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Hello

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and welcome to another

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episode of NASA's Science Life,

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an opportunity for you

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to interact

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with NASA's scientists

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and have your questions

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answered in real time.

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I'm your host, Joy Owen.

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And tonight

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we are live at NASA's

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Goddard Space Flight Center.

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As the total lunar

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eclipse is nearing totality

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so it is a little bit

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overcast here right

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now, but luckily, we're going

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to be taking you

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to different locations

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with clear skies

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throughout the show.

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So if you have any questions

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at all

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about the total lunar eclipse,

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all by NASA's

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heading back to the moon,

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send your questions

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in using the hashtag,

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ask Nasser

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or wherever

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you're watching the show today.

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And as you can see,

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we will have a constant

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live feed of the lunar eclipse.

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So thank you

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so much to our friends

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at time and date

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for providing that feed.

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So as you can see,

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and there's

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a lot of excitement in the air

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and we have a lot in store

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for you

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as we track

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the lunar eclipse

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from North and South America

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and parts of Europe as well.

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We have NASA's scientists

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answering your questions.

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And we also have feeds

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of telescopes

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dotted all around the world

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that are fixated on tonight's

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celestial event.

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And there's a chance

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that you, too,

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can see

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the lunar eclipse as well.

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So if you do snap a photo

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and start

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with us on social media

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or wherever you're watching

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tonight's episode.

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So there's yeah,

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there's a lot to talk about

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and we've a lot of questions

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coming in online.

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But first, let's go over

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to my co-host,

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James Taylor,

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who can tell us

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where we are

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in the eclipse right now.

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And what's in

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store for us in tonight's

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Total Lunar Eclipse.

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Hey, James,

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how's it going over there?

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Good.

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There are some extreme

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microclimates out there, but

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unfortunately,

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just a couple of feet

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away from you

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on the other side

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of the building, it's

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also overcast and rainy.

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So not holding out

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for a good view

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from here at least,

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but we're tracking it

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all across the world.

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Behind me

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right

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here is from

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Cartersville, Georgia,

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where there's

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a little bit of cloud cover.

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But we've got a

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really nice view

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coming into focus,

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tracking this from around

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the world as well.

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We've got some feeds

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from Morocco

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all over Spain,

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and it's just going to be

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a phenomenal show

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to view from there.

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So is this your

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first ever eclipse?

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Well, the last

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lunar eclipse

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I saw was in 2019 in Mexico.

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City, actually,

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and it was

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an amazing experience.

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What about yourself?

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It's been,

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I think, at least

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a decade for me.

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It's been a really long time.

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And I guess

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I'm going to have to keep

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waiting as well.

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But live vicariously

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through the amazing feats

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that we've got out here

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as well.

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So how many feeds do

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we have tonight?

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Yeah, quite a few.

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I think I'm tracking

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at least eight here so far.

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There are some

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that are kind of cycling

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through for me

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as well, too,

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from parts of the West Coast

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of the United States

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out in L.A.

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We've got a really cool view

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from Ontario, Canada as well.

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A lot of places are fighting

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with a little bit

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of cloud cover

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so we'll kind of see

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how that develops over

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the night as well.

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One of the views

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I'm tracking

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as well as from Rome, Italy,

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where as the night goes

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on, the moon is going

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to get lower and lower

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and the horizon

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won't even get a view

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of the Coliseum as well,

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which would be fantastic

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as well.

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But at least right

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now, let's learn a little bit

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more about the science

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behind a lunar eclipse.

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If you looked at the

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moon over the course

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of a few weeks,

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you'd probably notice

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that it looks

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slightly different every day.

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The change in its shadow

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is based on

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where the moon is in its orbit.

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We call this cycle

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the phases of the moon,

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and it occurs

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roughly once a month

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at least twice a year.

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However,

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something quite

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different happens.

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The moon passes

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through the shadow cast by.

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The earth, causing it.

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To look extremely unusual

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for a short period of time.

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From the Earth,

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the moon will appear to darken

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and turn a deep red

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before eventually

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returning to normal.

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This is called a lunar eclipse.

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If we were to look

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at what happens from space

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during an eclipse,

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it would go

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something like this.

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First, the moon passes through

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what's called the penumbra,

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where the sun's light

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is only partially obscured.

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This results

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in only a slight darkening

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of the moon

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as the moon continues

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along its path.

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However, it enters

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what's called the Umbra,

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where all direct light from

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the sun is blocked.

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But if the sun is blocked,

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why does the moon turn red

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when light from the sun

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goes by the side of the earth?

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It passes through a long

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and thick

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layer of Earth's atmosphere.

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Shorter

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wavelengths of sunlight,

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like blue,

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are scattered

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by the atmosphere.

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So by the time

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the light has finished

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its trip to the moon,

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more of the longer wavelengths

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like red are left over

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on the earth.

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The same thing happens

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at sunset as the ground

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you stand on gradually passes.

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And tonight,

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as the eclipse ends, the moon

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leaves, the umbra returns

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to its normal color

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and then leaves

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the penumbra brightening

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and resuming its

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original cycle.

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Overall, the whole process

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lasted only

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from a few minutes

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to a few hours.

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So you'll have to be quick

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if you. Want to see it.

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But as long as you're

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willing to stay awake,

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you'll catch the moon as

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you won't see it too often.

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So right now, I'm

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joined by

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Science Visualizer

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and our telescope guru

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for tonight's

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events, Ernie Wright.

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Hi, James.

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Thanks so much for joining us.

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It's a pleasure to be here.

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It's a little bit of

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a cloudy night,

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but we're still

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tracking this from across

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the world here.

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Right now,

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we can actually see a shadow

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starting to creep

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a little bit across the moon.

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Can you tell us

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where we are right now

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in the process?

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Right.

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I mean, we're a little bit

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more than 50% covered

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in the partial phase.

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And this is where

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the Umbra is starting

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to track across the moon.

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In this view,

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it's a little bit dark,

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a little bit farther out

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because of the exposure

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that they're using.

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But over the next

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half hour or so,

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we should expect this darkness

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to completely spread

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across the moon.

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And then when

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they change the exposure,

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because the moon

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so dim during totality,

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hopefully we'll see

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some red color there, too.

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Very excited about that.

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And if you're keeping

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score from home

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and you want to sync up

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your events,

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you're outside

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at the right moment,

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there's a good chance

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that you can capture this

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from your own backyard.

304
00:05:34,650 --> 00:05:35,702
So we want you out there

305
00:05:35,702 --> 00:05:36,352
sharing your pics

306
00:05:36,352 --> 00:05:36,986
with us as well.

307
00:05:36,986 --> 00:05:37,970
We've got the schedule up here.

308
00:05:37,970 --> 00:05:38,938
Could you just kind of walk us

309
00:05:38,938 --> 00:05:39,122
through

310
00:05:39,122 --> 00:05:40,523
some of the highlights Right.

311
00:05:40,523 --> 00:05:42,408
So before we came

312
00:05:42,408 --> 00:05:43,459
on, even

313
00:05:43,459 --> 00:05:44,477
the partial began

314
00:05:44,477 --> 00:05:45,361
and that's the point

315
00:05:45,361 --> 00:05:46,879
where the Umbra

316
00:05:46,879 --> 00:05:48,114
is starting to cover the moon

317
00:05:49,349 --> 00:05:50,066
about halfway

318
00:05:50,066 --> 00:05:52,201
through our program at 1129,

319
00:05:52,201 --> 00:05:53,336
totality will begin,

320
00:05:53,336 --> 00:05:54,721
and that's when the moon,

321
00:05:54,721 --> 00:05:55,588
all the brightness

322
00:05:55,588 --> 00:05:57,056
will stop dazzling your eyes.

323
00:05:57,056 --> 00:05:57,657
And you can see

324
00:05:57,657 --> 00:05:59,692
sort of that dark red color

325
00:05:59,692 --> 00:06:02,662
at 1129 maximum eclipse.

326
00:06:02,662 --> 00:06:03,863
This is when

327
00:06:03,863 --> 00:06:05,448
the moon is in the middle

328
00:06:05,448 --> 00:06:06,682
of the shadow.

329
00:06:06,682 --> 00:06:07,667
In the deepest part

330
00:06:07,667 --> 00:06:08,184
of the shadow

331
00:06:08,184 --> 00:06:09,469
that occurs about 10 minutes

332
00:06:09,469 --> 00:06:10,470
after we're done here

333
00:06:10,470 --> 00:06:14,157
at 1211 eastern and the eclipse

334
00:06:14,157 --> 00:06:14,807
continues

335
00:06:14,807 --> 00:06:17,060
for another 45 minutes or so.

336
00:06:17,210 --> 00:06:18,978
Yes, it's a longer 185 minutes

337
00:06:18,978 --> 00:06:19,228
or so.

338
00:06:19,228 --> 00:06:20,463
This is not usually the case.

339
00:06:20,463 --> 00:06:21,481
Usually they're pretty short.

340
00:06:21,481 --> 00:06:22,098
So you've got some time

341
00:06:22,098 --> 00:06:22,832
to grab a coffee,

342
00:06:22,832 --> 00:06:24,016
get your camera set up,

343
00:06:24,016 --> 00:06:24,567
you know, why is,

344
00:06:24,567 --> 00:06:25,468
why is this one different,

345
00:06:25,468 --> 00:06:26,102
I guess from the rest

346
00:06:26,102 --> 00:06:27,019
in terms of length.

347
00:06:27,019 --> 00:06:27,920
It has a lot to do

348
00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:28,671
with whether or not it's

349
00:06:28,671 --> 00:06:29,122
going through

350
00:06:29,122 --> 00:06:30,173
the middle of the shadow

351
00:06:30,173 --> 00:06:31,374
or kind of skimming along

352
00:06:31,374 --> 00:06:32,575
the edge.

353
00:06:32,725 --> 00:06:34,160
This eclipse is in the top

354
00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:37,380
25% of eclipses for duration.

355
00:06:37,730 --> 00:06:38,181
So we're

356
00:06:38,181 --> 00:06:39,532
pretty close to the middle.

357
00:06:39,532 --> 00:06:40,383
It gives everybody

358
00:06:40,383 --> 00:06:42,085
lots of chances to go outside.

359
00:06:42,085 --> 00:06:42,902
If it's cloudy

360
00:06:42,902 --> 00:06:43,653
where you are right

361
00:06:43,653 --> 00:06:45,171
now, wait a couple of minutes

362
00:06:45,171 --> 00:06:46,072
and try again.

363
00:06:46,072 --> 00:06:46,789
Yes, we're

364
00:06:46,789 --> 00:06:47,874
just tracking this now.

365
00:06:47,874 --> 00:06:48,925
The conditions are changing

366
00:06:48,925 --> 00:06:49,492
so quickly.

367
00:06:49,492 --> 00:06:49,976
The cloud cover

368
00:06:49,976 --> 00:06:51,027
is kind of moving over.

369
00:06:51,027 --> 00:06:51,627
And as I mentioned,

370
00:06:51,627 --> 00:06:52,261
we really do

371
00:06:52,261 --> 00:06:53,429
want you to capture this moment

372
00:06:53,429 --> 00:06:53,996
for us as well

373
00:06:53,996 --> 00:06:55,398
from your own backyard.

374
00:06:55,398 --> 00:06:56,516
What are some tips for people

375
00:06:56,516 --> 00:06:57,533
to get that best shot?

376
00:06:57,533 --> 00:06:57,750
You know,

377
00:06:57,750 --> 00:06:58,401
with whatever camera

378
00:06:58,401 --> 00:06:58,818
they're using,

379
00:06:58,818 --> 00:06:59,001
you know,

380
00:06:59,001 --> 00:07:00,269
even their cell phone, right.

381
00:07:00,269 --> 00:07:01,037
I mean, for

382
00:07:01,037 --> 00:07:02,371
for one thing,

383
00:07:02,371 --> 00:07:03,239
it should be pointed out

384
00:07:03,239 --> 00:07:03,956
that we don't need

385
00:07:03,956 --> 00:07:04,824
any special equipment

386
00:07:04,824 --> 00:07:05,191
to see it.

387
00:07:05,191 --> 00:07:05,808
You can go outside

388
00:07:05,808 --> 00:07:07,293
with your naked eye

389
00:07:07,293 --> 00:07:08,177
and you can also see it

390
00:07:08,177 --> 00:07:08,995
with binoculars.

391
00:07:08,995 --> 00:07:09,829
But if you want to take

392
00:07:09,829 --> 00:07:11,280
a photograph,

393
00:07:11,280 --> 00:07:13,983
you'll need longer exposure

394
00:07:13,983 --> 00:07:15,902
and you'll want to probably set

395
00:07:15,902 --> 00:07:17,820
your camera not to night mode.

396
00:07:17,820 --> 00:07:18,888
Because if you set it tonight

397
00:07:18,888 --> 00:07:19,105
mode,

398
00:07:19,105 --> 00:07:19,522
it will try to

399
00:07:19,522 --> 00:07:20,540
brighten everything.

400
00:07:20,540 --> 00:07:21,891
And you're only trying to take

401
00:07:21,891 --> 00:07:23,242
a picture of the moon.

402
00:07:23,242 --> 00:07:25,278
If you're able to zoom,

403
00:07:25,278 --> 00:07:26,028
you should do that.

404
00:07:26,028 --> 00:07:27,563
The moon is surprise.

405
00:07:27,563 --> 00:07:28,764
Only small in these pictures.

406
00:07:28,764 --> 00:07:29,749
So if you just take

407
00:07:29,749 --> 00:07:30,600
a regular photograph,

408
00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:32,034
you'll get three pixels of moon

409
00:07:32,034 --> 00:07:34,103
and lots of dark sky.

410
00:07:34,103 --> 00:07:34,937
So right now

411
00:07:34,937 --> 00:07:35,271
you have

412
00:07:35,271 --> 00:07:36,172
your telescope with us,

413
00:07:36,172 --> 00:07:37,340
which is getting a great shot

414
00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:38,341
of the studio lights.

415
00:07:38,341 --> 00:07:40,159
But what is it actually,

416
00:07:40,159 --> 00:07:40,526
what would it

417
00:07:40,526 --> 00:07:41,360
be doing out in the field

418
00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:41,611
if you're

419
00:07:41,611 --> 00:07:42,628
actually having out there?

420
00:07:42,628 --> 00:07:42,962
Right.

421
00:07:42,962 --> 00:07:44,597
And I brought this in

422
00:07:44,597 --> 00:07:46,649
so that if we had clear skies,

423
00:07:46,649 --> 00:07:47,817
we could actually

424
00:07:47,817 --> 00:07:49,735
get a feed from here.

425
00:07:49,735 --> 00:07:51,204
But this is just a three

426
00:07:51,204 --> 00:07:52,622
inch refractor.

427
00:07:52,622 --> 00:07:53,339
There are two basic

428
00:07:53,339 --> 00:07:54,740
kinds of telescope.

429
00:07:54,740 --> 00:07:56,209
A refractor has a big lens

430
00:07:56,209 --> 00:07:57,093
for gathering light

431
00:07:57,093 --> 00:07:57,810
and a reflector

432
00:07:57,810 --> 00:07:59,428
has a big mirror.

433
00:07:59,462 --> 00:08:01,047
And then I've attached

434
00:08:01,047 --> 00:08:02,331
to the telescope

435
00:08:02,331 --> 00:08:04,667
just a regular DSLR,

436
00:08:04,667 --> 00:08:06,619
and there's a special bit

437
00:08:06,619 --> 00:08:08,538
that makes them together.

438
00:08:08,538 --> 00:08:09,922
But this allows the camera

439
00:08:09,922 --> 00:08:10,590
to look through

440
00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:11,240
the telescope

441
00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:12,208
as if the telescope

442
00:08:12,208 --> 00:08:14,360
were a big telephoto lens.

443
00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,163
And what we were planning to do

444
00:08:17,163 --> 00:08:18,047
if we had clear

445
00:08:18,047 --> 00:08:19,582
skies, was use

446
00:08:19,582 --> 00:08:20,633
the live view mode

447
00:08:20,633 --> 00:08:22,134
on the camera

448
00:08:22,134 --> 00:08:24,270
and the camera has HDMI out.

449
00:08:24,270 --> 00:08:26,455
And so if you had a crowd

450
00:08:26,455 --> 00:08:27,089
and you didn't

451
00:08:27,089 --> 00:08:28,591
want to line them all up

452
00:08:28,591 --> 00:08:29,158
and look through it

453
00:08:29,158 --> 00:08:30,176
individually,

454
00:08:30,176 --> 00:08:32,061
you could put a TV right

455
00:08:32,061 --> 00:08:33,079
next to the telescope

456
00:08:33,079 --> 00:08:34,313
and everybody could see

457
00:08:34,313 --> 00:08:35,147
it simultaneously,

458
00:08:35,147 --> 00:08:36,232
just like we're looking at it

459
00:08:36,232 --> 00:08:36,799
here.

460
00:08:36,799 --> 00:08:37,950
Again, stuff is really starting

461
00:08:37,950 --> 00:08:38,518
to move a little bit

462
00:08:38,518 --> 00:08:39,085
more here now.

463
00:08:39,085 --> 00:08:40,286
Even since we started talking,

464
00:08:40,286 --> 00:08:40,786
it seems like there's

465
00:08:40,786 --> 00:08:41,087
a little bit

466
00:08:41,087 --> 00:08:41,938
more coverage as well.

467
00:08:41,938 --> 00:08:43,072
So yeah,

468
00:08:43,072 --> 00:08:45,107
and in fact, as time goes on

469
00:08:46,075 --> 00:08:46,859
from minute

470
00:08:46,859 --> 00:08:47,460
to minute, you

471
00:08:47,460 --> 00:08:48,177
should be able to

472
00:08:48,177 --> 00:08:49,729
see some changes

473
00:08:49,729 --> 00:08:50,963
in that shadow.

474
00:08:50,963 --> 00:08:51,447
It's going to move

475
00:08:51,447 --> 00:08:52,765
very quickly,

476
00:08:52,765 --> 00:08:53,216
particularly

477
00:08:53,216 --> 00:08:55,735
when we get close to 1129

478
00:08:55,735 --> 00:08:56,118
you know,

479
00:08:56,118 --> 00:08:57,320
the last little bit of Bright

480
00:08:57,320 --> 00:08:58,137
Moon will be there

481
00:08:58,137 --> 00:08:59,755
and as you're watching it,

482
00:08:59,755 --> 00:09:00,389
you can see

483
00:09:00,389 --> 00:09:01,257
it being covered up,

484
00:09:01,257 --> 00:09:02,241
which is pretty cool.

485
00:09:02,241 --> 00:09:02,992
What can we expect

486
00:09:02,992 --> 00:09:03,559
some of the kind

487
00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:04,377
of reddish color

488
00:09:04,377 --> 00:09:04,644
to start

489
00:09:04,644 --> 00:09:06,362
creeping in here as well

490
00:09:06,362 --> 00:09:09,181
almost before totality starts?

491
00:09:09,532 --> 00:09:10,650
What you really need to do

492
00:09:10,650 --> 00:09:11,117
is kind of

493
00:09:11,117 --> 00:09:11,450
get rid

494
00:09:11,450 --> 00:09:11,851
of all that

495
00:09:11,851 --> 00:09:12,618
very bright moon

496
00:09:12,618 --> 00:09:13,102
because that's

497
00:09:13,102 --> 00:09:15,504
sort of dazzling your eye

498
00:09:15,504 --> 00:09:16,289
this is

499
00:09:16,289 --> 00:09:17,957
thousands of times dimmer,

500
00:09:17,957 --> 00:09:20,693
but once you get into totality,

501
00:09:20,693 --> 00:09:22,495
your eye will adjust.

502
00:09:22,495 --> 00:09:23,312
You know, your eye

503
00:09:23,312 --> 00:09:23,913
has this sort of

504
00:09:23,913 --> 00:09:25,464
automatic exposure control

505
00:09:25,464 --> 00:09:26,632
and you'll be able to see that

506
00:09:26,632 --> 00:09:27,984
red color. Amazing.

507
00:09:27,984 --> 00:09:29,252
And what is the next one

508
00:09:29,252 --> 00:09:29,869
as well?

509
00:09:29,869 --> 00:09:30,920
Next lunar eclipse

510
00:09:30,920 --> 00:09:32,238
here from November.

511
00:09:32,238 --> 00:09:34,407
So anybody who's missing out,

512
00:09:34,974 --> 00:09:35,725
you know,

513
00:09:35,725 --> 00:09:36,509
six months from now,

514
00:09:36,509 --> 00:09:37,577
we'll have another one

515
00:09:37,577 --> 00:09:38,578
to look forward to.

516
00:09:38,578 --> 00:09:39,145
Plenty of time

517
00:09:39,145 --> 00:09:39,779
for this one tonight.

518
00:09:39,779 --> 00:09:40,846
Still two, like we said.

519
00:09:40,846 --> 00:09:41,814
85 minutes for you

520
00:09:41,814 --> 00:09:42,782
to be able to view this one.

521
00:09:42,782 --> 00:09:44,183
So a really good window

522
00:09:44,183 --> 00:09:44,934
for you to get, you know,

523
00:09:44,934 --> 00:09:45,501
nice coffee.

524
00:09:45,501 --> 00:09:46,352
It's a little bit late here.

525
00:09:46,352 --> 00:09:47,186
Maybe bundle up a little bit

526
00:09:47,186 --> 00:09:48,738
if it's cold where you are.

527
00:09:48,738 --> 00:09:49,472
But in the meantime,

528
00:09:49,472 --> 00:09:49,822
I understand

529
00:09:49,822 --> 00:09:50,873
that Joy has some members

530
00:09:50,873 --> 00:09:51,891
of the art of this program

531
00:09:51,891 --> 00:09:52,708
with her to talk a bit

532
00:09:52,708 --> 00:09:53,693
more about

533
00:09:53,693 --> 00:09:54,961
our next mission to the moon.

534
00:09:56,812 --> 00:09:57,213
Hi.

535
00:09:57,213 --> 00:09:57,597
Yes.

536
00:09:57,597 --> 00:09:58,881
So Earth's moon

537
00:09:58,881 --> 00:10:01,100
is the only place beyond Earth

538
00:10:01,350 --> 00:10:02,935
that humans have set fits on

539
00:10:02,935 --> 00:10:05,087
and with NASA's Atmos program,

540
00:10:05,087 --> 00:10:06,355
we're planning to take the

541
00:10:06,355 --> 00:10:06,989
first women

542
00:10:06,989 --> 00:10:07,907
and first person of color

543
00:10:07,907 --> 00:10:09,742
back to the lunar surface.

544
00:10:09,742 --> 00:10:10,493
So to tell us

545
00:10:10,493 --> 00:10:11,394
more about that, I'm

546
00:10:11,394 --> 00:10:12,378
joined by two

547
00:10:12,378 --> 00:10:14,847
with two NASA's experts, Dr.

548
00:10:14,847 --> 00:10:15,631
Ryan Watkins,

549
00:10:15,631 --> 00:10:16,832
who is a program scientist

550
00:10:16,832 --> 00:10:18,868
at NASA's headquarters, and Dr.

551
00:10:18,868 --> 00:10:20,069
Vishnu Viswanathan,

552
00:10:20,069 --> 00:10:21,287
who is a research scientist

553
00:10:21,287 --> 00:10:22,738
at NASA Goddard

554
00:10:22,738 --> 00:10:23,039
thank you

555
00:10:23,039 --> 00:10:23,673
both so much

556
00:10:23,673 --> 00:10:24,707
for joining us today.

557
00:10:24,707 --> 00:10:25,458
Thanks for having us.

558
00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:26,459
Yeah, thanks.

559
00:10:26,459 --> 00:10:27,410
So can you tell us

560
00:10:27,410 --> 00:10:28,678
a little bit about your roles

561
00:10:28,678 --> 00:10:30,479
and what you do at NASA?

562
00:10:30,479 --> 00:10:31,347
Yeah, I'll just start off

563
00:10:31,347 --> 00:10:31,731
by saying

564
00:10:31,731 --> 00:10:33,032
it's a very exciting time

565
00:10:33,032 --> 00:10:34,050
to be a lunar scientist

566
00:10:34,050 --> 00:10:34,884
at NASA.

567
00:10:34,884 --> 00:10:36,319
So at headquarters

568
00:10:36,319 --> 00:10:37,053
in my office,

569
00:10:37,053 --> 00:10:38,821
we manage the Lunar Discovery

570
00:10:38,821 --> 00:10:40,623
and exploration program.

571
00:10:40,623 --> 00:10:43,075
And so under this program falls

572
00:10:43,075 --> 00:10:44,010
the various programs

573
00:10:44,010 --> 00:10:44,660
that are sending

574
00:10:44,660 --> 00:10:46,195
scientific and

575
00:10:46,195 --> 00:10:46,679
technology

576
00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:47,847
development instruments

577
00:10:47,847 --> 00:10:48,497
to the moon

578
00:10:48,497 --> 00:10:50,099
via commercial partners,

579
00:10:50,099 --> 00:10:50,750
as well as on

580
00:10:50,750 --> 00:10:52,468
various international missions

581
00:10:52,468 --> 00:10:52,952
we also do

582
00:10:52,952 --> 00:10:53,719
all the integration

583
00:10:53,719 --> 00:10:54,587
of Artemis Science

584
00:10:54,587 --> 00:10:57,089
within NASA's directorates.

585
00:10:57,089 --> 00:10:57,657
And yeah,

586
00:10:57,657 --> 00:10:59,392
so for my role specifically,

587
00:10:59,392 --> 00:11:00,259
one of the things I do

588
00:11:00,259 --> 00:11:00,976
is just make sure

589
00:11:00,976 --> 00:11:02,695
that our scientific instruments

590
00:11:02,695 --> 00:11:03,029
can meet

591
00:11:03,029 --> 00:11:04,130
their science objectives

592
00:11:04,130 --> 00:11:04,730
and have everything

593
00:11:04,730 --> 00:11:05,364
they need to do.

594
00:11:05,364 --> 00:11:06,682
That is one of many,

595
00:11:06,682 --> 00:11:07,533
many things we do.

596
00:11:07,533 --> 00:11:07,900
But yeah,

597
00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:09,301
so getting science instruments

598
00:11:09,301 --> 00:11:09,618
to the moon

599
00:11:09,618 --> 00:11:10,252
and our teammates is a

600
00:11:10,252 --> 00:11:11,087
large part of what we do.

601
00:11:12,421 --> 00:11:14,724
Hey, I'm a research scientist

602
00:11:14,724 --> 00:11:15,324
here at NASA's

603
00:11:15,324 --> 00:11:17,760
Goddard, and I probably use

604
00:11:18,511 --> 00:11:19,495
like the data sets

605
00:11:19,495 --> 00:11:21,347
that are obtained from science

606
00:11:21,347 --> 00:11:22,231
scientific instruments

607
00:11:22,231 --> 00:11:23,899
that we have send to space

608
00:11:23,899 --> 00:11:25,851
primarily to understand

609
00:11:25,851 --> 00:11:27,203
the interior structure

610
00:11:27,203 --> 00:11:28,437
of a planetary body,

611
00:11:28,437 --> 00:11:29,605
especially the moon

612
00:11:29,605 --> 00:11:30,589
and other planetary bodies

613
00:11:30,589 --> 00:11:31,557
as well.

614
00:11:31,557 --> 00:11:32,308
To put together

615
00:11:32,308 --> 00:11:33,959
a puzzle regarding,

616
00:11:33,959 --> 00:11:35,327
you know, how

617
00:11:36,412 --> 00:11:37,646
regarding the

618
00:11:37,646 --> 00:11:38,781
evolution and formation

619
00:11:38,781 --> 00:11:40,700
of the solar system in general,

620
00:11:40,700 --> 00:11:40,916
you know,

621
00:11:40,916 --> 00:11:42,118
I ask several

622
00:11:42,118 --> 00:11:43,652
questions like, uh,

623
00:11:43,652 --> 00:11:44,904
uh, like, you know,

624
00:11:44,904 --> 00:11:46,972
how is the moon?

625
00:11:46,972 --> 00:11:48,858
Like, was the moon always

626
00:11:48,858 --> 00:11:49,458
how it is,

627
00:11:49,458 --> 00:11:51,227
as we see in the sky today,

628
00:11:51,227 --> 00:11:52,078
was it oriented

629
00:11:52,078 --> 00:11:53,028
in a different manner

630
00:11:53,028 --> 00:11:54,180
compared to

631
00:11:54,180 --> 00:11:55,681
several billion years ago

632
00:11:55,681 --> 00:11:57,266
or, you know, like in know,

633
00:11:57,266 --> 00:11:58,651
does it have a solid inner core

634
00:11:58,651 --> 00:11:59,118
within it?

635
00:11:59,118 --> 00:11:59,518
Like,

636
00:11:59,518 --> 00:12:01,020
like we know for the Earth

637
00:12:01,020 --> 00:12:04,457
and so I I'm facilitated by

638
00:12:04,457 --> 00:12:05,307
several data sets

639
00:12:05,307 --> 00:12:06,659
that we've collected,

640
00:12:06,659 --> 00:12:08,511
such as the lunar laser ranging

641
00:12:08,511 --> 00:12:10,563
data where we fire lasers

642
00:12:10,563 --> 00:12:11,514
to these

643
00:12:11,630 --> 00:12:13,883
mirrors that were left over

644
00:12:13,883 --> 00:12:15,084
on the,

645
00:12:15,084 --> 00:12:16,585
you know, the lunar surface,

646
00:12:16,585 --> 00:12:18,621
the new lunar new side

647
00:12:18,621 --> 00:12:20,840
by our astronauts and

648
00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:22,641
some of the rovers and

649
00:12:23,759 --> 00:12:25,161
as well as the gravity field

650
00:12:25,161 --> 00:12:26,178
of the moon that was mapped

651
00:12:26,178 --> 00:12:28,464
in high resolution by

652
00:12:28,464 --> 00:12:29,882
the NASA Grail mission,

653
00:12:29,882 --> 00:12:31,016
as well as

654
00:12:31,016 --> 00:12:31,801
lunar topography

655
00:12:31,801 --> 00:12:33,602
data, for example,

656
00:12:33,602 --> 00:12:34,670
that's obtained

657
00:12:34,670 --> 00:12:37,022
from the laser altimeter on the

658
00:12:37,022 --> 00:12:38,274
the LRO spacecraft,

659
00:12:38,274 --> 00:12:39,692
which is now in

660
00:12:39,692 --> 00:12:40,676
orbit for like what,

661
00:12:40,676 --> 00:12:41,927
13 years now.

662
00:12:41,927 --> 00:12:42,511
So yeah,

663
00:12:42,511 --> 00:12:43,679
this is just a great time,

664
00:12:43,679 --> 00:12:44,396
as you said,

665
00:12:44,396 --> 00:12:45,381
to be a lunar scientist.

666
00:12:45,381 --> 00:12:48,451
I'm really excited to be here.

667
00:12:48,451 --> 00:12:49,919
So can we talk a bit about what

668
00:12:49,919 --> 00:12:51,587
NASA's plans offer back to you?

669
00:12:51,587 --> 00:12:52,822
Going back to the moon.

670
00:12:52,822 --> 00:12:53,789
So we're taking science

671
00:12:53,789 --> 00:12:54,857
instruments, a rover

672
00:12:54,857 --> 00:12:56,342
and then humans.

673
00:12:56,342 --> 00:12:56,659
Yeah.

674
00:12:56,659 --> 00:12:57,560
So we're actually doing a lot

675
00:12:57,560 --> 00:12:57,960
to get ready

676
00:12:57,960 --> 00:12:58,611
to go back to the moon

677
00:12:58,611 --> 00:12:59,328
right now.

678
00:12:59,328 --> 00:13:00,146
Like you said,

679
00:13:00,146 --> 00:13:00,379
one of the

680
00:13:00,379 --> 00:13:01,614
first things we're doing

681
00:13:01,614 --> 00:13:03,783
besides LRO is sending

682
00:13:03,799 --> 00:13:04,850
scientific instruments

683
00:13:04,850 --> 00:13:06,018
as well as technology

684
00:13:06,018 --> 00:13:08,304
demonstrations to the moon via

685
00:13:08,304 --> 00:13:09,872
the commercial lunar payloads

686
00:13:09,872 --> 00:13:10,940
services program

687
00:13:10,940 --> 00:13:12,558
or Eclipse for short.

688
00:13:12,558 --> 00:13:13,859
And so this is NASA's

689
00:13:13,859 --> 00:13:14,877
way of rapidly

690
00:13:14,877 --> 00:13:15,811
acquiring

691
00:13:15,811 --> 00:13:17,363
commercial delivery services

692
00:13:17,363 --> 00:13:19,348
to the lunar surface.

693
00:13:19,348 --> 00:13:20,299
So we have about seven

694
00:13:20,299 --> 00:13:21,467
of these on deck right now

695
00:13:21,467 --> 00:13:22,885
with over 40 instruments

696
00:13:22,885 --> 00:13:23,269
that it will be

697
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:24,687
flying to the moon.

698
00:13:24,687 --> 00:13:25,171
And as part of

699
00:13:25,171 --> 00:13:25,971
this is the rover

700
00:13:25,971 --> 00:13:27,289
you mentioned Viper.

701
00:13:27,289 --> 00:13:29,241
So Viper will be roving around

702
00:13:29,241 --> 00:13:30,893
looking for volatiles,

703
00:13:30,893 --> 00:13:31,861
specifically things

704
00:13:31,861 --> 00:13:33,212
such as water, ice

705
00:13:33,212 --> 00:13:34,497
and permanently shadowed

706
00:13:34,497 --> 00:13:35,431
regions on the moon.

707
00:13:35,431 --> 00:13:36,982
So these are areas that either

708
00:13:36,982 --> 00:13:37,883
neither or never

709
00:13:37,883 --> 00:13:39,001
get sunlight or rarely

710
00:13:39,001 --> 00:13:39,768
get any sunlight.

711
00:13:39,768 --> 00:13:40,920
So good places for water,

712
00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:42,571
ice to be contained.

713
00:13:42,571 --> 00:13:43,672
So it will be prospecting

714
00:13:43,672 --> 00:13:44,907
for for these areas.

715
00:13:44,907 --> 00:13:45,691
You know, how much is there?

716
00:13:45,691 --> 00:13:45,958
What what

717
00:13:45,958 --> 00:13:47,843
type of deposits do we see?

718
00:13:47,843 --> 00:13:48,027
And then

719
00:13:48,027 --> 00:13:49,879
how could we possibly use that

720
00:13:49,879 --> 00:13:50,629
for for future

721
00:13:50,629 --> 00:13:51,947
human missions to the moon?

722
00:13:51,947 --> 00:13:52,248
Yes.

723
00:13:52,248 --> 00:13:52,882
And then culminating

724
00:13:52,882 --> 00:13:53,749
with artemisinin,

725
00:13:53,749 --> 00:13:54,683
our first woman

726
00:13:54,683 --> 00:13:55,551
and first person of color

727
00:13:55,551 --> 00:13:56,302
back to the surface of

728
00:13:56,302 --> 00:13:56,569
the moon.

729
00:13:57,720 --> 00:13:58,137
And this is a

730
00:13:58,137 --> 00:13:59,038
question for you Vishnu.

731
00:13:59,038 --> 00:13:59,905
So you study

732
00:13:59,905 --> 00:14:02,808
the moon from Earth is studying

733
00:14:03,242 --> 00:14:04,460
the moon from Earth

734
00:14:04,460 --> 00:14:05,578
during the lunar eclipse

735
00:14:05,578 --> 00:14:06,595
particularly exciting

736
00:14:06,595 --> 00:14:07,796
for your type of research?

737
00:14:07,796 --> 00:14:10,165
Oh, yes. Absolutely.

738
00:14:10,165 --> 00:14:11,483
So, for example, right now,

739
00:14:11,483 --> 00:14:12,468
like doing the full moon

740
00:14:12,468 --> 00:14:13,652
phase, right?

741
00:14:13,652 --> 00:14:14,937
The surface of the moon is

742
00:14:14,937 --> 00:14:15,771
really hot.

743
00:14:15,771 --> 00:14:17,239
It gets heated up

744
00:14:17,239 --> 00:14:17,673
something like

745
00:14:17,673 --> 00:14:19,909
250 degrees Fahrenheit

746
00:14:19,909 --> 00:14:21,293
compared to like

747
00:14:21,293 --> 00:14:23,095
120 degrees Celsius.

748
00:14:23,095 --> 00:14:24,830
So these mirrors

749
00:14:24,830 --> 00:14:25,581
that I was talking about

750
00:14:25,581 --> 00:14:26,549
on the moon,

751
00:14:26,849 --> 00:14:27,266
these are not

752
00:14:27,266 --> 00:14:28,217
optimal temperatures

753
00:14:28,217 --> 00:14:29,068
for, you know, the moon

754
00:14:29,068 --> 00:14:30,419
to operate in.

755
00:14:30,419 --> 00:14:31,487
And so

756
00:14:31,487 --> 00:14:33,322
we saw the performance of these

757
00:14:33,322 --> 00:14:34,256
the optical performance

758
00:14:34,256 --> 00:14:36,325
of these lateral reflectors,

759
00:14:36,325 --> 00:14:37,710
as they're called,

760
00:14:38,460 --> 00:14:39,111
they're diminished

761
00:14:39,111 --> 00:14:40,412
with time, right?

762
00:14:40,412 --> 00:14:41,580
So we wanted this

763
00:14:41,580 --> 00:14:42,631
kind of a window.

764
00:14:42,631 --> 00:14:44,333
This eclipse offers us

765
00:14:44,333 --> 00:14:45,150
this time

766
00:14:45,150 --> 00:14:46,352
window wherein,

767
00:14:46,352 --> 00:14:47,753
you know, the moon passes

768
00:14:47,753 --> 00:14:48,888
through the shadow

769
00:14:48,888 --> 00:14:49,521
of the earth.

770
00:14:49,521 --> 00:14:50,639
So it gives,

771
00:14:50,639 --> 00:14:50,873
you know,

772
00:14:50,873 --> 00:14:52,157
these optical instruments

773
00:14:52,157 --> 00:14:53,792
to kind of cool down.

774
00:14:53,792 --> 00:14:55,127
And this enables us

775
00:14:55,127 --> 00:14:56,462
to make measurements. Right.

776
00:14:56,462 --> 00:14:57,263
And so what

777
00:14:57,263 --> 00:14:58,280
science we can do from

778
00:14:58,280 --> 00:14:59,481
that is that,

779
00:14:59,481 --> 00:14:59,748
you know,

780
00:14:59,748 --> 00:15:00,532
when when

781
00:15:00,532 --> 00:15:01,584
when this

782
00:15:01,584 --> 00:15:02,568
particular configuration

783
00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:03,602
that we are in right now,

784
00:15:03,602 --> 00:15:03,903
which is,

785
00:15:03,903 --> 00:15:05,454
you know, the sun, earth

786
00:15:05,454 --> 00:15:06,655
and the moon,

787
00:15:06,805 --> 00:15:07,640
this enables us

788
00:15:07,640 --> 00:15:08,574
to make very high

789
00:15:08,574 --> 00:15:10,759
precision tests of,

790
00:15:10,759 --> 00:15:11,277
you know,

791
00:15:11,277 --> 00:15:13,429
the universality of freefall.

792
00:15:13,429 --> 00:15:15,681
So during the Apollo 15,

793
00:15:15,781 --> 00:15:18,317
I believe the commander

794
00:15:18,317 --> 00:15:19,251
David Scott,

795
00:15:19,251 --> 00:15:20,819
he he dropped

796
00:15:20,819 --> 00:15:22,404
a feather and a hammer

797
00:15:22,404 --> 00:15:23,238
at the same time

798
00:15:23,238 --> 00:15:24,423
to demonstrate that

799
00:15:25,791 --> 00:15:26,275
so that, you

800
00:15:26,275 --> 00:15:27,359
know, all objects fall

801
00:15:27,359 --> 00:15:29,461
in the gravitational field

802
00:15:29,461 --> 00:15:30,562
at the same time.

803
00:15:30,562 --> 00:15:31,430
And similarly,

804
00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:32,548
what we're doing here with this

805
00:15:32,548 --> 00:15:34,199
laser ranging measurements

806
00:15:34,199 --> 00:15:36,302
is that we're trying to make

807
00:15:36,318 --> 00:15:37,853
use of the moon

808
00:15:37,853 --> 00:15:39,655
and the earth as test bodies

809
00:15:39,655 --> 00:15:41,307
in this gravitational field.

810
00:15:41,307 --> 00:15:43,609
And so as to measure

811
00:15:44,460 --> 00:15:45,561
the falling of,

812
00:15:45,561 --> 00:15:45,894
you know,

813
00:15:45,894 --> 00:15:47,763
this earthen moon system

814
00:15:47,763 --> 00:15:48,931
into the gravitational

815
00:15:48,931 --> 00:15:50,182
field of the sun.

816
00:15:50,182 --> 00:15:52,401
So by measuring and comparing

817
00:15:52,952 --> 00:15:53,902
what we predict

818
00:15:53,902 --> 00:15:55,170
with theory versus

819
00:15:55,170 --> 00:15:55,854
what we observe

820
00:15:55,854 --> 00:15:56,572
with these laser

821
00:15:56,572 --> 00:15:57,890
ranging observations,

822
00:15:57,890 --> 00:15:59,358
we are able to put a number

823
00:15:59,358 --> 00:16:01,276
to those limits

824
00:16:01,276 --> 00:16:02,695
on how accurately

825
00:16:02,695 --> 00:16:03,295
was, you know,

826
00:16:03,295 --> 00:16:04,980
the theory of universality

827
00:16:04,980 --> 00:16:06,448
of freefall based on which,

828
00:16:06,448 --> 00:16:07,399
you know, Einstein

829
00:16:07,399 --> 00:16:08,934
formulated his

830
00:16:08,934 --> 00:16:10,369
theory of general relativity.

831
00:16:10,369 --> 00:16:11,720
So this is really a

832
00:16:11,720 --> 00:16:12,655
fascinating time.

833
00:16:12,655 --> 00:16:13,372
And I,

834
00:16:13,372 --> 00:16:13,973
I just spoke

835
00:16:13,973 --> 00:16:16,542
with one of the uh,

836
00:16:16,976 --> 00:16:17,926
one of the observers

837
00:16:17,926 --> 00:16:20,029
in Gras station in France.

838
00:16:20,029 --> 00:16:21,630
And if the weather's

839
00:16:21,630 --> 00:16:22,548
clear there,

840
00:16:22,548 --> 00:16:23,432
they might be collecting

841
00:16:23,432 --> 00:16:24,183
some amazing data

842
00:16:24,183 --> 00:16:26,035
for us to analyze yeah.

843
00:16:26,035 --> 00:16:27,052
I think this new well

844
00:16:27,052 --> 00:16:27,770
if you don't already know,

845
00:16:27,770 --> 00:16:28,737
I'll be very excited to know

846
00:16:28,737 --> 00:16:29,421
that we're sending more

847
00:16:29,421 --> 00:16:31,023
of these retro reflectors

848
00:16:31,023 --> 00:16:31,907
via the eclipse.

849
00:16:31,907 --> 00:16:32,758
So you're going to have lots

850
00:16:32,758 --> 00:16:33,592
more science. Oh, yeah.

851
00:16:33,592 --> 00:16:34,643
I'm really excited

852
00:16:34,643 --> 00:16:36,378
about that opportunity. Great.

853
00:16:36,378 --> 00:16:37,429
That's fantastic.

854
00:16:37,429 --> 00:16:39,114
So the last time we set a crude

855
00:16:39,114 --> 00:16:40,165
mission to the moon

856
00:16:40,165 --> 00:16:41,700
was about 50 years ago.

857
00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:42,685
So why is it important

858
00:16:42,685 --> 00:16:44,003
that we send humans

859
00:16:44,003 --> 00:16:45,270
back to the moon?

860
00:16:45,270 --> 00:16:45,504
Yeah,

861
00:16:45,504 --> 00:16:46,138
there's a lot of

862
00:16:46,138 --> 00:16:46,972
really important reasons

863
00:16:46,972 --> 00:16:47,956
to send humans back.

864
00:16:47,956 --> 00:16:48,741
So the last time we were

865
00:16:48,741 --> 00:16:50,209
there was with Apollo

866
00:16:50,209 --> 00:16:50,909
and most of the Apollo

867
00:16:50,909 --> 00:16:51,243
or sorry,

868
00:16:51,243 --> 00:16:51,777
all of the Apollo

869
00:16:51,777 --> 00:16:52,411
missions were kind of

870
00:16:52,411 --> 00:16:53,512
in the equatorial region

871
00:16:53,512 --> 00:16:54,563
of the moon.

872
00:16:54,563 --> 00:16:55,431
So with Artemus,

873
00:16:55,431 --> 00:16:56,131
we'll be going down

874
00:16:56,131 --> 00:16:57,933
to the South Polar Region

875
00:16:57,933 --> 00:16:58,701
and much like on Earth,

876
00:16:58,701 --> 00:16:59,418
if you travel to

877
00:16:59,418 --> 00:17:00,169
another country,

878
00:17:00,169 --> 00:17:01,370
you know, often

879
00:17:01,370 --> 00:17:02,004
you know, the rocks

880
00:17:02,004 --> 00:17:02,938
there are completely different.

881
00:17:02,938 --> 00:17:04,707
There's just a whole new area.

882
00:17:04,707 --> 00:17:05,808
So also on the moon,

883
00:17:05,808 --> 00:17:07,226
you go down to the South Pole,

884
00:17:07,226 --> 00:17:07,860
there's only rocks

885
00:17:07,860 --> 00:17:08,811
of different composition

886
00:17:08,811 --> 00:17:09,528
and it's going to be

887
00:17:09,528 --> 00:17:11,730
possibly colder in some areas.

888
00:17:11,730 --> 00:17:12,598
There's a lot of

889
00:17:12,598 --> 00:17:13,232
different types

890
00:17:13,232 --> 00:17:14,149
of science questions

891
00:17:14,149 --> 00:17:15,684
that we will answer there.

892
00:17:15,684 --> 00:17:16,919
Also, we'll just be developing

893
00:17:16,919 --> 00:17:18,053
the technologies

894
00:17:18,053 --> 00:17:19,171
and demonstrating the things

895
00:17:19,171 --> 00:17:20,823
we need to to live

896
00:17:20,823 --> 00:17:22,007
for longer periods of time.

897
00:17:22,007 --> 00:17:23,759
On another planetary body

898
00:17:23,759 --> 00:17:24,676
and really helping prepare

899
00:17:24,676 --> 00:17:25,861
ourselves to go to Mars.

900
00:17:26,929 --> 00:17:28,397
So talking about

901
00:17:28,397 --> 00:17:30,049
long term space travel,

902
00:17:30,049 --> 00:17:30,783
we had some really

903
00:17:30,783 --> 00:17:32,601
exciting news the other day.

904
00:17:32,601 --> 00:17:33,986
Scientists had successfully

905
00:17:33,986 --> 00:17:35,487
grown plants

906
00:17:35,487 --> 00:17:36,138
from regolith,

907
00:17:36,138 --> 00:17:37,940
which is lunar soil.

908
00:17:37,940 --> 00:17:38,574
What does that mean

909
00:17:38,574 --> 00:17:39,808
for future astronauts?

910
00:17:39,808 --> 00:17:40,375
Yeah, yeah.

911
00:17:40,375 --> 00:17:41,393
So for those who didn't hear,

912
00:17:41,393 --> 00:17:42,511
we grew our first plants

913
00:17:42,511 --> 00:17:43,579
in lunar regolith

914
00:17:43,579 --> 00:17:44,613
and this is really exciting.

915
00:17:44,613 --> 00:17:45,047
Scientist

916
00:17:45,047 --> 00:17:46,398
hadn't done this before.

917
00:17:46,398 --> 00:17:47,433
A lunar regolith doesn't

918
00:17:47,433 --> 00:17:48,684
have the nutrients and water

919
00:17:48,684 --> 00:17:50,119
like like we have here on Earth

920
00:17:50,119 --> 00:17:51,570
to readily grow plants.

921
00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:52,254
So there's still some work

922
00:17:52,254 --> 00:17:53,639
we have to do to understand

923
00:17:53,639 --> 00:17:54,239
why the plants

924
00:17:54,239 --> 00:17:55,357
grew differently than they did.

925
00:17:55,357 --> 00:17:56,992
And, you know, typical

926
00:17:56,992 --> 00:17:58,861
Earth like conditions.

927
00:17:58,861 --> 00:17:59,912
But yeah, it's really exciting.

928
00:17:59,912 --> 00:18:00,512
It could open up

929
00:18:00,512 --> 00:18:01,764
a lot of possibilities for us

930
00:18:01,764 --> 00:18:02,281
to potentially

931
00:18:02,281 --> 00:18:03,048
grow our own plants

932
00:18:03,048 --> 00:18:03,982
when we get back to the moon.

933
00:18:05,451 --> 00:18:06,718
So we're nearing totality.

934
00:18:06,718 --> 00:18:07,886
I have ever seen

935
00:18:07,886 --> 00:18:09,288
a lunar eclipse before.

936
00:18:09,288 --> 00:18:10,405
I not that I can remember.

937
00:18:10,405 --> 00:18:12,241
No, I have not either.

938
00:18:12,241 --> 00:18:13,008
So it's really, really

939
00:18:13,008 --> 00:18:14,093
we're all really excited

940
00:18:14,093 --> 00:18:15,778
in the studio today.

941
00:18:15,778 --> 00:18:16,411
So let's dig

942
00:18:16,411 --> 00:18:17,513
into some questions

943
00:18:17,513 --> 00:18:18,380
we're getting online

944
00:18:18,380 --> 00:18:20,365
on social media.

945
00:18:20,632 --> 00:18:22,718
So let's see who we

946
00:18:22,768 --> 00:18:24,419
what questions we have.

947
00:18:24,419 --> 00:18:24,920
We have a question

948
00:18:24,920 --> 00:18:26,538
from a midsummer on Twitter

949
00:18:26,538 --> 00:18:27,439
now ask,

950
00:18:27,439 --> 00:18:29,191
is there a delay in real time

951
00:18:29,191 --> 00:18:31,076
for data from the moon

952
00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:31,560
like how

953
00:18:31,560 --> 00:18:32,628
there is an 8 million

954
00:18:32,628 --> 00:18:35,397
minute delay from the sun?

955
00:18:35,397 --> 00:18:35,964
Yes.

956
00:18:35,964 --> 00:18:38,417
And so this is precisely

957
00:18:38,417 --> 00:18:39,618
the time that we measure

958
00:18:39,618 --> 00:18:41,069
with the laser data, right?

959
00:18:41,069 --> 00:18:44,606
So it takes 2.5 seconds

960
00:18:45,207 --> 00:18:46,492
for a light beam

961
00:18:46,492 --> 00:18:48,060
to go from Earth,

962
00:18:48,060 --> 00:18:49,761
bounce back that,

963
00:18:49,761 --> 00:18:50,696
you know, these mirrors

964
00:18:50,696 --> 00:18:51,864
and come back

965
00:18:51,864 --> 00:18:53,132
to those telescopes.

966
00:18:53,132 --> 00:18:54,383
So which means that, you know,

967
00:18:54,383 --> 00:18:54,867
one way

968
00:18:54,867 --> 00:18:55,667
would be like half of

969
00:18:55,667 --> 00:18:56,301
that value.

970
00:18:56,301 --> 00:18:58,787
1.2, 5 seconds.

971
00:18:59,788 --> 00:19:00,239
Wow.

972
00:19:00,239 --> 00:19:00,873
Pretty fast

973
00:19:00,873 --> 00:19:02,040
compared to, you know,

974
00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:02,875
the 8 minutes.

975
00:19:02,875 --> 00:19:04,860
Yeah, much faster.

976
00:19:05,160 --> 00:19:05,711
And so on.

977
00:19:05,711 --> 00:19:05,978
Next,

978
00:19:05,978 --> 00:19:06,962
we have a next question

979
00:19:06,962 --> 00:19:08,213
from Trevor on Twitter.

980
00:19:08,213 --> 00:19:09,198
When they ask,

981
00:19:09,198 --> 00:19:10,883
why does the moon turn red

982
00:19:10,883 --> 00:19:12,534
during an eclipse?

983
00:19:12,534 --> 00:19:12,868
Yeah.

984
00:19:12,868 --> 00:19:13,585
So the moon

985
00:19:13,585 --> 00:19:14,636
we call this a blood moon

986
00:19:14,636 --> 00:19:15,120
when it turns

987
00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:16,338
red during an eclipse.

988
00:19:16,338 --> 00:19:16,855
And this is

989
00:19:16,855 --> 00:19:17,940
because as as

990
00:19:17,940 --> 00:19:18,740
the earth is blocking

991
00:19:18,740 --> 00:19:19,758
the sun's light,

992
00:19:19,758 --> 00:19:20,909
the sun's sunlight

993
00:19:20,909 --> 00:19:21,927
is still passing

994
00:19:21,927 --> 00:19:23,462
through Earth's atmosphere.

995
00:19:23,462 --> 00:19:24,379
And when this happens,

996
00:19:24,379 --> 00:19:25,130
you're kind of bluer.

997
00:19:25,130 --> 00:19:26,031
Wavelengths of light

998
00:19:26,031 --> 00:19:26,748
get scattered

999
00:19:26,748 --> 00:19:28,050
by Earth's atmosphere,

1000
00:19:28,050 --> 00:19:28,550
but the red

1001
00:19:28,550 --> 00:19:29,301
wavelengths of light

1002
00:19:29,301 --> 00:19:30,152
still pass through

1003
00:19:30,152 --> 00:19:30,986
and that's the wavelength

1004
00:19:30,986 --> 00:19:31,253
of light

1005
00:19:31,253 --> 00:19:32,337
you're seeing reflected off

1006
00:19:32,337 --> 00:19:33,472
the surface of the moon.

1007
00:19:33,472 --> 00:19:34,106
It's much like

1008
00:19:34,106 --> 00:19:35,157
reflecting back earth

1009
00:19:35,157 --> 00:19:36,441
sunrises and sunsets, in

1010
00:19:36,441 --> 00:19:36,842
a sense.

1011
00:19:38,627 --> 00:19:39,111
OK, so our

1012
00:19:39,111 --> 00:19:39,811
next question is

1013
00:19:39,811 --> 00:19:42,047
from Musical Wolves on YouTube.

1014
00:19:42,231 --> 00:19:42,931
And they ask,

1015
00:19:42,931 --> 00:19:45,050
why does a total lunar eclipse

1016
00:19:45,050 --> 00:19:45,317
sorry,

1017
00:19:45,317 --> 00:19:47,069
what does a total lunar eclipse

1018
00:19:47,069 --> 00:19:47,903
look like from

1019
00:19:47,903 --> 00:19:48,871
the international space

1020
00:19:48,871 --> 00:19:49,821
station?

1021
00:19:51,890 --> 00:19:53,125
Well, I think they

1022
00:19:53,125 --> 00:19:54,176
will definitely enjoy

1023
00:19:54,176 --> 00:19:55,711
a more clearer view

1024
00:19:55,711 --> 00:19:56,695
because, you know, there's no

1025
00:19:56,695 --> 00:19:57,479
atmosphere up

1026
00:19:57,479 --> 00:19:58,997
there, right, from the

1027
00:19:58,997 --> 00:20:00,532
International Space Station.

1028
00:20:00,532 --> 00:20:01,316
So I think

1029
00:20:01,316 --> 00:20:02,267
it's going to look like

1030
00:20:02,267 --> 00:20:03,719
how we see it on Earth,

1031
00:20:03,719 --> 00:20:04,519
but just

1032
00:20:04,519 --> 00:20:06,271
beautiful, much more prettier

1033
00:20:06,271 --> 00:20:07,189
because, you know, it's

1034
00:20:07,189 --> 00:20:08,190
without

1035
00:20:08,190 --> 00:20:09,458
without all the atmosphere

1036
00:20:09,458 --> 00:20:10,525
and between the clouds

1037
00:20:10,525 --> 00:20:12,327
like we have today here.

1038
00:20:14,313 --> 00:20:16,131
And Sydney asks,

1039
00:20:16,131 --> 00:20:18,116
why are we going back to

1040
00:20:18,116 --> 00:20:19,017
the moon?

1041
00:20:19,551 --> 00:20:21,053
It's a great question.

1042
00:20:21,053 --> 00:20:22,020
Some of the reasons I mentioned

1043
00:20:22,020 --> 00:20:22,738
before,

1044
00:20:22,738 --> 00:20:23,422
the different variety

1045
00:20:23,422 --> 00:20:24,289
of science questions

1046
00:20:24,289 --> 00:20:25,891
that we can answer.

1047
00:20:25,891 --> 00:20:26,241
You know,

1048
00:20:26,241 --> 00:20:27,059
the moon isn't really

1049
00:20:27,059 --> 00:20:28,710
a been there, done that place.

1050
00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:29,778
The South Polar Region is

1051
00:20:29,778 --> 00:20:30,812
is a whole new area

1052
00:20:30,812 --> 00:20:32,097
we haven't explored yet.

1053
00:20:32,097 --> 00:20:33,232
There are resources there

1054
00:20:33,232 --> 00:20:33,565
that weren't

1055
00:20:33,565 --> 00:20:35,067
really available to us

1056
00:20:35,067 --> 00:20:36,501
for the Apollo missions, again,

1057
00:20:36,501 --> 00:20:36,835
because of

1058
00:20:36,835 --> 00:20:38,003
the presence of water

1059
00:20:38,003 --> 00:20:39,805
ice in the south polar area.

1060
00:20:39,805 --> 00:20:41,607
So we can really demonstrate

1061
00:20:41,607 --> 00:20:42,291
how we can pull out

1062
00:20:42,291 --> 00:20:43,158
these resources

1063
00:20:43,158 --> 00:20:44,092
and use them for

1064
00:20:44,092 --> 00:20:44,760
for water

1065
00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:46,278
or even for making rocket fuel

1066
00:20:46,278 --> 00:20:46,612
that can

1067
00:20:46,612 --> 00:20:47,879
then send us on to Mars.

1068
00:20:47,879 --> 00:20:48,497
But but yeah,

1069
00:20:48,497 --> 00:20:49,398
so a lot of it is is,

1070
00:20:49,398 --> 00:20:50,132
you know, the science

1071
00:20:50,132 --> 00:20:51,049
and then also just

1072
00:20:51,049 --> 00:20:52,317
developing these technologies

1073
00:20:52,317 --> 00:20:53,418
and getting that experience

1074
00:20:53,418 --> 00:20:54,536
we need in order to go on to

1075
00:20:54,536 --> 00:20:55,671
places like Mars and beyond.

1076
00:20:57,889 --> 00:20:59,207
OK, so our next question

1077
00:20:59,207 --> 00:21:01,226
is from Denise Wright,

1078
00:21:01,226 --> 00:21:01,760
an Earth

1079
00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:02,995
and space science teacher

1080
00:21:02,995 --> 00:21:03,895
from Myrtle Beach

1081
00:21:03,895 --> 00:21:04,997
in South Carolina.

1082
00:21:04,997 --> 00:21:05,781
And they ask

1083
00:21:05,781 --> 00:21:06,415
how much does

1084
00:21:06,415 --> 00:21:07,349
the surface temperature

1085
00:21:07,349 --> 00:21:07,950
of the moon

1086
00:21:07,950 --> 00:21:09,468
drop on that side

1087
00:21:09,468 --> 00:21:10,819
that we are seeing during this

1088
00:21:10,819 --> 00:21:11,903
eclipse?

1089
00:21:12,804 --> 00:21:14,306
Oh, OK.

1090
00:21:14,990 --> 00:21:16,758
I think it's about a few

1091
00:21:16,758 --> 00:21:19,278
tens of Kelvin.

1092
00:21:20,629 --> 00:21:21,029
At least

1093
00:21:21,029 --> 00:21:22,531
you will get that duration,

1094
00:21:22,531 --> 00:21:23,532
which,

1095
00:21:23,782 --> 00:21:24,232
you know,

1096
00:21:24,232 --> 00:21:25,133
I know the

1097
00:21:25,133 --> 00:21:26,068
the entire

1098
00:21:26,068 --> 00:21:27,152
it takes about when

1099
00:21:27,152 --> 00:21:28,103
during a full moon phase,

1100
00:21:28,103 --> 00:21:28,887
it goes up to like

1101
00:21:28,887 --> 00:21:31,556
250 degree Fahrenheit,

1102
00:21:31,556 --> 00:21:32,708
which is, you know, it's like,

1103
00:21:32,708 --> 00:21:34,893
um, hundred and 20 Celsius.

1104
00:21:34,893 --> 00:21:35,777
But I think, yeah, I'm

1105
00:21:35,777 --> 00:21:36,662
not very familiar

1106
00:21:36,662 --> 00:21:37,646
with the exact value

1107
00:21:37,646 --> 00:21:38,664
because, you know,

1108
00:21:38,664 --> 00:21:39,982
this is a very long eclipse,

1109
00:21:39,982 --> 00:21:40,615
which means like,

1110
00:21:40,615 --> 00:21:41,300
you know, it's

1111
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:41,817
not sufficient

1112
00:21:41,817 --> 00:21:42,768
time to cool down,

1113
00:21:42,768 --> 00:21:44,453
but the, it takes

1114
00:21:44,453 --> 00:21:45,921
time for the Lunar Regular

1115
00:21:45,921 --> 00:21:46,938
to respond to it.

1116
00:21:46,938 --> 00:21:47,489
You know, there's

1117
00:21:47,489 --> 00:21:49,458
some thermal inertia to it.

1118
00:21:49,458 --> 00:21:51,560
So I'd say a couple of

1119
00:21:51,743 --> 00:21:53,161
degrees to as I guess.

1120
00:21:54,413 --> 00:21:56,581
I don't have a better guess.

1121
00:21:57,449 --> 00:21:58,734
OK, so I have a question

1122
00:21:58,734 --> 00:21:59,968
from Trevor

1123
00:21:59,968 --> 00:22:02,270
Pullinger on Twitter

1124
00:22:02,270 --> 00:22:03,355
and they asking on

1125
00:22:03,355 --> 00:22:04,222
behalf of the Planet

1126
00:22:04,222 --> 00:22:05,357
Kids, has

1127
00:22:05,357 --> 00:22:07,075
anyone ever been on the moon

1128
00:22:07,075 --> 00:22:09,478
during a lunar eclipse?

1129
00:22:09,478 --> 00:22:10,162
Great question.

1130
00:22:10,162 --> 00:22:11,246
I believe the answer is no.

1131
00:22:11,246 --> 00:22:11,663
I don't

1132
00:22:11,663 --> 00:22:12,564
I don't know if what happened

1133
00:22:12,564 --> 00:22:13,398
during Apollo or not.

1134
00:22:13,398 --> 00:22:13,849
I'd actually

1135
00:22:13,849 --> 00:22:14,933
I'm not entirely sure,

1136
00:22:14,933 --> 00:22:16,668
but I imagine if they had been,

1137
00:22:16,668 --> 00:22:17,252
they would have gotten

1138
00:22:17,252 --> 00:22:18,570
a good image for us.

1139
00:22:18,570 --> 00:22:19,788
I think, you know, what

1140
00:22:19,788 --> 00:22:20,605
what they would be

1141
00:22:20,605 --> 00:22:21,440
seeing during

1142
00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:23,275
the lunar eclipse is like a

1143
00:22:23,275 --> 00:22:24,092
just like during

1144
00:22:24,092 --> 00:22:24,960
the solar eclipse.

1145
00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:25,227
You know,

1146
00:22:25,227 --> 00:22:26,995
when when you get the totality,

1147
00:22:26,995 --> 00:22:27,929
you see that annular

1148
00:22:27,929 --> 00:22:29,881
ring around the moon.

1149
00:22:29,881 --> 00:22:31,500
Similarly, you can expect,

1150
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:31,883
you know,

1151
00:22:31,883 --> 00:22:34,019
when we during a lunar eclipse,

1152
00:22:34,019 --> 00:22:34,820
if you were to be on

1153
00:22:34,820 --> 00:22:36,138
the surface of the moon

1154
00:22:36,138 --> 00:22:37,406
looking at the earth,

1155
00:22:37,406 --> 00:22:38,073
it would be such

1156
00:22:38,073 --> 00:22:38,907
a fantastic view

1157
00:22:38,907 --> 00:22:40,525
because you'll see,

1158
00:22:40,525 --> 00:22:41,093
you know,

1159
00:22:41,093 --> 00:22:42,377
not that horizon sunset

1160
00:22:42,377 --> 00:22:44,479
that we see on Earth, but,

1161
00:22:44,479 --> 00:22:44,763
you know,

1162
00:22:44,763 --> 00:22:46,948
it'd be like a ring of sunset

1163
00:22:46,948 --> 00:22:48,950
right around around the around

1164
00:22:48,950 --> 00:22:49,851
the earth with,

1165
00:22:49,851 --> 00:22:50,068
you know,

1166
00:22:50,068 --> 00:22:51,019
the sun in the background.

1167
00:22:51,019 --> 00:22:51,453
I think it's a

1168
00:22:51,453 --> 00:22:52,521
spectacular view.

1169
00:22:52,521 --> 00:22:53,538
You know, I'd

1170
00:22:53,722 --> 00:22:54,689
I'd love to be there.

1171
00:22:54,689 --> 00:22:55,974
In that place to see that view.

1172
00:22:55,974 --> 00:22:56,441
Yeah.

1173
00:22:56,758 --> 00:22:57,659
So that would be so

1174
00:22:57,659 --> 00:22:58,410
that would be

1175
00:22:58,410 --> 00:22:59,911
like a red ring around Earth.

1176
00:22:59,911 --> 00:23:00,529
Is that what you mean?

1177
00:23:00,529 --> 00:23:01,730
Yes, I think so. Yeah.

1178
00:23:01,730 --> 00:23:02,731
That's how it would look like.

1179
00:23:02,731 --> 00:23:05,250
I believe only only. Right.

1180
00:23:05,450 --> 00:23:05,851
You know,

1181
00:23:05,867 --> 00:23:06,985
it got it

1182
00:23:06,985 --> 00:23:08,120
would you know, I'm

1183
00:23:08,120 --> 00:23:09,054
you has made a simulation

1184
00:23:09,054 --> 00:23:09,955
on this

1185
00:23:10,105 --> 00:23:10,639
that shows

1186
00:23:10,639 --> 00:23:11,523
that particular video,

1187
00:23:11,523 --> 00:23:12,624
you know, check that out.

1188
00:23:13,909 --> 00:23:14,960
OK, so

1189
00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:16,011
we have a question

1190
00:23:16,011 --> 00:23:17,813
from young ya'll.

1191
00:23:17,813 --> 00:23:19,014
May, may

1192
00:23:19,014 --> 00:23:21,199
when we go back to the moon

1193
00:23:21,199 --> 00:23:22,067
will we set up

1194
00:23:22,067 --> 00:23:24,536
as a permanent settlement yeah.

1195
00:23:24,536 --> 00:23:24,986
So so

1196
00:23:24,986 --> 00:23:25,520
we are looking

1197
00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:27,355
at establishing a lunar base

1198
00:23:27,355 --> 00:23:27,989
on the moon,

1199
00:23:27,989 --> 00:23:29,458
you know, having more,

1200
00:23:29,458 --> 00:23:30,092
you know, permanent

1201
00:23:30,092 --> 00:23:31,877
or semi-permanent architecture

1202
00:23:31,877 --> 00:23:32,811
that we can

1203
00:23:32,811 --> 00:23:33,662
then go to

1204
00:23:33,662 --> 00:23:34,796
on a more frequent basis,

1205
00:23:34,796 --> 00:23:35,430
you know, send

1206
00:23:35,430 --> 00:23:36,331
or you know, crews

1207
00:23:36,331 --> 00:23:37,232
on a regular basis

1208
00:23:37,232 --> 00:23:38,283
to habitats and,

1209
00:23:38,283 --> 00:23:39,868
and have long duration rovers

1210
00:23:39,868 --> 00:23:40,619
and things like that.

1211
00:23:40,619 --> 00:23:41,069
So yes, it's

1212
00:23:41,069 --> 00:23:41,603
definitely something

1213
00:23:41,603 --> 00:23:43,338
that NASA's working towards.

1214
00:23:43,338 --> 00:23:44,840
Well, fantastic.

1215
00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:45,323
OK, so

1216
00:23:45,323 --> 00:23:46,158
our next question

1217
00:23:46,158 --> 00:23:48,093
is from Arnab on Twitter.

1218
00:23:48,093 --> 00:23:49,127
And they ask,

1219
00:23:49,127 --> 00:23:50,662
is a lunar mission

1220
00:23:50,662 --> 00:23:51,630
launch possible

1221
00:23:51,630 --> 00:23:53,482
during a lunar eclipse?

1222
00:23:53,482 --> 00:23:54,783
I mean, not during the launch,

1223
00:23:54,783 --> 00:23:55,700
but while it's in orbit

1224
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:56,852
and maneuvering

1225
00:23:56,852 --> 00:23:58,620
to get into the lunar orbits.

1226
00:24:00,322 --> 00:24:01,823
I don't see

1227
00:24:01,823 --> 00:24:04,226
a reason why not.

1228
00:24:04,226 --> 00:24:04,943
Yeah.

1229
00:24:05,327 --> 00:24:05,544
I mean,

1230
00:24:05,544 --> 00:24:06,378
I think communication

1231
00:24:06,378 --> 00:24:06,711
with Earth

1232
00:24:06,711 --> 00:24:07,562
is one of the most important

1233
00:24:07,562 --> 00:24:08,964
things and and good conditions

1234
00:24:08,964 --> 00:24:09,498
to launch off

1235
00:24:09,498 --> 00:24:11,032
or so the lunar eclipse

1236
00:24:11,032 --> 00:24:11,450
shouldn't affect

1237
00:24:11,450 --> 00:24:12,717
those things in.

1238
00:24:13,018 --> 00:24:13,285
So do

1239
00:24:13,285 --> 00:24:14,486
you think there's a chance

1240
00:24:14,486 --> 00:24:15,837
for any future

1241
00:24:15,837 --> 00:24:16,588
lunar missions

1242
00:24:16,588 --> 00:24:18,390
to do for that to happen?

1243
00:24:18,390 --> 00:24:18,623
Yeah,

1244
00:24:18,623 --> 00:24:19,491
I think the really exciting

1245
00:24:19,491 --> 00:24:20,392
I mean, yeah,

1246
00:24:20,392 --> 00:24:20,842
you know, there's

1247
00:24:20,842 --> 00:24:21,593
there's cool visuals

1248
00:24:21,593 --> 00:24:22,077
and probably

1249
00:24:22,077 --> 00:24:22,828
physical science,

1250
00:24:22,828 --> 00:24:25,096
you know, that could be done.

1251
00:24:26,515 --> 00:24:27,716
OK, so our next question is

1252
00:24:27,716 --> 00:24:29,217
from Snazzy Zaza on Twitter.

1253
00:24:29,217 --> 00:24:30,001
And they ask

1254
00:24:30,001 --> 00:24:31,286
with the optimist crew, deal

1255
00:24:31,286 --> 00:24:32,687
with any abnormalities

1256
00:24:32,687 --> 00:24:33,688
if they were on the moon

1257
00:24:33,688 --> 00:24:35,240
during a lunar eclipse.

1258
00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:35,841
For example,

1259
00:24:35,841 --> 00:24:38,477
extra radiation from the sun.

1260
00:24:40,345 --> 00:24:41,897
I think one of the difficulties

1261
00:24:41,897 --> 00:24:42,647
that they would

1262
00:24:42,647 --> 00:24:44,366
potentially face is, you know,

1263
00:24:44,366 --> 00:24:45,917
the lack of light, right?

1264
00:24:45,917 --> 00:24:46,918
Because, you know,

1265
00:24:46,918 --> 00:24:47,853
you have

1266
00:24:47,853 --> 00:24:48,436
a good

1267
00:24:48,436 --> 00:24:50,689
amount of sunlight coming in.

1268
00:24:50,689 --> 00:24:51,723
If they were to be in the,

1269
00:24:51,723 --> 00:24:53,275
you know, inside

1270
00:24:53,275 --> 00:24:54,326
and suddenly

1271
00:24:54,326 --> 00:24:55,794
it would be like a, you know,

1272
00:24:55,794 --> 00:24:57,179
a diminished light

1273
00:24:57,179 --> 00:24:58,113
or a much dimmer light

1274
00:24:58,113 --> 00:24:58,697
than, you know,

1275
00:24:58,697 --> 00:25:00,148
they are enjoying do.

1276
00:25:00,148 --> 00:25:01,099
And I just hope

1277
00:25:01,099 --> 00:25:02,634
they're not in one of those

1278
00:25:02,634 --> 00:25:03,618
permanently shattered

1279
00:25:03,618 --> 00:25:05,187
reasons when well, you know,

1280
00:25:06,288 --> 00:25:07,038
when they're doing that.

1281
00:25:07,038 --> 00:25:09,090
So but I think

1282
00:25:09,090 --> 00:25:10,525
I think that's that's about it.

1283
00:25:10,525 --> 00:25:10,792
Yeah.

1284
00:25:10,792 --> 00:25:11,092
And I think

1285
00:25:11,092 --> 00:25:11,760
I think one thing

1286
00:25:11,760 --> 00:25:12,327
to remember, too,

1287
00:25:12,327 --> 00:25:12,978
is that generally

1288
00:25:12,978 --> 00:25:13,578
these eclipses

1289
00:25:13,578 --> 00:25:14,346
are not very long.

1290
00:25:14,346 --> 00:25:14,479
You know,

1291
00:25:14,479 --> 00:25:15,263
the one tonight is

1292
00:25:15,263 --> 00:25:16,831
is quite a bit longer than than

1293
00:25:16,831 --> 00:25:18,266
what we typically see.

1294
00:25:18,266 --> 00:25:19,100
But usually

1295
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:19,651
they're on the order

1296
00:25:19,651 --> 00:25:20,302
of a few minutes.

1297
00:25:20,302 --> 00:25:21,887
So, you know, even again,

1298
00:25:21,887 --> 00:25:22,554
you light

1299
00:25:22,554 --> 00:25:23,088
the lack of light

1300
00:25:23,088 --> 00:25:23,872
could be probably

1301
00:25:23,872 --> 00:25:24,472
the biggest issue

1302
00:25:24,472 --> 00:25:26,341
to be concerned with.

1303
00:25:26,958 --> 00:25:27,959
OK, so we're going to be

1304
00:25:27,959 --> 00:25:29,127
taking more of your questions

1305
00:25:29,127 --> 00:25:30,662
later on in the show.

1306
00:25:30,662 --> 00:25:31,530
But we are nearing

1307
00:25:31,530 --> 00:25:32,330
totality now,

1308
00:25:32,330 --> 00:25:32,964
which is really,

1309
00:25:32,964 --> 00:25:34,082
really exciting.

1310
00:25:34,082 --> 00:25:35,483
So let's head back to James

1311
00:25:35,483 --> 00:25:36,751
to see where we are,

1312
00:25:36,751 --> 00:25:37,769
what we're seeing on the feeds

1313
00:25:37,769 --> 00:25:38,670
and what other people around

1314
00:25:38,670 --> 00:25:40,338
the world are seeing.

1315
00:25:40,338 --> 00:25:40,855
Yeah, Joe,

1316
00:25:40,855 --> 00:25:41,640
this is the big moment.

1317
00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:41,990
You know,

1318
00:25:41,990 --> 00:25:42,958
if you're keeping score at home

1319
00:25:42,958 --> 00:25:44,342
or just about 4 minutes away

1320
00:25:44,342 --> 00:25:45,560
from the main event totality.

1321
00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:46,678
And if I swipe back

1322
00:25:46,678 --> 00:25:47,879
to the screen here,

1323
00:25:47,879 --> 00:25:48,446
we've been tracking

1324
00:25:48,446 --> 00:25:48,780
this view

1325
00:25:48,780 --> 00:25:49,681
for the past couple of minutes

1326
00:25:49,681 --> 00:25:51,349
here in Orses at Morocco.

1327
00:25:51,349 --> 00:25:52,467
They have a beautiful, clear

1328
00:25:52,467 --> 00:25:53,151
night there in the desert

1329
00:25:53,151 --> 00:25:53,668
right now.

1330
00:25:53,668 --> 00:25:54,619
You can see

1331
00:25:54,619 --> 00:25:56,154
just the last little sliver

1332
00:25:56,154 --> 00:25:57,355
of brightness here before

1333
00:25:57,355 --> 00:25:58,707
the moon is eclipsed here

1334
00:25:58,707 --> 00:25:59,307
for us.

1335
00:25:59,307 --> 00:25:59,991
And we're starting to get

1336
00:25:59,991 --> 00:26:00,709
some really interesting

1337
00:26:00,709 --> 00:26:01,910
reddish color creeping across.

1338
00:26:01,910 --> 00:26:02,811
And just before we went on,

1339
00:26:02,811 --> 00:26:03,228
you were telling me

1340
00:26:03,228 --> 00:26:04,079
something interesting

1341
00:26:04,079 --> 00:26:05,280
about the times

1342
00:26:05,280 --> 00:26:06,565
that we were displaying there.

1343
00:26:06,565 --> 00:26:07,399
There is, you know,

1344
00:26:07,399 --> 00:26:07,916
they're not down

1345
00:26:07,916 --> 00:26:08,817
to the exact second.

1346
00:26:08,817 --> 00:26:09,050
You know,

1347
00:26:09,050 --> 00:26:10,919
we haven't met like 1129.

1348
00:26:10,919 --> 00:26:12,270
Why is that?

1349
00:26:12,270 --> 00:26:13,555
You know, not precise for us.

1350
00:26:13,555 --> 00:26:13,822
Right.

1351
00:26:13,822 --> 00:26:15,240
You would think that we know

1352
00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:16,408
the geometry of the shadow

1353
00:26:16,408 --> 00:26:16,858
and we can just

1354
00:26:16,858 --> 00:26:17,576
figure that out.

1355
00:26:17,576 --> 00:26:18,593
But it turns out that

1356
00:26:18,593 --> 00:26:20,061
the width of the shadow

1357
00:26:20,061 --> 00:26:21,630
at the moon

1358
00:26:21,630 --> 00:26:22,981
is affected by the atmosphere.

1359
00:26:22,981 --> 00:26:23,331
And of course

1360
00:26:23,331 --> 00:26:24,499
the atmosphere on earth

1361
00:26:24,499 --> 00:26:26,635
is constantly changing

1362
00:26:26,635 --> 00:26:27,869
it enlarges the shadow

1363
00:26:27,869 --> 00:26:29,838
by about one to 2%,

1364
00:26:29,838 --> 00:26:31,256
but for each eclipse

1365
00:26:31,256 --> 00:26:32,807
it's a little bit different.

1366
00:26:32,807 --> 00:26:33,592
So when we do

1367
00:26:33,592 --> 00:26:34,492
the calculations, we

1368
00:26:34,492 --> 00:26:36,027
use an average value but

1369
00:26:37,195 --> 00:26:38,179
we don't

1370
00:26:38,179 --> 00:26:40,081
know precisely what

1371
00:26:40,081 --> 00:26:41,099
that number is going to be

1372
00:26:41,099 --> 00:26:42,801
until it actually happens.

1373
00:26:42,801 --> 00:26:43,952
And this is actually something

1374
00:26:43,952 --> 00:26:45,887
that citizen scientists

1375
00:26:45,887 --> 00:26:47,522
can help with

1376
00:26:47,872 --> 00:26:50,392
while the shadow is moving

1377
00:26:50,392 --> 00:26:50,909
across.

1378
00:26:50,909 --> 00:26:51,743
You can time

1379
00:26:51,743 --> 00:26:54,212
when that edge hits each crater

1380
00:26:54,212 --> 00:26:55,730
and you can do that

1381
00:26:55,730 --> 00:26:58,016
at the end of totality as well.

1382
00:26:58,016 --> 00:27:00,051
And this sort of pins down

1383
00:27:00,051 --> 00:27:01,936
the size of that shadow.

1384
00:27:01,936 --> 00:27:04,039
And so, I mean,

1385
00:27:04,222 --> 00:27:04,923
I think it's probably

1386
00:27:04,923 --> 00:27:05,757
surprising to people

1387
00:27:05,757 --> 00:27:07,075
that we're not certain

1388
00:27:07,075 --> 00:27:07,859
to the millisecond

1389
00:27:07,859 --> 00:27:08,627
when these things

1390
00:27:08,627 --> 00:27:09,511
are going to happen.

1391
00:27:09,511 --> 00:27:11,012
But, you know,

1392
00:27:11,212 --> 00:27:12,180
science is a little bit messy

1393
00:27:12,180 --> 00:27:12,781
sometimes

1394
00:27:12,781 --> 00:27:14,399
and we don't

1395
00:27:14,399 --> 00:27:15,684
even fully understand

1396
00:27:15,684 --> 00:27:16,618
all of the effects

1397
00:27:16,618 --> 00:27:17,719
that are changing

1398
00:27:17,719 --> 00:27:18,803
the size of that shadow.

1399
00:27:18,803 --> 00:27:19,204
So it's

1400
00:27:19,204 --> 00:27:21,022
it's an ongoing question. Yeah.

1401
00:27:21,022 --> 00:27:21,773
And we've been watching them

1402
00:27:21,773 --> 00:27:23,091
kind of adjusting the exposure

1403
00:27:23,091 --> 00:27:23,808
bit of the camera here

1404
00:27:23,808 --> 00:27:24,993
to get this really dark

1405
00:27:24,993 --> 00:27:25,610
area of the moon

1406
00:27:25,610 --> 00:27:26,611
and a couple of our other feeds

1407
00:27:26,611 --> 00:27:26,878
as well.

1408
00:27:26,878 --> 00:27:27,212
Being kind of

1409
00:27:27,212 --> 00:27:28,496
doing the same pattern as well

1410
00:27:28,496 --> 00:27:29,280
here, too,

1411
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:29,964
can tell us a little bit

1412
00:27:29,964 --> 00:27:30,348
about this

1413
00:27:30,348 --> 00:27:30,949
red color

1414
00:27:30,949 --> 00:27:31,583
we're seeing starting

1415
00:27:31,583 --> 00:27:31,950
to come up here.

1416
00:27:31,950 --> 00:27:32,550
If I'm understanding

1417
00:27:32,550 --> 00:27:33,835
correctly, it's a projection

1418
00:27:33,835 --> 00:27:34,886
of all the sunrises

1419
00:27:34,886 --> 00:27:37,222
and sunsets. It absolutely is.

1420
00:27:37,222 --> 00:27:38,189
Imagine how beautiful

1421
00:27:38,189 --> 00:27:38,807
that would be

1422
00:27:38,807 --> 00:27:40,809
to be on the moon and see.

1423
00:27:40,809 --> 00:27:41,343
Yeah,

1424
00:27:41,343 --> 00:27:42,527
this is a color

1425
00:27:42,527 --> 00:27:42,927
that's coming

1426
00:27:42,927 --> 00:27:43,828
from all the sunrises

1427
00:27:43,828 --> 00:27:44,429
and sunsets.

1428
00:27:44,429 --> 00:27:45,180
It's the it's

1429
00:27:45,180 --> 00:27:46,131
the light filtered

1430
00:27:46,131 --> 00:27:47,849
through the atmosphere.

1431
00:27:47,849 --> 00:27:48,533
All the blue light is

1432
00:27:48,533 --> 00:27:49,651
scattered away.

1433
00:27:49,651 --> 00:27:50,218
The red light

1434
00:27:50,218 --> 00:27:51,152
is sort of refracted

1435
00:27:51,152 --> 00:27:53,121
into that total shadow.

1436
00:27:53,121 --> 00:27:53,872
And so that's

1437
00:27:53,872 --> 00:27:55,373
why it's appearing red.

1438
00:27:55,373 --> 00:27:56,358
It's very possible

1439
00:27:56,358 --> 00:27:57,992
that the color of this eclipse

1440
00:27:57,992 --> 00:27:59,694
is somewhat darker than usual

1441
00:27:59,694 --> 00:28:01,112
because of an eruption

1442
00:28:01,112 --> 00:28:01,863
in Tonga

1443
00:28:01,863 --> 00:28:04,049
in December and January.

1444
00:28:04,049 --> 00:28:05,700
The number of aerosols,

1445
00:28:05,700 --> 00:28:07,519
particles in the atmosphere

1446
00:28:07,519 --> 00:28:08,720
can affect the darkness.

1447
00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:10,472
And so there's a scale

1448
00:28:10,472 --> 00:28:12,390
that we rate the darkness.

1449
00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:12,741
The scale

1450
00:28:12,741 --> 00:28:13,908
goes from zero to four.

1451
00:28:13,908 --> 00:28:14,359
The scale

1452
00:28:14,359 --> 00:28:15,827
was invented by an astronomer

1453
00:28:15,827 --> 00:28:18,380
named Dan John. Right.

1454
00:28:18,380 --> 00:28:20,131
And so that's another thing

1455
00:28:20,131 --> 00:28:20,815
that people can do.

1456
00:28:20,815 --> 00:28:21,633
They can go outside

1457
00:28:21,633 --> 00:28:22,367
and sort of judge

1458
00:28:22,367 --> 00:28:23,301
the darkness of this

1459
00:28:23,301 --> 00:28:24,452
compared to other eclipses

1460
00:28:24,452 --> 00:28:25,053
and this one's

1461
00:28:25,053 --> 00:28:27,172
looking a little dark. Yeah.

1462
00:28:27,172 --> 00:28:27,589
If you're a

1463
00:28:27,589 --> 00:28:28,973
bit luckier than us at home

1464
00:28:28,973 --> 00:28:29,991
and you don't have cloud cover,

1465
00:28:29,991 --> 00:28:30,775
what kind of things

1466
00:28:30,775 --> 00:28:31,643
can you see with the naked eye

1467
00:28:31,643 --> 00:28:32,427
just looking up at the moon

1468
00:28:32,427 --> 00:28:33,628
at this point? Right.

1469
00:28:33,628 --> 00:28:34,612
You know, I think

1470
00:28:34,612 --> 00:28:35,547
even with the naked eye,

1471
00:28:35,547 --> 00:28:36,598
you can distinguish

1472
00:28:36,598 --> 00:28:37,649
the dark parts of the moon

1473
00:28:37,649 --> 00:28:39,451
from the brighter parts.

1474
00:28:39,451 --> 00:28:40,218
The dark parts

1475
00:28:40,218 --> 00:28:41,069
are called Moray.

1476
00:28:41,069 --> 00:28:42,053
And these are places

1477
00:28:42,053 --> 00:28:43,555
where lava has infill

1478
00:28:43,555 --> 00:28:45,290
large depressions.

1479
00:28:45,290 --> 00:28:47,208
So this is Tranquility

1480
00:28:47,208 --> 00:28:48,593
where Apollo 11 landed

1481
00:28:48,593 --> 00:28:50,612
and Serenity is next to it.

1482
00:28:50,612 --> 00:28:53,181
And Ibrahim is up here

1483
00:28:53,181 --> 00:28:54,632
these are basalt.

1484
00:28:54,632 --> 00:28:56,184
These are like volcanic rocks,

1485
00:28:56,184 --> 00:28:57,001
and they're very dark.

1486
00:28:57,001 --> 00:28:58,253
You think of

1487
00:28:58,253 --> 00:29:00,288
black beaches in Hawaii.

1488
00:29:00,288 --> 00:29:01,256
So you have

1489
00:29:01,256 --> 00:29:02,090
a geology background,

1490
00:29:02,090 --> 00:29:03,358
you know about this

1491
00:29:03,358 --> 00:29:04,442
and then the

1492
00:29:04,442 --> 00:29:05,343
the lighter parts

1493
00:29:05,343 --> 00:29:06,077
are called highlands.

1494
00:29:06,077 --> 00:29:07,912
And these are older.

1495
00:29:07,912 --> 00:29:09,864
They're more heavily cratered,

1496
00:29:09,864 --> 00:29:10,348
but they're not

1497
00:29:10,348 --> 00:29:11,750
filled with lava.

1498
00:29:11,750 --> 00:29:13,201
And so that's something

1499
00:29:13,201 --> 00:29:14,119
you can notice right away

1500
00:29:14,119 --> 00:29:15,303
just with the naked eye.

1501
00:29:15,303 --> 00:29:16,187
And looking at my watch

1502
00:29:16,187 --> 00:29:16,588
right now,

1503
00:29:16,588 --> 00:29:17,756
it is 1129

1504
00:29:17,756 --> 00:29:19,007
here on the East Coast.

1505
00:29:19,007 --> 00:29:19,674
This is the moment

1506
00:29:19,674 --> 00:29:20,275
we've all been waiting

1507
00:29:20,275 --> 00:29:21,693
for totality here.

1508
00:29:21,693 --> 00:29:22,827
There's just that last

1509
00:29:22,827 --> 00:29:23,762
little bit of sliver

1510
00:29:23,762 --> 00:29:24,329
of light here.

1511
00:29:24,329 --> 00:29:25,380
So we're just going to sit back

1512
00:29:25,380 --> 00:29:26,731
and watch this moment happen.

1513
00:29:26,731 --> 00:29:27,932
We wish we could be doing this

1514
00:29:27,932 --> 00:29:28,466
from outside here

1515
00:29:28,466 --> 00:29:28,767
in the rock

1516
00:29:28,767 --> 00:29:29,784
and rolling Gotthard

1517
00:29:29,784 --> 00:29:30,568
would be really nice.

1518
00:29:30,568 --> 00:29:31,169
But, you know,

1519
00:29:31,169 --> 00:29:31,703
this is still

1520
00:29:31,703 --> 00:29:32,604
an incredible view here

1521
00:29:32,604 --> 00:29:33,721
from AWS as well.

1522
00:29:33,721 --> 00:29:34,472
And one of the things

1523
00:29:34,472 --> 00:29:35,089
that you'll notice,

1524
00:29:35,089 --> 00:29:36,357
I mean, this bright part

1525
00:29:36,357 --> 00:29:37,041
is just because

1526
00:29:37,041 --> 00:29:38,193
of the difference in exposure.

1527
00:29:38,193 --> 00:29:39,627
So this part of the moon

1528
00:29:39,627 --> 00:29:40,228
right here

1529
00:29:40,228 --> 00:29:41,329
is closer to the center

1530
00:29:41,329 --> 00:29:41,963
of the shadow

1531
00:29:41,963 --> 00:29:43,281
in that towards darker.

1532
00:29:43,281 --> 00:29:44,482
So throughout totality,

1533
00:29:44,482 --> 00:29:45,166
you're going to see the

1534
00:29:45,166 --> 00:29:45,950
sort of gradient

1535
00:29:45,950 --> 00:29:47,702
from one side to the other.

1536
00:29:47,702 --> 00:29:48,870
And so if you're at home,

1537
00:29:48,870 --> 00:29:49,103
you know,

1538
00:29:49,103 --> 00:29:49,621
this is the moment

1539
00:29:49,621 --> 00:29:50,221
to run outside.

1540
00:29:50,221 --> 00:29:50,939
Keep us in your back

1541
00:29:50,939 --> 00:29:51,272
pocket

1542
00:29:51,272 --> 00:29:52,140
listening on your headphones

1543
00:29:52,140 --> 00:29:52,740
as you've run out there

1544
00:29:52,740 --> 00:29:53,575
to take some pictures

1545
00:29:53,575 --> 00:29:54,859
for some play by play.

1546
00:29:54,859 --> 00:29:55,610
But what are some tips

1547
00:29:55,610 --> 00:29:56,094
for this moment?

1548
00:29:56,094 --> 00:29:56,461
You kind of win

1549
00:29:56,461 --> 00:29:57,145
over some earlier

1550
00:29:57,145 --> 00:29:57,712
here, but,

1551
00:29:57,712 --> 00:29:57,962
you know,

1552
00:29:57,962 --> 00:29:58,429
this is the moment

1553
00:29:58,429 --> 00:29:59,130
to take a picture

1554
00:29:59,130 --> 00:29:59,731
and share it with us

1555
00:29:59,731 --> 00:30:00,381
wherever you're watching

1556
00:30:00,381 --> 00:30:01,082
this, right?

1557
00:30:01,082 --> 00:30:01,316
Well,

1558
00:30:01,316 --> 00:30:02,000
and the lovely thing

1559
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:03,318
about a total lunar eclipse

1560
00:30:03,318 --> 00:30:03,601
is that it

1561
00:30:03,601 --> 00:30:04,519
lasts for a little while.

1562
00:30:04,519 --> 00:30:06,204
So this is an opportunity

1563
00:30:06,204 --> 00:30:08,039
just to get outside.

1564
00:30:08,039 --> 00:30:09,591
It's an outdoor activity.

1565
00:30:09,591 --> 00:30:11,192
You bring a lawn chair

1566
00:30:11,192 --> 00:30:12,293
and you kind of sit back

1567
00:30:12,293 --> 00:30:13,611
and you think about the fact

1568
00:30:13,611 --> 00:30:14,546
that we're

1569
00:30:14,546 --> 00:30:15,713
in the Earth's shadow

1570
00:30:15,713 --> 00:30:16,831
every night.

1571
00:30:16,831 --> 00:30:18,533
But this night

1572
00:30:18,533 --> 00:30:20,034
you are sharing that shadow

1573
00:30:20,034 --> 00:30:20,852
with a body

1574
00:30:20,852 --> 00:30:21,769
that's a quarter of a million

1575
00:30:21,769 --> 00:30:22,403
miles away.

1576
00:30:22,403 --> 00:30:23,538
It's the same shadow,

1577
00:30:23,538 --> 00:30:24,572
which is kind of cool.

1578
00:30:24,572 --> 00:30:25,073
And I can't help

1579
00:30:25,073 --> 00:30:25,857
but think about what

1580
00:30:25,857 --> 00:30:26,724
that view would look like

1581
00:30:26,724 --> 00:30:27,358
on the moon.

1582
00:30:27,358 --> 00:30:27,625
You know,

1583
00:30:27,625 --> 00:30:28,793
imagine if you're an astronaut

1584
00:30:28,793 --> 00:30:30,178
up there observing that

1585
00:30:30,178 --> 00:30:31,579
I yeah, I would love that.

1586
00:30:31,579 --> 00:30:32,547
I think it was mentioned

1587
00:30:32,547 --> 00:30:33,264
a little earlier.

1588
00:30:34,532 --> 00:30:36,017
A question came in about

1589
00:30:36,017 --> 00:30:37,519
whether or not Apollo

1590
00:30:37,519 --> 00:30:39,571
or any astronaut had seen

1591
00:30:40,255 --> 00:30:41,122
a total solar,

1592
00:30:41,122 --> 00:30:42,207
a total lunar eclipse

1593
00:30:42,207 --> 00:30:43,975
from the moon.

1594
00:30:43,975 --> 00:30:45,410
Almost

1595
00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:46,728
a plan

1596
00:30:46,728 --> 00:30:47,662
for one of the Apollo

1597
00:30:47,662 --> 00:30:48,680
missions was to leaves

1598
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:49,080
the TV

1599
00:30:49,080 --> 00:30:50,815
camera pointed

1600
00:30:50,815 --> 00:30:51,649
at the earth,

1601
00:30:51,649 --> 00:30:53,551
and an eclipse

1602
00:30:53,551 --> 00:30:54,652
is going to take place

1603
00:30:54,652 --> 00:30:55,520
a few days later,

1604
00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:56,821
but the camera malfunctioned

1605
00:30:56,821 --> 00:30:57,839
and now didn't

1606
00:30:57,839 --> 00:30:59,574
have that opportunity.

1607
00:30:59,574 --> 00:31:00,742
So it's

1608
00:31:00,742 --> 00:31:02,160
another of the thousand reasons

1609
00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:03,411
to go back.

1610
00:31:03,628 --> 00:31:04,462
I think

1611
00:31:04,462 --> 00:31:05,663
the opportunity to see it from

1612
00:31:05,663 --> 00:31:07,248
there would just be amazing.

1613
00:31:07,248 --> 00:31:07,615
Yeah.

1614
00:31:07,615 --> 00:31:08,399
And some questions

1615
00:31:08,399 --> 00:31:08,816
are coming in

1616
00:31:08,816 --> 00:31:09,801
from social media here.

1617
00:31:09,801 --> 00:31:10,051
As well

1618
00:31:10,051 --> 00:31:12,086
to James Ito on Twitter asks,

1619
00:31:12,086 --> 00:31:12,570
how often

1620
00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:13,588
does this type of lunar

1621
00:31:13,588 --> 00:31:14,839
eclipse occur?

1622
00:31:14,839 --> 00:31:16,824
So total lunar eclipses

1623
00:31:16,824 --> 00:31:18,359
happen about every six months,

1624
00:31:18,359 --> 00:31:19,761
but they're not always visible

1625
00:31:19,761 --> 00:31:21,229
from where you are.

1626
00:31:21,229 --> 00:31:21,713
The nice thing

1627
00:31:21,713 --> 00:31:22,580
about lunar eclipses

1628
00:31:22,580 --> 00:31:23,131
is that half

1629
00:31:23,131 --> 00:31:24,415
the earth can see them,

1630
00:31:24,415 --> 00:31:25,250
but it might not be the

1631
00:31:25,250 --> 00:31:26,568
half you happen to be in.

1632
00:31:27,802 --> 00:31:30,572
So mostly every six months.

1633
00:31:30,572 --> 00:31:32,006
Sometimes

1634
00:31:32,006 --> 00:31:33,391
it's five months in between,

1635
00:31:33,391 --> 00:31:34,042
and sometimes you

1636
00:31:34,042 --> 00:31:36,594
can have two in a row and

1637
00:31:38,012 --> 00:31:39,797
occasionally that's six months.

1638
00:31:39,797 --> 00:31:41,065
Pattern is sort of broken.

1639
00:31:41,065 --> 00:31:41,666
And what you get

1640
00:31:41,666 --> 00:31:42,450
is sort of partial

1641
00:31:42,450 --> 00:31:43,768
and permanent roll in less

1642
00:31:43,768 --> 00:31:44,485
interesting eclipse.

1643
00:31:44,485 --> 00:31:46,487
Yes. For a little while.

1644
00:31:46,487 --> 00:31:47,155
And then suddenly

1645
00:31:47,155 --> 00:31:47,722
you get a string

1646
00:31:47,722 --> 00:31:48,740
of totals again.

1647
00:31:48,740 --> 00:31:49,340
Amazing.

1648
00:31:49,340 --> 00:31:50,124
And you've had a chance

1649
00:31:50,124 --> 00:31:50,909
to really study

1650
00:31:50,909 --> 00:31:51,259
the moon up

1651
00:31:51,259 --> 00:31:52,794
close with some of the missions

1652
00:31:52,794 --> 00:31:53,328
from NASA,

1653
00:31:53,328 --> 00:31:53,611
like the

1654
00:31:53,611 --> 00:31:55,013
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter,

1655
00:31:55,013 --> 00:31:55,980
to get some really cool

1656
00:31:55,980 --> 00:31:56,664
visualizations.

1657
00:31:56,664 --> 00:31:57,298
Can you tell us a bit more

1658
00:31:57,298 --> 00:31:58,166
about some of those types

1659
00:31:58,166 --> 00:31:58,800
of things? Right.

1660
00:31:58,800 --> 00:31:59,634
So this is actually

1661
00:31:59,634 --> 00:32:00,868
what I do here.

1662
00:32:00,868 --> 00:32:01,552
I've been working

1663
00:32:01,552 --> 00:32:02,420
with Lunar Reconnaissance

1664
00:32:02,420 --> 00:32:03,237
Orbiter Data

1665
00:32:03,237 --> 00:32:05,423
since it launched in 2009.

1666
00:32:06,107 --> 00:32:06,958
And LRO

1667
00:32:06,958 --> 00:32:08,059
is creating global

1668
00:32:08,059 --> 00:32:08,927
maps of the moon

1669
00:32:08,927 --> 00:32:10,261
that are

1670
00:32:10,261 --> 00:32:11,212
way more detailed

1671
00:32:11,212 --> 00:32:13,081
than anything we had before.

1672
00:32:13,081 --> 00:32:13,615
I think people

1673
00:32:13,615 --> 00:32:14,365
had the impression

1674
00:32:14,365 --> 00:32:15,650
that since Apollo

1675
00:32:15,650 --> 00:32:17,101
we had the moon all figured out

1676
00:32:17,101 --> 00:32:18,303
and we actually knew almost

1677
00:32:18,303 --> 00:32:18,987
nothing about it.

1678
00:32:18,987 --> 00:32:19,938
I mean, we

1679
00:32:19,938 --> 00:32:21,356
we landed in six

1680
00:32:21,356 --> 00:32:22,824
pinpoints on the surface,

1681
00:32:22,824 --> 00:32:23,641
and that's

1682
00:32:23,641 --> 00:32:25,727
what we got from Apollo.

1683
00:32:26,427 --> 00:32:28,012
But LRO has been mapping

1684
00:32:28,012 --> 00:32:29,998
the entire moon.

1685
00:32:29,998 --> 00:32:30,832
We have

1686
00:32:30,832 --> 00:32:32,066
millions of pictures

1687
00:32:32,066 --> 00:32:32,717
of the surface.

1688
00:32:32,717 --> 00:32:34,052
We have

1689
00:32:34,052 --> 00:32:34,886
very detailed

1690
00:32:34,886 --> 00:32:35,870
shape of the surface.

1691
00:32:35,870 --> 00:32:38,122
We have a record of

1692
00:32:38,122 --> 00:32:38,940
how the temperature

1693
00:32:38,940 --> 00:32:39,991
changes on the surface.

1694
00:32:39,991 --> 00:32:40,942
And this also tells us

1695
00:32:40,942 --> 00:32:42,026
something about

1696
00:32:42,026 --> 00:32:42,777
we've got another.

1697
00:32:42,777 --> 00:32:43,645
Well, yeah, yeah.

1698
00:32:43,645 --> 00:32:44,362
Views coming in here.

1699
00:32:44,362 --> 00:32:45,480
This is from San Diego.

1700
00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:45,863
It looks like a

1701
00:32:45,863 --> 00:32:46,681
beautiful clear night

1702
00:32:46,681 --> 00:32:47,999
there as well to which,

1703
00:32:47,999 --> 00:32:48,499
you know, we've got

1704
00:32:48,499 --> 00:32:48,983
some questions

1705
00:32:48,983 --> 00:32:49,817
here on social media.

1706
00:32:49,817 --> 00:32:51,002
Robert Schlosser is asking,

1707
00:32:51,002 --> 00:32:52,637
does this eclipse here

1708
00:32:52,637 --> 00:32:53,237
affect the tides?

1709
00:32:53,237 --> 00:32:53,721
San Diego,

1710
00:32:53,721 --> 00:32:54,505
they'd be concerned about that

1711
00:32:54,505 --> 00:32:55,223
with some surfing.

1712
00:32:55,223 --> 00:32:55,757
You know,

1713
00:32:55,757 --> 00:32:56,641
how's that going to affect

1714
00:32:56,641 --> 00:32:57,709
their surfing? Occasionally?

1715
00:32:57,709 --> 00:32:58,593
I mean, there are

1716
00:32:58,593 --> 00:32:59,627
there are king tides

1717
00:32:59,627 --> 00:33:00,328
and these are things

1718
00:33:00,328 --> 00:33:01,562
that happen during full moons

1719
00:33:01,562 --> 00:33:02,180
and new moons.

1720
00:33:03,498 --> 00:33:04,098
The eclipse

1721
00:33:04,098 --> 00:33:04,983
isn't special in

1722
00:33:04,983 --> 00:33:06,150
that in that respect,

1723
00:33:06,150 --> 00:33:07,618
but it is one of those times

1724
00:33:07,618 --> 00:33:08,703
where you might get

1725
00:33:08,703 --> 00:33:10,488
a little bit of a tidal effect,

1726
00:33:10,488 --> 00:33:11,789
but it won't be enormous.

1727
00:33:11,789 --> 00:33:12,056
You know,

1728
00:33:12,056 --> 00:33:13,908
you don't have to worry about,

1729
00:33:13,908 --> 00:33:14,909
you know, tidal waves

1730
00:33:14,909 --> 00:33:16,711
or anything silly like that.

1731
00:33:16,711 --> 00:33:17,578
Yeah. Yeah.

1732
00:33:17,578 --> 00:33:18,062
Let's check on

1733
00:33:18,062 --> 00:33:18,446
some of the other

1734
00:33:18,446 --> 00:33:18,930
feeds here, too.

1735
00:33:18,930 --> 00:33:19,914
So this is San Diego.

1736
00:33:19,914 --> 00:33:20,281
I'm going to

1737
00:33:20,281 --> 00:33:21,115
check back on Rome,

1738
00:33:21,115 --> 00:33:22,517
which they look like

1739
00:33:22,517 --> 00:33:23,368
they have a little bit of cloud

1740
00:33:23,368 --> 00:33:23,551
cover.

1741
00:33:23,551 --> 00:33:24,385
You've got some buildings

1742
00:33:24,385 --> 00:33:24,569
there.

1743
00:33:24,569 --> 00:33:25,703
You're mentioning that

1744
00:33:25,703 --> 00:33:26,637
if this was a little bit

1745
00:33:26,637 --> 00:33:27,088
clearer,

1746
00:33:27,088 --> 00:33:28,039
you'd be able to see the moon,

1747
00:33:28,039 --> 00:33:29,607
you know, perched right there.

1748
00:33:29,607 --> 00:33:29,941
Yeah,

1749
00:33:29,941 --> 00:33:30,842
because the moon is

1750
00:33:30,842 --> 00:33:31,976
setting in Rome,

1751
00:33:31,976 --> 00:33:33,177
it would be low in the sky.

1752
00:33:33,177 --> 00:33:35,096
And so that was an opportunity

1753
00:33:35,096 --> 00:33:37,849
to maybe catch the moon with

1754
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:39,600
all of this

1755
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:40,668
beautiful architecture

1756
00:33:40,668 --> 00:33:41,636
there just a little bit.

1757
00:33:41,636 --> 00:33:42,020
Maybe it will

1758
00:33:42,020 --> 00:33:42,737
come into focus here

1759
00:33:42,737 --> 00:33:43,771
in a second.

1760
00:33:43,771 --> 00:33:44,338
While they're doing

1761
00:33:44,338 --> 00:33:44,689
that, let's

1762
00:33:44,689 --> 00:33:45,390
let's scroll down here

1763
00:33:45,390 --> 00:33:45,957
and check out some

1764
00:33:45,957 --> 00:33:46,407
the other ones here.

1765
00:33:46,407 --> 00:33:46,891
This is one

1766
00:33:46,891 --> 00:33:47,942
from Cartersville, Georgia.

1767
00:33:47,942 --> 00:33:48,593
The first one

1768
00:33:48,593 --> 00:33:49,410
I opened with tonight

1769
00:33:49,410 --> 00:33:49,761
here, too.

1770
00:33:49,761 --> 00:33:50,728
They got some beautiful

1771
00:33:50,728 --> 00:33:51,979
red color here, too.

1772
00:33:51,979 --> 00:33:52,947
And so there's

1773
00:33:52,947 --> 00:33:54,148
quite a gradient of the color

1774
00:33:54,148 --> 00:33:54,482
here as well.

1775
00:33:54,482 --> 00:33:55,349
You're mentioning that scale

1776
00:33:55,349 --> 00:33:56,267
that national scale

1777
00:33:56,267 --> 00:33:57,952
as well, right?

1778
00:33:58,219 --> 00:33:58,519
Yeah.

1779
00:33:58,519 --> 00:34:00,588
And so you can tell right away

1780
00:34:00,588 --> 00:34:01,672
that the part of the moon

1781
00:34:01,672 --> 00:34:02,907
that's deepest in

1782
00:34:02,907 --> 00:34:03,324
the shadow

1783
00:34:03,324 --> 00:34:04,459
is over on this side.

1784
00:34:04,459 --> 00:34:05,159
This is something else

1785
00:34:05,159 --> 00:34:05,643
that you can see

1786
00:34:05,643 --> 00:34:07,795
with the naked eye. And it

1787
00:34:07,829 --> 00:34:08,463
you know,

1788
00:34:08,463 --> 00:34:08,930
the fields

1789
00:34:08,930 --> 00:34:09,781
don't fully capture it

1790
00:34:09,781 --> 00:34:10,915
if you're able to go outside

1791
00:34:10,915 --> 00:34:12,033
and see it with your naked eye.

1792
00:34:12,033 --> 00:34:13,968
The color is amazing.

1793
00:34:13,968 --> 00:34:14,852
Something I've noticed with

1794
00:34:14,852 --> 00:34:15,686
a couple of these total

1795
00:34:15,686 --> 00:34:16,370
lunar eclipses

1796
00:34:16,370 --> 00:34:18,623
is that the moon looks weirdly

1797
00:34:18,623 --> 00:34:19,674
almost transparent.

1798
00:34:19,674 --> 00:34:20,758
It looks like you can see

1799
00:34:20,758 --> 00:34:21,692
space behind it.

1800
00:34:21,692 --> 00:34:22,560
It's not really,

1801
00:34:22,560 --> 00:34:24,378
but it's an effect of

1802
00:34:24,378 --> 00:34:25,346
that sort of color

1803
00:34:25,346 --> 00:34:26,814
gradient and the dark red

1804
00:34:26,814 --> 00:34:28,316
and the surprising

1805
00:34:28,316 --> 00:34:29,183
darkness of the moon.

1806
00:34:29,183 --> 00:34:30,752
I mean, this is right

1807
00:34:30,752 --> 00:34:31,619
way darker

1808
00:34:31,619 --> 00:34:33,354
than a normal full moon.

1809
00:34:33,354 --> 00:34:34,639
So it just looks weird.

1810
00:34:34,639 --> 00:34:35,840
And that's one of the things

1811
00:34:35,840 --> 00:34:37,442
that's fun about it. Exactly.

1812
00:34:37,442 --> 00:34:37,742
Yeah.

1813
00:34:37,742 --> 00:34:38,459
It's different every time.

1814
00:34:38,459 --> 00:34:39,510
And like we were saying,

1815
00:34:39,510 --> 00:34:40,044
we were noticing

1816
00:34:40,044 --> 00:34:40,762
the settings of people's

1817
00:34:40,762 --> 00:34:41,629
cameras kind of changing here

1818
00:34:41,629 --> 00:34:42,563
to capture that darkness.

1819
00:34:42,563 --> 00:34:43,431
It was really stark.

1820
00:34:43,431 --> 00:34:43,948
I mean, there's parts

1821
00:34:43,948 --> 00:34:44,248
that were just

1822
00:34:44,248 --> 00:34:45,483
completely blown out,

1823
00:34:45,483 --> 00:34:46,851
just a really capture,

1824
00:34:46,851 --> 00:34:47,785
you know, the darkness.

1825
00:34:47,785 --> 00:34:48,352
Right, right.

1826
00:34:49,704 --> 00:34:50,788
And so let's check back

1827
00:34:50,788 --> 00:34:51,172
on that room

1828
00:34:51,172 --> 00:34:52,056
and see if they've kind of pull

1829
00:34:52,056 --> 00:34:53,007
this up again.

1830
00:34:53,007 --> 00:34:53,841
Still looks a little bit

1831
00:34:53,841 --> 00:34:54,208
cloudy here,

1832
00:34:54,208 --> 00:34:55,159
but we're back to the Baraka

1833
00:34:55,159 --> 00:34:55,526
one here,

1834
00:34:55,526 --> 00:34:57,228
which this has been kind of

1835
00:34:57,228 --> 00:34:58,312
the winner of the night for me.

1836
00:34:58,312 --> 00:34:59,514
I've really loved this view

1837
00:34:59,514 --> 00:35:00,298
that really has been

1838
00:35:00,298 --> 00:35:01,799
really beautiful weather. Yeah.

1839
00:35:01,799 --> 00:35:02,934
Tycho is very visible

1840
00:35:02,934 --> 00:35:03,768
right here.

1841
00:35:03,768 --> 00:35:04,819
This is a crater.

1842
00:35:04,819 --> 00:35:06,270
This is a young crater

1843
00:35:06,270 --> 00:35:06,954
in the southern

1844
00:35:06,954 --> 00:35:07,705
hemisphere of the moon.

1845
00:35:07,705 --> 00:35:09,056
And you can see the rays

1846
00:35:09,056 --> 00:35:10,007
in full moon.

1847
00:35:10,007 --> 00:35:11,909
But during a total eclipse,

1848
00:35:11,909 --> 00:35:13,010
they look even

1849
00:35:13,010 --> 00:35:14,996
more spectacular, I think.

1850
00:35:14,996 --> 00:35:16,681
So a question on Twitter,

1851
00:35:16,681 --> 00:35:17,448
which is kind of a

1852
00:35:17,448 --> 00:35:18,683
tricky question here.

1853
00:35:18,683 --> 00:35:19,817
So Abbey asks,

1854
00:35:19,817 --> 00:35:22,019
what's the rarest moon event

1855
00:35:22,370 --> 00:35:23,271
that's the kind of thing

1856
00:35:23,271 --> 00:35:23,988
that you want to go back

1857
00:35:23,988 --> 00:35:24,689
in the almanac

1858
00:35:24,689 --> 00:35:26,390
and sort of check through it.

1859
00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:28,075
But a kind of unusual

1860
00:35:28,075 --> 00:35:28,593
thing happened

1861
00:35:28,593 --> 00:35:29,460
just six months ago.

1862
00:35:29,460 --> 00:35:30,361
The November eclipse

1863
00:35:30,361 --> 00:35:32,130
was a 99% partial.

1864
00:35:32,130 --> 00:35:32,513
Oh, wow.

1865
00:35:32,513 --> 00:35:34,198
It was so close. Yeah.

1866
00:35:34,198 --> 00:35:34,949
Just edging it there,

1867
00:35:34,949 --> 00:35:36,467
just getting over to the edge.

1868
00:35:36,467 --> 00:35:37,518
So it would have

1869
00:35:37,518 --> 00:35:38,252
looked like this,

1870
00:35:38,252 --> 00:35:39,770
but with a bright

1871
00:35:39,770 --> 00:35:40,855
sort of limb there.

1872
00:35:40,855 --> 00:35:41,789
And it never quite

1873
00:35:41,789 --> 00:35:42,840
made it into the shadow.

1874
00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:43,891
That's pretty unusual.

1875
00:35:44,992 --> 00:35:46,010
You know, certain

1876
00:35:46,010 --> 00:35:46,794
solar eclipses

1877
00:35:46,794 --> 00:35:47,545
are unusual, too.

1878
00:35:47,545 --> 00:35:49,013
But to really answer

1879
00:35:49,013 --> 00:35:49,647
that question, we'd

1880
00:35:49,647 --> 00:35:51,149
have to go back to the records

1881
00:35:51,149 --> 00:35:52,517
and find out

1882
00:35:52,517 --> 00:35:54,318
what the craziest thing was.

1883
00:35:54,318 --> 00:35:55,503
Yeah, yeah.

1884
00:35:55,503 --> 00:35:56,337
One more question here

1885
00:35:56,337 --> 00:35:57,772
from from Twitter as well here.

1886
00:35:57,772 --> 00:35:58,589
Amber asks,

1887
00:35:58,589 --> 00:36:00,107
Have there ever been both solar

1888
00:36:00,107 --> 00:36:00,992
and lunar eclipses

1889
00:36:00,992 --> 00:36:02,343
in the same year?

1890
00:36:02,343 --> 00:36:03,361
Yes, absolutely.

1891
00:36:03,361 --> 00:36:03,678
In fact,

1892
00:36:03,678 --> 00:36:06,564
that's not uncommon at all.

1893
00:36:06,564 --> 00:36:07,198
The every

1894
00:36:07,198 --> 00:36:08,783
six months is actually

1895
00:36:08,783 --> 00:36:10,801
when we're in eclipse seasons

1896
00:36:11,102 --> 00:36:12,620
and so both solar

1897
00:36:12,620 --> 00:36:14,121
and lunar eclipses can happen.

1898
00:36:14,121 --> 00:36:15,022
There was a partial

1899
00:36:15,022 --> 00:36:15,806
solar eclipse

1900
00:36:15,806 --> 00:36:17,575
just two weeks ago, OK,

1901
00:36:17,575 --> 00:36:18,442
and that was visible

1902
00:36:18,442 --> 00:36:19,677
in the southern hemisphere,

1903
00:36:19,677 --> 00:36:21,829
if I remember correctly.

1904
00:36:21,896 --> 00:36:24,599
But that's not unusual at all.

1905
00:36:24,899 --> 00:36:25,383
In fact, it's

1906
00:36:25,383 --> 00:36:25,850
very common

1907
00:36:25,850 --> 00:36:27,151
to have them paired together.

1908
00:36:27,151 --> 00:36:28,019
So a solar eclipse

1909
00:36:28,019 --> 00:36:28,653
either two weeks

1910
00:36:28,653 --> 00:36:29,420
before or two weeks

1911
00:36:29,420 --> 00:36:31,172
after a total lunar eclipse

1912
00:36:31,172 --> 00:36:31,789
and we've been talking

1913
00:36:31,789 --> 00:36:32,240
about the moon

1914
00:36:32,240 --> 00:36:32,940
quite a bit, obviously,

1915
00:36:32,940 --> 00:36:33,691
throughout the night here.

1916
00:36:33,691 --> 00:36:34,909
But let's learn a bit

1917
00:36:34,909 --> 00:36:35,309
more about

1918
00:36:35,309 --> 00:36:35,843
why we're going

1919
00:36:35,843 --> 00:36:37,345
to be going back to the moon

1920
00:36:37,345 --> 00:36:38,029
just to study

1921
00:36:38,029 --> 00:36:39,063
so much more science.

1922
00:36:41,249 --> 00:36:45,019
We are going

1923
00:36:45,303 --> 00:36:47,338
the history of this agency

1924
00:36:47,572 --> 00:36:49,857
is marked with broken barriers,

1925
00:36:50,157 --> 00:36:53,027
once viewed as impossible

1926
00:36:53,027 --> 00:36:54,478
with science fiction

1927
00:36:54,478 --> 00:36:56,330
turned reality,

1928
00:36:56,330 --> 00:36:58,799
with innovations that have spun

1929
00:36:58,799 --> 00:37:00,902
industries all their own,

1930
00:37:01,819 --> 00:37:03,921
and with demonstrations

1931
00:37:03,921 --> 00:37:07,341
of peace for all humankind.

1932
00:37:09,327 --> 00:37:10,561
We saw

1933
00:37:10,561 --> 00:37:12,780
in the skies of our home planet

1934
00:37:14,248 --> 00:37:16,968
we maintain a human presence

1935
00:37:16,968 --> 00:37:18,986
just outside of gravity

1936
00:37:19,337 --> 00:37:20,938
and we touch points

1937
00:37:20,938 --> 00:37:23,090
all across the solar system

1938
00:37:23,090 --> 00:37:24,709
and beyond.

1939
00:37:25,109 --> 00:37:27,028
We're going back to the moon.

1940
00:37:27,028 --> 00:37:29,297
And this is why.

1941
00:37:30,298 --> 00:37:31,432
The moon is a treasure

1942
00:37:31,432 --> 00:37:32,850
trove of science.

1943
00:37:32,850 --> 00:37:34,285
It holds opportunities

1944
00:37:34,285 --> 00:37:36,120
for us to make discoveries

1945
00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:37,638
about our home planet,

1946
00:37:37,638 --> 00:37:38,823
about our sun,

1947
00:37:38,823 --> 00:37:40,741
and about our solar system.

1948
00:37:40,741 --> 00:37:41,759
The wealth of knowledge

1949
00:37:41,759 --> 00:37:42,443
to be gleaned from

1950
00:37:42,443 --> 00:37:43,227
the moon

1951
00:37:43,277 --> 00:37:44,779
will inspire a new generation

1952
00:37:44,779 --> 00:37:46,530
of thought and action

1953
00:37:46,530 --> 00:37:47,632
without fail.

1954
00:37:47,632 --> 00:37:49,650
Every major program and mission

1955
00:37:49,650 --> 00:37:51,052
NASA has invested in

1956
00:37:51,052 --> 00:37:52,436
has led to technologies

1957
00:37:52,436 --> 00:37:53,487
and capabilities

1958
00:37:53,487 --> 00:37:55,323
that have shaped our culture.

1959
00:37:55,323 --> 00:37:56,090
The breakthroughs

1960
00:37:56,090 --> 00:37:56,724
of the Artemus

1961
00:37:56,724 --> 00:37:59,010
era will define our generation

1962
00:37:59,243 --> 00:38:01,412
and the generations to follow

1963
00:38:01,412 --> 00:38:02,029
the tens of.

1964
00:38:02,029 --> 00:38:03,714
Thousands of jobs associated

1965
00:38:03,714 --> 00:38:04,915
with propelling us to the moon.

1966
00:38:04,915 --> 00:38:06,267
Today are just the.

1967
00:38:06,267 --> 00:38:08,369
Beginning of a lunar economy.

1968
00:38:08,369 --> 00:38:09,654
That will see hundreds

1969
00:38:09,654 --> 00:38:11,339
of thousands of new jobs

1970
00:38:11,339 --> 00:38:13,307
develop around the world.

1971
00:38:13,307 --> 00:38:14,392
This is not an ambition

1972
00:38:14,392 --> 00:38:16,610
of one entity or one country.

1973
00:38:16,610 --> 00:38:17,728
The exploration of the moon

1974
00:38:17,728 --> 00:38:19,380
as a shared effort.

1975
00:38:19,380 --> 00:38:20,298
Woven together

1976
00:38:20,298 --> 00:38:21,349
by a desire

1977
00:38:21,349 --> 00:38:22,667
for the greater good.

1978
00:38:22,667 --> 00:38:23,851
Why the moon?

1979
00:38:23,851 --> 00:38:24,869
Because the missions

1980
00:38:24,869 --> 00:38:26,871
of tomorrow will be sparked

1981
00:38:26,871 --> 00:38:28,189
by the accomplishments

1982
00:38:28,189 --> 00:38:28,739
of the heart

1983
00:38:28,739 --> 00:38:30,741
of this generation today.

1984
00:38:30,741 --> 00:38:32,276
Because the ambition to go

1985
00:38:32,276 --> 00:38:34,562
has already begun.

1986
00:38:34,562 --> 00:38:36,180
And because Mars is calling.

1987
00:38:36,180 --> 00:38:37,248
We need to learn what it takes

1988
00:38:37,248 --> 00:38:38,366
to establish a community

1989
00:38:38,366 --> 00:38:40,217
on another cosmic shore.

1990
00:38:40,217 --> 00:38:41,869
So let's camp close

1991
00:38:41,869 --> 00:38:42,737
before pushing out.

1992
00:38:44,488 --> 00:38:45,740
And so

1993
00:38:45,740 --> 00:38:46,607
we go to the moon

1994
00:38:46,607 --> 00:38:47,575
now, not as

1995
00:38:47,575 --> 00:38:49,727
a series of isolated missions.

1996
00:38:51,962 --> 00:38:53,748
But to build a community

1997
00:38:53,748 --> 00:38:55,883
on and around the moon

1998
00:38:55,883 --> 00:38:57,418
capable of proving

1999
00:38:57,418 --> 00:38:59,970
how to live on other worlds.

2000
00:39:05,509 --> 00:39:06,627
We'll use the lessons

2001
00:39:06,627 --> 00:39:07,912
for more than 50 years

2002
00:39:07,912 --> 00:39:09,897
of peaceful exploration

2003
00:39:09,897 --> 00:39:11,365
to send a new generation

2004
00:39:11,365 --> 00:39:13,401
to the lunar surface to stay.

2005
00:39:13,401 --> 00:39:14,719
We will anchor our efforts

2006
00:39:14,719 --> 00:39:15,269
on the Lunar

2007
00:39:15,269 --> 00:39:15,836
South Pole

2008
00:39:15,836 --> 00:39:17,221
to establish the autonomous

2009
00:39:17,221 --> 00:39:18,122
base camp,

2010
00:39:18,122 --> 00:39:18,839
positioning us

2011
00:39:18,839 --> 00:39:20,091
for long term science

2012
00:39:20,091 --> 00:39:21,108
and exploration.

2013
00:39:21,108 --> 00:39:22,977
On the lunar surface.

2014
00:39:22,977 --> 00:39:24,662
We will prove what it takes

2015
00:39:24,662 --> 00:39:26,447
to assemble a complex ship

2016
00:39:26,447 --> 00:39:27,898
in deep space.

2017
00:39:27,898 --> 00:39:29,183
We will perfect

2018
00:39:29,183 --> 00:39:30,501
the sending down to

2019
00:39:30,501 --> 00:39:33,537
and returning from a distance.

2020
00:39:33,537 --> 00:39:34,739
We will learn how humans

2021
00:39:34,739 --> 00:39:35,639
can survive

2022
00:39:35,639 --> 00:39:36,624
and thrive

2023
00:39:36,624 --> 00:39:37,742
in a partial gravity

2024
00:39:37,742 --> 00:39:38,909
environment.

2025
00:39:38,909 --> 00:39:39,860
With improved spacesuit

2026
00:39:39,860 --> 00:39:40,561
designs.

2027
00:39:40,561 --> 00:39:41,812
Mobile habitats,

2028
00:39:41,812 --> 00:39:42,079
and with

2029
00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:42,713
reconnaissance

2030
00:39:42,713 --> 00:39:44,031
robots pre-positioning

2031
00:39:44,031 --> 00:39:46,016
and relocating supplies,

2032
00:39:46,016 --> 00:39:47,251
we will learn how to utilize

2033
00:39:47,251 --> 00:39:47,968
the resources

2034
00:39:47,968 --> 00:39:49,737
we find on these little rocks,

2035
00:39:49,737 --> 00:39:51,238
starting with finding water

2036
00:39:51,238 --> 00:39:52,106
and purifying it

2037
00:39:52,106 --> 00:39:53,574
to drinkable water.

2038
00:39:53,574 --> 00:39:54,358
And finding that

2039
00:39:54,358 --> 00:39:55,743
until hydrogen capsule

2040
00:39:55,743 --> 00:39:57,595
and oxygen to meet,

2041
00:39:57,595 --> 00:39:58,763
we will establish

2042
00:39:58,763 --> 00:40:00,331
fusion power plants

2043
00:40:00,331 --> 00:40:01,999
on the surface of the moon,

2044
00:40:01,999 --> 00:40:03,300
capable of supporting

2045
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:05,419
a growing community of x rays.

2046
00:40:05,419 --> 00:40:07,254
And we will span the logistics

2047
00:40:07,254 --> 00:40:08,155
supply chain

2048
00:40:08,155 --> 00:40:09,240
to enable commercial

2049
00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:10,708
and international partners.

2050
00:40:10,708 --> 00:40:12,710
To resupply and refuel

2051
00:40:12,977 --> 00:40:14,628
deep space outposts.

2052
00:40:16,080 --> 00:40:17,214
None of this

2053
00:40:17,214 --> 00:40:19,400
is simple or easy

2054
00:40:20,301 --> 00:40:22,069
but nothing in our history

2055
00:40:22,069 --> 00:40:24,088
ever has been proven globally.

2056
00:40:24,121 --> 00:40:25,639
But we got a bunch of guys

2057
00:40:25,639 --> 00:40:26,640
about to turn blue.

2058
00:40:26,640 --> 00:40:27,591
We're breathing again.

2059
00:40:27,591 --> 00:40:28,342
Thanks a lot.

2060
00:40:28,342 --> 00:40:30,261
For this kind of continue

2061
00:40:30,261 --> 00:40:31,312
with lunar presence

2062
00:40:31,312 --> 00:40:33,147
as a natural extension

2063
00:40:33,147 --> 00:40:33,631
of all

2064
00:40:33,631 --> 00:40:34,014
that we've

2065
00:40:34,014 --> 00:40:36,167
learned in low Earth orbit

2066
00:40:37,501 --> 00:40:39,053
and what we will accomplish

2067
00:40:39,053 --> 00:40:40,671
there will ensure

2068
00:40:40,671 --> 00:40:42,139
the monumental missions

2069
00:40:42,139 --> 00:40:44,341
to Mars are within reach.

2070
00:40:46,010 --> 00:40:47,178
As we ready

2071
00:40:47,178 --> 00:40:49,280
the launch of the first Arden

2072
00:40:49,280 --> 00:40:50,848
Miss Mission

2073
00:40:50,898 --> 00:40:52,383
and as commercial companies

2074
00:40:52,383 --> 00:40:54,001
ready their lunar lander

2075
00:40:54,001 --> 00:40:55,669
for the first private

2076
00:40:55,669 --> 00:40:57,805
payload deliveries,

2077
00:40:57,805 --> 00:41:01,976
we have already begun to take.

2078
00:41:02,126 --> 00:41:04,161
The next step.

2079
00:41:16,023 --> 00:41:16,490
Hello.

2080
00:41:16,490 --> 00:41:18,325
So we just had a look at all

2081
00:41:18,325 --> 00:41:18,959
the feeds

2082
00:41:18,959 --> 00:41:20,161
and the total lunar

2083
00:41:20,161 --> 00:41:20,961
eclipse looks

2084
00:41:20,961 --> 00:41:22,279
absolutely stunning.

2085
00:41:22,279 --> 00:41:23,647
What did you guys think

2086
00:41:23,647 --> 00:41:24,832
was amazing? Yes.

2087
00:41:24,832 --> 00:41:25,616
Oh, I think

2088
00:41:25,616 --> 00:41:27,368
when I first saw Morakot,

2089
00:41:27,368 --> 00:41:27,918
the feeds

2090
00:41:27,918 --> 00:41:29,220
coming in from Morocco,

2091
00:41:29,220 --> 00:41:29,937
I was like, OK,

2092
00:41:29,937 --> 00:41:31,338
this is the winner. For today.

2093
00:41:31,338 --> 00:41:32,840
But you just showed me

2094
00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:34,258
another image from Rome,

2095
00:41:34,258 --> 00:41:35,342
and I just changed my mind.

2096
00:41:35,342 --> 00:41:36,810
And that's like really

2097
00:41:36,810 --> 00:41:38,095
a reddish nice hue

2098
00:41:38,095 --> 00:41:39,480
across the entire moon and

2099
00:41:39,480 --> 00:41:40,498
such beautiful images

2100
00:41:41,615 --> 00:41:41,749
yeah.

2101
00:41:41,749 --> 00:41:42,233
So we have a

2102
00:41:42,233 --> 00:41:43,667
lot of questions online.

2103
00:41:43,667 --> 00:41:46,187
So let's dig in.

2104
00:41:46,320 --> 00:41:46,787
Let's see.

2105
00:41:46,787 --> 00:41:48,572
So we have a viewer who asks,

2106
00:41:48,572 --> 00:41:49,456
what kind of new

2107
00:41:49,456 --> 00:41:50,641
and better equipment

2108
00:41:50,641 --> 00:41:51,709
do you need to

2109
00:41:51,709 --> 00:41:53,177
have to return to the moon

2110
00:41:53,177 --> 00:41:54,295
and when will astronauts

2111
00:41:54,295 --> 00:41:56,130
arrive on it?

2112
00:41:56,130 --> 00:41:57,331
Yeah, there's

2113
00:41:57,331 --> 00:41:58,132
a lot of different

2114
00:41:58,132 --> 00:41:59,216
and new equipment

2115
00:41:59,216 --> 00:42:00,651
or improved equipment

2116
00:42:00,651 --> 00:42:01,202
that we're looking

2117
00:42:01,202 --> 00:42:02,520
at for the moon.

2118
00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:02,987
One of which

2119
00:42:02,987 --> 00:42:03,621
I think I've mentioned

2120
00:42:03,621 --> 00:42:04,188
a few times

2121
00:42:04,188 --> 00:42:04,939
is that we're looking

2122
00:42:04,939 --> 00:42:06,207
at using the resources

2123
00:42:06,207 --> 00:42:06,840
that are on the moon.

2124
00:42:06,840 --> 00:42:08,309
We haven't done this before.

2125
00:42:08,309 --> 00:42:09,093
So all sorts

2126
00:42:09,093 --> 00:42:09,960
of new technologies,

2127
00:42:09,960 --> 00:42:11,011
whether it's drills

2128
00:42:11,011 --> 00:42:11,879
or just systems

2129
00:42:11,879 --> 00:42:13,614
that can extract oxygen

2130
00:42:13,614 --> 00:42:14,899
and water and things from that,

2131
00:42:14,899 --> 00:42:15,749
from the lunar regolith,

2132
00:42:15,749 --> 00:42:17,635
these are all new systems.

2133
00:42:17,635 --> 00:42:18,419
We're improving things

2134
00:42:18,419 --> 00:42:19,620
like our precision landing.

2135
00:42:19,620 --> 00:42:20,454
You know how accurately

2136
00:42:20,454 --> 00:42:20,988
can you land

2137
00:42:20,988 --> 00:42:22,623
where you want to land

2138
00:42:22,623 --> 00:42:23,607
and how how

2139
00:42:23,607 --> 00:42:25,376
well can you avoid obstacles

2140
00:42:25,376 --> 00:42:25,893
like craters

2141
00:42:25,893 --> 00:42:27,228
and boulders and things?

2142
00:42:27,228 --> 00:42:27,962
So those are some things

2143
00:42:27,962 --> 00:42:28,712
really to landing.

2144
00:42:28,712 --> 00:42:28,979
But yeah,

2145
00:42:28,979 --> 00:42:29,513
a different

2146
00:42:29,513 --> 00:42:30,481
sampling techniques

2147
00:42:30,481 --> 00:42:31,615
for the astronauts,

2148
00:42:31,615 --> 00:42:32,299
but all sorts

2149
00:42:32,299 --> 00:42:33,617
of new technologies,

2150
00:42:33,617 --> 00:42:34,401
which is really exciting

2151
00:42:34,401 --> 00:42:35,603
because these will be useful

2152
00:42:35,603 --> 00:42:36,120
for Mars

2153
00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:38,672
and also for our lives on Earth

2154
00:42:38,672 --> 00:42:39,206
as far as when

2155
00:42:39,206 --> 00:42:40,257
they're getting there

2156
00:42:40,257 --> 00:42:41,642
NASA's targeting 20, 25

2157
00:42:41,642 --> 00:42:43,577
for our first group mission.

2158
00:42:43,577 --> 00:42:44,695
And so you mentioned

2159
00:42:44,695 --> 00:42:45,262
it will be useful

2160
00:42:45,262 --> 00:42:46,830
for us on Earth.

2161
00:42:46,830 --> 00:42:48,499
Could you tell us more?

2162
00:42:48,499 --> 00:42:49,383
Yeah.

2163
00:42:49,383 --> 00:42:50,301
I mean I don't have a lot of

2164
00:42:50,301 --> 00:42:51,051
specific examples

2165
00:42:51,051 --> 00:42:51,769
off the top of my head,

2166
00:42:51,769 --> 00:42:52,403
but you know,

2167
00:42:52,403 --> 00:42:53,687
for the Apollo program,

2168
00:42:53,687 --> 00:42:54,204
for example,

2169
00:42:54,204 --> 00:42:55,022
we call them spinoffs.

2170
00:42:55,022 --> 00:42:55,139
There are

2171
00:42:55,139 --> 00:42:56,357
all these technologies

2172
00:42:56,357 --> 00:42:57,174
that NASA developed

2173
00:42:57,174 --> 00:42:58,826
for the lunar program

2174
00:42:58,826 --> 00:42:59,627
that then became useful.

2175
00:42:59,627 --> 00:43:00,261
And I think tennis

2176
00:43:00,261 --> 00:43:00,661
shoes are a

2177
00:43:00,661 --> 00:43:02,329
good example of one.

2178
00:43:02,329 --> 00:43:02,546
I don't know

2179
00:43:02,546 --> 00:43:03,647
if you have any other examples

2180
00:43:03,647 --> 00:43:04,498
you can think of off the top

2181
00:43:04,498 --> 00:43:05,182
of your head.

2182
00:43:05,182 --> 00:43:06,800
Or something right now, but

2183
00:43:06,800 --> 00:43:07,651
yeah, I think so.

2184
00:43:08,669 --> 00:43:09,386
I think

2185
00:43:09,570 --> 00:43:10,020
the thermal

2186
00:43:10,020 --> 00:43:11,939
blankets that were used for

2187
00:43:11,939 --> 00:43:12,439
the entire

2188
00:43:12,439 --> 00:43:13,791
during the Apollo

2189
00:43:13,791 --> 00:43:14,908
space program in the space

2190
00:43:14,908 --> 00:43:15,960
race are being

2191
00:43:15,960 --> 00:43:17,244
heavily used on the

2192
00:43:17,244 --> 00:43:19,730
for a variety of purposes.

2193
00:43:19,730 --> 00:43:21,932
And even these retro

2194
00:43:21,932 --> 00:43:22,883
reflectors I'm sorry,

2195
00:43:22,883 --> 00:43:23,717
I keep going back

2196
00:43:23,717 --> 00:43:24,918
to those reflectors.

2197
00:43:24,918 --> 00:43:27,137
That's what they do for work.

2198
00:43:27,137 --> 00:43:28,322
So, you know,

2199
00:43:28,322 --> 00:43:29,189
when I explain it

2200
00:43:29,189 --> 00:43:31,008
to some like a child,

2201
00:43:31,008 --> 00:43:31,709
what do I do?

2202
00:43:31,709 --> 00:43:33,744
I, I make them look at,

2203
00:43:33,744 --> 00:43:34,828
you know, all these,

2204
00:43:34,979 --> 00:43:36,146
you know, on the roll

2205
00:43:36,146 --> 00:43:37,231
as you travel,

2206
00:43:37,231 --> 00:43:38,749
when you shine your head light

2207
00:43:38,749 --> 00:43:40,351
and then it comes back

2208
00:43:40,351 --> 00:43:40,918
right at you.

2209
00:43:40,918 --> 00:43:42,269
And those are miniature

2210
00:43:42,269 --> 00:43:43,520
versions of the same thing

2211
00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:44,154
by just that.

2212
00:43:44,154 --> 00:43:45,356
They're not space gray, right?

2213
00:43:45,356 --> 00:43:46,857
They're ready to go to space.

2214
00:43:46,857 --> 00:43:47,791
But yeah, there's

2215
00:43:47,791 --> 00:43:49,076
there's a whole lot of,

2216
00:43:49,076 --> 00:43:50,611
um, you know, equipments

2217
00:43:50,611 --> 00:43:51,412
which were developed

2218
00:43:51,412 --> 00:43:53,213
during the space race

2219
00:43:53,213 --> 00:43:55,399
and, you know, the Apollo era,

2220
00:43:55,833 --> 00:43:58,852
which is being used right now

2221
00:43:59,119 --> 00:44:00,170
on alert for,

2222
00:44:00,170 --> 00:44:01,105
to make our lives better.

2223
00:44:02,423 --> 00:44:02,890
Fantastic.

2224
00:44:02,890 --> 00:44:03,173
So we

2225
00:44:03,173 --> 00:44:03,407
have a

2226
00:44:03,407 --> 00:44:04,008
question from

2227
00:44:04,008 --> 00:44:05,993
Charlie Koch from YouTube.

2228
00:44:05,993 --> 00:44:06,810
And they asked,

2229
00:44:06,810 --> 00:44:07,728
can you tell us

2230
00:44:07,728 --> 00:44:08,245
the difference

2231
00:44:08,245 --> 00:44:09,380
between a solar

2232
00:44:09,380 --> 00:44:11,882
and lunar eclipse?

2233
00:44:11,882 --> 00:44:12,783
Of course.

2234
00:44:12,783 --> 00:44:13,300
Mm hmm.

2235
00:44:13,317 --> 00:44:13,817
So during

2236
00:44:13,817 --> 00:44:15,002
a lunar eclipse,

2237
00:44:15,002 --> 00:44:16,937
what comes between,

2238
00:44:16,937 --> 00:44:18,288
you know, the

2239
00:44:18,288 --> 00:44:20,507
the sun and the moon is

2240
00:44:20,658 --> 00:44:21,475
is the earth.

2241
00:44:21,475 --> 00:44:22,643
So, you know,

2242
00:44:22,643 --> 00:44:22,943
that's what

2243
00:44:22,943 --> 00:44:24,511
we're witnessing today.

2244
00:44:24,511 --> 00:44:25,579
And similarly,

2245
00:44:25,579 --> 00:44:26,580
for the solar eclipse,

2246
00:44:26,580 --> 00:44:27,564
what we have in between

2247
00:44:27,564 --> 00:44:28,382
the object in between

2248
00:44:28,382 --> 00:44:30,267
is the moon.

2249
00:44:30,267 --> 00:44:32,703
And it's not safe to look at,

2250
00:44:33,737 --> 00:44:35,806
you know, by the

2251
00:44:35,806 --> 00:44:37,157
the solar eclipse.

2252
00:44:37,157 --> 00:44:38,359
But you know, it's very safe

2253
00:44:38,359 --> 00:44:39,026
to look at the moon.

2254
00:44:39,026 --> 00:44:39,710
So I encourage

2255
00:44:39,710 --> 00:44:40,494
you all to go out

2256
00:44:40,494 --> 00:44:41,178
and look at the moon,

2257
00:44:41,178 --> 00:44:41,929
get a chance to.

2258
00:44:41,929 --> 00:44:42,363
Yeah.

2259
00:44:42,680 --> 00:44:43,280
And and

2260
00:44:43,280 --> 00:44:44,031
what are the differences

2261
00:44:44,031 --> 00:44:44,548
when you

2262
00:44:44,548 --> 00:44:45,799
when you look in the sky?

2263
00:44:45,799 --> 00:44:47,184
Because they look pretty

2264
00:44:47,184 --> 00:44:48,686
they look pretty different.

2265
00:44:48,686 --> 00:44:49,219
Right.

2266
00:44:49,219 --> 00:44:50,487
In one of them, you know,

2267
00:44:50,487 --> 00:44:51,171
you have

2268
00:44:51,171 --> 00:44:52,339
the sun in the background.

2269
00:44:52,339 --> 00:44:53,057
So it could be a

2270
00:44:53,057 --> 00:44:54,591
you know, during the daylight.

2271
00:44:54,591 --> 00:44:55,075
Right.

2272
00:44:55,075 --> 00:44:55,976
And then suddenly

2273
00:44:55,976 --> 00:44:57,978
it goes all dim here on.

2274
00:44:57,978 --> 00:44:59,129
I know when this is

2275
00:44:59,129 --> 00:45:00,531
the solar eclipse

2276
00:45:00,531 --> 00:45:03,617
and, um, and lunar eclipse,

2277
00:45:03,901 --> 00:45:04,134
you know,

2278
00:45:04,134 --> 00:45:05,819
they usually I mean,

2279
00:45:05,819 --> 00:45:06,737
to have a lunar eclipse

2280
00:45:06,737 --> 00:45:07,938
you need a full moon.

2281
00:45:07,938 --> 00:45:08,672
Uh, right.

2282
00:45:08,672 --> 00:45:10,257
Uh, to get that configuration

2283
00:45:10,257 --> 00:45:11,308
for that eclipse.

2284
00:45:11,308 --> 00:45:11,959
And so these

2285
00:45:11,959 --> 00:45:13,610
are typically visible at night.

2286
00:45:13,610 --> 00:45:14,778
So that's one of the difference

2287
00:45:14,778 --> 00:45:15,412
that I can think of.

2288
00:45:16,764 --> 00:45:17,598
OK, so we have a

2289
00:45:17,598 --> 00:45:19,283
question from Jack

2290
00:45:19,283 --> 00:45:20,551
and he asks,

2291
00:45:20,551 --> 00:45:21,835
how much do we know

2292
00:45:21,835 --> 00:45:23,670
about the far side of the moon

2293
00:45:23,670 --> 00:45:25,556
mapping, geography, et cetera?

2294
00:45:25,556 --> 00:45:26,240
Has a satellite

2295
00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:27,558
sustained a double orbit

2296
00:45:27,558 --> 00:45:29,093
around the moon in order to map

2297
00:45:29,093 --> 00:45:30,027
the surface?

2298
00:45:30,027 --> 00:45:32,129
And has that ever been done?

2299
00:45:32,129 --> 00:45:33,197
Yes, a great question.

2300
00:45:33,197 --> 00:45:35,282
So, yes, of Apollo, obviously,

2301
00:45:35,449 --> 00:45:36,984
those were all near side

2302
00:45:36,984 --> 00:45:37,918
missions,

2303
00:45:37,918 --> 00:45:38,752
but we do know a lot

2304
00:45:38,752 --> 00:45:39,837
about the far side as well.

2305
00:45:39,837 --> 00:45:40,220
We have the

2306
00:45:40,220 --> 00:45:41,455
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

2307
00:45:41,455 --> 00:45:43,407
LRO has been orbiting the moon

2308
00:45:43,407 --> 00:45:45,509
for almost 13 years now.

2309
00:45:45,509 --> 00:45:45,859
And yeah,

2310
00:45:45,859 --> 00:45:46,677
doing a lot of the mapping

2311
00:45:46,677 --> 00:45:47,010
that was

2312
00:45:47,010 --> 00:45:47,511
there was asked

2313
00:45:47,511 --> 00:45:48,779
about mapping topography.

2314
00:45:48,779 --> 00:45:50,097
We had grail that map,

2315
00:45:50,097 --> 00:45:52,199
the gravity data of the moon.

2316
00:45:52,199 --> 00:45:53,333
So we don't have you know,

2317
00:45:53,333 --> 00:45:53,567
we haven't

2318
00:45:53,567 --> 00:45:55,052
had any surface missions

2319
00:45:55,052 --> 00:45:55,652
from the U.S.

2320
00:45:55,652 --> 00:45:56,687
to the far side of the moon.

2321
00:45:56,687 --> 00:45:57,287
We haven't returned

2322
00:45:57,287 --> 00:45:58,255
those samples.

2323
00:45:58,255 --> 00:45:58,939
We have a lot of really

2324
00:45:58,939 --> 00:46:00,023
great orbital instruments

2325
00:46:00,023 --> 00:46:00,774
that tell us things

2326
00:46:00,774 --> 00:46:02,276
about about the composition

2327
00:46:02,276 --> 00:46:03,827
and the and the topography.

2328
00:46:03,827 --> 00:46:04,495
We know that there's

2329
00:46:04,495 --> 00:46:05,312
not as many

2330
00:46:06,330 --> 00:46:07,498
volcanic areas on

2331
00:46:07,498 --> 00:46:08,549
the far side of the moon.

2332
00:46:08,549 --> 00:46:10,067
We know the crust is thicker.

2333
00:46:10,067 --> 00:46:11,418
Uh, I think the composition

2334
00:46:11,418 --> 00:46:12,019
is a bit different,

2335
00:46:12,019 --> 00:46:13,637
but we don't really know why.

2336
00:46:13,637 --> 00:46:14,154
So there's a lot

2337
00:46:14,154 --> 00:46:15,472
of good reasons to go go

2338
00:46:15,472 --> 00:46:17,991
explore the far side as well.

2339
00:46:18,559 --> 00:46:20,544
OK, and so Kelsey on Twitter

2340
00:46:20,544 --> 00:46:21,378
asks,

2341
00:46:21,445 --> 00:46:22,279
My eight year old

2342
00:46:22,279 --> 00:46:23,964
Niko is asking,

2343
00:46:23,964 --> 00:46:25,532
when is the artist mission

2344
00:46:25,532 --> 00:46:27,151
going to the moon?

2345
00:46:27,151 --> 00:46:28,552
Great question. Nico, yeah.

2346
00:46:28,552 --> 00:46:29,153
So it

2347
00:46:29,153 --> 00:46:29,520
depends on

2348
00:46:29,520 --> 00:46:30,387
which part of this mission

2349
00:46:30,387 --> 00:46:31,171
you're talking about.

2350
00:46:31,171 --> 00:46:32,039
We'll have our

2351
00:46:32,039 --> 00:46:34,158
our Uncarrier demo this year

2352
00:46:34,441 --> 00:46:35,092
and then our of our

2353
00:46:35,092 --> 00:46:36,059
first astronauts

2354
00:46:36,059 --> 00:46:36,710
will hopefully be

2355
00:46:36,710 --> 00:46:39,596
on the surface in 20, 25.

2356
00:46:39,863 --> 00:46:42,382
OK so our next question is from

2357
00:46:42,382 --> 00:46:44,184
Tiffany on Twitter.

2358
00:46:44,184 --> 00:46:44,701
And they ask

2359
00:46:44,701 --> 00:46:46,470
what is the moon's core

2360
00:46:46,470 --> 00:46:47,838
made of.

2361
00:46:47,838 --> 00:46:49,940
Oh I'm so,

2362
00:46:51,175 --> 00:46:51,959
you know,

2363
00:46:52,442 --> 00:46:53,427
the moon's core

2364
00:46:53,427 --> 00:46:54,511
so if few depends on

2365
00:46:54,511 --> 00:46:56,029
how deep you're going. Right.

2366
00:46:56,029 --> 00:46:58,315
So we know from

2367
00:46:58,315 --> 00:47:00,350
initially from again

2368
00:47:00,350 --> 00:47:02,152
lunar laser ranging data

2369
00:47:02,152 --> 00:47:03,470
uh by looking at

2370
00:47:03,470 --> 00:47:05,389
orientation in space

2371
00:47:05,389 --> 00:47:07,441
we kind of figured out by

2372
00:47:07,441 --> 00:47:07,641
you know,

2373
00:47:07,641 --> 00:47:09,026
monitoring these retro

2374
00:47:09,026 --> 00:47:09,543
reflectors.

2375
00:47:09,543 --> 00:47:11,461
We have about five of them.

2376
00:47:11,461 --> 00:47:12,596
We've been monitoring them

2377
00:47:12,596 --> 00:47:13,247
very closely

2378
00:47:13,247 --> 00:47:14,331
over a long bit of time

2379
00:47:14,331 --> 00:47:15,866
and we were able to,

2380
00:47:15,866 --> 00:47:16,650
you know,

2381
00:47:16,650 --> 00:47:17,401
reconstruct

2382
00:47:17,401 --> 00:47:18,752
the orientation of the moon

2383
00:47:18,752 --> 00:47:19,887
predicted and compare

2384
00:47:19,887 --> 00:47:21,054
with observations.

2385
00:47:21,054 --> 00:47:22,039
So when you stick in

2386
00:47:22,039 --> 00:47:23,390
a liquid core

2387
00:47:23,390 --> 00:47:25,309
in that model, it,

2388
00:47:25,309 --> 00:47:26,009
it very well

2389
00:47:26,009 --> 00:47:27,477
agrees with the data set

2390
00:47:27,477 --> 00:47:29,880
and this is one of the,

2391
00:47:29,880 --> 00:47:31,548
you know, findings from a lunar

2392
00:47:31,548 --> 00:47:32,699
initially from the lunar laser

2393
00:47:32,699 --> 00:47:33,567
ranging data.

2394
00:47:33,567 --> 00:47:34,368
But it was also later

2395
00:47:34,368 --> 00:47:35,402
confirmed by,

2396
00:47:35,402 --> 00:47:37,404
you know, reanalysis of

2397
00:47:37,404 --> 00:47:38,422
seismic data

2398
00:47:38,422 --> 00:47:40,457
that was collected from

2399
00:47:40,457 --> 00:47:42,326
the Apollo mission.

2400
00:47:42,326 --> 00:47:44,328
So indeed, it's made out of

2401
00:47:44,928 --> 00:47:47,581
a liquid core, but there is

2402
00:47:49,016 --> 00:47:50,400
an expectation that

2403
00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:51,468
there could potentially

2404
00:47:51,468 --> 00:47:54,321
be also a solid inner core

2405
00:47:54,321 --> 00:47:56,423
within that liquid core,

2406
00:47:56,423 --> 00:47:58,292
just like for the Earth.

2407
00:47:58,292 --> 00:48:00,811
And this is a currently,

2408
00:48:00,811 --> 00:48:01,528
you know,

2409
00:48:02,212 --> 00:48:03,196
in research

2410
00:48:03,196 --> 00:48:05,215
and we still don't have

2411
00:48:05,432 --> 00:48:08,302
a very strong evidence

2412
00:48:08,452 --> 00:48:10,170
suggesting that the moon has a

2413
00:48:10,170 --> 00:48:10,938
solid core.

2414
00:48:10,938 --> 00:48:13,106
But some of the samples

2415
00:48:13,106 --> 00:48:14,725
that were returned from,

2416
00:48:14,725 --> 00:48:15,442
you know, the moon

2417
00:48:15,442 --> 00:48:18,295
during the Apollo missions um,

2418
00:48:18,295 --> 00:48:20,130
they had remnant magnetism

2419
00:48:20,130 --> 00:48:20,847
in them.

2420
00:48:20,847 --> 00:48:22,082
And, you know,

2421
00:48:22,082 --> 00:48:22,833
those are signs

2422
00:48:22,833 --> 00:48:24,751
that at some point in time

2423
00:48:24,751 --> 00:48:26,236
the moon had

2424
00:48:26,236 --> 00:48:28,438
an active magnetic field

2425
00:48:28,672 --> 00:48:29,423
and so that

2426
00:48:29,423 --> 00:48:30,407
potentially magnetized

2427
00:48:30,407 --> 00:48:32,159
these rocks that were returned.

2428
00:48:32,159 --> 00:48:32,960
But currently

2429
00:48:32,960 --> 00:48:33,594
we know that there's

2430
00:48:33,594 --> 00:48:35,312
no magnetization,

2431
00:48:35,312 --> 00:48:36,563
you know, there's no active

2432
00:48:36,563 --> 00:48:37,831
magnetic field.

2433
00:48:37,831 --> 00:48:39,566
So, you know, it's

2434
00:48:39,566 --> 00:48:41,935
which suggests that there's a

2435
00:48:41,935 --> 00:48:42,502
potentially s

2436
00:48:42,502 --> 00:48:44,187
maybe a very small

2437
00:48:44,187 --> 00:48:44,905
solid in the core,

2438
00:48:44,905 --> 00:48:47,190
which is, you know, um,

2439
00:48:47,190 --> 00:48:49,559
so it's definitely an active

2440
00:48:49,559 --> 00:48:50,727
topic of research

2441
00:48:50,727 --> 00:48:52,129
and we are seeking

2442
00:48:52,129 --> 00:48:52,980
answers to this.

2443
00:48:52,980 --> 00:48:53,430
Well,

2444
00:48:53,430 --> 00:48:53,730
you know,

2445
00:48:53,730 --> 00:48:55,082
several of the missions

2446
00:48:55,082 --> 00:48:57,050
that Ryan was talking about,

2447
00:48:57,050 --> 00:48:58,585
uh, so yeah, it's,

2448
00:48:58,585 --> 00:49:00,053
we know for sure

2449
00:49:00,053 --> 00:49:00,871
there's a liquid core,

2450
00:49:00,871 --> 00:49:02,572
but a solid core.

2451
00:49:02,572 --> 00:49:02,889
Yeah.

2452
00:49:02,940 --> 00:49:04,558
I, my bet is indeed

2453
00:49:04,558 --> 00:49:05,575
there is but you know,

2454
00:49:05,575 --> 00:49:06,627
we want evidence for it.

2455
00:49:06,627 --> 00:49:07,377
We have scientists of

2456
00:49:07,377 --> 00:49:08,128
we want evidence

2457
00:49:09,363 --> 00:49:10,230
that's fascinating.

2458
00:49:10,230 --> 00:49:11,298
So we have a lot more questions

2459
00:49:11,298 --> 00:49:12,833
to get to later on in the show.

2460
00:49:12,833 --> 00:49:14,117
But let's go back to

2461
00:49:14,117 --> 00:49:15,385
James and Ernie right now

2462
00:49:15,385 --> 00:49:15,919
to see what

2463
00:49:15,919 --> 00:49:18,271
the lunar eclipse in totality

2464
00:49:18,271 --> 00:49:20,540
looks like around the world.

2465
00:49:20,540 --> 00:49:21,475
Yeah. Thanks so much, Joy.

2466
00:49:21,475 --> 00:49:22,409
We were just looking at a feed

2467
00:49:22,409 --> 00:49:23,527
from Nebraska a second ago.

2468
00:49:23,527 --> 00:49:24,211
It just switched off,

2469
00:49:24,211 --> 00:49:26,096
but they had the most red

2470
00:49:26,096 --> 00:49:26,697
looking moon.

2471
00:49:26,697 --> 00:49:27,681
It was incredible.

2472
00:49:27,681 --> 00:49:28,849
It was beautiful, wasn't it?

2473
00:49:28,849 --> 00:49:29,099
Yeah,

2474
00:49:29,099 --> 00:49:29,967
we were tracking this earlier.

2475
00:49:29,967 --> 00:49:30,951
The weather looked really nice

2476
00:49:30,951 --> 00:49:31,501
for Nebraska,

2477
00:49:31,501 --> 00:49:31,952
so they must have

2478
00:49:31,952 --> 00:49:33,153
had a beautiful, clear

2479
00:49:33,153 --> 00:49:33,770
night there.

2480
00:49:33,770 --> 00:49:34,254
Yeah.

2481
00:49:34,254 --> 00:49:34,588
In fact,

2482
00:49:34,588 --> 00:49:35,822
I was saying earlier tonight

2483
00:49:35,822 --> 00:49:36,423
that that's

2484
00:49:36,423 --> 00:49:37,074
that's the clear

2485
00:49:37,074 --> 00:49:37,674
part of the country.

2486
00:49:37,674 --> 00:49:38,158
That's the part

2487
00:49:38,158 --> 00:49:39,292
that's not affected by clouds.

2488
00:49:39,292 --> 00:49:40,344
And it turned out

2489
00:49:40,344 --> 00:49:41,361
somebody was there watching.

2490
00:49:41,361 --> 00:49:42,529
That's amazing. Yeah.

2491
00:49:42,529 --> 00:49:44,181
And so a couple of questions.

2492
00:49:44,181 --> 00:49:45,349
Have come in on Twitter as well

2493
00:49:45,349 --> 00:49:45,749
here, too.

2494
00:49:45,749 --> 00:49:46,099
And I think

2495
00:49:46,099 --> 00:49:47,067
you can really speak to this

2496
00:49:47,067 --> 00:49:47,551
very well.

2497
00:49:47,551 --> 00:49:48,618
Karthik asks,

2498
00:49:48,618 --> 00:49:49,803
why do lunar eclipses

2499
00:49:49,803 --> 00:49:50,821
happen rarely

2500
00:49:50,821 --> 00:49:52,406
and not every 28 days. Right.

2501
00:49:52,406 --> 00:49:53,540
That's a great question.

2502
00:49:53,540 --> 00:49:54,591
And it's because the moon's

2503
00:49:54,591 --> 00:49:56,309
orbit is slightly tilted. So

2504
00:49:57,361 --> 00:49:58,311
five out of the six

2505
00:49:58,311 --> 00:49:58,712
months,

2506
00:49:58,712 --> 00:49:59,696
the moon is going to pass

2507
00:49:59,696 --> 00:50:00,947
either underneath the shadow

2508
00:50:00,947 --> 00:50:02,399
or above it.

2509
00:50:02,399 --> 00:50:04,167
It's only when you get that

2510
00:50:04,167 --> 00:50:05,602
tilt oriented just right

2511
00:50:05,602 --> 00:50:07,971
so that the moon is going

2512
00:50:07,971 --> 00:50:09,723
right along that line

2513
00:50:09,723 --> 00:50:10,741
that connects the earth

2514
00:50:10,741 --> 00:50:11,608
and the sun

2515
00:50:11,608 --> 00:50:13,010
that you get lunar eclipses

2516
00:50:13,010 --> 00:50:15,178
and solar eclipses as well.

2517
00:50:15,178 --> 00:50:16,263
Those are related.

2518
00:50:16,263 --> 00:50:17,881
So a lunar eclipse is always

2519
00:50:17,881 --> 00:50:18,498
the full moon.

2520
00:50:18,498 --> 00:50:19,016
Solar eclipse

2521
00:50:19,016 --> 00:50:19,883
is always the new moon.

2522
00:50:19,883 --> 00:50:20,701
So they're at opposite

2523
00:50:20,701 --> 00:50:22,019
ends of the orbit.

2524
00:50:22,019 --> 00:50:23,153
But that's what eclipse season

2525
00:50:23,153 --> 00:50:23,754
really means.

2526
00:50:23,754 --> 00:50:25,922
It's when that tilt is oriented

2527
00:50:25,922 --> 00:50:26,523
in such a way

2528
00:50:26,523 --> 00:50:27,591
that it's sort of crossing

2529
00:50:27,591 --> 00:50:28,792
through the center line.

2530
00:50:28,792 --> 00:50:29,659
Got it. Amazing.

2531
00:50:29,659 --> 00:50:30,293
And, you know,

2532
00:50:30,293 --> 00:50:31,461
if you're just tuning in to

2533
00:50:31,461 --> 00:50:32,846
this is really going on

2534
00:50:32,846 --> 00:50:33,680
quite a bit longer

2535
00:50:33,680 --> 00:50:34,731
after our broadcast

2536
00:50:34,731 --> 00:50:35,332
here as well, too.

2537
00:50:35,332 --> 00:50:36,416
So, you know, stick around.

2538
00:50:36,416 --> 00:50:37,968
Put on another pot of coffee

2539
00:50:37,968 --> 00:50:38,902
if it's getting late for you

2540
00:50:38,902 --> 00:50:40,037
wherever you are in the world

2541
00:50:40,037 --> 00:50:41,188
and just take your time

2542
00:50:41,188 --> 00:50:41,755
to observe

2543
00:50:41,755 --> 00:50:43,523
and really enjoy this view.

2544
00:50:43,523 --> 00:50:45,242
Here to another question

2545
00:50:45,242 --> 00:50:46,593
from Twitter from Lucas.

2546
00:50:46,593 --> 00:50:47,461
He asks,

2547
00:50:47,461 --> 00:50:47,878
How do you

2548
00:50:47,878 --> 00:50:48,412
calculate the

2549
00:50:48,412 --> 00:50:49,579
next lunar eclipse

2550
00:50:49,579 --> 00:50:51,631
or any eclipse for that matter?

2551
00:50:51,631 --> 00:50:53,483
So that's something

2552
00:50:53,483 --> 00:50:54,117
that we've actually

2553
00:50:54,117 --> 00:50:56,753
gotten very good at the the

2554
00:50:57,721 --> 00:50:58,672
calculation of the

2555
00:50:58,672 --> 00:51:00,173
position of the moon,

2556
00:51:00,173 --> 00:51:01,141
the earth and the sun.

2557
00:51:01,141 --> 00:51:01,858
And these are

2558
00:51:01,858 --> 00:51:02,726
the critical elements

2559
00:51:02,726 --> 00:51:03,260
that you need

2560
00:51:03,260 --> 00:51:04,194
in order to understand

2561
00:51:04,194 --> 00:51:04,795
when an eclipse

2562
00:51:04,795 --> 00:51:06,263
is going to happen.

2563
00:51:06,263 --> 00:51:08,048
We can predict those 100,

2564
00:51:08,048 --> 00:51:08,365
hundred

2565
00:51:08,365 --> 00:51:10,434
or more years into the future.

2566
00:51:10,434 --> 00:51:11,668
And what you need to do

2567
00:51:11,668 --> 00:51:13,220
is just roll that clock forward

2568
00:51:13,220 --> 00:51:13,487
while you're

2569
00:51:13,487 --> 00:51:14,387
doing the calculation

2570
00:51:14,387 --> 00:51:15,122
and find out where

2571
00:51:15,122 --> 00:51:17,040
everything lines up again.

2572
00:51:17,040 --> 00:51:17,808
And that's basically

2573
00:51:17,808 --> 00:51:18,642
how you do it.

2574
00:51:18,642 --> 00:51:20,911
A little bit dark here.

2575
00:51:20,911 --> 00:51:22,679
This is San Diego.

2576
00:51:22,679 --> 00:51:23,697
Oh, there is the fire.

2577
00:51:23,697 --> 00:51:24,231
This is the one

2578
00:51:24,231 --> 00:51:24,781
that's going to be

2579
00:51:24,781 --> 00:51:25,849
ask us for this one up here.

2580
00:51:25,849 --> 00:51:26,450
Yeah.

2581
00:51:26,450 --> 00:51:28,101
This is an absolutely stunning

2582
00:51:28,101 --> 00:51:28,952
view out in the plains

2583
00:51:28,952 --> 00:51:29,436
in Nebraska.

2584
00:51:29,436 --> 00:51:30,504
A gorgeous, gorgeous shot

2585
00:51:30,504 --> 00:51:31,338
here of the moon.

2586
00:51:31,338 --> 00:51:32,939
Really love this one as well.

2587
00:51:32,939 --> 00:51:34,374
And so unfortunately, here,

2588
00:51:34,374 --> 00:51:35,575
it's state cloudy for us.

2589
00:51:35,575 --> 00:51:36,626
A lot of thunderstorms.

2590
00:51:36,626 --> 00:51:38,028
But I was actually able

2591
00:51:38,028 --> 00:51:39,179
to visit the moon

2592
00:51:39,179 --> 00:51:40,130
from our own

2593
00:51:40,130 --> 00:51:41,248
Goddard visitor center.

2594
00:51:41,248 --> 00:51:42,115
It was a lot of fun.

2595
00:51:42,115 --> 00:51:42,415
You know,

2596
00:51:42,415 --> 00:51:43,617
we got a nice close up

2597
00:51:43,617 --> 00:51:44,718
view of it here,

2598
00:51:44,718 --> 00:51:46,136
hoping for a better weather,

2599
00:51:46,136 --> 00:51:47,337
you know, for the next lunar

2600
00:51:47,337 --> 00:51:48,171
eclipse down the line

2601
00:51:48,171 --> 00:51:48,872
here as well.

2602
00:51:48,872 --> 00:51:49,139
So we'll

2603
00:51:49,139 --> 00:51:50,791
see how that goes as well.

2604
00:51:50,791 --> 00:51:51,775
Joy, how was your trip

2605
00:51:51,775 --> 00:51:52,609
up the space today?

2606
00:51:54,628 --> 00:51:55,879
Yes, I highly recommend

2607
00:51:55,879 --> 00:51:57,481
going to NASA's

2608
00:51:57,481 --> 00:51:58,281
visitor center

2609
00:51:58,281 --> 00:51:59,449
in Greenbelt, Maryland,

2610
00:51:59,449 --> 00:52:00,750
to go to the moon

2611
00:52:00,750 --> 00:52:02,152
yourself as well.

2612
00:52:02,152 --> 00:52:03,920
So we have a lot more questions

2613
00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:05,305
from social media.

2614
00:52:05,305 --> 00:52:07,524
So let's let's get chatting.

2615
00:52:08,725 --> 00:52:10,644
We have a question from T.J.

2616
00:52:10,644 --> 00:52:11,812
on Twitter.

2617
00:52:11,812 --> 00:52:12,829
And they ask,

2618
00:52:12,829 --> 00:52:14,030
why do we have to

2619
00:52:14,030 --> 00:52:15,198
wear special glasses

2620
00:52:15,198 --> 00:52:17,100
during a solar eclipse

2621
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:19,169
but not during a lunar eclipse?

2622
00:52:20,604 --> 00:52:21,505
Well,

2623
00:52:22,189 --> 00:52:24,407
you know, the solar eclipse

2624
00:52:24,658 --> 00:52:25,408
during a solar eclipse

2625
00:52:25,408 --> 00:52:26,059
looking at,

2626
00:52:26,059 --> 00:52:27,477
you know, the sun in the sky.

2627
00:52:27,477 --> 00:52:28,712
And you really don't

2628
00:52:28,712 --> 00:52:28,879
want to

2629
00:52:28,879 --> 00:52:31,131
look at the sun directly

2630
00:52:31,131 --> 00:52:31,882
because of all

2631
00:52:31,882 --> 00:52:33,200
the harmful radiation

2632
00:52:33,200 --> 00:52:34,568
such as like you relied

2633
00:52:34,568 --> 00:52:34,868
exhaustion

2634
00:52:34,868 --> 00:52:36,653
that's coming in at all times.

2635
00:52:36,653 --> 00:52:37,637
He's never looked at the sun.

2636
00:52:37,637 --> 00:52:38,305
Right.

2637
00:52:38,488 --> 00:52:39,356
So even

2638
00:52:39,356 --> 00:52:40,340
during the total eclipse,

2639
00:52:40,340 --> 00:52:40,790
what happens

2640
00:52:40,790 --> 00:52:41,158
is, you know,

2641
00:52:41,158 --> 00:52:43,493
you get that really drop in

2642
00:52:43,894 --> 00:52:44,694
you know, sunlight.

2643
00:52:44,694 --> 00:52:45,378
And so you have

2644
00:52:47,147 --> 00:52:47,998
you have a very,

2645
00:52:47,998 --> 00:52:49,166
really dark place.

2646
00:52:49,166 --> 00:52:51,651
And suddenly when the moon,

2647
00:52:51,651 --> 00:52:53,987
you know, moves away

2648
00:52:53,987 --> 00:52:55,322
you get this sudden bright

2649
00:52:55,322 --> 00:52:56,606
so this can damage your eyes.

2650
00:52:56,606 --> 00:52:58,008
So that's why they recommend

2651
00:52:58,008 --> 00:53:00,677
you do wear

2652
00:53:00,677 --> 00:53:01,728
a filter.

2653
00:53:01,728 --> 00:53:03,713
Whereas for the lunar eclipse,

2654
00:53:03,713 --> 00:53:05,582
you're looking at it

2655
00:53:05,582 --> 00:53:07,017
just like looking at a moon

2656
00:53:07,017 --> 00:53:09,352
during a full moon or

2657
00:53:09,352 --> 00:53:10,370
awaiting, you know,

2658
00:53:10,370 --> 00:53:11,788
uh, um,

2659
00:53:11,788 --> 00:53:12,739
during the other phases of

2660
00:53:12,739 --> 00:53:14,391
the moon is that

2661
00:53:14,391 --> 00:53:15,892
is the, the light

2662
00:53:15,892 --> 00:53:16,743
which is balanced off

2663
00:53:16,743 --> 00:53:17,611
from the sun

2664
00:53:17,611 --> 00:53:18,895
and then coming to you.

2665
00:53:18,895 --> 00:53:21,264
So that's much less bright.

2666
00:53:21,481 --> 00:53:21,831
You know,

2667
00:53:21,831 --> 00:53:24,050
they're not as harmful as that,

2668
00:53:24,050 --> 00:53:24,618
uh, looking

2669
00:53:24,618 --> 00:53:26,720
at the solar eclipse.

2670
00:53:27,387 --> 00:53:28,738
OK, so we have a question

2671
00:53:28,738 --> 00:53:31,091
from Gnip Per on NASA's

2672
00:53:31,107 --> 00:53:32,275
moon, Facebook

2673
00:53:32,275 --> 00:53:33,860
and they ask, with the moon

2674
00:53:33,860 --> 00:53:35,028
receding from the earth

2675
00:53:35,028 --> 00:53:37,280
about two centimeters per year,

2676
00:53:37,614 --> 00:53:38,448
how old was long

2677
00:53:38,448 --> 00:53:38,899
will it be

2678
00:53:38,899 --> 00:53:40,433
until there will be no total

2679
00:53:40,433 --> 00:53:41,551
eclipses

2680
00:53:41,551 --> 00:53:43,320
or by mega coincidence,

2681
00:53:43,320 --> 00:53:44,087
will the sun

2682
00:53:44,087 --> 00:53:45,872
shrink at the same ratio?

2683
00:53:47,307 --> 00:53:48,808
Really great question.

2684
00:53:48,808 --> 00:53:49,075
And I

2685
00:53:49,075 --> 00:53:49,709
don't know that I know

2686
00:53:49,709 --> 00:53:50,210
the answer.

2687
00:53:50,210 --> 00:53:50,961
Can we show that one

2688
00:53:50,961 --> 00:53:52,045
over to Ernie.

2689
00:53:53,013 --> 00:53:55,081
I think I mean, it's

2690
00:53:55,081 --> 00:53:56,933
we can make that calculation

2691
00:53:56,933 --> 00:53:57,450
because, you know,

2692
00:53:57,450 --> 00:53:58,401
we have the models

2693
00:53:58,401 --> 00:53:59,369
that can extrapolate

2694
00:53:59,369 --> 00:54:00,170
it based on

2695
00:54:00,170 --> 00:54:01,021
the current datasets

2696
00:54:01,021 --> 00:54:03,323
that we have to the future.

2697
00:54:03,740 --> 00:54:05,609
Uh, but, you know,

2698
00:54:05,609 --> 00:54:06,543
at some point

2699
00:54:06,543 --> 00:54:08,545
we are going to be able to

2700
00:54:08,695 --> 00:54:11,748
witness like, uh, a total

2701
00:54:13,199 --> 00:54:14,784
solar eclipse either

2702
00:54:14,784 --> 00:54:15,352
because, you know,

2703
00:54:15,352 --> 00:54:17,003
we will have the moon

2704
00:54:17,003 --> 00:54:17,721
becoming smaller

2705
00:54:17,721 --> 00:54:19,406
and smaller as it goes away.

2706
00:54:19,406 --> 00:54:20,507
But it's a calculation

2707
00:54:20,507 --> 00:54:21,358
that needs to be done

2708
00:54:21,358 --> 00:54:22,459
before it can be and.

2709
00:54:22,459 --> 00:54:23,994
It won't be in our lifetimes.

2710
00:54:23,994 --> 00:54:24,477
Yeah.

2711
00:54:25,829 --> 00:54:28,081
OK, so we have another question

2712
00:54:29,149 --> 00:54:31,434
moreso to like how electronic

2713
00:54:31,434 --> 00:54:32,118
on YouTube asks,

2714
00:54:32,118 --> 00:54:34,471
is there gravity on the moon?

2715
00:54:34,471 --> 00:54:35,338
Yes, the gravity on

2716
00:54:35,338 --> 00:54:36,506
the moon is one sixth

2717
00:54:36,506 --> 00:54:37,490
that of earth.

2718
00:54:37,490 --> 00:54:38,591
So that's why

2719
00:54:38,591 --> 00:54:38,959
we see

2720
00:54:38,959 --> 00:54:40,226
videos of the Apollo astronauts

2721
00:54:40,226 --> 00:54:40,644
like and look like

2722
00:54:40,644 --> 00:54:41,544
they're hopping around

2723
00:54:41,544 --> 00:54:42,779
kind of almost in slow motion.

2724
00:54:42,779 --> 00:54:43,463
Like is there?

2725
00:54:43,463 --> 00:54:45,031
There is gravity is not quite

2726
00:54:45,031 --> 00:54:46,383
quite as strong as ours.

2727
00:54:47,867 --> 00:54:49,219
OK, so we have

2728
00:54:49,219 --> 00:54:50,236
Louden on Twitter

2729
00:54:50,236 --> 00:54:51,021
and that's

2730
00:54:51,021 --> 00:54:52,038
why a lunar eclipse

2731
00:54:52,038 --> 00:54:52,822
is only visible

2732
00:54:52,822 --> 00:54:55,759
from Saturn locations.

2733
00:54:56,059 --> 00:54:58,511
Oh, I think, um, so it

2734
00:54:59,696 --> 00:55:01,648
to be in that shadowed region.

2735
00:55:01,648 --> 00:55:01,982
Right.

2736
00:55:01,982 --> 00:55:03,049
So, um,

2737
00:55:03,049 --> 00:55:03,867
the moon's

2738
00:55:03,867 --> 00:55:05,485
orbit is slightly incline.

2739
00:55:05,485 --> 00:55:06,753
So what happens is

2740
00:55:06,753 --> 00:55:07,137
there are only

2741
00:55:07,137 --> 00:55:09,172
specific points in the orbit

2742
00:55:09,172 --> 00:55:10,640
where you can have that shadow.

2743
00:55:10,640 --> 00:55:13,376
So as long as, uh, you know,

2744
00:55:13,376 --> 00:55:14,160
the moon is visible

2745
00:55:14,160 --> 00:55:15,111
in the sky

2746
00:55:15,111 --> 00:55:16,680
when the moon is passing

2747
00:55:16,680 --> 00:55:17,580
through that,

2748
00:55:17,580 --> 00:55:18,264
uh, you know,

2749
00:55:18,264 --> 00:55:19,849
shadow of the earth,

2750
00:55:19,849 --> 00:55:21,167
you'll be able to

2751
00:55:21,985 --> 00:55:23,303
be able to see that

2752
00:55:23,303 --> 00:55:25,588
and that's probably why.

2753
00:55:25,889 --> 00:55:28,224
OK, so that is all we have time

2754
00:55:28,224 --> 00:55:29,342
for today.

2755
00:55:29,342 --> 00:55:30,443
Thank you both so much

2756
00:55:30,443 --> 00:55:31,494
for answering everyone's

2757
00:55:31,494 --> 00:55:32,579
questions online.

2758
00:55:32,579 --> 00:55:33,596
Yeah, thanks for having us.

2759
00:55:33,596 --> 00:55:34,848
Yeah, pleasure.

2760
00:55:34,848 --> 00:55:36,149
And thank you to everyone

2761
00:55:36,149 --> 00:55:37,517
joining us at home for this

2762
00:55:37,517 --> 00:55:39,602
remarkable experience.

2763
00:55:39,602 --> 00:55:40,553
Remember totality

2764
00:55:40,553 --> 00:55:42,589
ends at 12:54 a.m.

2765
00:55:42,589 --> 00:55:43,707
Eastern Time.

2766
00:55:43,707 --> 00:55:44,791
So if it's not cloudy

2767
00:55:44,791 --> 00:55:45,508
where you are,

2768
00:55:45,508 --> 00:55:46,076
I recommend

2769
00:55:46,076 --> 00:55:46,826
you head outside

2770
00:55:46,826 --> 00:55:48,862
and check out the Red Moon

2771
00:55:49,279 --> 00:55:49,913
If you want to learn

2772
00:55:49,913 --> 00:55:51,181
more about the moon, head

2773
00:55:51,181 --> 00:55:53,299
to moon, dot, NASA dot gov.

2774
00:55:53,550 --> 00:55:54,300
And if you want to learn

2775
00:55:54,300 --> 00:55:55,652
about NASA's latest research

2776
00:55:55,652 --> 00:55:56,186
around the moon,

2777
00:55:56,186 --> 00:55:58,071
follow us on NASA's moon

2778
00:55:58,071 --> 00:56:00,357
on Facebook, and Twitter.

2779
00:56:00,357 --> 00:56:01,941
And we will be continuing

2780
00:56:01,941 --> 00:56:03,410
to stream

2781
00:56:03,410 --> 00:56:05,095
the lunar eclipse on the moon

2782
00:56:05,095 --> 00:56:06,112
dot nasa.gov.

2783
00:56:06,112 --> 00:56:06,863
So head over there

2784
00:56:06,863 --> 00:56:07,614
so you can check out

2785
00:56:07,614 --> 00:56:08,365
the lunar eclipse

2786
00:56:08,365 --> 00:56:09,499
at different locations

2787
00:56:09,499 --> 00:56:10,884
across the world

2788
00:56:10,884 --> 00:56:11,901
and mark it calendars

2789
00:56:11,901 --> 00:56:13,219
for the next lunar eclipse,

2790
00:56:13,219 --> 00:56:15,805
which will be on November 8th.

2791
00:56:15,805 --> 00:56:17,307
Until then, see you next time.