276 --> 00:36:22,246 by any of these moons because Juno has lasted so long. 706 00:36:22,380 --> 00:36:23,948 We now have this unique opportunity 707 00:36:23,948 --> 00:36:24,315 and we 708 00:36:24,315 --> 00:36:25,116 of course we were going 709 00:36:25,116 --> 00:36:28,119 to take advantage of that to fly by these Galilean moons 710 00:36:28,119 --> 00:36:31,122 in order to look at them in more detail. 711 00:36:32,056 --> 00:36:35,693 And so talking again about just instruments 712 00:36:35,693 --> 00:36:38,696 and the science that is building on top of each other, 713 00:36:38,729 --> 00:36:41,132 we have a question from Justin on YouTube. 714 00:36:41,132 --> 00:36:44,168 Who wants to know what instruments and techniques 715 00:36:44,402 --> 00:36:47,405 could be used to check for life on Europa? 716 00:36:50,208 --> 00:36:54,045 So instrument wise, we'd be. 717 00:36:54,045 --> 00:36:57,181 There's no such thing right now as a life detecting instrument. 718 00:36:57,181 --> 00:37:01,519 Life is very complex on earth and we can look and detect. 719 00:37:01,586 --> 00:37:04,255 But what we're actually looking for is 720 00:37:04,255 --> 00:37:07,592 what are the conditions to allow for life to exist 721 00:37:07,592 --> 00:37:10,861 and do those exist on Europa as an example? 722 00:37:10,861 --> 00:37:14,932 So what I really look at is Europa potentially habitable. 723 00:37:14,932 --> 00:37:17,301 So on Earth we we can go and look at all 724 00:37:17,301 --> 00:37:18,903 of these extreme locations 725 00:37:18,903 --> 00:37:22,073 and in general, everywhere we look on earth there is life. 726 00:37:22,607 --> 00:37:23,374 And so 727 00:37:23,374 --> 00:37:27,044 what are the conditions on Europa and are they compatible 728 00:37:27,044 --> 00:37:30,047 with the conditions that we know of that life could exist? 729 00:37:30,181 --> 00:37:31,349 And so we're looking at 730 00:37:32,350 --> 00:37:35,219 things like temperature, a chemical composition 731 00:37:35,219 --> 00:37:39,957 of the of the ocean and the surface, the icy surface 732 00:37:40,157 --> 00:37:44,595 to sort of to determine, you know, what is it habitable. 733 00:37:44,595 --> 00:37:46,697 That's the real question we're trying to get at. 734 00:37:46,697 --> 00:37:50,701 And I really that, you know, a lot of instrument 735 00:37:50,701 --> 00:37:54,672 developers and engineers and future future 736 00:37:54,672 --> 00:37:57,775 engineers can come up with these new ways 737 00:37:57,775 --> 00:38:00,778 to develop techniques to actually detect life. 738 00:38:01,746 --> 00:38:03,648 And I have a great follow up to that. 739 00:38:03,648 --> 00:38:06,684 You, Rosalee, we have Connemara on YouTube. 740 00:38:06,684 --> 00:38:10,521 Who asked what is being done to potentially protect 741 00:38:10,788 --> 00:38:13,791 the life that could be present at Europa? 742 00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:17,662 that we have 743 00:38:17,662 --> 00:38:21,332 what we call planetary protection, 744 00:38:21,632 --> 00:38:26,671 in fact is a is a kind of international agreement that. 745 00:38:26,671 --> 00:38:29,073 We're going to protect this world. 746 00:38:29,073 --> 00:38:33,010 And so we take planetary 747 00:38:33,010 --> 00:38:36,013 protection very, very seriously. 748 00:38:36,414 --> 00:38:40,718 Now, for example, some people ask 749 00:38:41,085 --> 00:38:44,655 why we killed the Galileo spacecraft 750 00:38:44,655 --> 00:38:46,657 by sending it inside Jupiter 751 00:38:46,657 --> 00:38:47,391 and we killed 752 00:38:47,391 --> 00:38:50,895 the Cassini spacecraft by sending it think side Saturn. 753 00:38:51,562 --> 00:38:54,231 And the reason was planetary protection. 754 00:38:54,231 --> 00:38:57,234 Galileo found that 755 00:38:57,234 --> 00:39:01,439 it could possibly have life, so we couldn't risk 756 00:39:01,706 --> 00:39:04,809 living it around the Jupiter system. 757 00:39:04,809 --> 00:39:08,612 One, they could crash on Europa and the spacecraft had not 758 00:39:08,612 --> 00:39:09,747 been sterilized. 759 00:39:09,747 --> 00:39:14,251 So we thought the best way, the safest way is to kill it. 760 00:39:14,652 --> 00:39:18,989 Same thing with Saturn that the Galileo 761 00:39:18,989 --> 00:39:22,960 mission sorry, the Cassini mission, found that 762 00:39:24,662 --> 00:39:27,865 Titan ending celibate might have life. 763 00:39:28,199 --> 00:39:34,505 So again, in the end, we killed the spacecraft 764 00:39:34,505 --> 00:39:38,476 by sending getting side Saturn so it would not contaminate. 765 00:39:38,876 --> 00:39:42,913 So I been through two of those because I worked 766 00:39:42,913 --> 00:39:44,415 on Cassini as well. 767 00:39:44,415 --> 00:39:49,353 So maybe Dustin can talk more about Juno. 768 00:39:49,954 --> 00:39:53,324 And so for Juno, we of course 769 00:39:53,324 --> 00:39:55,826 have the same planetary protection requirements. 770 00:39:55,826 --> 00:39:58,229 And, you know, after our mission 771 00:39:58,229 --> 00:40:00,131 that the extended mission is over, 772 00:40:00,131 --> 00:40:03,300 we will have to do something to protect Europa 773 00:40:03,367 --> 00:40:06,837 and the other moons from our spacecraft, which was built, 774 00:40:06,937 --> 00:40:08,038 you know, very cleanly. 775 00:40:08,038 --> 00:40:10,608 But we don't want to take that risk. 776 00:40:10,608 --> 00:40:10,808 You know, 777 00:40:10,808 --> 00:40:13,411 we don't want to go to Europa in 20 years 778 00:40:13,411 --> 00:40:15,146 with these amazing new technologies 779 00:40:15,146 --> 00:40:18,449 that we would be developing and only if and say we found life. 780 00:40:18,449 --> 00:40:20,851 And it turns out it was we brought it there. 781 00:40:20,851 --> 00:40:23,287 We didn't we don't we don't want to do that. 782 00:40:23,287 --> 00:40:26,957 So we will have to find a way to protect Europa 783 00:40:26,957 --> 00:40:28,793 and we are already working on that. 784 00:40:28,793 --> 00:40:32,496 And what's the best way to prevent, you know, 785 00:40:32,530 --> 00:40:35,666 Juno from impacting Europa or contaminate it 786 00:40:37,334 --> 00:40:39,904 now? Blue Lightning on YouTube has a great follow up. 787 00:40:39,904 --> 00:40:40,571 Who wants to know 788 00:40:40,571 --> 00:40:44,308 if we ever do discover life in Europa's oceans? 789 00:40:44,608 --> 00:40:47,578 What kind of life would we be expecting? 790 00:40:47,578 --> 00:40:49,513 Rosalee 791 00:40:49,513 --> 00:40:53,417 well, we don't know that, 792 00:40:53,484 --> 00:40:56,821 but we don't think that we would find whales. 793 00:40:57,721 --> 00:41:00,391 We are expecting 794 00:41:00,391 --> 00:41:03,427 microbial life, so, 795 00:41:03,427 --> 00:41:08,899 you know, not, you know, not whales, 796 00:41:08,899 --> 00:41:13,170 although sometimes we joke about whales on the 797 00:41:13,170 --> 00:41:17,374 on the roper, but no, the life 798 00:41:17,708 --> 00:41:21,045 would likely be primitive. 799 00:41:21,345 --> 00:41:26,951 We find life, for example, in the Earth's oceans 800 00:41:27,351 --> 00:41:31,489 very deep around hydrothermal vents. 801 00:41:31,989 --> 00:41:37,261 So may be that something that we might find on the rope, 802 00:41:37,261 --> 00:41:44,034 but we're a long way from speculating. 803 00:41:44,335 --> 00:41:48,839 I mean, what kind of life we would we would find there. 804 00:41:49,106 --> 00:41:52,543 But what's something that's I find very interesting 805 00:41:52,543 --> 00:41:57,982 about life is that it usually finds a way we 806 00:41:58,015 --> 00:42:02,319 we find life in places on earth that we wouldn't expect. 807 00:42:02,753 --> 00:42:07,458 And, you know, for example, decades ago, 808 00:42:07,758 --> 00:42:11,595 no one thought that life could exist in this 809 00:42:11,662 --> 00:42:17,434 deep, deep into the Earth's oceans until the discovery 810 00:42:17,434 --> 00:42:20,704 of this hydrothermal vent some life around them. 811 00:42:21,272 --> 00:42:23,774 And a colleague of mine once said this 812 00:42:23,774 --> 00:42:25,976 No one had ever seen a fish. 813 00:42:25,976 --> 00:42:29,580 You wouldn't think that life could exist in the ocean. 814 00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:32,583 So we don't know what we're going to find. 815 00:42:32,583 --> 00:42:35,753 But that's that's what makes it so exciting. 816 00:42:36,687 --> 00:42:38,489 Yeah, that's part of the journey. 817 00:42:38,489 --> 00:42:40,858 And so, you know, Dustin, 818 00:42:40,858 --> 00:42:43,494 I understand you do study, you know, 819 00:42:43,494 --> 00:42:45,696 the inner workings of Europa and the Ocean. 820 00:42:45,696 --> 00:42:47,097 And so I have a great question 821 00:42:47,097 --> 00:42:49,400 for you from Strong Monty on YouTube. 822 00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:50,901 Who wants to know? 823 00:42:50,901 --> 00:42:52,570 Wouldn't the Ocean of Europa 824 00:42:52,570 --> 00:42:56,674 already have plenty of oxygen if it is H2O? 825 00:42:59,310 --> 00:43:00,411 That's a great question. 826 00:43:00,411 --> 00:43:03,047 You know, 827 00:43:03,047 --> 00:43:04,381 H2O is water. 828 00:43:04,381 --> 00:43:07,351 We as humans and life can't breathe. 829 00:43:07,384 --> 00:43:10,454 H2O directly unless you are something like a fish. 830 00:43:10,888 --> 00:43:13,924 You need to be able to have oxygen itself. 831 00:43:13,924 --> 00:43:17,061 And if you you can actually dissolve oxygen and water. 832 00:43:17,061 --> 00:43:18,996 And so that also is where it comes into is 833 00:43:18,996 --> 00:43:22,099 you can actually pull those oxygen molecules separately out. 834 00:43:24,401 --> 00:43:26,337 And so why does it need more oxygen 835 00:43:26,337 --> 00:43:29,340 from the surface to be able to support life? 836 00:43:30,841 --> 00:43:31,041 Well, 837 00:43:31,041 --> 00:43:31,842 we just think that's the 838 00:43:31,842 --> 00:43:35,479 one of the mechanisms that oxygen can get into the ocean. 839 00:43:35,579 --> 00:43:36,947 We will learn a lot more 840 00:43:36,947 --> 00:43:39,717 from Europa Clipper when when it gets there. 841 00:43:39,717 --> 00:43:41,318 On how that happened. 842 00:43:41,318 --> 00:43:44,321 All the mechanisms that may that may generate oxygen. 843 00:43:46,523 --> 00:43:47,591 And so we've been talking 844 00:43:47,591 --> 00:43:50,594 a lot about these observations from orbit. 845 00:43:50,594 --> 00:43:53,030 And I have a question from Ilja. 846 00:43:53,030 --> 00:43:57,167 What like Hill Bend Hand on Facebook wants to know, 847 00:43:57,167 --> 00:44:00,170 is there a way to zoom in really close on 848 00:44:00,170 --> 00:44:03,574 either of these worlds and see what's on the ground, 849 00:44:04,775 --> 00:44:06,010 Rosalie or Dustin? 850 00:44:06,010 --> 00:44:10,381 So so, yes, you know, if you have a camera 851 00:44:10,381 --> 00:44:12,383 that can do that, you absolutely can zoom in. 852 00:44:12,383 --> 00:44:14,284 And Europa Clipper has a 853 00:44:14,284 --> 00:44:15,219 what we call a narrow 854 00:44:15,219 --> 00:44:17,821 angle camera, which is essentially more 855 00:44:17,821 --> 00:44:19,256 just like a camera with a telescope. 856 00:44:19,256 --> 00:44:22,593 And it can zoom in very closely on the surface of Europa. 857 00:44:22,993 --> 00:44:25,996 A lot of the resolution that comes out of pretty 858 00:44:26,163 --> 00:44:30,768 any flyby from any spacecraft is how far away are you from 859 00:44:30,968 --> 00:44:31,802 the moon. 860 00:44:31,802 --> 00:44:34,672 And so the closer you get, the higher resolution 861 00:44:34,672 --> 00:44:35,939 image you can get. 862 00:44:35,939 --> 00:44:37,675 And so with Juno, 863 00:44:37,675 --> 00:44:41,011 we got about 350 kilometers from Europa's surface, 864 00:44:41,011 --> 00:44:44,648 and the Junocam instrument took many amazing 865 00:44:44,648 --> 00:44:47,951 photos of the surface at very high resolution 866 00:44:47,951 --> 00:44:51,622 and certain regions to help fill in the gaps, 867 00:44:51,622 --> 00:44:54,825 so to speak, of, of from what we had previously. 868 00:44:55,526 --> 00:44:58,529 And Europa Clipper is going to get even closer to the surface. 869 00:44:58,529 --> 00:44:59,730 So we're going to really be able 870 00:44:59,730 --> 00:45:02,900 to zoom in and see very, very high resolution images. 871 00:45:04,735 --> 00:45:07,037 Wow. And we received some pretty high resolution 872 00:45:07,037 --> 00:45:10,040 images recently, right, from Juno with IO. 873 00:45:10,240 --> 00:45:13,477 And so I understand there is a 874 00:45:13,477 --> 00:45:18,048 there is a public engagement component of this mission. 875 00:45:18,048 --> 00:45:19,349 Right. 876 00:45:19,349 --> 00:45:22,352 Dustin, could you talk a little bit about it? Cam? 877 00:45:23,787 --> 00:45:27,391 So Cam is an instrument that's a camera. 878 00:45:27,424 --> 00:45:29,326 It's not too dissimilar actually, 879 00:45:29,326 --> 00:45:31,462 from your cell phone's camera in a way. 880 00:45:31,462 --> 00:45:34,565 And what it does is it takes pictures 881 00:45:34,565 --> 00:45:37,568 of, of the various moons and Jupiter itself. 882 00:45:37,601 --> 00:45:41,271 But what it does is as soon as those images come down 883 00:45:41,338 --> 00:45:43,741 and are transmitted back from Juno to Earth 884 00:45:43,741 --> 00:45:47,678 and are decoded and at the Deep Space Network's telemetry into 885 00:45:47,711 --> 00:45:50,347 and sent back to our computers here at JPL, 886 00:45:50,347 --> 00:45:51,915 they pretty much go straight 887 00:45:51,915 --> 00:45:55,052 up to the Internet, to the Mission Juno website, 888 00:45:55,219 --> 00:45:59,890 where anybody can download them and process them into, 889 00:45:59,890 --> 00:46:02,659 you know, taking creative approaches, 890 00:46:02,659 --> 00:46:06,363 you know, the scientific approaches to really piece out, 891 00:46:06,497 --> 00:46:07,197 you know, 892 00:46:07,197 --> 00:46:08,799 all the different channels and all that, 893 00:46:08,799 --> 00:46:10,801 all the all of the components 894 00:46:10,801 --> 00:46:13,337 of the Juno cam data and make their own images 895 00:46:13,337 --> 00:46:14,905 and post them back to the website. 896 00:46:17,741 --> 00:46:20,177 Now, Rosalee, we have Peter on YouTube. 897 00:46:20,177 --> 00:46:20,744 Who wants to know 898 00:46:20,744 --> 00:46:24,715 what percentage of Jupiter's moons has Juno mapped? 899 00:46:25,048 --> 00:46:28,051 How many has it observed? 900 00:46:28,619 --> 00:46:32,990 Well, Juno has obtained 901 00:46:33,123 --> 00:46:37,861 images from IO and Roper, also Ganymede, 902 00:46:38,362 --> 00:46:41,365 Lambda and 903 00:46:41,899 --> 00:46:44,768 and some of these images 904 00:46:44,768 --> 00:46:48,405 filled in gaps that we didn't have 905 00:46:48,872 --> 00:46:52,576 at sufficiently high resolution from 906 00:46:53,744 --> 00:46:56,280 Galileo and 907 00:46:56,280 --> 00:47:00,317 so they although they didn't get this much data, 908 00:47:00,317 --> 00:47:04,488 as Galileo did, you know, they got, you know, 909 00:47:04,621 --> 00:47:09,459 very, very useful data, particularly for mapping. 910 00:47:09,693 --> 00:47:12,663 And we use the images to map 911 00:47:12,663 --> 00:47:16,233 the geology of the surface and the different terrains. 912 00:47:16,567 --> 00:47:21,271 So it's it's really been a gift 913 00:47:21,505 --> 00:47:27,044 that did to the extent that mission was able to get 914 00:47:27,277 --> 00:47:30,681 such images of the satellites and also other data 915 00:47:30,981 --> 00:47:34,651 adjusting to microwave radiometer. And 916 00:47:35,619 --> 00:47:39,323 I collaborate with the Jiram, an Italian instrument 917 00:47:39,323 --> 00:47:42,559 that's a thermal infrared, the instrument. 918 00:47:42,726 --> 00:47:47,664 And again, we got amazing data from IO. 919 00:47:47,931 --> 00:47:53,136 So it's it's really been an amazing gift 920 00:47:53,537 --> 00:47:56,540 that we 921 00:47:56,640 --> 00:47:59,610 use Juno to look at the moons 922 00:48:00,177 --> 00:48:01,812 in. So you mentioned Ganymede. 923 00:48:01,812 --> 00:48:03,780 And so I have a great fantastic 924 00:48:03,780 --> 00:48:05,782 I have a great follow up question for you. 925 00:48:05,782 --> 00:48:07,651 Stephen Jackson on Facebook 926 00:48:07,651 --> 00:48:08,719 wants to know, will there be 927 00:48:08,719 --> 00:48:12,389 any additional observations of the largest moon, Ganymede? 928 00:48:12,789 --> 00:48:13,624 And, you know, I believe 929 00:48:13,624 --> 00:48:17,461 Nelson has a mission called JWST that will look into this. 930 00:48:17,461 --> 00:48:19,162 Right. 931 00:48:19,162 --> 00:48:23,133 I'll I'll let Dustin answer that question. 932 00:48:23,133 --> 00:48:24,935 But I just want to say that 933 00:48:24,935 --> 00:48:28,572 Jules is on the European Space Agency mission. 934 00:48:28,872 --> 00:48:32,709 Nasser has instruments on it. 935 00:48:33,076 --> 00:48:35,879 So there is a lot collaboration, but 936 00:48:35,879 --> 00:48:39,816 it's actually an ISA mission and it is going to 937 00:48:39,816 --> 00:48:43,787 go to the Jupiter system and eventually orbit Ganymede. 938 00:48:44,021 --> 00:48:48,325 So it's going to really focus on studying Ganymede. 939 00:48:48,659 --> 00:48:52,696 But we'll also get some images of eruption and IO 940 00:48:53,897 --> 00:48:54,464 amazing. 941 00:48:54,464 --> 00:48:57,000 Anything you'd add? Dustin 942 00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:59,903 So Juno did a close encounter with Ganymede 943 00:48:59,903 --> 00:49:04,308 into in 2021 in the summer, and we got really nice data 944 00:49:04,308 --> 00:49:04,841 from that. 945 00:49:04,841 --> 00:49:07,644 We won't be able to go back, unfortunately. 946 00:49:07,644 --> 00:49:10,981 So we had the one shot at seeing Ganymede with Juno. 947 00:49:10,981 --> 00:49:14,051 But as, as was mentioned, the European Space Agency 948 00:49:14,051 --> 00:49:17,187 Juice mission, which there are NASA components on, 949 00:49:17,387 --> 00:49:21,058 will be looking at Ganymede and very detailed. 950 00:49:23,060 --> 00:49:26,129 And so I have one question to follow up on. 951 00:49:26,129 --> 00:49:27,864 We have Idol s on YouTube. 952 00:49:27,864 --> 00:49:31,134 Who wants to know where did these two moons, Europa 953 00:49:31,134 --> 00:49:34,137 and IO get their names from Rosalee, 954 00:49:36,039 --> 00:49:39,509 Well, those are names from Greek mythology. 955 00:49:39,843 --> 00:49:44,781 In fact, Jupiter was the like 956 00:49:44,781 --> 00:49:49,353 the king of the gods in Greek and then Roman mythology. 957 00:49:49,853 --> 00:49:52,489 And, you know, 958 00:49:52,489 --> 00:49:56,760 when he let's say that he was 959 00:49:56,827 --> 00:50:01,865 in a bit of a philanderer, he wasn't faithful to his wife. 960 00:50:02,332 --> 00:50:05,335 And his wife, in fact, was called Juno. 961 00:50:05,669 --> 00:50:09,306 And so the moms are named 962 00:50:09,706 --> 00:50:14,745 yeah, the moons are named after some of his lovers. 963 00:50:14,745 --> 00:50:19,783 And the Emperor IO was a Nils Smith, 964 00:50:19,950 --> 00:50:23,120 eventually got turned into a cow by Juno. 965 00:50:25,288 --> 00:50:26,189 man, that is. 966 00:50:26,189 --> 00:50:28,892 That is a fun fact. Thank you for that, Rosalie. 967 00:50:28,892 --> 00:50:30,127 And so I wanted to get back to 968 00:50:30,127 --> 00:50:31,995 the science of the two moons again. 969 00:50:31,995 --> 00:50:35,432 We've got a lot of interest coming in for Europa, 970 00:50:35,932 --> 00:50:39,269 and so we have a robust brain on X who asks, 971 00:50:39,269 --> 00:50:44,141 Do we know what the planetary core is made of on Europa? 972 00:50:44,841 --> 00:50:47,110 Dustin 973 00:50:47,110 --> 00:50:49,279 So we believe Europa has 974 00:50:49,279 --> 00:50:52,749 a solid core composed of what we call 975 00:50:53,316 --> 00:50:56,720 its more rocky elements, what we might be more used to. 976 00:50:56,920 --> 00:50:59,122 Is it the same as the center of our earth? 977 00:50:59,122 --> 00:51:01,958 Maybe, but probably not. 978 00:51:01,958 --> 00:51:05,062 And so that's one thing that the Europe 979 00:51:05,128 --> 00:51:07,464 that the Europa Clipper mission will be doing 980 00:51:07,464 --> 00:51:10,767 is mapping out the interior structure of Europa. 981 00:51:10,801 --> 00:51:12,402 You know, how many layers are there, 982 00:51:12,402 --> 00:51:15,472 how deep is the ocean, how deep is the ice crust 983 00:51:15,672 --> 00:51:18,141 and how big is that the core of Europa 984 00:51:20,043 --> 00:51:21,278 and why in spring on 985 00:51:21,278 --> 00:51:25,115 X wants to know where did the ice come from on Europa? 986 00:51:25,348 --> 00:51:27,717 Rosalie 987 00:51:27,717 --> 00:51:30,120 Well, water 988 00:51:30,120 --> 00:51:33,156 and ice are very common 989 00:51:33,156 --> 00:51:38,795 elements in the solar system, so it really came from the 990 00:51:38,795 --> 00:51:43,900 solar nebula, from the formation of the Jupiter system. 991 00:51:44,334 --> 00:51:48,839 We think that those moons were formed 992 00:51:49,206 --> 00:51:53,510 in the same part of the solar nampula as Jupiter, 993 00:51:54,010 --> 00:51:58,782 but IO has no water, so they ended up very different. 994 00:51:58,782 --> 00:52:01,051 That which is, which is interesting. 995 00:52:01,051 --> 00:52:04,921 And the but again, if we look at our solar system, 996 00:52:05,655 --> 00:52:08,725 the planets are all very different. 997 00:52:10,794 --> 00:52:14,231 And so my next question is from Miss Lamb's classroom. 998 00:52:14,231 --> 00:52:15,398 We've touched on this earlier, 999 00:52:15,398 --> 00:52:17,534 but for those just tuning in, would 1000 00:52:17,534 --> 00:52:21,705 you would not be able to create a spacecraft or a machine 1001 00:52:21,972 --> 00:52:25,308 to check for life under the ice layer on Europa? 1002 00:52:25,742 --> 00:52:26,209 Dustin 1003 00:52:28,278 --> 00:52:30,780 Yes, that is certainly possible. 1004 00:52:30,780 --> 00:52:32,883 And that that could be a potential follow on mission 1005 00:52:32,883 --> 00:52:36,386 to the Europa Clipper mission, where we would design something 1006 00:52:36,419 --> 00:52:41,525 to land on the surface of Europa and take samples directly and, 1007 00:52:41,558 --> 00:52:44,694 and do what we call it in situ measurements of, 1008 00:52:44,694 --> 00:52:46,496 you know what then, then you can use, 1009 00:52:46,496 --> 00:52:48,532 you know, direct measurements of the ice 1010 00:52:48,532 --> 00:52:50,967 on potentially if you land in the right spot, 1011 00:52:50,967 --> 00:52:52,435 drill through and get 1012 00:52:52,435 --> 00:52:55,438 water samples and that would be very interesting 1013 00:52:56,239 --> 00:52:58,408 data in order to determine 1014 00:52:58,408 --> 00:53:01,278 habitability or life. 1015 00:53:01,278 --> 00:53:03,813 And so I have another follow up question from Aslan's class, 1016 00:53:03,813 --> 00:53:05,515 a great one for both of you. 1017 00:53:05,515 --> 00:53:08,919 What would you say is the most interesting data 1018 00:53:08,919 --> 00:53:11,922 or images that Juno has been able to collect? 1019 00:53:12,088 --> 00:53:13,423 Rosalie, we'll start with you 1020 00:53:13,423 --> 00:53:15,358 and then we'd love to hear your thoughts. Dustin 1021 00:53:16,960 --> 00:53:20,163 Well, of course I'm prejudiced. 1022 00:53:20,163 --> 00:53:21,665 I love you. 1023 00:53:21,665 --> 00:53:25,101 So I think that the the images of IO 1024 00:53:25,101 --> 00:53:28,838 were the most interesting that Juno ever collected 1025 00:53:29,139 --> 00:53:33,076 in terms of, you know, scientifically valuable. 1026 00:53:33,076 --> 00:53:37,380 You can argue that that Juno was a mission 1027 00:53:37,380 --> 00:53:40,951 to study Jupiter and the subway. 1028 00:53:40,951 --> 00:53:45,088 It found a lot of cool things about Jupiter itself. 1029 00:53:45,355 --> 00:53:48,358 So the moons are kind of like a 1030 00:53:49,726 --> 00:53:52,395 as I said before, the mission was not designed 1031 00:53:52,395 --> 00:53:53,797 to study the moons. 1032 00:53:53,797 --> 00:53:57,867 But I think that the images we got of IO, 1033 00:53:57,867 --> 00:54:01,304 not just the camera images, but the data from Jiram, 1034 00:54:01,638 --> 00:54:06,142 for example, has shown us that IO has a lot 1035 00:54:06,142 --> 00:54:10,380 more lava lakes than we knew off from Galileo. 1036 00:54:11,348 --> 00:54:12,249 And I'll let 1037 00:54:12,249 --> 00:54:15,252 Dustin give his opinion. 1038 00:54:16,786 --> 00:54:18,021 Yeah, so that's always going to be 1039 00:54:18,021 --> 00:54:21,324 an opinionated response to a question like that. 1040 00:54:21,491 --> 00:54:22,158 We're ready for it. 1041 00:54:22,158 --> 00:54:23,793 What's the most interesting data? 1042 00:54:23,793 --> 00:54:24,661 You know, 1043 00:54:24,661 --> 00:54:26,196 I would say we're all 1044 00:54:26,196 --> 00:54:28,898 a little biased in that way, so I'm going to actually choose 1045 00:54:28,898 --> 00:54:31,234 what we discovered on or what 1046 00:54:31,234 --> 00:54:32,769 with the gravity science of Jupiter, 1047 00:54:32,769 --> 00:54:35,038 which determined the interior of Jupiter. 1048 00:54:35,038 --> 00:54:38,942 And that's, you know, it was not what we expected at all. 1049 00:54:39,175 --> 00:54:42,946 There's we see that the zones and belts around 1050 00:54:42,946 --> 00:54:45,949 Jupiter penetrate very deeply into the surface. 1051 00:54:45,949 --> 00:54:49,286 It's not just right on the it's not just like a weather layer. 1052 00:54:49,286 --> 00:54:52,889 You know, these zones and belts, they penetrate 3000 kilometers 1053 00:54:52,889 --> 00:54:57,093 into the into the structure of of Jupiter. 1054 00:54:57,427 --> 00:54:59,062 My favorite image is actually 1055 00:54:59,062 --> 00:55:00,964 what was just shown there, which is the pole. 1056 00:55:00,964 --> 00:55:02,565 And we never would be able to really 1057 00:55:02,565 --> 00:55:06,036 look at the pole of Jupiter as Juno flew right over the pole. 1058 00:55:06,036 --> 00:55:09,172 And as soon as we got those pictures of over the pole 1059 00:55:09,639 --> 00:55:12,609 of, of of Jupiter, it's just astonishing. 1060 00:55:12,609 --> 00:55:16,379 You can see all of these cyclones or anti cyclones 1061 00:55:16,379 --> 00:55:18,682 just just visibly right there on the surface. 1062 00:55:18,682 --> 00:55:20,483 That's not something that you can see from Earth. 1063 00:55:20,483 --> 00:55:24,321 You have to go there and put a camera on the pole 1064 00:55:24,521 --> 00:55:25,288 in order to see it. 1065 00:55:25,288 --> 00:55:28,591 And that was just mind boggling to me when I saw that image. 1066 00:55:30,160 --> 00:55:32,395 And I have again, another 1067 00:55:32,395 --> 00:55:35,131 biased quick question for you both. 1068 00:55:35,131 --> 00:55:39,769 From over 101 enterprise on X, who wants to know 1069 00:55:39,969 --> 00:55:43,039 which one of the Galilean moons is your favorite? 1070 00:55:43,873 --> 00:55:44,874 Dustin, we'll start with you. 1071 00:55:44,874 --> 00:55:47,877 Rosalie I think we could guess that one. 1072 00:55:48,678 --> 00:55:51,915 Well, I'm going to have to go with Europa on this one. 1073 00:55:51,915 --> 00:55:56,786 You know, it's it's an ocean world that that we can access. 1074 00:55:56,786 --> 00:55:57,954 And we're planning a mission to it. 1075 00:55:57,954 --> 00:55:58,555 And there's going to be 1076 00:55:58,555 --> 00:56:01,257 so many interesting data that come out of that. 1077 00:56:01,257 --> 00:56:02,325 You know, 1078 00:56:02,325 --> 00:56:06,029 if it's a strong candidate for their potential to be life 1079 00:56:06,363 --> 00:56:09,466 and I just love looking at the surface of it. 1080 00:56:09,466 --> 00:56:10,500 It just looks 1081 00:56:10,500 --> 00:56:10,967 you know, 1082 00:56:10,967 --> 00:56:14,070 it looks so alien and foreign and you see all these cracks 1083 00:56:14,070 --> 00:56:14,971 and ridges. 1084 00:56:14,971 --> 00:56:17,240 And I that's my favorite. 1085 00:56:20,143 --> 00:56:22,946 And Rosalie, what about you? 1086 00:56:22,946 --> 00:56:27,217 Well, well, of course I'll is my favorite moon. And. 1087 00:56:27,217 --> 00:56:29,819 And, hey, it looks like a pizza. 1088 00:56:29,819 --> 00:56:32,756 In fact, it was nicknamed the pizza Man. 1089 00:56:32,756 --> 00:56:36,192 So if you like pizza, you, you like IO 1090 00:56:36,593 --> 00:56:39,696 and it's just for 1091 00:56:40,196 --> 00:56:43,466 volcanologists is absolutely heaven. 1092 00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:49,739 We we have so many volcanoes and so many we had formations 1093 00:56:49,739 --> 00:56:52,308 that you don't see anywhere else 1094 00:56:52,308 --> 00:56:56,713 in the solar system and the and a surface 1095 00:56:56,713 --> 00:57:02,118 that has no water and but a lot of sulfur dioxide. 1096 00:57:02,118 --> 00:57:08,124 So very different materials from what you see on the road. 1097 00:57:08,124 --> 00:57:12,829 But Ganymede and Callisto and the audience and the 1098 00:57:13,129 --> 00:57:17,600 and the house, there's some enormous plumes 1099 00:57:17,600 --> 00:57:20,770 up to 500 kilometers 1100 00:57:20,770 --> 00:57:23,773 that erupt from the surface. 1101 00:57:23,807 --> 00:57:27,377 So there is something exciting happening on IO all the time 1102 00:57:27,811 --> 00:57:31,614 that makes mapping it quite difficult 1103 00:57:31,614 --> 00:57:35,051 because you look at the IO with one spacecraft 1104 00:57:35,051 --> 00:57:36,119 and then it changes. 1105 00:57:36,119 --> 00:57:39,489 In fact, it changes in months. 1106 00:57:39,722 --> 00:57:42,692 We can have a big eruption that deposits 1107 00:57:42,692 --> 00:57:45,695 a lot of material on the surface and you think, 1108 00:57:46,296 --> 00:57:48,698 it doesn't look like you know, it used to. 1109 00:57:49,799 --> 00:57:52,769 So there is always something happening on IO. 1110 00:57:53,369 --> 00:57:56,940 Yes. Well, thank you both so much for joining us today. 1111 00:57:56,940 --> 00:57:59,576 Unfortunately, that is all the time that we have. 1112 00:57:59,576 --> 00:58:01,110 But again, we really appreciate you 1113 00:58:01,110 --> 00:58:04,113 taking so many questions from our viewers online. 1114 00:58:05,114 --> 00:58:06,049 Thank you for having me. 1115 00:58:06,049 --> 00:58:09,052 It's been such a pleasure to talk about it. 1116 00:58:10,186 --> 00:58:10,887 Thank you. 1117 00:58:10,887 --> 00:58:12,655 It's really been fun. 1118 00:58:12,655 --> 00:58:15,658 So, you know, 1119 00:58:15,658 --> 00:58:18,261 keep keep looking at the websites. 1120 00:58:18,261 --> 00:58:21,264 You'll know we'll do a lot more. 1121 00:58:21,464 --> 00:58:22,265 Thank you again. 1122 00:58:22,265 --> 00:58:25,134 And thank you to everyone who joined us online. 1123 00:58:25,134 --> 00:58:27,036 We hope you enjoyed learning more about 1124 00:58:27,036 --> 00:58:29,939 fascinating worlds of Europa and IO. 1125 00:58:29,939 --> 00:58:31,441 If you'd like to stay up to date 1126 00:58:31,441 --> 00:58:33,576 on the Juno mission and its study of Jupiter's 1127 00:58:33,576 --> 00:58:37,847 moons, visit go dot NASA.gov forward slash Juno, 1128 00:58:38,114 --> 00:58:42,552 or follow NASA's Solar System on Facebook, Instagram and X. 1129 00:58:42,952 --> 00:58:45,688 If you enjoyed today's show, you can check back with us 1130 00:58:45,688 --> 00:58:48,625 tomorrow, March eight, at 11 a.m. Eastern. 1131 00:58:48,625 --> 00:58:52,061 Dr. Lori Glaze, our head of planetary science at NASA 1132 00:58:52,462 --> 00:58:53,363 and U.S. 1133 00:58:53,363 --> 00:58:56,366 poet laureate Ada Lamo will be taking to the stage, 1134 00:58:56,466 --> 00:58:59,269 kicking off the South by Southwest festival. 1135 00:58:59,269 --> 00:59:01,471 Chatting about our Europa Clipper mission, 1136 00:59:01,471 --> 00:59:03,106 which is launching later this year 1137 00:59:03,106 --> 00:59:06,843 to see if Jupiter's icy moon has conditions suitable for life. 1138 00:59:07,877 --> 00:59:10,046 Visit Go dot NASA.gov. 1139 00:59:10,046 --> 00:59:14,083 Forward slash Europa Clipper x S.W. 1140 00:59:14,217 --> 00:59:17,921 to watch live and you can stay tuned for a special surprise. 1141 00:59:18,421 --> 00:59:20,123 Thank you all and see you next time.