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But why

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some say the moon

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and why choose this as our goal

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the engines are right 

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3 - 2 -1-0

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We have lift off

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We choose to go to the moon

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Apollo 12, looks beautiful 

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And like

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high desert

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of the United States

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But it's very pretty out here.

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If we choose to go to the moon

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Hello and welcome

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to another episode of NASA's

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Science Life.

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An opportunity

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for you to interact

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with NASA's experts

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and have your questions

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answered live.

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My name is Joan

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and I'm

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your host for today's show.

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As we talk about

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some very exciting news

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The opening

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of one of the last pristine

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moon samples

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from the Apollo lunar missions.

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If you have questions, send

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the men using the hashtag.

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Ask Natalya on social media.

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Or wherever you

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are watching the show today.

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When upon it, astronauts began

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bringing back samples

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from the moon

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to Earth over 50 years ago,

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Nosotros

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to keep some samples

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unopened and untouched.

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So why was that?

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Well,

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nothing new

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that science and technology

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would evolve.

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So they wanted

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future scientists to be able

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to study these unique samples

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using new tools

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and state

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of the art laboratories.

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This became known

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as the Apollo Next Generation

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in sample analysis

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or the Answer initiative.

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And this past Monday

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and Tuesday,

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the very last pristine core

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sample of the moon

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from the Apollo 17

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mission was extracted

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from its vaccine sealed tube

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in one of the cleanest

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laboratory facilities at NASA's

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Johnson Space Center,

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which is the hub

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for extraterrestrial samples.

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This process was months

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in the making.

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And today

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we have some

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very special guests

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to tell us all about it.

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I'm joined today by Dr.

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Juliana Gross, deputy

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Apollo curator.

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And Dr.

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Jacob Elijah,

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NASA's chief

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exploration scientist.

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You can tell us

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how data from this sample

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will inform future scientists

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and missions to the moon.

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Thank you so much

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for joining us today.

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Thank you so

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much for having us.

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It's a pleasure to be here.

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So, Julianna,

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you've been involved

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in this MONTHS-LONG process

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to open

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and extract

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this pristine sample

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from the moon.

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We're dying to know

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what that was like.

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Can you walk us through

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what these past few months

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have been like for

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you and your team?

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Of course,

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I'm happy to do that.

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The process

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actually started

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about three years ago,

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and it involves

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a lot of planning

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and developing and testing.

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And really what

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the collaboration between

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all sorts

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of different institutions

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that includes NASA

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and the European Space Agency,

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the University

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of New Mexico,

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Washington University

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in Saint Louis,

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just to name a few.

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And so the sample

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we're talking about

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is actually

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a very special sample.

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It is the lower part

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of a double drive tube

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that the astronauts hammered

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into the ground

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on the lunar surface,

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and that

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then filled

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with rocks and soil.

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And the lower

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part of this drive tube

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was sealed

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into a vacuum container

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because it comes from deep

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within the lunar surface.

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And it's very, very cold there.

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Any potential gases

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and volatiles

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that are trapped on there

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get sealed

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into this vacuum container

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and then get preserved there.

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And so once

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that sample came back to Earth,

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it was placed

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in another vacuum container

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and just to keep safe.

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And really all and I'm

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just saying

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all that we had to do

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is just to,

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you know, figure out

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how to actually get

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the gas out of that container.

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Before we open it

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because we didn't

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want that to just escape.

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And so

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it's developed

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a piercing tool for us.

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And then the

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University of Washington

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and Louis

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State developed

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a gas extraction manifold

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for this particular purpose.

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And so all of this about

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seven weeks ago,

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all the pieces came

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together and

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they're now in our lab

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and we tested them.

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And we were able

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to actually peer

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into the vacuum container

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and release all these gases

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that are trapped in there.

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And so you can see

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the manifold in the movie

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right here.

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And the gas gets

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then stored in these canisters

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that you saw a minute ago.

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And then we can

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we can take the gas

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from the canisters

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and distribute it

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to different scientists.

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And so here you can see

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the piercing tool

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in the foreground

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with us

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doing measurements

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and actually

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seeing the actual sample.

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And so the thing that we did

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after that

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was to CT scan

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the sample

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X-ray computed tomography.

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CT scanning is

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what people usually know about.

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That's from medicine.

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When a doctor scanned you

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to look inside

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you without actually

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cutting you open

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and we can do the same thing

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with rocks.

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And so

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you can see our city

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facility here.

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And so that gave us

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the very first glimpse

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looking through the vacuum

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container

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into the actual sample,

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what it looked like.

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And it was a really good thing

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that we did that

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because it turns out

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the sample was overfilled,

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which is a

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great problem to have

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but it

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made it really hard

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for us to extrude.

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So last week, Andrea Mosey

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and I

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spent all of that week

237
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to figure out a new way

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of how to open

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that sealed vacuum container

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00:06:01,377 --> 00:06:02,478
and take the sample out

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carefully

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without losing

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00:06:04,197 --> 00:06:06,032
any of this extra salt.

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And so just on Monday

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or three days ago,

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it's when we actually

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finally opened the

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00:06:12,388 --> 00:06:14,090
that sealed vacuum container

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00:06:14,090 --> 00:06:15,541
and took the sample out

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00:06:15,541 --> 00:06:16,642
for the very first time.

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You can see that

252
00:06:17,243 --> 00:06:18,411
here in the movie.

253
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That's the very first glimpse

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that we got.

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And so that is the first time

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00:06:22,799 --> 00:06:24,901
anybody has seen this sample

257
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since it was sealed on them

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00:06:25,918 --> 00:06:26,853
one 50 years ago.

259
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And so for us

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00:06:27,987 --> 00:06:29,522
to be the first people

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to actually do

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this was extremely exciting

263
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and fun to do.

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So, yeah,

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00:06:34,794 --> 00:06:36,112
it has been a long seven weeks,

266
00:06:36,112 --> 00:06:37,196
but it's totally worth it.

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Wow, that must be so exciting.

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00:06:40,616 --> 00:06:41,601
And the process

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00:06:41,601 --> 00:06:42,685
is just incredible.

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00:06:42,685 --> 00:06:43,803
I bet most people at home

271
00:06:43,803 --> 00:06:44,821
thought you just twisted

272
00:06:44,821 --> 00:06:46,706
cap and open these tubes.

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I had no idea that there were

274
00:06:47,907 --> 00:06:49,342
so many different steps in that

275
00:06:49,342 --> 00:06:51,110
that it was so involved.

276
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And so, Jake,

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00:06:52,161 --> 00:06:53,362
these samples were collected

278
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on the moon

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00:06:53,930 --> 00:06:55,648
nearly 50 years ago,

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and now nascent is planning

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to return

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to the lunar surface

283
00:06:58,701 --> 00:07:00,686
with the ultimate program.

284
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How will what we learn

285
00:07:02,038 --> 00:07:03,322
from this sample

286
00:07:03,322 --> 00:07:04,257
inform future

287
00:07:04,257 --> 00:07:07,076
human missions to the moon?

288
00:07:07,310 --> 00:07:08,010
Yeah,

289
00:07:08,010 --> 00:07:09,479
it really a good question.

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00:07:09,479 --> 00:07:09,745
First,

291
00:07:09,745 --> 00:07:10,496
I just want to say how

292
00:07:10,496 --> 00:07:11,747
super exciting this is.

293
00:07:11,747 --> 00:07:12,949
I mean, that's really cool

294
00:07:12,949 --> 00:07:14,450
to see that video L.A.

295
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is just showing.

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I mean, that

297
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that's the way it hasn't

298
00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:18,171
been seen

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00:07:18,171 --> 00:07:19,589
by anybody for 50 years,

300
00:07:19,589 --> 00:07:20,373
which is so cool.

301
00:07:20,373 --> 00:07:20,756
And now we're

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00:07:20,756 --> 00:07:21,624
going to learn about it.

303
00:07:22,742 --> 00:07:23,392
So, you know,

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this is

305
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really an extension

306
00:07:25,011 --> 00:07:26,012
of our lunar

307
00:07:26,012 --> 00:07:27,180
exploration, right?

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We went with Apollo

309
00:07:28,464 --> 00:07:28,798
and now

310
00:07:28,798 --> 00:07:30,299
we're going with Artemus,

311
00:07:30,299 --> 00:07:30,800
but we're going to

312
00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:32,185
a very different place.

313
00:07:32,185 --> 00:07:34,520
We're going to the South Pole

314
00:07:34,821 --> 00:07:36,439
and in the South Pole

315
00:07:36,439 --> 00:07:38,040
there are some locations

316
00:07:38,040 --> 00:07:39,442
because the sun is coming

317
00:07:39,442 --> 00:07:40,910
at a very oblique angle

318
00:07:40,910 --> 00:07:41,461
to the

319
00:07:41,461 --> 00:07:43,112
to the very bottom of the moon,

320
00:07:43,112 --> 00:07:44,697
that South Pole of the moon,

321
00:07:44,697 --> 00:07:45,932
there are some depressions,

322
00:07:45,932 --> 00:07:46,983
impact craters

323
00:07:46,983 --> 00:07:47,934
from where

324
00:07:47,934 --> 00:07:49,101
debris from space

325
00:07:49,101 --> 00:07:50,303
has hit the moon in the past

326
00:07:50,303 --> 00:07:52,255
and made a depression

327
00:07:52,255 --> 00:07:53,539
that we never see

328
00:07:53,539 --> 00:07:54,857
sunlight down there.

329
00:07:54,857 --> 00:07:56,392
And so these permanently

330
00:07:56,392 --> 00:07:58,127
shadowed regions

331
00:07:58,127 --> 00:07:58,978
we call them

332
00:07:59,061 --> 00:07:59,879
ours, permanently

333
00:07:59,879 --> 00:08:00,947
shadowed regions

334
00:08:00,947 --> 00:08:02,248
never see sunlight.

335
00:08:02,248 --> 00:08:03,299
And so water

336
00:08:03,299 --> 00:08:04,550
that maybe was delivered

337
00:08:04,550 --> 00:08:06,302
to the moon by comets

338
00:08:06,302 --> 00:08:07,854
or potentially

339
00:08:07,854 --> 00:08:09,872
from within the moon itself,

340
00:08:09,872 --> 00:08:10,523
that gets into

341
00:08:10,523 --> 00:08:11,657
one of these traps.

342
00:08:11,657 --> 00:08:12,842
It's stuck there.

343
00:08:12,842 --> 00:08:14,610
We call these cold traps.

344
00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:16,045
And so some of the samples

345
00:08:16,045 --> 00:08:17,513
that we hope to collect now

346
00:08:18,798 --> 00:08:20,433
in this mission in the Artemis

347
00:08:20,433 --> 00:08:21,350
program would,

348
00:08:21,350 --> 00:08:22,051
we hope,

349
00:08:22,051 --> 00:08:24,136
have volatiles with them.

350
00:08:24,136 --> 00:08:24,620
And so what

351
00:08:24,620 --> 00:08:26,522
we're hoping to learn from this

352
00:08:26,522 --> 00:08:27,773
Apollo sample

353
00:08:27,773 --> 00:08:28,307
is how

354
00:08:28,307 --> 00:08:30,977
well did the container trap

355
00:08:30,977 --> 00:08:32,278
all of that material,

356
00:08:32,278 --> 00:08:33,746
those gases that you

357
00:08:33,746 --> 00:08:35,064
talked about,

358
00:08:35,064 --> 00:08:37,383
any volatiles from the moon

359
00:08:37,383 --> 00:08:38,217
and whether or not

360
00:08:38,217 --> 00:08:38,968
anything leaked

361
00:08:38,968 --> 00:08:40,703
into that sample from

362
00:08:40,703 --> 00:08:42,205
from here on Earth?

363
00:08:42,205 --> 00:08:43,039
Because that's really going

364
00:08:43,039 --> 00:08:44,340
to help inform us

365
00:08:44,340 --> 00:08:46,792
how to do this. Well,

366
00:08:46,792 --> 00:08:48,961
when we go to the South Pole

367
00:08:48,961 --> 00:08:50,246
and just like here on Earth,

368
00:08:50,246 --> 00:08:52,248
any job that you might do,

369
00:08:52,248 --> 00:08:53,132
it's a little bit easier

370
00:08:53,132 --> 00:08:54,800
if you have the right tools.

371
00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:55,735
So we want to make sure that

372
00:08:55,735 --> 00:08:57,053
we get the best samples

373
00:08:57,053 --> 00:08:58,471
from the South Pole of the moon

374
00:08:58,471 --> 00:08:59,572
so that scientists can

375
00:08:59,572 --> 00:09:00,056
study it,

376
00:09:00,056 --> 00:09:01,607
so we can understand

377
00:09:01,607 --> 00:09:02,542
the water cycle

378
00:09:02,542 --> 00:09:03,092
and whether or not

379
00:09:03,092 --> 00:09:04,076
the water could be used

380
00:09:04,076 --> 00:09:04,911
as a resource

381
00:09:04,911 --> 00:09:06,229
for our astronauts.

382
00:09:06,229 --> 00:09:07,163
But to do that right,

383
00:09:07,163 --> 00:09:07,830
we really need

384
00:09:07,830 --> 00:09:08,814
to design that right

385
00:09:08,814 --> 00:09:09,415
kind of tool.

386
00:09:09,415 --> 00:09:09,782
The tools

387
00:09:09,782 --> 00:09:11,000
to pick up the samples

388
00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:11,551
and the tools

389
00:09:11,551 --> 00:09:13,402
to contain the samples,

390
00:09:13,402 --> 00:09:14,870
preserve them,

391
00:09:14,870 --> 00:09:16,889
make sure we don't kind of

392
00:09:16,889 --> 00:09:18,057
get them contaminated

393
00:09:18,057 --> 00:09:19,258
with any of our gases

394
00:09:19,258 --> 00:09:20,126
from here on Earth

395
00:09:20,126 --> 00:09:21,961
or inside of our spacecraft.

396
00:09:21,961 --> 00:09:23,129
So it's really exciting

397
00:09:23,129 --> 00:09:24,297
not just to learn the science

398
00:09:24,297 --> 00:09:25,881
from this Apollo sample,

399
00:09:25,881 --> 00:09:27,266
but learn about the container

400
00:09:27,266 --> 00:09:28,251
that they put it into

401
00:09:28,251 --> 00:09:29,268
and how well it worked,

402
00:09:29,268 --> 00:09:29,785
how well

403
00:09:29,785 --> 00:09:31,187
kept those gases in there.

404
00:09:32,572 --> 00:09:33,439
And you can almost kind

405
00:09:33,439 --> 00:09:34,073
of think about this

406
00:09:34,073 --> 00:09:35,007
as an Apollo sample,

407
00:09:35,007 --> 00:09:36,025
but it's almost like the first

408
00:09:36,025 --> 00:09:37,276
of the Artemis samples, right?

409
00:09:37,276 --> 00:09:38,878
We're just about to go.

410
00:09:38,878 --> 00:09:39,478
And here we are

411
00:09:39,478 --> 00:09:40,463
opening up a new rock

412
00:09:40,463 --> 00:09:41,030
for the moon.

413
00:09:41,030 --> 00:09:42,231
So it's really an exciting

414
00:09:42,231 --> 00:09:44,750
time for for all of us.

415
00:09:45,084 --> 00:09:45,651
You know,

416
00:09:45,651 --> 00:09:46,819
you've just opened

417
00:09:46,819 --> 00:09:48,955
this pristine moon rock sample.

418
00:09:49,405 --> 00:09:50,273
What's next

419
00:09:50,273 --> 00:09:52,508
for you and your team?

420
00:09:52,825 --> 00:09:54,627
Okay, so there are a couple

421
00:09:54,627 --> 00:09:55,878
next steps

422
00:09:55,878 --> 00:09:58,381
The first one we did on Tuesday

423
00:09:58,831 --> 00:09:59,365
is once

424
00:09:59,365 --> 00:10:00,750
the core gets

425
00:10:00,750 --> 00:10:02,418
pushed out of a tube,

426
00:10:02,418 --> 00:10:03,603
basically onto a table

427
00:10:03,603 --> 00:10:04,320
that has a mold

428
00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:06,439
so it can hold the core

429
00:10:06,439 --> 00:10:07,139
and then we are

430
00:10:07,139 --> 00:10:08,391
we're scraping the very

431
00:10:08,391 --> 00:10:09,709
first millimeter

432
00:10:09,709 --> 00:10:10,559
off the surface

433
00:10:10,559 --> 00:10:11,327
very carefully

434
00:10:11,327 --> 00:10:12,228
because that surface

435
00:10:12,228 --> 00:10:13,613
has been in contact

436
00:10:13,613 --> 00:10:14,430
with the core tube.

437
00:10:14,430 --> 00:10:15,598
Basically,

438
00:10:15,598 --> 00:10:16,499
and you can see me here

439
00:10:16,499 --> 00:10:17,933
in the video where I'm marking

440
00:10:17,933 --> 00:10:18,384
where we want

441
00:10:18,384 --> 00:10:19,468
to scrape the surface off.

442
00:10:19,468 --> 00:10:19,669
Yeah.

443
00:10:19,669 --> 00:10:21,087
Here you can see it scraping.

444
00:10:22,038 --> 00:10:23,155
And we do this

445
00:10:23,155 --> 00:10:23,522
because we

446
00:10:23,522 --> 00:10:25,041
want to expose the pristine

447
00:10:25,041 --> 00:10:25,941
sample underneath

448
00:10:25,941 --> 00:10:27,410
that has never been in contact

449
00:10:27,410 --> 00:10:28,527
with any material

450
00:10:28,527 --> 00:10:30,413
basically from Earth.

451
00:10:30,413 --> 00:10:31,380
And so that cuts down

452
00:10:31,380 --> 00:10:33,449
on any potential contamination

453
00:10:33,449 --> 00:10:34,517
once that is done.

454
00:10:34,517 --> 00:10:35,935
So we finished that on Tuesday

455
00:10:35,935 --> 00:10:37,553
at the very moment

456
00:10:37,553 --> 00:10:38,537
we have

457
00:10:38,537 --> 00:10:39,238
researchers

458
00:10:39,238 --> 00:10:40,640
from the University of Hawaii

459
00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:42,141
in our lab,

460
00:10:42,141 --> 00:10:43,009
and they are going to do

461
00:10:43,009 --> 00:10:44,510
hyperspectral analysis

462
00:10:44,510 --> 00:10:45,711
on the core acid

463
00:10:45,711 --> 00:10:46,562
system, the cabinet

464
00:10:46,562 --> 00:10:47,430
at the moment.

465
00:10:47,430 --> 00:10:48,497
And that means they're shining

466
00:10:48,497 --> 00:10:49,281
light on it

467
00:10:49,281 --> 00:10:49,949
and then

468
00:10:49,949 --> 00:10:50,933
they're looking at the light

469
00:10:50,933 --> 00:10:51,917
that gets reflected

470
00:10:51,917 --> 00:10:53,336
off the core surface

471
00:10:53,336 --> 00:10:55,187
and they analyze that light.

472
00:10:55,187 --> 00:10:55,888
And that gives us

473
00:10:55,888 --> 00:10:57,707
some indication of chemistry

474
00:10:57,707 --> 00:10:58,557
and how the chemistry

475
00:10:58,557 --> 00:10:59,992
might change from top

476
00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:01,427
to bottom off the core.

477
00:11:01,427 --> 00:11:02,662
And that can also be used

478
00:11:02,662 --> 00:11:03,179
for ground

479
00:11:03,179 --> 00:11:04,397
truthing any orbiters

480
00:11:04,397 --> 00:11:05,998
that we have going around

481
00:11:05,998 --> 00:11:06,382
the moon

482
00:11:06,382 --> 00:11:08,567
who look at reflective light

483
00:11:08,567 --> 00:11:09,769
from the lunar surface, which

484
00:11:09,769 --> 00:11:10,353
is sunlight.

485
00:11:11,520 --> 00:11:13,406
And so once that is done

486
00:11:13,406 --> 00:11:14,340
next week,

487
00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:15,858
Monday is when we start

488
00:11:15,858 --> 00:11:17,777
the very tedious process

489
00:11:17,777 --> 00:11:19,428
of really dissecting the core.

490
00:11:19,428 --> 00:11:19,912
And that means

491
00:11:19,912 --> 00:11:20,880
we're taking it apart

492
00:11:20,880 --> 00:11:21,831
bit by bit.

493
00:11:21,831 --> 00:11:22,098
You know,

494
00:11:22,098 --> 00:11:23,182
every half centimeter

495
00:11:23,182 --> 00:11:24,116
we're taking a sample

496
00:11:24,116 --> 00:11:24,984
and then we're storing

497
00:11:24,984 --> 00:11:26,786
that in little containers,

498
00:11:26,786 --> 00:11:27,620
and we're doing that

499
00:11:27,620 --> 00:11:28,187
to preserve

500
00:11:28,187 --> 00:11:30,172
any potential layers

501
00:11:30,172 --> 00:11:31,307
that we can't really see

502
00:11:31,307 --> 00:11:33,242
with our eyes.

503
00:11:33,242 --> 00:11:34,610
And that then can be allocated

504
00:11:34,610 --> 00:11:35,961
to two scientists.

505
00:11:35,961 --> 00:11:37,129
While we're doing that,

506
00:11:37,129 --> 00:11:38,481
we are creating

507
00:11:38,481 --> 00:11:40,399
a preliminary examination,

508
00:11:40,399 --> 00:11:42,685
and that means we're describing

509
00:11:42,685 --> 00:11:44,270
what grain sizes we see,

510
00:11:44,270 --> 00:11:45,988
what colors we see.

511
00:11:45,988 --> 00:11:47,957
We will remove larger

512
00:11:47,957 --> 00:11:48,741
rock fragments

513
00:11:48,741 --> 00:11:49,675
and then we will

514
00:11:49,675 --> 00:11:50,459
scan them again

515
00:11:50,459 --> 00:11:51,927
to see the inside

516
00:11:51,927 --> 00:11:53,629
and the textures.

517
00:11:53,629 --> 00:11:54,413
And then we're creating

518
00:11:54,413 --> 00:11:56,582
this big catalog where people

519
00:11:57,266 --> 00:11:58,350
from all over the world

520
00:11:58,350 --> 00:11:59,602
and then can look at it,

521
00:11:59,602 --> 00:12:00,870
and it's specifically

522
00:12:00,870 --> 00:12:02,304
really useful for researchers

523
00:12:02,304 --> 00:12:03,806
because then they can select

524
00:12:03,806 --> 00:12:04,256
the best

525
00:12:04,256 --> 00:12:05,641
sample possible

526
00:12:05,641 --> 00:12:06,659
to do their best

527
00:12:06,659 --> 00:12:08,210
science possible.

528
00:12:08,210 --> 00:12:09,478
And so that's

529
00:12:09,478 --> 00:12:10,413
that's the next couple of

530
00:12:10,413 --> 00:12:11,280
months for us, really

531
00:12:12,948 --> 00:12:14,934
well, that's really exciting.

532
00:12:14,934 --> 00:12:16,252
We have a lot of questions

533
00:12:16,252 --> 00:12:18,320
coming in online.

534
00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:19,171
If you have questions

535
00:12:19,171 --> 00:12:20,072
for our expert,

536
00:12:20,072 --> 00:12:21,323
send them in by commenting

537
00:12:21,323 --> 00:12:21,891
in the stream

538
00:12:21,891 --> 00:12:23,058
wherever you're watching

539
00:12:23,058 --> 00:12:24,410
or by using the hashtag,

540
00:12:24,410 --> 00:12:25,311
ask and ask that

541
00:12:25,311 --> 00:12:27,113
on social media.

542
00:12:27,113 --> 00:12:28,998
So our first question is

543
00:12:28,998 --> 00:12:29,999
from Vegan

544
00:12:29,999 --> 00:12:31,467
in the Mirror on Reddit

545
00:12:31,467 --> 00:12:32,451
and they ask

546
00:12:32,451 --> 00:12:33,419
if you take a sample

547
00:12:33,419 --> 00:12:34,220
from the moon

548
00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:34,820
and close

549
00:12:34,820 --> 00:12:36,422
the container airtight,

550
00:12:36,422 --> 00:12:36,739
is it

551
00:12:36,739 --> 00:12:38,874
automatically vacuum sealed

552
00:12:38,874 --> 00:12:39,742
or do you need to do

553
00:12:39,742 --> 00:12:40,559
something with it?

554
00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:43,379
So it is vacuum sealed.

555
00:12:43,729 --> 00:12:44,430
And that's a very

556
00:12:44,430 --> 00:12:44,930
good question.

557
00:12:44,930 --> 00:12:45,297
I can

558
00:12:45,297 --> 00:12:46,615
I can quickly

559
00:12:46,615 --> 00:12:47,366
give some insights

560
00:12:47,366 --> 00:12:48,000
and then maybe Jay

561
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:49,135
can follow up on it.

562
00:12:49,135 --> 00:12:51,020
So when you take a container

563
00:12:51,020 --> 00:12:51,570
on the moon,

564
00:12:51,570 --> 00:12:52,738
which is basically vacuum

565
00:12:52,738 --> 00:12:53,689
because the moon doesn't

566
00:12:53,689 --> 00:12:54,440
have an atmosphere

567
00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:56,759
and you just close it

568
00:12:56,759 --> 00:12:57,893
like side as you can,

569
00:12:57,893 --> 00:12:59,328
you just screw the lid on,

570
00:12:59,328 --> 00:13:00,212
that doesn't really mean

571
00:13:00,212 --> 00:13:00,963
that it's airtight

572
00:13:00,963 --> 00:13:01,647
because there

573
00:13:01,647 --> 00:13:03,265
there might be grains

574
00:13:03,265 --> 00:13:04,083
from the lunar surface

575
00:13:04,083 --> 00:13:05,901
that get attached in between.

576
00:13:05,901 --> 00:13:08,838
It could be little cracks or,

577
00:13:09,538 --> 00:13:10,222
you know, in between

578
00:13:10,222 --> 00:13:11,207
and so once you return

579
00:13:11,207 --> 00:13:13,793
that to Earth, our atmosphere,

580
00:13:14,210 --> 00:13:15,511
which is so much more pressure

581
00:13:15,511 --> 00:13:16,412
than the vacuum

582
00:13:16,412 --> 00:13:17,279
that you have in the container,

583
00:13:17,279 --> 00:13:19,231
it can seep into this container

584
00:13:19,231 --> 00:13:20,182
through all of these

585
00:13:20,182 --> 00:13:21,901
little cracks and nooks

586
00:13:21,901 --> 00:13:23,002
and like little

587
00:13:23,002 --> 00:13:24,553
gaps, basically.

588
00:13:24,553 --> 00:13:25,888
So in order to really vacuum

589
00:13:25,888 --> 00:13:26,305
seal it,

590
00:13:26,305 --> 00:13:27,506
you have to have kind of like

591
00:13:27,506 --> 00:13:29,608
a metal gasket or a metal ring

592
00:13:29,942 --> 00:13:31,110
that when you press down

593
00:13:31,110 --> 00:13:33,295
your lid, it really seals.

594
00:13:33,295 --> 00:13:34,013
It goes into

595
00:13:34,013 --> 00:13:34,914
all the little nooks

596
00:13:34,914 --> 00:13:36,932
and crannies and really seal

597
00:13:37,917 --> 00:13:39,235
your sample inside.

598
00:13:39,235 --> 00:13:39,535
And that's

599
00:13:39,535 --> 00:13:40,503
what the astronaut did

600
00:13:40,503 --> 00:13:42,171
with this with this

601
00:13:42,171 --> 00:13:43,138
vacuum container

602
00:13:43,138 --> 00:13:44,440
that was a

603
00:13:44,440 --> 00:13:46,342
a gasket or a ring

604
00:13:46,342 --> 00:13:47,576
that sealed it, a metal ring

605
00:13:47,576 --> 00:13:48,477
that is soft enough

606
00:13:48,477 --> 00:13:49,562
to really get into pressed

607
00:13:49,562 --> 00:13:50,913
into all of the little nooks

608
00:13:50,913 --> 00:13:51,380
and crannies

609
00:13:51,380 --> 00:13:53,816
to seal everything in there.

610
00:13:53,816 --> 00:13:53,999
Jake,

611
00:13:53,999 --> 00:13:54,600
do you want a follow up

612
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:55,201
on that?

613
00:13:56,268 --> 00:13:56,819
Yeah.

614
00:13:56,819 --> 00:13:59,004
And everything that you

615
00:13:59,004 --> 00:13:59,688
just described

616
00:13:59,688 --> 00:14:00,656
is exactly what

617
00:14:00,656 --> 00:14:01,907
we want to understand

618
00:14:01,907 --> 00:14:03,242
how well that worked,

619
00:14:03,242 --> 00:14:04,159
because we can update

620
00:14:04,159 --> 00:14:05,611
that somewhat

621
00:14:05,611 --> 00:14:07,947
as we move forward for Artemus.

622
00:14:07,947 --> 00:14:09,448
But it might be sufficient

623
00:14:09,448 --> 00:14:10,699
for what we need.

624
00:14:10,699 --> 00:14:12,001
And another part to

625
00:14:12,001 --> 00:14:13,285
that is understanding

626
00:14:13,285 --> 00:14:14,370
how we're going to be

627
00:14:14,370 --> 00:14:15,871
collecting samples

628
00:14:15,871 --> 00:14:16,739
in the South Pole

629
00:14:16,739 --> 00:14:18,357
so we know how these samples

630
00:14:18,357 --> 00:14:18,991
were collected.

631
00:14:18,991 --> 00:14:21,210
And we know that this approach

632
00:14:21,210 --> 00:14:22,528
will yield a certain result,

633
00:14:22,528 --> 00:14:23,846
which you and our team

634
00:14:23,846 --> 00:14:25,014
and scientists around

635
00:14:25,014 --> 00:14:25,497
the world

636
00:14:25,497 --> 00:14:26,732
are going to understand

637
00:14:26,732 --> 00:14:28,617
over the next several weeks.

638
00:14:28,617 --> 00:14:30,019
But we'll need to think about

639
00:14:30,019 --> 00:14:30,836
how that applies

640
00:14:30,836 --> 00:14:31,253
to where

641
00:14:31,253 --> 00:14:32,821
we will be sampling

642
00:14:32,821 --> 00:14:33,739
in the South Pole

643
00:14:33,739 --> 00:14:34,974
because we're fairly

644
00:14:34,974 --> 00:14:36,542
certain there's water there,

645
00:14:36,542 --> 00:14:37,192
but we don't know

646
00:14:37,192 --> 00:14:37,977
so much is what

647
00:14:37,977 --> 00:14:39,562
the status of that water is.

648
00:14:39,562 --> 00:14:40,279
Is it

649
00:14:40,462 --> 00:14:41,363
a little bit of water

650
00:14:41,363 --> 00:14:42,298
mixed with

651
00:14:42,298 --> 00:14:44,450
lunar dust or regolith,

652
00:14:44,450 --> 00:14:46,168
or is it bigger pieces of ice

653
00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:47,703
mixed in there?

654
00:14:47,703 --> 00:14:47,870
Or is

655
00:14:47,870 --> 00:14:49,772
it actually just solid ice?

656
00:14:49,772 --> 00:14:50,489
So there's a lot for

657
00:14:50,489 --> 00:14:51,891
us to learn.

658
00:14:51,891 --> 00:14:53,909
And so understanding really

659
00:14:53,909 --> 00:14:55,427
how well this process

660
00:14:55,427 --> 00:14:56,896
that you only just described,

661
00:14:56,896 --> 00:14:58,314
the work for Apollo

662
00:14:58,314 --> 00:14:59,148
how well it contained

663
00:14:59,148 --> 00:15:00,633
that over 50 years,

664
00:15:00,633 --> 00:15:01,884
that's very critical for us

665
00:15:01,884 --> 00:15:03,752
as we start designing

666
00:15:06,171 --> 00:15:07,439
And so a lot of

667
00:15:07,439 --> 00:15:08,090
people online

668
00:15:08,090 --> 00:15:09,091
are asking versions

669
00:15:09,091 --> 00:15:10,609
of this question

670
00:15:10,609 --> 00:15:13,228
What do moon rock samples smell

671
00:15:13,228 --> 00:15:14,063
like?

672
00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:19,818
Well, it's that amount.

673
00:15:19,818 --> 00:15:21,320
The Moon Rock.

674
00:15:21,837 --> 00:15:22,821
That's a great question

675
00:15:22,821 --> 00:15:24,273
actually. Yeah.

676
00:15:24,273 --> 00:15:25,741
That is a good question.

677
00:15:25,741 --> 00:15:26,909
I mean, the astronauts

678
00:15:26,909 --> 00:15:27,843
always describe it

679
00:15:27,843 --> 00:15:29,695
as it smells like gunpowder

680
00:15:29,695 --> 00:15:30,963
a little bit.

681
00:15:31,313 --> 00:15:33,749
We we don't really

682
00:15:33,749 --> 00:15:34,600
smell the sample.

683
00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:36,302
So all the samples that we have

684
00:15:36,302 --> 00:15:38,537
are backed in Teflon backs

685
00:15:38,537 --> 00:15:40,823
in a nitrogen gas

686
00:15:40,823 --> 00:15:42,324
filled atmosphere.

687
00:15:42,324 --> 00:15:42,691
And that's

688
00:15:42,691 --> 00:15:43,676
where they get stored

689
00:15:43,676 --> 00:15:45,210
and so we never, ever

690
00:15:45,210 --> 00:15:46,578
take Apollo samples out

691
00:15:46,578 --> 00:15:49,114
and expose them to air

692
00:15:49,114 --> 00:15:50,783
sniff at them or any

693
00:15:50,783 --> 00:15:52,067
anything like that.

694
00:15:52,067 --> 00:15:53,969
And so I yeah.

695
00:15:53,969 --> 00:15:55,321
And so in this video here,

696
00:15:55,321 --> 00:15:56,422
you can see us opening

697
00:15:56,422 --> 00:15:57,122
the core sample,

698
00:15:57,122 --> 00:15:59,008
but it is within a glove box,

699
00:15:59,008 --> 00:15:59,658
and that is filled

700
00:15:59,658 --> 00:16:01,644
with nitrogen gas.

701
00:16:01,644 --> 00:16:03,145
So that and it's very dry

702
00:16:03,145 --> 00:16:04,196
so that the soil doesn't

703
00:16:04,196 --> 00:16:05,631
react with Earth atmosphere.

704
00:16:05,631 --> 00:16:06,115
So we're trying

705
00:16:06,115 --> 00:16:07,967
to keep the sample safe

706
00:16:07,967 --> 00:16:08,567
from any

707
00:16:08,567 --> 00:16:09,685
potential contamination.

708
00:16:09,685 --> 00:16:11,537
So you really can't take it out

709
00:16:11,537 --> 00:16:12,121
and smell at it.

710
00:16:12,121 --> 00:16:12,588
So I don't

711
00:16:12,588 --> 00:16:13,489
I don't know the answer to

712
00:16:13,489 --> 00:16:14,223
that question,

713
00:16:15,474 --> 00:16:16,675
but I think early on to

714
00:16:16,675 --> 00:16:18,444
the point you made

715
00:16:18,444 --> 00:16:19,044
that smells like

716
00:16:19,044 --> 00:16:19,979
gunpowder is something

717
00:16:19,979 --> 00:16:20,479
that many of

718
00:16:20,479 --> 00:16:21,413
the Apollo astronauts

719
00:16:21,413 --> 00:16:22,231
commented on.

720
00:16:22,231 --> 00:16:23,749
So they actually put

721
00:16:23,749 --> 00:16:24,984
their suits on

722
00:16:24,984 --> 00:16:25,918
and took them off

723
00:16:25,918 --> 00:16:27,720
inside their their habitat,

724
00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:28,103
basically

725
00:16:28,103 --> 00:16:28,671
like their living

726
00:16:28,671 --> 00:16:29,688
room, sort of.

727
00:16:29,688 --> 00:16:30,773
So they would put the suit on

728
00:16:30,773 --> 00:16:31,757
and go shuffle around

729
00:16:31,757 --> 00:16:32,491
and do the work

730
00:16:32,491 --> 00:16:33,208
and as you know,

731
00:16:33,208 --> 00:16:33,959
from here on Earth,

732
00:16:33,959 --> 00:16:34,760
we go outside

733
00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:35,878
and you work outside,

734
00:16:35,878 --> 00:16:37,196
you get dirty. Right.

735
00:16:37,196 --> 00:16:38,580
And so the astronauts,

736
00:16:38,580 --> 00:16:40,099
they had some of that lunar

737
00:16:40,099 --> 00:16:41,417
regolith on their suits.

738
00:16:41,417 --> 00:16:41,817
And in fact,

739
00:16:41,817 --> 00:16:42,768
you can still see that

740
00:16:42,768 --> 00:16:44,219
on the suits today.

741
00:16:44,219 --> 00:16:45,537
And so they did describe

742
00:16:45,537 --> 00:16:46,772
that smell as somewhat

743
00:16:46,772 --> 00:16:47,906
gunpowder like.

744
00:16:47,906 --> 00:16:48,624
So, you know,

745
00:16:48,624 --> 00:16:49,558
that's pretty

746
00:16:49,558 --> 00:16:51,026
much our best chance

747
00:16:51,026 --> 00:16:51,560
at knowing

748
00:16:51,560 --> 00:16:52,728
what lunar rocks smell like

749
00:16:52,728 --> 00:16:53,829
until maybe we go back

750
00:16:53,829 --> 00:16:55,080
and try that again.

751
00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:55,547
That's a really

752
00:16:55,547 --> 00:16:57,533
interesting question. Yeah.

753
00:16:58,951 --> 00:17:00,269
Lara, the mosaic

754
00:17:00,269 --> 00:17:01,620
on Twitter asks,

755
00:17:01,620 --> 00:17:02,488
why did the Apollo

756
00:17:02,488 --> 00:17:03,889
17 astronauts

757
00:17:03,889 --> 00:17:04,740
choose to sample

758
00:17:04,740 --> 00:17:06,709
from a landslide deposit.

759
00:17:06,709 --> 00:17:06,992
Did they

760
00:17:06,992 --> 00:17:07,443
also take

761
00:17:07,443 --> 00:17:10,546
a sample from flat terrain

762
00:17:11,063 --> 00:17:11,330
to make

763
00:17:11,330 --> 00:17:11,847
you want to

764
00:17:11,847 --> 00:17:12,681
get to go with that?

765
00:17:12,681 --> 00:17:13,499
Sure.

766
00:17:13,499 --> 00:17:14,550
They they collected

767
00:17:14,550 --> 00:17:15,768
a number of samples.

768
00:17:15,768 --> 00:17:17,986
I don't know exactly how many,

769
00:17:17,986 --> 00:17:18,921
but they did collect

770
00:17:18,921 --> 00:17:20,572
a significant number of samples

771
00:17:20,572 --> 00:17:23,358
so for any geologic problem

772
00:17:23,358 --> 00:17:25,260
that you're trying to tackle,

773
00:17:25,260 --> 00:17:27,596
you want to try to sample from

774
00:17:27,963 --> 00:17:29,214
several different locations

775
00:17:29,214 --> 00:17:29,448
so that

776
00:17:29,448 --> 00:17:31,233
you can understand processes

777
00:17:31,233 --> 00:17:32,551
that may be

778
00:17:32,551 --> 00:17:33,168
in effect

779
00:17:33,168 --> 00:17:34,586
across a broader region.

780
00:17:34,586 --> 00:17:37,639
So as a landslide, as is noted

781
00:17:37,639 --> 00:17:38,490
here,

782
00:17:38,507 --> 00:17:39,541
you would want to collect

783
00:17:39,541 --> 00:17:40,943
from inside the landslide side.

784
00:17:40,943 --> 00:17:43,312
Adjacent to the landslide,

785
00:17:43,312 --> 00:17:44,163
there were several different

786
00:17:44,163 --> 00:17:45,414
geologic processes

787
00:17:45,414 --> 00:17:45,948
that the Apollo

788
00:17:45,948 --> 00:17:47,433
17 astronauts were studying.

789
00:17:47,433 --> 00:17:49,318
They also identified

790
00:17:49,318 --> 00:17:51,503
some really unique aspects

791
00:17:51,503 --> 00:17:52,438
to the lunar surface.

792
00:17:52,438 --> 00:17:53,372
This is the mission

793
00:17:53,372 --> 00:17:54,423
in which they identified

794
00:17:54,423 --> 00:17:55,791
orange glass

795
00:17:55,791 --> 00:17:56,842
that's related to

796
00:17:56,842 --> 00:17:58,160
some volcanic processes.

797
00:17:58,160 --> 00:17:59,728
So the reason

798
00:17:59,728 --> 00:18:01,163
we want to send the astronauts

799
00:18:01,163 --> 00:18:01,547
there is

800
00:18:01,547 --> 00:18:03,532
because we can train them

801
00:18:03,532 --> 00:18:04,666
to think quickly.

802
00:18:04,666 --> 00:18:06,535
They see what is going on

803
00:18:06,535 --> 00:18:07,352
and they can make

804
00:18:07,352 --> 00:18:08,570
the best judgment call

805
00:18:08,570 --> 00:18:09,721
about what to pick up,

806
00:18:09,721 --> 00:18:10,923
what's the most important

807
00:18:10,923 --> 00:18:12,207
sample to pick up.

808
00:18:12,207 --> 00:18:12,958
And so in this case,

809
00:18:12,958 --> 00:18:14,760
they're trying to get into

810
00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:16,879
that debris kind of pile.

811
00:18:17,062 --> 00:18:18,530
If you think about a landslide,

812
00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:19,998
11 thing

813
00:18:19,998 --> 00:18:21,767
that a landslide can do for

814
00:18:21,767 --> 00:18:22,017
you on

815
00:18:22,017 --> 00:18:23,669
the moon is bring you material

816
00:18:23,669 --> 00:18:25,554
from much farther away.

817
00:18:25,554 --> 00:18:26,071
We're a little bit

818
00:18:26,071 --> 00:18:27,473
constrained by how far,

819
00:18:27,473 --> 00:18:28,307
especially Apollo,

820
00:18:28,307 --> 00:18:29,908
how far they could go

821
00:18:29,908 --> 00:18:30,843
Apollo 17

822
00:18:30,843 --> 00:18:32,211
had the lunar roving vehicle

823
00:18:32,211 --> 00:18:32,928
so they could.

824
00:18:32,928 --> 00:18:33,562
Which kind of looked

825
00:18:33,562 --> 00:18:34,496
like that dune buggy

826
00:18:34,496 --> 00:18:36,048
that they could drive around.

827
00:18:36,048 --> 00:18:37,649
And they actually covered

828
00:18:37,649 --> 00:18:38,750
the longest distances

829
00:18:38,750 --> 00:18:40,135
of any of the missions.

830
00:18:40,135 --> 00:18:41,336
Still,

831
00:18:41,336 --> 00:18:42,287
you look to things

832
00:18:42,287 --> 00:18:43,472
like impact craters

833
00:18:43,472 --> 00:18:45,357
or landslides

834
00:18:45,357 --> 00:18:46,859
to deliver material from far

835
00:18:46,859 --> 00:18:47,276
the way that they

836
00:18:47,276 --> 00:18:47,910
might not be able

837
00:18:47,910 --> 00:18:49,378
to get to another technique

838
00:18:49,378 --> 00:18:49,828
they used

839
00:18:49,828 --> 00:18:51,830
was to look up hills

840
00:18:51,830 --> 00:18:53,098
and see if any boulders

841
00:18:53,098 --> 00:18:54,483
had rolled down the hill.

842
00:18:54,483 --> 00:18:55,551
And they did that as well.

843
00:18:55,551 --> 00:18:56,218
In that mission,

844
00:18:56,218 --> 00:18:56,869
they identified

845
00:18:56,869 --> 00:18:57,419
some places

846
00:18:57,419 --> 00:18:58,704
where rocks from

847
00:18:58,704 --> 00:18:59,822
a good distance

848
00:18:59,822 --> 00:19:00,989
away had come to them,

849
00:19:00,989 --> 00:19:01,557
so they were able

850
00:19:01,557 --> 00:19:02,608
to sample them.

851
00:19:02,608 --> 00:19:03,058
They have to make

852
00:19:03,058 --> 00:19:04,076
those judgment calls

853
00:19:04,076 --> 00:19:05,911
about what you see around you

854
00:19:05,911 --> 00:19:07,863
and try to collect some sample

855
00:19:07,863 --> 00:19:08,847
of multiple different

856
00:19:08,847 --> 00:19:09,882
things that are going on

857
00:19:09,882 --> 00:19:11,366
as part of that history,

858
00:19:11,366 --> 00:19:12,267
that story that

859
00:19:12,267 --> 00:19:13,435
you're seeing in the rocks.

860
00:19:14,837 --> 00:19:15,804
Another reason why

861
00:19:15,804 --> 00:19:16,738
they particularly

862
00:19:16,738 --> 00:19:18,740
also sample this region

863
00:19:19,041 --> 00:19:19,942
with the core sample

864
00:19:19,942 --> 00:19:20,609
that we have

865
00:19:20,609 --> 00:19:21,560
is that

866
00:19:21,677 --> 00:19:22,261
the landslide

867
00:19:22,261 --> 00:19:23,545
deposit is very close

868
00:19:23,545 --> 00:19:24,263
to a fault,

869
00:19:24,263 --> 00:19:25,130
which is basically

870
00:19:25,130 --> 00:19:27,416
a gigantic crack, so to speak.

871
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:29,117
And because they sample

872
00:19:29,117 --> 00:19:30,802
so deep within the surface,

873
00:19:30,802 --> 00:19:31,703
one of the

874
00:19:31,703 --> 00:19:33,272
the goals was to capture

875
00:19:33,272 --> 00:19:34,473
any potential gases.

876
00:19:34,473 --> 00:19:35,240
And the hope was

877
00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:36,558
that the fault line

878
00:19:36,558 --> 00:19:37,593
would be a conduit

879
00:19:37,593 --> 00:19:38,460
to like

880
00:19:38,460 --> 00:19:39,328
half the gases

881
00:19:39,328 --> 00:19:40,345
that are from within the moon

882
00:19:40,345 --> 00:19:40,979
that slowly

883
00:19:40,979 --> 00:19:42,681
gas outside of the moon

884
00:19:42,681 --> 00:19:43,615
basically deliver

885
00:19:43,615 --> 00:19:44,399
into this landslide

886
00:19:44,399 --> 00:19:44,816
deposit

887
00:19:44,816 --> 00:19:46,435
that then can be captured

888
00:19:46,435 --> 00:19:47,970
by this drive tube.

889
00:19:47,970 --> 00:19:48,954
And that was one of the reasons

890
00:19:48,954 --> 00:19:50,272
why it was sealed

891
00:19:50,272 --> 00:19:51,557
in a vacuum container

892
00:19:51,557 --> 00:19:54,459
to really capture those

893
00:19:55,561 --> 00:19:56,511
dark carry on.

894
00:19:56,511 --> 00:19:57,930
Reddit asks,

895
00:19:57,930 --> 00:19:59,147
how do you account for what

896
00:19:59,147 --> 00:20:00,749
changes might have occurred

897
00:20:00,749 --> 00:20:02,451
due to time passed

898
00:20:02,451 --> 00:20:03,752
compared to what

899
00:20:03,752 --> 00:20:04,653
they might have found

900
00:20:04,653 --> 00:20:05,871
if today's technology

901
00:20:05,871 --> 00:20:07,406
was available in the past

902
00:20:09,408 --> 00:20:09,925
Okay.

903
00:20:09,925 --> 00:20:10,826
So

904
00:20:11,093 --> 00:20:12,060
I mean, one of the reasons

905
00:20:12,060 --> 00:20:12,628
why NASA's

906
00:20:12,628 --> 00:20:14,129
kept these sample

907
00:20:14,129 --> 00:20:16,098
safe for 50 years

908
00:20:16,098 --> 00:20:17,449
was that they knew

909
00:20:17,449 --> 00:20:18,200
that technology

910
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,236
will evolve with time.

911
00:20:21,236 --> 00:20:23,789
And so the the X-ray computed

912
00:20:24,473 --> 00:20:25,641
scanning, the exit

913
00:20:25,641 --> 00:20:26,191
scanning that

914
00:20:26,191 --> 00:20:27,209
I talked about before,

915
00:20:27,209 --> 00:20:28,043
that's a technology

916
00:20:28,043 --> 00:20:29,161
that didn't really exist

917
00:20:29,161 --> 00:20:31,463
to that extent 50 years ago.

918
00:20:31,463 --> 00:20:32,881
And that gives us the chance

919
00:20:32,881 --> 00:20:34,349
to take rocks, you know,

920
00:20:34,349 --> 00:20:36,468
like big rocks or drive tubes

921
00:20:36,468 --> 00:20:38,387
we showed and CT

922
00:20:38,387 --> 00:20:40,022
scan them which is

923
00:20:40,355 --> 00:20:41,790
a method

924
00:20:41,790 --> 00:20:42,858
that we can use

925
00:20:42,858 --> 00:20:44,459
without hurting the samples.

926
00:20:44,459 --> 00:20:45,260
And so we can look

927
00:20:45,260 --> 00:20:46,311
inside the sample

928
00:20:46,311 --> 00:20:47,629
and we can see the minerals

929
00:20:47,629 --> 00:20:49,498
and we can see the texture

930
00:20:49,498 --> 00:20:50,599
and so we can learn a lot

931
00:20:50,599 --> 00:20:51,266
about where

932
00:20:51,266 --> 00:20:52,367
the sample comes from

933
00:20:52,367 --> 00:20:53,485
within the moon maybe,

934
00:20:53,485 --> 00:20:54,620
and how it formed

935
00:20:54,620 --> 00:20:55,587
without actually

936
00:20:55,587 --> 00:20:56,421
contaminating it

937
00:20:56,421 --> 00:20:57,923
or breaking it.

938
00:20:57,940 --> 00:20:59,157
Mass spectrometers

939
00:20:59,157 --> 00:21:00,542
have evolved over time.

940
00:21:00,542 --> 00:21:02,311
So now there's less samples

941
00:21:02,311 --> 00:21:03,362
that are needed

942
00:21:03,362 --> 00:21:04,730
and they get higher precision,

943
00:21:04,730 --> 00:21:06,782
higher quality data.

944
00:21:06,782 --> 00:21:07,883
And so again,

945
00:21:07,883 --> 00:21:08,967
that wasn't possible.

946
00:21:08,967 --> 00:21:10,018
50 years ago

947
00:21:10,018 --> 00:21:11,903
and before the gas analysis,

948
00:21:11,903 --> 00:21:12,504
for example,

949
00:21:12,504 --> 00:21:14,006
that they knew that

950
00:21:14,006 --> 00:21:14,456
that wasn't

951
00:21:14,456 --> 00:21:15,657
possible 50 years ago.

952
00:21:15,657 --> 00:21:17,492
And so now we have

953
00:21:17,492 --> 00:21:18,110
technology

954
00:21:18,110 --> 00:21:18,961
where we can take

955
00:21:18,961 --> 00:21:20,479
that little bit of gas

956
00:21:20,479 --> 00:21:22,097
that we extract it

957
00:21:22,097 --> 00:21:24,199
and actually get data points

958
00:21:24,199 --> 00:21:25,350
and learn about the

959
00:21:25,350 --> 00:21:26,718
origins of these gases.

960
00:21:29,671 --> 00:21:30,806
And miscues.

961
00:21:30,806 --> 00:21:32,808
On Reddit, they ask,

962
00:21:32,808 --> 00:21:34,643
Are we still running projects

963
00:21:34,643 --> 00:21:35,877
with the sort of eyes of

964
00:21:35,877 --> 00:21:36,628
the future

965
00:21:36,628 --> 00:21:38,580
is seems shockingly altruistic

966
00:21:38,580 --> 00:21:39,648
to gather samples

967
00:21:39,648 --> 00:21:40,682
that won't be examined

968
00:21:40,682 --> 00:21:41,383
in the project

969
00:21:41,383 --> 00:21:43,268
front is lifetime

970
00:21:45,470 --> 00:21:45,721
yes.

971
00:21:45,721 --> 00:21:46,405
Is the question

972
00:21:46,405 --> 00:21:48,173
will we take a similar approach

973
00:21:48,173 --> 00:21:49,291
for our audience?

974
00:21:49,291 --> 00:21:50,776
Is that what the question is?

975
00:21:50,776 --> 00:21:52,044
Mm hmm. Yeah.

976
00:21:52,044 --> 00:21:52,461
Okay.

977
00:21:52,461 --> 00:21:54,980
Well, we real good question.

978
00:21:55,430 --> 00:21:57,199
So we certainly recognize

979
00:21:57,199 --> 00:21:58,100
the value in that.

980
00:21:58,100 --> 00:21:59,001
Now, you know, our

981
00:21:59,001 --> 00:22:00,602
our nascent predecessors

982
00:22:00,602 --> 00:22:02,037
had tremendous foresight

983
00:22:02,037 --> 00:22:03,238
in their ability to

984
00:22:03,238 --> 00:22:04,139
to think through.

985
00:22:04,139 --> 00:22:04,723
You know,

986
00:22:04,973 --> 00:22:06,058
it's like imagine

987
00:22:06,058 --> 00:22:06,858
at Christmas time

988
00:22:06,858 --> 00:22:08,160
trying to save a president

989
00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:09,261
or at a birthday

990
00:22:09,261 --> 00:22:10,862
trying to save a present for,

991
00:22:10,862 --> 00:22:13,131
you know, a year later

992
00:22:13,131 --> 00:22:14,099
I know I certainly couldn't

993
00:22:14,099 --> 00:22:15,167
get my children to do that.

994
00:22:15,167 --> 00:22:17,002
But it's

995
00:22:17,002 --> 00:22:17,569
you know,

996
00:22:17,569 --> 00:22:20,088
we will certainly approach it

997
00:22:20,088 --> 00:22:21,023
in a similar way.

998
00:22:21,023 --> 00:22:22,891
We'll try with the

999
00:22:22,891 --> 00:22:23,792
amount of material

1000
00:22:23,792 --> 00:22:24,292
that we're

1001
00:22:24,292 --> 00:22:25,127
able to bring home

1002
00:22:25,127 --> 00:22:26,511
on these missions

1003
00:22:26,511 --> 00:22:28,380
and do the best job we can now.

1004
00:22:28,380 --> 00:22:29,097
And I would say

1005
00:22:29,097 --> 00:22:30,115
it's probably likely

1006
00:22:30,115 --> 00:22:31,283
that we will also save

1007
00:22:31,283 --> 00:22:31,883
some sample

1008
00:22:31,883 --> 00:22:34,052
for future analysis.

1009
00:22:34,469 --> 00:22:35,220
But there are also

1010
00:22:35,220 --> 00:22:36,138
new techniques

1011
00:22:36,138 --> 00:22:38,390
now that give us the capability

1012
00:22:38,390 --> 00:22:39,257
of potentially

1013
00:22:39,257 --> 00:22:40,409
doing some of the science

1014
00:22:40,409 --> 00:22:41,343
without even opening

1015
00:22:41,343 --> 00:22:42,077
the canisters

1016
00:22:42,077 --> 00:22:42,861
so as Julianna

1017
00:22:42,861 --> 00:22:43,979
talked a little bit about,

1018
00:22:45,147 --> 00:22:46,581
as techniques improve, it

1019
00:22:46,581 --> 00:22:46,998
may be that

1020
00:22:46,998 --> 00:22:48,383
we save some sample

1021
00:22:48,383 --> 00:22:49,584
in containers,

1022
00:22:49,584 --> 00:22:50,369
but we can still

1023
00:22:50,369 --> 00:22:51,420
do some science

1024
00:22:51,420 --> 00:22:52,637
without even opening them

1025
00:22:52,637 --> 00:22:53,071
right now.

1026
00:22:53,071 --> 00:22:53,939
So there's a

1027
00:22:53,939 --> 00:22:55,340
number of different lines of

1028
00:22:55,340 --> 00:22:55,791
thought on

1029
00:22:55,791 --> 00:22:56,875
what we can do with this.

1030
00:22:56,875 --> 00:22:57,476
I think that

1031
00:22:57,476 --> 00:22:58,727
we will always have an eye

1032
00:22:58,727 --> 00:23:00,662
towards preserving

1033
00:23:00,662 --> 00:23:02,781
material for future analysis

1034
00:23:02,781 --> 00:23:03,448
while trying to do

1035
00:23:03,448 --> 00:23:04,800
as much as we can right now

1036
00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:06,301
if what we have

1037
00:23:08,120 --> 00:23:08,787
I'm content.

1038
00:23:08,787 --> 00:23:10,939
More on Twitter asks,

1039
00:23:10,939 --> 00:23:14,059
Does the moon have a cool

1040
00:23:14,943 --> 00:23:15,594
yes?

1041
00:23:15,594 --> 00:23:16,428
The answer is yes.

1042
00:23:16,428 --> 00:23:18,530
The moon has a core.

1043
00:23:18,864 --> 00:23:19,848
It is debated

1044
00:23:19,848 --> 00:23:21,750
how large it is

1045
00:23:21,750 --> 00:23:22,701
or how small it is,

1046
00:23:22,701 --> 00:23:24,319
but it does have I have a core.

1047
00:23:24,319 --> 00:23:27,055
So the moon is a planetary body

1048
00:23:27,806 --> 00:23:29,040
and it went through a process

1049
00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:30,559
that is called differentiation.

1050
00:23:30,559 --> 00:23:32,210
And that really means

1051
00:23:32,210 --> 00:23:34,379
just layering based on density.

1052
00:23:34,379 --> 00:23:35,480
So when the moon formed,

1053
00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:36,948
it was fully molten

1054
00:23:36,948 --> 00:23:38,517
once upon a time,

1055
00:23:38,517 --> 00:23:39,117
and then all

1056
00:23:39,117 --> 00:23:40,619
the heavy elements,

1057
00:23:40,619 --> 00:23:42,721
they sink towards the center

1058
00:23:42,721 --> 00:23:43,939
like iron nickel,

1059
00:23:43,939 --> 00:23:45,173
and that forms the core.

1060
00:23:45,173 --> 00:23:46,441
And in all the very light

1061
00:23:46,441 --> 00:23:47,576
elements,

1062
00:23:47,642 --> 00:23:49,644
they're lighter than the melt.

1063
00:23:49,644 --> 00:23:51,563
They rise towards the surface

1064
00:23:52,581 --> 00:23:53,281
and built

1065
00:23:53,281 --> 00:23:53,732
they make the

1066
00:23:53,732 --> 00:23:55,200
crust and then all the minerals

1067
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:56,935
that are somewhere in between,

1068
00:23:56,935 --> 00:23:57,869
they built the mantle.

1069
00:23:57,869 --> 00:23:59,571
So the moon has layers of core,

1070
00:23:59,571 --> 00:24:01,189
a metal and a crust.

1071
00:24:01,189 --> 00:24:02,958
And if it was orbiting

1072
00:24:02,958 --> 00:24:04,726
the sun by itself,

1073
00:24:04,726 --> 00:24:06,411
it had a nice clear orbit then

1074
00:24:06,411 --> 00:24:07,112
and what

1075
00:24:07,112 --> 00:24:08,063
would be potentially

1076
00:24:08,063 --> 00:24:09,748
considered a planet.

1077
00:24:09,748 --> 00:24:10,248
And so that's why

1078
00:24:10,248 --> 00:24:12,050
we call it a planetary body,

1079
00:24:12,050 --> 00:24:12,751
because it has

1080
00:24:12,751 --> 00:24:15,320
it has layers just like Earth

1081
00:24:17,072 --> 00:24:18,140
and the speed of light

1082
00:24:18,140 --> 00:24:19,558
on Twitter then asks,

1083
00:24:19,558 --> 00:24:21,059
Has there been any previous

1084
00:24:21,059 --> 00:24:23,428
analysis of moon soil samples

1085
00:24:23,428 --> 00:24:24,679
and have you found anything

1086
00:24:24,679 --> 00:24:26,248
surprising

1087
00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:29,484
Yes,

1088
00:24:30,752 --> 00:24:31,369
sure.

1089
00:24:32,337 --> 00:24:34,823
The the Apollo missions

1090
00:24:34,823 --> 00:24:37,409
have sample to the surface

1091
00:24:38,043 --> 00:24:38,994
and course,

1092
00:24:38,994 --> 00:24:40,579
but also with rock samples

1093
00:24:40,579 --> 00:24:42,864
or just just scooping up soil

1094
00:24:42,864 --> 00:24:44,666
that was an Apollo 11

1095
00:24:44,666 --> 00:24:45,383
or that

1096
00:24:45,567 --> 00:24:46,701
took some some samples

1097
00:24:46,701 --> 00:24:47,402
just in case

1098
00:24:47,402 --> 00:24:47,903
things didn't

1099
00:24:47,903 --> 00:24:49,521
really work out well.

1100
00:24:49,521 --> 00:24:50,238
And so those are a lot

1101
00:24:50,238 --> 00:24:51,439
of those samples.

1102
00:24:51,439 --> 00:24:52,524
One of the big things

1103
00:24:52,524 --> 00:24:54,259
that we learned from Apollo

1104
00:24:54,259 --> 00:24:55,343
11 looking at these

1105
00:24:55,343 --> 00:24:56,061
soil samples

1106
00:24:56,061 --> 00:24:58,263
is that they found teeny white,

1107
00:24:59,181 --> 00:25:01,633
teeny white grains

1108
00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:02,100
they're called

1109
00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:03,235
and not assigned grains

1110
00:25:03,235 --> 00:25:04,503
that project place grains

1111
00:25:05,487 --> 00:25:05,937
and so

1112
00:25:05,937 --> 00:25:07,105
before Apollo 11

1113
00:25:07,105 --> 00:25:08,456
we really didn't understand

1114
00:25:08,456 --> 00:25:10,375
how the moon formed

1115
00:25:10,375 --> 00:25:11,426
and with these grains

1116
00:25:11,426 --> 00:25:12,627
when they were discovered

1117
00:25:12,627 --> 00:25:13,411
the only way

1118
00:25:13,411 --> 00:25:14,996
to explain their existence

1119
00:25:14,996 --> 00:25:15,981
or or

1120
00:25:15,981 --> 00:25:16,915
yeah their formation

1121
00:25:16,915 --> 00:25:18,149
is that the moon at some point

1122
00:25:18,149 --> 00:25:20,552
must have been fully molten

1123
00:25:20,552 --> 00:25:21,570
so gigantic magma

1124
00:25:21,570 --> 00:25:22,320
ball into space.

1125
00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:23,572
And the only way to do that

1126
00:25:23,572 --> 00:25:24,656
is that you had to have

1127
00:25:24,656 --> 00:25:26,274
a gigantic impact

1128
00:25:26,274 --> 00:25:28,677
between two protoplanets

1129
00:25:28,677 --> 00:25:30,779
that then made a lot of debris

1130
00:25:30,779 --> 00:25:32,747
cloud the inner

1131
00:25:32,747 --> 00:25:34,983
part then formed Earth

1132
00:25:34,983 --> 00:25:36,368
and then the debris part.

1133
00:25:36,368 --> 00:25:36,952
They went around

1134
00:25:36,952 --> 00:25:38,837
it coalesced to form the moon.

1135
00:25:38,837 --> 00:25:39,955
And so if we hadn't

1136
00:25:39,955 --> 00:25:40,822
looked at the soil

1137
00:25:40,822 --> 00:25:42,624
samples, then

1138
00:25:42,624 --> 00:25:43,291
I mean, who knows

1139
00:25:43,291 --> 00:25:44,059
what would have happened.

1140
00:25:44,059 --> 00:25:45,110
But that, that

1141
00:25:45,110 --> 00:25:46,011
you know, sparked

1142
00:25:46,011 --> 00:25:47,729
the idea of the giant impact

1143
00:25:47,729 --> 00:25:48,980
and the magma ocean enough

1144
00:25:48,980 --> 00:25:49,531
for the moon.

1145
00:25:50,966 --> 00:25:51,149
Wow.

1146
00:25:51,149 --> 00:25:51,750
That's amazing.

1147
00:25:51,750 --> 00:25:53,101
The really important thing

1148
00:25:53,101 --> 00:25:53,935
that we've learned from

1149
00:25:53,935 --> 00:25:55,820
lunar regolith is that it's,

1150
00:25:55,820 --> 00:25:56,271
you know,

1151
00:25:56,271 --> 00:25:57,389
might refer to it

1152
00:25:57,389 --> 00:25:58,473
as lunar dust,

1153
00:25:58,473 --> 00:25:59,391
but it's very different

1154
00:25:59,391 --> 00:26:00,659
from dust here on Earth

1155
00:26:00,659 --> 00:26:01,409
because there's no

1156
00:26:01,409 --> 00:26:02,844
water flowing

1157
00:26:02,844 --> 00:26:04,129
and no atmospheric

1158
00:26:04,129 --> 00:26:06,264
water around the moon.

1159
00:26:06,264 --> 00:26:07,682
And so

1160
00:26:07,682 --> 00:26:09,384
that does that lunar

1161
00:26:09,384 --> 00:26:11,069
dust is very sharp.

1162
00:26:11,069 --> 00:26:11,703
It's almost like

1163
00:26:11,703 --> 00:26:13,171
small pieces of glass.

1164
00:26:13,171 --> 00:26:14,272
So every time,

1165
00:26:14,272 --> 00:26:15,540
every little circle

1166
00:26:15,540 --> 00:26:16,141
you see on

1167
00:26:16,141 --> 00:26:17,092
the moon is a place

1168
00:26:17,092 --> 00:26:18,560
where a rock has hit the moon

1169
00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:19,611
or something from space.

1170
00:26:19,611 --> 00:26:20,879
It's at the moon.

1171
00:26:20,879 --> 00:26:21,596
So what happens

1172
00:26:21,596 --> 00:26:22,797
is you get this process

1173
00:26:22,797 --> 00:26:23,131
of kind

1174
00:26:23,131 --> 00:26:24,716
of shocking and melting

1175
00:26:24,716 --> 00:26:25,500
little batches

1176
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:26,785
of the lunar surface again

1177
00:26:26,785 --> 00:26:27,602
and then breaking them

1178
00:26:27,602 --> 00:26:29,604
apart and shattering them.

1179
00:26:29,604 --> 00:26:29,971
And that's

1180
00:26:29,971 --> 00:26:31,172
what makes up that regolith

1181
00:26:31,172 --> 00:26:32,340
or that dust.

1182
00:26:32,340 --> 00:26:33,475
And so learning

1183
00:26:33,475 --> 00:26:34,376
that process

1184
00:26:34,376 --> 00:26:35,393
has taught us a lot

1185
00:26:35,393 --> 00:26:36,027
about how we're going

1186
00:26:36,027 --> 00:26:37,262
to move forward with Artemis,

1187
00:26:37,262 --> 00:26:38,964
because I mentioned earlier

1188
00:26:38,964 --> 00:26:40,231
that the Apollo astronauts

1189
00:26:40,231 --> 00:26:40,582
had a lot

1190
00:26:40,582 --> 00:26:41,967
of dust on their soup.

1191
00:26:41,967 --> 00:26:42,834
Or you can imagine

1192
00:26:42,834 --> 00:26:44,369
if dust was really irritating

1193
00:26:44,369 --> 00:26:45,153
to your eyes

1194
00:26:45,153 --> 00:26:45,887
and your lungs,

1195
00:26:45,887 --> 00:26:47,422
which they did start to report

1196
00:26:47,422 --> 00:26:48,857
on some of the later missions

1197
00:26:48,857 --> 00:26:50,058
when they spent more time

1198
00:26:50,058 --> 00:26:51,409
outside on

1199
00:26:51,409 --> 00:26:52,711
extravehicular activities

1200
00:26:52,711 --> 00:26:54,379
or EVAs

1201
00:26:54,479 --> 00:26:55,647
we've learned that

1202
00:26:55,647 --> 00:26:57,749
they want to keep that dust out

1203
00:26:57,749 --> 00:26:58,850
as much as we can.

1204
00:26:58,850 --> 00:27:00,352
So that's really helping inform

1205
00:27:00,352 --> 00:27:01,653
the way we move forward.

1206
00:27:01,653 --> 00:27:02,520
And it tells us a lot

1207
00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:03,505
about the processes

1208
00:27:03,505 --> 00:27:05,357
that have have affected what

1209
00:27:05,357 --> 00:27:06,675
we see on the moon today.

1210
00:27:07,792 --> 00:27:08,310
Yeah, a

1211
00:27:08,310 --> 00:27:08,927
really, really

1212
00:27:08,927 --> 00:27:10,261
cool thing about lunar soil

1213
00:27:10,261 --> 00:27:11,096
is that,

1214
00:27:11,780 --> 00:27:12,647
as Jake said,

1215
00:27:12,647 --> 00:27:13,982
because there is no water

1216
00:27:13,982 --> 00:27:15,317
or wind or atmosphere

1217
00:27:15,317 --> 00:27:17,419
that interacts with it,

1218
00:27:18,003 --> 00:27:18,870
the lunar surface

1219
00:27:18,870 --> 00:27:20,488
has been preserved

1220
00:27:20,488 --> 00:27:22,257
since its formation basically.

1221
00:27:22,257 --> 00:27:23,491
And so you can think of it

1222
00:27:23,491 --> 00:27:24,242
as a museum

1223
00:27:24,242 --> 00:27:25,644
for planetary science.

1224
00:27:25,644 --> 00:27:26,328
So everything

1225
00:27:26,328 --> 00:27:27,228
that has happened over

1226
00:27:27,228 --> 00:27:28,913
4.5 billion years ago

1227
00:27:28,913 --> 00:27:31,049
is recorded in that lunar soil.

1228
00:27:31,349 --> 00:27:32,217
And so you can think

1229
00:27:32,217 --> 00:27:33,118
of the lunar soil

1230
00:27:33,118 --> 00:27:35,387
as being an archive

1231
00:27:35,387 --> 00:27:36,171
that contains

1232
00:27:36,171 --> 00:27:37,439
all the knowledge,

1233
00:27:37,439 --> 00:27:38,807
the solar system climate.

1234
00:27:38,807 --> 00:27:39,090
You know,

1235
00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:40,075
how the sun output

1236
00:27:40,075 --> 00:27:41,493
might have changed over time.

1237
00:27:41,493 --> 00:27:43,278
What materials have been barred

1238
00:27:43,278 --> 00:27:44,696
at the surface that most likely

1239
00:27:44,696 --> 00:27:46,398
also hit the earth.

1240
00:27:46,398 --> 00:27:47,282
And so all of that

1241
00:27:47,282 --> 00:27:48,350
knowledge is stored

1242
00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:49,284
in the lunar soil.

1243
00:27:49,284 --> 00:27:50,368
And all

1244
00:27:50,702 --> 00:27:52,487
we have to do is learn

1245
00:27:52,487 --> 00:27:53,121
how to read this

1246
00:27:53,121 --> 00:27:54,739
archive correctly.

1247
00:27:54,739 --> 00:27:55,740
It's it's not easy

1248
00:27:58,610 --> 00:27:59,911
said Taylor on Twitter.

1249
00:27:59,911 --> 00:28:00,862
Asked, Did

1250
00:28:00,862 --> 00:28:01,262
Nasser

1251
00:28:01,262 --> 00:28:02,747
come up with a better way

1252
00:28:02,747 --> 00:28:04,733
to collect moon rock samples

1253
00:28:04,733 --> 00:28:05,633
for Artemus

1254
00:28:05,633 --> 00:28:08,219
as compared to Apollo

1255
00:28:08,470 --> 00:28:08,937
yeah.

1256
00:28:09,270 --> 00:28:11,423
So we have certainly learned

1257
00:28:11,423 --> 00:28:11,873
a lot

1258
00:28:11,873 --> 00:28:13,892
about how to collect samples,

1259
00:28:14,693 --> 00:28:16,010
but we'll probably still use

1260
00:28:16,010 --> 00:28:16,945
some of the tried

1261
00:28:16,945 --> 00:28:18,780
and tested approaches

1262
00:28:18,780 --> 00:28:19,547
that Apollo did.

1263
00:28:19,547 --> 00:28:19,798
I mean,

1264
00:28:19,798 --> 00:28:21,349
rakes are still really good

1265
00:28:21,349 --> 00:28:22,851
at kind of sieving

1266
00:28:22,851 --> 00:28:24,152
through the regolith,

1267
00:28:24,152 --> 00:28:25,520
the lunar dust to pick up

1268
00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:26,388
small bits

1269
00:28:26,388 --> 00:28:27,288
that could be used

1270
00:28:27,288 --> 00:28:29,090
to, for instance,

1271
00:28:29,090 --> 00:28:30,408
get the date of the rock,

1272
00:28:30,408 --> 00:28:31,159
how old it is.

1273
00:28:31,159 --> 00:28:32,177
Since the events

1274
00:28:32,177 --> 00:28:35,447
that helped create that rock,

1275
00:28:35,447 --> 00:28:36,448
we will probably

1276
00:28:36,448 --> 00:28:37,682
still use hammers.

1277
00:28:37,682 --> 00:28:39,467
If we see bigger pieces of rock

1278
00:28:39,467 --> 00:28:39,768
to try

1279
00:28:39,768 --> 00:28:42,087
to break off a smaller piece.

1280
00:28:42,087 --> 00:28:44,005
There are things like tongs

1281
00:28:44,005 --> 00:28:44,422
that maybe

1282
00:28:44,422 --> 00:28:45,590
help us pick something up

1283
00:28:45,590 --> 00:28:46,408
that's kind of harder

1284
00:28:46,408 --> 00:28:48,359
to get to or harder to reach.

1285
00:28:48,359 --> 00:28:48,626
And we're

1286
00:28:48,626 --> 00:28:49,677
certainly going to continue

1287
00:28:49,677 --> 00:28:50,278
to use things

1288
00:28:50,278 --> 00:28:51,079
like drive tubes,

1289
00:28:51,079 --> 00:28:52,347
like the sample that we're

1290
00:28:52,347 --> 00:28:53,364
talking about today

1291
00:28:53,364 --> 00:28:54,416
from Apollo.

1292
00:28:54,416 --> 00:28:55,583
I mean, these are all

1293
00:28:55,583 --> 00:28:55,884
you know,

1294
00:28:55,884 --> 00:28:57,419
fundamental techniques

1295
00:28:57,419 --> 00:28:59,070
for how to collect samples.

1296
00:28:59,070 --> 00:29:00,388
I think what we'll see

1297
00:29:00,388 --> 00:29:01,139
is little,

1298
00:29:01,139 --> 00:29:02,307
little changes to it.

1299
00:29:02,307 --> 00:29:03,708
You know, the

1300
00:29:03,708 --> 00:29:06,361
the head that's the picks up.

1301
00:29:06,361 --> 00:29:07,562
The sample might articulate

1302
00:29:07,562 --> 00:29:08,480
slightly differently

1303
00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:09,831
or might not articulate.

1304
00:29:09,831 --> 00:29:10,582
If we found that

1305
00:29:10,582 --> 00:29:11,449
it was difficult

1306
00:29:11,449 --> 00:29:13,885
or it got kind of caught up and

1307
00:29:13,885 --> 00:29:15,470
gets dust in the gears

1308
00:29:15,470 --> 00:29:16,438
or anything like that.

1309
00:29:16,438 --> 00:29:18,623
So I think what you will see

1310
00:29:18,623 --> 00:29:20,091
is kind of a refinement

1311
00:29:20,091 --> 00:29:21,626
to the way we collect samples

1312
00:29:22,761 --> 00:29:24,062
until we get into some of

1313
00:29:24,062 --> 00:29:25,580
these really dark places.

1314
00:29:25,580 --> 00:29:27,949
Where we think we will find

1315
00:29:29,117 --> 00:29:30,718
larger amounts of water.

1316
00:29:30,718 --> 00:29:31,436
And really

1317
00:29:31,436 --> 00:29:32,370
we're going to have to learn

1318
00:29:32,370 --> 00:29:33,271
what that environment

1319
00:29:33,271 --> 00:29:34,189
is actually like.

1320
00:29:34,189 --> 00:29:35,757
How cold is it?

1321
00:29:35,757 --> 00:29:37,292
I mentioned earlier,

1322
00:29:37,292 --> 00:29:38,543
we don't actually know

1323
00:29:38,543 --> 00:29:40,495
what the makeup of the water

1324
00:29:40,495 --> 00:29:41,396
is inside there,

1325
00:29:41,396 --> 00:29:42,230
and there's probably

1326
00:29:42,230 --> 00:29:43,982
other volatiles mixed in some

1327
00:29:43,982 --> 00:29:44,399
that aren't

1328
00:29:44,399 --> 00:29:45,750
so good for us to

1329
00:29:45,750 --> 00:29:47,418
maybe have have around us

1330
00:29:47,418 --> 00:29:48,419
or be exposed to.

1331
00:29:48,419 --> 00:29:50,155
So we're going to have to learn

1332
00:29:50,155 --> 00:29:52,073
a lot about that environment

1333
00:29:52,073 --> 00:29:52,941
before we can

1334
00:29:52,941 --> 00:29:53,942
probably determine

1335
00:29:53,942 --> 00:29:54,626
exactly how

1336
00:29:54,626 --> 00:29:55,944
we want to collect those

1337
00:29:55,944 --> 00:29:57,529
kinds of samples.

1338
00:29:57,529 --> 00:29:58,196
We also are going

1339
00:29:58,196 --> 00:29:59,364
to have to learn

1340
00:29:59,364 --> 00:30:00,932
and this sample from Apollo

1341
00:30:00,932 --> 00:30:01,466
will help us

1342
00:30:01,466 --> 00:30:03,151
how to contain them.

1343
00:30:03,151 --> 00:30:03,952
But we also have to think

1344
00:30:03,952 --> 00:30:05,520
about how to transport them.

1345
00:30:05,520 --> 00:30:07,222
So if we want to get

1346
00:30:07,222 --> 00:30:08,423
a piece of ice

1347
00:30:08,423 --> 00:30:09,841
from the moon back here

1348
00:30:09,841 --> 00:30:10,909
to our colleagues

1349
00:30:10,909 --> 00:30:13,044
at the Johnson Space Center,

1350
00:30:13,044 --> 00:30:15,230
we have to have a whole system

1351
00:30:15,230 --> 00:30:16,998
that keeps it cold.

1352
00:30:16,998 --> 00:30:17,549
And it might be

1353
00:30:17,549 --> 00:30:18,299
that the first few

1354
00:30:18,299 --> 00:30:19,400
we try to bring back

1355
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:20,785
don't stay cold enough.

1356
00:30:20,785 --> 00:30:21,469
And just like

1357
00:30:21,469 --> 00:30:22,737
the sample we're talking about,

1358
00:30:22,737 --> 00:30:23,972
it may melt

1359
00:30:23,972 --> 00:30:25,824
or vaporize into gas.

1360
00:30:25,824 --> 00:30:26,691
And we would have

1361
00:30:26,691 --> 00:30:27,542
that gas trapped

1362
00:30:27,542 --> 00:30:29,477
inside the container

1363
00:30:29,477 --> 00:30:30,445
because of what we're learning

1364
00:30:30,445 --> 00:30:31,162
from Apollo.

1365
00:30:32,247 --> 00:30:33,748
But ultimately, we'd really

1366
00:30:33,748 --> 00:30:34,849
love to give the scientists

1367
00:30:34,849 --> 00:30:35,517
a piece of,

1368
00:30:35,517 --> 00:30:36,150
you know,

1369
00:30:36,150 --> 00:30:37,819
honest to goodness, lunar ice,

1370
00:30:37,819 --> 00:30:38,419
because that's

1371
00:30:38,419 --> 00:30:39,137
what they tell us

1372
00:30:39,137 --> 00:30:40,555
they really want to get to.

1373
00:30:40,555 --> 00:30:41,306
So we got to learn

1374
00:30:41,306 --> 00:30:41,940
how to do that.

1375
00:30:41,940 --> 00:30:42,891
This is a whole process.

1376
00:30:42,891 --> 00:30:44,576
This really is fundamental

1377
00:30:44,576 --> 00:30:45,410
exploration

1378
00:30:45,410 --> 00:30:46,311
in the truest sense.

1379
00:30:46,311 --> 00:30:47,178
We're going to a place

1380
00:30:47,178 --> 00:30:48,746
we've never been

1381
00:30:48,746 --> 00:30:50,215
and we're going to do things

1382
00:30:50,215 --> 00:30:51,566
we've never done before.

1383
00:30:51,566 --> 00:30:54,018
And so every bit of science

1384
00:30:54,018 --> 00:30:55,820
and technology demonstration

1385
00:30:55,820 --> 00:30:56,571
that we've done,

1386
00:30:56,571 --> 00:30:58,940
starting with Apollo until now,

1387
00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:00,141
is critical in understanding

1388
00:31:00,141 --> 00:31:00,625
how to do that.

1389
00:31:00,625 --> 00:31:01,976
I mean, we really

1390
00:31:01,976 --> 00:31:03,228
are standing on the shoulders

1391
00:31:03,228 --> 00:31:03,828
of giants

1392
00:31:03,828 --> 00:31:05,396
who started this process

1393
00:31:05,396 --> 00:31:05,847
for us,

1394
00:31:05,847 --> 00:31:06,481
and we're

1395
00:31:06,481 --> 00:31:07,232
just continuing

1396
00:31:07,232 --> 00:31:08,733
along that path.

1397
00:31:10,218 --> 00:31:11,035
So we have a question

1398
00:31:11,035 --> 00:31:12,954
from Holly Hughes on YouTube

1399
00:31:12,954 --> 00:31:14,072
who asks,

1400
00:31:14,072 --> 00:31:16,107
Why do we need to

1401
00:31:16,107 --> 00:31:17,542
bring a rain mock

1402
00:31:17,542 --> 00:31:19,077
moon rock to earth?

1403
00:31:19,077 --> 00:31:20,094
What exactly actually do you

1404
00:31:20,094 --> 00:31:20,995
hope to find

1405
00:31:25,316 --> 00:31:26,401
I mean, I can take a

1406
00:31:26,401 --> 00:31:27,902
first crack at that.

1407
00:31:27,902 --> 00:31:28,436
You know, we

1408
00:31:28,436 --> 00:31:30,138
we can also take instruments

1409
00:31:30,138 --> 00:31:31,139
to the moon.

1410
00:31:31,139 --> 00:31:32,540
So we've flown instruments

1411
00:31:32,540 --> 00:31:34,826
on spacecraft.

1412
00:31:34,826 --> 00:31:35,209
For instance,

1413
00:31:35,209 --> 00:31:36,227
the Lunar Reconnaissance

1414
00:31:36,227 --> 00:31:37,111
Orbiter

1415
00:31:37,111 --> 00:31:37,829
has collected

1416
00:31:37,829 --> 00:31:38,580
some of the images

1417
00:31:38,580 --> 00:31:39,948
that you've shown

1418
00:31:39,948 --> 00:31:42,600
while we were talking here,

1419
00:31:42,834 --> 00:31:43,551
other nations

1420
00:31:43,551 --> 00:31:44,519
have sent spacecraft

1421
00:31:44,519 --> 00:31:45,720
as well to collect data.

1422
00:31:45,720 --> 00:31:46,921
We can take those instruments

1423
00:31:46,921 --> 00:31:47,639
to the surface.

1424
00:31:47,639 --> 00:31:48,806
Apollo took instruments

1425
00:31:48,806 --> 00:31:50,308
as well to the surface.

1426
00:31:50,308 --> 00:31:50,842
The problem is

1427
00:31:50,842 --> 00:31:51,893
you can't take

1428
00:31:51,893 --> 00:31:53,478
like the really best

1429
00:31:53,478 --> 00:31:54,929
cutting edge type of thing.

1430
00:31:54,929 --> 00:31:56,281
The thing that really makes

1431
00:31:56,281 --> 00:31:58,232
the good detailed analysis,

1432
00:31:58,232 --> 00:31:58,800
the reason

1433
00:31:58,800 --> 00:31:59,934
we save these samples

1434
00:31:59,934 --> 00:32:02,253
until just now to open up

1435
00:32:02,253 --> 00:32:04,489
you know, some of these these

1436
00:32:04,489 --> 00:32:05,657
these measurements are

1437
00:32:05,657 --> 00:32:06,624
done by instruments

1438
00:32:06,624 --> 00:32:07,492
that are big.

1439
00:32:07,492 --> 00:32:09,444
They're sometimes,

1440
00:32:09,444 --> 00:32:10,645
you know, a whole room

1441
00:32:10,645 --> 00:32:11,062
is where

1442
00:32:11,062 --> 00:32:11,963
you put that instrument

1443
00:32:11,963 --> 00:32:13,131
just to make a measurement

1444
00:32:13,131 --> 00:32:13,615
of a tiny

1445
00:32:13,615 --> 00:32:15,533
little piece of lunar material.

1446
00:32:15,533 --> 00:32:17,418
And we can't take that,

1447
00:32:17,418 --> 00:32:19,137
at least not now.

1448
00:32:19,137 --> 00:32:20,538
So it's a combination.

1449
00:32:20,538 --> 00:32:21,439
It's not really one

1450
00:32:21,439 --> 00:32:22,140
or the other.

1451
00:32:22,140 --> 00:32:22,890
We're going to go to the

1452
00:32:22,890 --> 00:32:23,958
moon to make measurements,

1453
00:32:24,926 --> 00:32:26,878
we'll make observations,

1454
00:32:26,878 --> 00:32:27,962
and we'll collect material

1455
00:32:27,962 --> 00:32:28,913
to bring back to put

1456
00:32:28,913 --> 00:32:30,348
into those better instruments

1457
00:32:30,348 --> 00:32:30,832
here on Earth.

1458
00:32:30,832 --> 00:32:31,349
So we can

1459
00:32:31,349 --> 00:32:32,934
really dig down in there

1460
00:32:32,934 --> 00:32:33,267
and get

1461
00:32:33,267 --> 00:32:34,802
the real detailed information

1462
00:32:34,802 --> 00:32:36,537
that we want to look for

1463
00:32:38,823 --> 00:32:39,440
Well, Jake

1464
00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:39,958
Giuliano,

1465
00:32:39,958 --> 00:32:41,192
we've got more questions

1466
00:32:41,192 --> 00:32:43,494
for you later on in the show.

1467
00:32:43,494 --> 00:32:44,812
But first, let's hear

1468
00:32:44,812 --> 00:32:46,197
from a very special guest

1469
00:32:46,197 --> 00:32:47,598
who knows a thing or two

1470
00:32:47,598 --> 00:32:48,900
about how these samples

1471
00:32:48,900 --> 00:32:50,335
were collected

1472
00:32:50,335 --> 00:32:52,854
because he was there.

1473
00:32:52,854 --> 00:32:53,521
And

1474
00:32:54,889 --> 00:32:56,424
one of the most important tools

1475
00:32:56,424 --> 00:32:56,941
that we had

1476
00:32:56,941 --> 00:32:58,192
was this

1477
00:32:58,226 --> 00:33:00,294
car to double drive tube.

1478
00:33:00,628 --> 00:33:02,480
And you could drive these

1479
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:03,297
into the surface.

1480
00:33:03,297 --> 00:33:05,850
Now, it's still very difficult.

1481
00:33:05,850 --> 00:33:06,868
It was the best we had

1482
00:33:06,868 --> 00:33:08,553
and we got quite a number

1483
00:33:08,553 --> 00:33:09,537
of very good

1484
00:33:09,537 --> 00:33:10,338
cause

1485
00:33:10,338 --> 00:33:11,939
that are giving us

1486
00:33:11,939 --> 00:33:13,291
new information.

1487
00:33:13,291 --> 00:33:14,342
It was anticipated

1488
00:33:14,342 --> 00:33:16,561
early on in the Apollo program

1489
00:33:16,561 --> 00:33:19,230
that analytical technology

1490
00:33:19,230 --> 00:33:19,497
would

1491
00:33:19,497 --> 00:33:20,782
mature, would

1492
00:33:20,782 --> 00:33:22,517
become much more sophisticated

1493
00:33:22,517 --> 00:33:23,267
with time,

1494
00:33:23,267 --> 00:33:24,168
that we could gain

1495
00:33:24,168 --> 00:33:25,136
new information

1496
00:33:25,136 --> 00:33:26,337
from the same old samples.

1497
00:33:26,337 --> 00:33:27,505
And it makes it

1498
00:33:27,505 --> 00:33:28,623
very, very exciting

1499
00:33:28,623 --> 00:33:29,107
for everybody.

1500
00:33:29,107 --> 00:33:30,892
In fact, Apollo never ended.

1501
00:33:30,892 --> 00:33:31,826
Four lunar scientists

1502
00:33:35,613 --> 00:33:36,147
I'm now

1503
00:33:36,147 --> 00:33:37,915
joined by Andrea Mosey,

1504
00:33:37,915 --> 00:33:39,567
Apollo processor,

1505
00:33:39,567 --> 00:33:40,952
who has worked in the Moon

1506
00:33:40,952 --> 00:33:43,755
sample lab for 46 years

1507
00:33:44,222 --> 00:33:45,423
Andre is part of the team

1508
00:33:45,423 --> 00:33:46,407
responsible for this

1509
00:33:46,407 --> 00:33:48,443
historic sample opening.

1510
00:33:48,443 --> 00:33:49,110
Thank you so much

1511
00:33:49,110 --> 00:33:51,446
for being with us here today.

1512
00:33:52,113 --> 00:33:53,398
Thanks for inviting me.

1513
00:33:53,398 --> 00:33:55,316
It's my pleasure.

1514
00:33:55,917 --> 00:33:56,567
So, Andre,

1515
00:33:56,567 --> 00:33:58,102
you are in the room where

1516
00:33:58,102 --> 00:33:59,070
it happened.

1517
00:33:59,070 --> 00:33:59,787
Can you tell us what

1518
00:33:59,787 --> 00:34:00,988
that was like?

1519
00:34:02,390 --> 00:34:04,409
It was very exciting.

1520
00:34:04,409 --> 00:34:05,843
The entire process

1521
00:34:05,843 --> 00:34:07,045
of removing the sample

1522
00:34:07,045 --> 00:34:09,080
from the core cabinet,

1523
00:34:09,947 --> 00:34:11,249
assisting with the gas

1524
00:34:11,249 --> 00:34:13,101
analysis team.

1525
00:34:13,101 --> 00:34:14,185
Then move the sample

1526
00:34:14,185 --> 00:34:15,169
over in the port

1527
00:34:15,169 --> 00:34:17,004
cabinets will open it up.

1528
00:34:17,004 --> 00:34:19,524
And the extrusion.

1529
00:34:19,557 --> 00:34:20,992
It was historical.

1530
00:34:20,992 --> 00:34:22,727
It was very exciting.

1531
00:34:22,727 --> 00:34:24,779
This is the first time

1532
00:34:24,779 --> 00:34:25,680
that anyone got

1533
00:34:25,680 --> 00:34:27,298
to see the sample,

1534
00:34:27,298 --> 00:34:29,417
and we were the first ones

1535
00:34:29,417 --> 00:34:31,018
to lay eyes on it.

1536
00:34:31,018 --> 00:34:32,453
Yes, that was amazing.

1537
00:34:34,188 --> 00:34:35,723
And you've seen many lunar

1538
00:34:35,723 --> 00:34:37,442
samples opened.

1539
00:34:37,442 --> 00:34:38,192
How was this

1540
00:34:38,192 --> 00:34:41,362
one different for you?

1541
00:34:41,879 --> 00:34:43,381
The samples we process

1542
00:34:43,381 --> 00:34:44,515
daily were returned

1543
00:34:44,515 --> 00:34:45,917
by the astronauts

1544
00:34:45,917 --> 00:34:48,035
and rock boxes and bags.

1545
00:34:48,386 --> 00:34:50,071
Those samples

1546
00:34:50,071 --> 00:34:51,923
were then weighed,

1547
00:34:51,923 --> 00:34:53,274
packaged, bagged

1548
00:34:53,274 --> 00:34:54,809
and stored in our pristine

1549
00:34:54,809 --> 00:34:56,477
sample vault.

1550
00:34:56,928 --> 00:34:57,862
They remained there

1551
00:34:57,862 --> 00:34:59,280
until scientists,

1552
00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:00,898
researchers request them

1553
00:35:00,898 --> 00:35:02,633
for allocations.

1554
00:35:02,633 --> 00:35:03,267
The samples

1555
00:35:03,267 --> 00:35:04,502
that we're opening now,

1556
00:35:04,502 --> 00:35:05,837
the core samples

1557
00:35:05,837 --> 00:35:07,939
have never been open.

1558
00:35:07,939 --> 00:35:09,707
Never seen.

1559
00:35:09,707 --> 00:35:11,659
Never research by anyone.

1560
00:35:11,659 --> 00:35:13,795
So for them to be open now

1561
00:35:13,795 --> 00:35:14,846
and we were the first

1562
00:35:14,846 --> 00:35:16,280
to open the container

1563
00:35:16,280 --> 00:35:16,998
and the first

1564
00:35:16,998 --> 00:35:18,199
to see the samples,

1565
00:35:18,199 --> 00:35:20,067
that was awesome.

1566
00:35:21,202 --> 00:35:22,887
That is so exciting.

1567
00:35:22,887 --> 00:35:23,271
Andrea,

1568
00:35:23,271 --> 00:35:24,088
thank you so much

1569
00:35:24,088 --> 00:35:25,106
for being with us.

1570
00:35:25,106 --> 00:35:26,757
And huge congratulations

1571
00:35:26,757 --> 00:35:27,959
on a successful lunar

1572
00:35:27,959 --> 00:35:29,160
sample opening.

1573
00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:29,911
Best of luck over

1574
00:35:29,911 --> 00:35:31,345
the coming months.

1575
00:35:31,579 --> 00:35:32,580
Thank you so much.

1576
00:35:34,315 --> 00:35:35,516
Now don't go anywhere.

1577
00:35:35,516 --> 00:35:36,567
We'll be back to answer

1578
00:35:36,567 --> 00:35:38,102
more of your questions.

1579
00:35:38,102 --> 00:35:39,804
But first, let's take a look at

1580
00:35:39,804 --> 00:35:41,155
what the lunar sample

1581
00:35:41,155 --> 00:35:43,307
lab is really like

1582
00:35:46,260 --> 00:35:47,929
For over 50 years,

1583
00:35:47,929 --> 00:35:49,163
NASA astronauts

1584
00:35:49,163 --> 00:35:50,515
and scientists have explored

1585
00:35:50,515 --> 00:35:51,482
the universe

1586
00:35:51,482 --> 00:35:52,950
searching for ways to study

1587
00:35:52,950 --> 00:35:54,619
the elements and materials

1588
00:35:54,619 --> 00:35:57,738
that make up the solar system.

1589
00:35:57,738 --> 00:35:59,357
In NASA's early days,

1590
00:35:59,357 --> 00:36:00,558
the Apollo astronauts

1591
00:36:00,558 --> 00:36:01,859
walked the lunar surface

1592
00:36:01,859 --> 00:36:03,511
to collect moon rocks and soil

1593
00:36:03,511 --> 00:36:05,963
for study back on Earth.

1594
00:36:05,963 --> 00:36:06,898
In all,

1595
00:36:06,898 --> 00:36:07,882
Apollo Explorers

1596
00:36:07,882 --> 00:36:11,519
sampled £842 of lunar material.

1597
00:36:12,720 --> 00:36:13,471
Today,

1598
00:36:13,471 --> 00:36:14,755
those precious samples

1599
00:36:14,755 --> 00:36:16,407
are curated within NASA's

1600
00:36:16,407 --> 00:36:17,959
Astromaterials Research

1601
00:36:17,959 --> 00:36:18,893
and Exploration

1602
00:36:18,893 --> 00:36:21,295
Science Division, or Eris.

1603
00:36:22,413 --> 00:36:23,814
Many of those lunar samples

1604
00:36:23,814 --> 00:36:25,166
are stored in their lunar

1605
00:36:25,166 --> 00:36:26,184
sample laboratory

1606
00:36:26,184 --> 00:36:27,451
facility at NASA's

1607
00:36:27,451 --> 00:36:28,803
Johnson Space Center

1608
00:36:28,803 --> 00:36:30,771
in Houston, Texas.

1609
00:36:30,771 --> 00:36:31,789
NASA's curators

1610
00:36:31,789 --> 00:36:32,640
worked to preserve

1611
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:33,241
the samples

1612
00:36:33,241 --> 00:36:34,075
for ongoing

1613
00:36:34,075 --> 00:36:36,527
and future scientific research.

1614
00:36:36,527 --> 00:36:37,828
The samples are protected

1615
00:36:37,828 --> 00:36:38,579
and secure

1616
00:36:38,579 --> 00:36:39,597
and environmentally

1617
00:36:39,597 --> 00:36:41,515
controlled vaults.

1618
00:36:41,515 --> 00:36:42,233
Each sample

1619
00:36:42,233 --> 00:36:43,517
is sorted by mission

1620
00:36:43,517 --> 00:36:45,720
and stored in Teflon based bags

1621
00:36:45,836 --> 00:36:46,938
that are kept in cabinets

1622
00:36:46,938 --> 00:36:49,257
filled with nitrogen gas.

1623
00:36:49,257 --> 00:36:50,424
To this day,

1624
00:36:50,424 --> 00:36:50,992
scientists

1625
00:36:50,992 --> 00:36:52,009
from around the world

1626
00:36:52,009 --> 00:36:53,361
study and analyze

1627
00:36:53,361 --> 00:36:53,928
the samples

1628
00:36:53,928 --> 00:36:55,529
to answer important questions

1629
00:36:55,529 --> 00:36:56,247
about the moon's

1630
00:36:56,247 --> 00:36:58,583
formation and history

1631
00:36:58,583 --> 00:37:00,268
to preserve their integrity.

1632
00:37:00,268 --> 00:37:02,069
NASA's curators follow strict

1633
00:37:02,069 --> 00:37:03,871
safety and handling processes

1634
00:37:03,871 --> 00:37:05,990
when working with samples.

1635
00:37:05,990 --> 00:37:06,807
It begins

1636
00:37:06,807 --> 00:37:08,009
with a laminar airflow

1637
00:37:08,009 --> 00:37:08,709
change room.

1638
00:37:08,709 --> 00:37:11,312
In this minute, long air shower

1639
00:37:11,512 --> 00:37:13,047
keeps the labs where they work

1640
00:37:13,047 --> 00:37:15,216
pristinely clean air.

1641
00:37:15,216 --> 00:37:16,817
Scientists must also wear

1642
00:37:16,817 --> 00:37:18,002
special gear,

1643
00:37:18,002 --> 00:37:19,487
including a whole body

1644
00:37:19,487 --> 00:37:20,755
non particle shedding

1645
00:37:20,755 --> 00:37:22,406
polyester bunny suit

1646
00:37:22,406 --> 00:37:24,742
and triple layered gloves.

1647
00:37:24,742 --> 00:37:26,394
They also use custom tools

1648
00:37:26,394 --> 00:37:28,462
to protect the samples.

1649
00:37:28,462 --> 00:37:28,980
Moon rocks

1650
00:37:28,980 --> 00:37:30,932
may only be touched with Teflon

1651
00:37:30,932 --> 00:37:31,682
aluminum

1652
00:37:31,682 --> 00:37:33,451
or stainless steel tools

1653
00:37:33,451 --> 00:37:34,518
and the dry nitrogen

1654
00:37:34,518 --> 00:37:36,771
atmosphere around them.

1655
00:37:36,771 --> 00:37:37,972
This allows curators

1656
00:37:37,972 --> 00:37:39,657
to carefully examine samples

1657
00:37:39,657 --> 00:37:40,341
while maintaining

1658
00:37:40,341 --> 00:37:42,410
their original condition.

1659
00:37:42,410 --> 00:37:43,911
This process ensures

1660
00:37:43,911 --> 00:37:44,629
the samples are

1661
00:37:44,629 --> 00:37:46,998
not contaminated or destroyed

1662
00:37:46,998 --> 00:37:47,748
and can be used

1663
00:37:47,748 --> 00:37:49,367
to produce scientifically

1664
00:37:49,367 --> 00:37:50,401
accurate results.

1665
00:37:51,552 --> 00:37:53,120
Technologically Van fanciness,

1666
00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:54,655
including next generation

1667
00:37:54,655 --> 00:37:56,641
microscopes and other devices,

1668
00:37:56,641 --> 00:37:57,742
allow researchers

1669
00:37:57,742 --> 00:37:58,859
to examine the samples

1670
00:37:58,859 --> 00:38:00,177
through new methods,

1671
00:38:00,177 --> 00:38:00,711
resulting in

1672
00:38:00,711 --> 00:38:01,879
important discoveries

1673
00:38:01,879 --> 00:38:02,630
that answers

1674
00:38:02,630 --> 00:38:05,883
some of our oldest questions

1675
00:38:06,651 --> 00:38:07,852
We have a lot of questions

1676
00:38:07,852 --> 00:38:09,170
coming in online.

1677
00:38:09,170 --> 00:38:09,954
If you have questions

1678
00:38:09,954 --> 00:38:10,638
for our experts,

1679
00:38:10,638 --> 00:38:11,155
send them in

1680
00:38:11,155 --> 00:38:12,323
by commenting in the stream

1681
00:38:12,323 --> 00:38:13,307
wherever you're watching

1682
00:38:13,307 --> 00:38:14,692
or by using the hashtag,

1683
00:38:14,692 --> 00:38:16,827
ask NASA on social media.

1684
00:38:17,395 --> 00:38:19,046
So let's dig in.

1685
00:38:19,046 --> 00:38:19,981
Based boy

1686
00:38:19,981 --> 00:38:22,016
logos on YouTube asks,

1687
00:38:22,016 --> 00:38:23,067
Are there plans to bring up

1688
00:38:23,067 --> 00:38:23,634
bring back

1689
00:38:23,634 --> 00:38:25,169
more lunar samples

1690
00:38:25,169 --> 00:38:26,087
with the Starship

1691
00:38:26,087 --> 00:38:26,787
Human Landing

1692
00:38:26,787 --> 00:38:30,391
System or optimize programs

1693
00:38:30,658 --> 00:38:32,276
Well, the Artemis program

1694
00:38:32,276 --> 00:38:33,210
absolutely has

1695
00:38:33,210 --> 00:38:34,278
objectives associated

1696
00:38:34,278 --> 00:38:35,730
with bringing back samples.

1697
00:38:35,730 --> 00:38:37,882
And the way that we're doing

1698
00:38:37,882 --> 00:38:38,516
the missions

1699
00:38:38,516 --> 00:38:39,383
now is working

1700
00:38:39,383 --> 00:38:40,801
with our commercial partners

1701
00:38:40,801 --> 00:38:41,702
to build many of

1702
00:38:41,702 --> 00:38:42,687
the key elements.

1703
00:38:43,938 --> 00:38:45,022
So the

1704
00:38:45,022 --> 00:38:45,773
the SpaceX

1705
00:38:45,773 --> 00:38:46,257
Starship

1706
00:38:46,257 --> 00:38:47,308
that was referred to in

1707
00:38:47,308 --> 00:38:47,875
the question

1708
00:38:47,875 --> 00:38:49,193
is one of the parts

1709
00:38:49,193 --> 00:38:50,811
of the pathway

1710
00:38:50,811 --> 00:38:51,295
that's going to

1711
00:38:51,295 --> 00:38:52,413
get us to the surface

1712
00:38:52,413 --> 00:38:54,031
for Artemus three.

1713
00:38:54,031 --> 00:38:55,433
So it's going to be able

1714
00:38:55,433 --> 00:38:56,967
to transport our astronauts

1715
00:38:56,967 --> 00:38:58,803
from a lunar orbit

1716
00:38:58,803 --> 00:38:59,670
where our space

1717
00:38:59,670 --> 00:39:00,388
launch system

1718
00:39:00,388 --> 00:39:01,589
and Orion spacecraft

1719
00:39:01,589 --> 00:39:02,840
will deliver the astronauts.

1720
00:39:02,840 --> 00:39:03,324
So they'll go

1721
00:39:03,324 --> 00:39:04,225
into a lunar orbit

1722
00:39:04,225 --> 00:39:06,293
and then they'll get on board

1723
00:39:06,293 --> 00:39:07,878
with the Space X Lander

1724
00:39:07,878 --> 00:39:08,279
and then

1725
00:39:08,279 --> 00:39:09,980
they'll go to the surface

1726
00:39:09,980 --> 00:39:10,765
they'll do their work

1727
00:39:10,765 --> 00:39:11,699
and then that will bring them

1728
00:39:11,699 --> 00:39:13,250
back up to a lunar orbit.

1729
00:39:13,250 --> 00:39:14,819
So it's a critical piece

1730
00:39:14,819 --> 00:39:15,653
of the pathway.

1731
00:39:15,653 --> 00:39:16,787
And I mentioned earlier

1732
00:39:16,787 --> 00:39:17,988
how we have

1733
00:39:17,988 --> 00:39:18,622
these samples

1734
00:39:18,622 --> 00:39:19,306
are going to go through

1735
00:39:19,306 --> 00:39:20,207
a pathway

1736
00:39:20,207 --> 00:39:21,542
to get them back here to Earth.

1737
00:39:21,542 --> 00:39:22,610
And so each part of that

1738
00:39:22,610 --> 00:39:24,328
pathway is critical.

1739
00:39:24,328 --> 00:39:26,097
So and every part of it is

1740
00:39:26,097 --> 00:39:26,847
is working

1741
00:39:26,847 --> 00:39:27,982
with a different partner

1742
00:39:27,982 --> 00:39:28,282
out there

1743
00:39:28,282 --> 00:39:30,051
in our commercial community.

1744
00:39:30,051 --> 00:39:30,901
So really,

1745
00:39:30,901 --> 00:39:31,702
it's an exciting time

1746
00:39:31,702 --> 00:39:32,570
to be thinking

1747
00:39:32,570 --> 00:39:33,137
about

1748
00:39:33,137 --> 00:39:34,138
sending our astronauts

1749
00:39:34,138 --> 00:39:35,373
there, bringing them home

1750
00:39:35,373 --> 00:39:36,924
with rocks from the moon.

1751
00:39:36,924 --> 00:39:37,308
I mean, it's

1752
00:39:37,308 --> 00:39:37,908
just it's

1753
00:39:37,908 --> 00:39:38,993
a really cool process.

1754
00:39:38,993 --> 00:39:40,111
And we're really

1755
00:39:40,111 --> 00:39:40,578
looking forward

1756
00:39:40,578 --> 00:39:41,462
to all the collaboration

1757
00:39:41,462 --> 00:39:42,263
we have with so many

1758
00:39:42,263 --> 00:39:43,047
different partners

1759
00:39:45,199 --> 00:39:46,534
every year on Twitter.

1760
00:39:46,534 --> 00:39:47,184
Ask,

1761
00:39:47,184 --> 00:39:48,419
Why were the samples

1762
00:39:48,419 --> 00:39:51,639
sealed for 50 years?

1763
00:39:51,639 --> 00:39:51,922
Okay.

1764
00:39:51,922 --> 00:39:53,874
So the samples were sealed

1765
00:39:53,874 --> 00:39:54,542
because NASA

1766
00:39:54,542 --> 00:39:55,860
had the good foresight

1767
00:39:55,860 --> 00:39:57,812
then knew that

1768
00:39:57,812 --> 00:39:58,429
technology

1769
00:39:58,429 --> 00:39:59,930
will evolve with time.

1770
00:39:59,930 --> 00:40:03,918
They knew that we will come up

1771
00:40:03,918 --> 00:40:04,769
with more questions

1772
00:40:04,769 --> 00:40:05,719
that we didn't even know

1773
00:40:05,719 --> 00:40:06,654
how to ask

1774
00:40:06,654 --> 00:40:08,606
or why to ask in the past.

1775
00:40:08,606 --> 00:40:09,557
And so the more we learn

1776
00:40:09,557 --> 00:40:10,191
about the moon

1777
00:40:10,191 --> 00:40:11,659
and the moon, earth formation

1778
00:40:11,659 --> 00:40:12,777
since to have a

1779
00:40:12,777 --> 00:40:14,695
shared formation history

1780
00:40:14,695 --> 00:40:16,530
the more questions we can ask

1781
00:40:16,530 --> 00:40:17,598
and the more technology

1782
00:40:17,598 --> 00:40:19,266
gets evolved, the

1783
00:40:19,266 --> 00:40:20,901
the more detailed of questions

1784
00:40:20,901 --> 00:40:22,470
we can ask to really

1785
00:40:22,470 --> 00:40:23,671
extract the information

1786
00:40:23,671 --> 00:40:24,288
that are stored

1787
00:40:24,288 --> 00:40:26,006
in these in these samples.

1788
00:40:26,006 --> 00:40:28,109
NASA knew that 50 years ago.

1789
00:40:28,109 --> 00:40:28,826
And so that's why

1790
00:40:28,826 --> 00:40:30,961
they kept a subset of samples

1791
00:40:31,429 --> 00:40:33,197
sealed and safe

1792
00:40:33,197 --> 00:40:33,898
so that

1793
00:40:33,898 --> 00:40:34,982
future generations

1794
00:40:34,982 --> 00:40:36,050
of lunar scientists

1795
00:40:36,050 --> 00:40:37,218
get a chance to like

1796
00:40:37,218 --> 00:40:38,519
look at samples

1797
00:40:38,519 --> 00:40:39,687
that haven't been opened before

1798
00:40:39,687 --> 00:40:40,521
and haven't been

1799
00:40:40,521 --> 00:40:43,157
contaminated to any degree.

1800
00:40:43,157 --> 00:40:44,942
And so that was really great.

1801
00:40:44,942 --> 00:40:46,026
And yeah.

1802
00:40:47,928 --> 00:40:49,613
Also on Twitter asked,

1803
00:40:49,613 --> 00:40:50,064
what is it

1804
00:40:50,064 --> 00:40:53,667
like to touch a moon rock

1805
00:40:54,001 --> 00:40:57,238
That's a really great question.

1806
00:40:57,354 --> 00:40:58,772
So we don't really touch

1807
00:40:58,772 --> 00:40:59,690
the moon rocks

1808
00:40:59,690 --> 00:41:00,841
when we work with them

1809
00:41:00,841 --> 00:41:01,826
because we're our

1810
00:41:01,826 --> 00:41:03,260
hands are gloved

1811
00:41:03,260 --> 00:41:04,261
So in the movies,

1812
00:41:04,261 --> 00:41:04,762
you have seen

1813
00:41:04,762 --> 00:41:06,030
that we're wearing these bunny

1814
00:41:06,030 --> 00:41:07,164
suits, right?

1815
00:41:07,164 --> 00:41:08,632
And then we have gloves on

1816
00:41:08,632 --> 00:41:09,500
and then you work

1817
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:10,768
with the samples inside

1818
00:41:10,768 --> 00:41:11,368
a glove box.

1819
00:41:11,368 --> 00:41:12,720
So you're sticking your hand

1820
00:41:12,720 --> 00:41:14,221
inside these these

1821
00:41:14,221 --> 00:41:15,389
these big black gloves

1822
00:41:15,389 --> 00:41:15,890
that you see here

1823
00:41:15,890 --> 00:41:17,691
in the movie right now.

1824
00:41:17,992 --> 00:41:20,060
And so when you handle these

1825
00:41:20,060 --> 00:41:22,163
these samples,

1826
00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:24,648
you can really feel them.

1827
00:41:24,648 --> 00:41:25,049
You can.

1828
00:41:25,049 --> 00:41:25,533
You can.

1829
00:41:25,533 --> 00:41:26,300
And the samples

1830
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:27,418
are back themselves,

1831
00:41:27,418 --> 00:41:28,802
you know, in Teflon themselves.

1832
00:41:28,802 --> 00:41:29,603
And so you can maybe

1833
00:41:29,603 --> 00:41:30,287
feel the weight

1834
00:41:30,287 --> 00:41:31,789
and how heavy it is.

1835
00:41:31,789 --> 00:41:32,806
But you can't

1836
00:41:33,090 --> 00:41:33,807
really touch them

1837
00:41:33,807 --> 00:41:34,708
with your bare hands

1838
00:41:34,708 --> 00:41:35,793
because we don't want to

1839
00:41:35,793 --> 00:41:36,961
contaminate the samples.

1840
00:41:36,961 --> 00:41:38,612
Our our hands are dirty

1841
00:41:38,612 --> 00:41:39,180
no matter how

1842
00:41:39,180 --> 00:41:40,531
well you wash them.

1843
00:41:40,531 --> 00:41:42,116
There are always particles

1844
00:41:42,116 --> 00:41:43,851
and organics on it.

1845
00:41:43,851 --> 00:41:44,718
And so we don't want to

1846
00:41:44,718 --> 00:41:45,920
contaminate the samples

1847
00:41:45,920 --> 00:41:46,670
with any of that

1848
00:41:46,670 --> 00:41:47,972
because researchers

1849
00:41:47,972 --> 00:41:48,572
might actually

1850
00:41:48,572 --> 00:41:50,191
look at potential,

1851
00:41:50,191 --> 00:41:50,875
you know, organic

1852
00:41:50,875 --> 00:41:52,109
building blocks

1853
00:41:52,109 --> 00:41:53,277
that might have been existed

1854
00:41:53,277 --> 00:41:54,245
on the lunar surface.

1855
00:41:54,245 --> 00:41:56,547
And so we really try very hard

1856
00:41:56,547 --> 00:41:56,897
to keep

1857
00:41:56,897 --> 00:41:57,865
the sample

1858
00:41:57,865 --> 00:41:59,450
as protected

1859
00:41:59,450 --> 00:42:01,051
from us as possible.

1860
00:42:01,051 --> 00:42:01,952
And that's

1861
00:42:01,952 --> 00:42:03,954
why nobody, you know,

1862
00:42:03,954 --> 00:42:04,522
grab them

1863
00:42:04,522 --> 00:42:05,556
and take them out of the cabin

1864
00:42:05,556 --> 00:42:06,323
and holds in their hand.

1865
00:42:06,323 --> 00:42:07,591
That's just not what we do.

1866
00:42:09,777 --> 00:42:11,428
Jordan on Twitter asked

1867
00:42:11,428 --> 00:42:12,863
How many lunar samples does

1868
00:42:12,863 --> 00:42:14,098
NASA hope to collect

1869
00:42:14,098 --> 00:42:16,667
with the ultimate missions?

1870
00:42:17,301 --> 00:42:19,136
Well, we think about it

1871
00:42:19,136 --> 00:42:20,271
more in a sense

1872
00:42:20,271 --> 00:42:21,722
of how much mass

1873
00:42:21,722 --> 00:42:22,740
we can bring back,

1874
00:42:22,740 --> 00:42:23,657
because you have to remember,

1875
00:42:23,657 --> 00:42:24,808
we're launching

1876
00:42:24,808 --> 00:42:26,310
off of the surface of the moon

1877
00:42:26,310 --> 00:42:27,561
with rockets.

1878
00:42:27,561 --> 00:42:29,597
And depending on how that

1879
00:42:29,597 --> 00:42:31,282
that vehicle's designed

1880
00:42:31,282 --> 00:42:32,132
it can carry a certain

1881
00:42:32,132 --> 00:42:33,050
amount of mass.

1882
00:42:33,050 --> 00:42:33,717
And in fact,

1883
00:42:33,717 --> 00:42:34,201
that's why

1884
00:42:34,201 --> 00:42:35,719
we are trying to work

1885
00:42:35,719 --> 00:42:36,353
with multiple

1886
00:42:36,353 --> 00:42:37,738
different partners,

1887
00:42:37,738 --> 00:42:38,389
because we want to see

1888
00:42:38,389 --> 00:42:40,157
what kind of creative solutions

1889
00:42:40,157 --> 00:42:41,458
they have to

1890
00:42:41,458 --> 00:42:42,776
launching, launching

1891
00:42:42,776 --> 00:42:44,211
mass off the surface.

1892
00:42:44,211 --> 00:42:45,663
So the goal, I wouldn't

1893
00:42:45,663 --> 00:42:46,981
say is so much to bring back

1894
00:42:46,981 --> 00:42:48,299
a certain number of rocks

1895
00:42:48,299 --> 00:42:50,100
or a certain number of samples.

1896
00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:50,851
It's basically

1897
00:42:50,851 --> 00:42:51,468
to continue

1898
00:42:51,468 --> 00:42:53,671
to increase our capability,

1899
00:42:53,671 --> 00:42:55,406
this exploration path

1900
00:42:55,406 --> 00:42:57,308
that we're on, where

1901
00:42:57,308 --> 00:42:58,042
we're trying to head

1902
00:42:58,042 --> 00:42:58,709
in the direction,

1903
00:42:58,709 --> 00:43:00,294
where going to the moon is a

1904
00:43:00,294 --> 00:43:02,029
is a routine event.

1905
00:43:03,113 --> 00:43:04,281
It'll start out with us

1906
00:43:04,281 --> 00:43:05,482
going for short

1907
00:43:05,482 --> 00:43:06,233
periods of time,

1908
00:43:06,233 --> 00:43:08,452
maybe a week at a time,

1909
00:43:08,452 --> 00:43:09,837
maybe once a year or so,

1910
00:43:09,837 --> 00:43:10,671
but eventually

1911
00:43:10,671 --> 00:43:11,672
what we'd like to do

1912
00:43:11,672 --> 00:43:12,022
is spend

1913
00:43:12,022 --> 00:43:13,190
longer periods of time

1914
00:43:13,190 --> 00:43:14,208
on the surface of the moon,

1915
00:43:14,208 --> 00:43:15,926
cover more area

1916
00:43:15,926 --> 00:43:17,211
and start to bring back

1917
00:43:17,211 --> 00:43:18,362
really good samples

1918
00:43:18,362 --> 00:43:20,664
from diverse parts of the moon.

1919
00:43:20,664 --> 00:43:21,348
That's that's

1920
00:43:21,348 --> 00:43:22,700
kind of the key here.

1921
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:23,751
So we think about it

1922
00:43:23,751 --> 00:43:24,835
more in a sense

1923
00:43:24,835 --> 00:43:26,036
of how much mass

1924
00:43:26,036 --> 00:43:27,021
we can bring back.

1925
00:43:27,021 --> 00:43:28,022
And really, it

1926
00:43:28,022 --> 00:43:28,889
then comes down

1927
00:43:28,889 --> 00:43:29,907
to the astronauts

1928
00:43:29,907 --> 00:43:30,958
and the science teams

1929
00:43:30,958 --> 00:43:32,343
that are working with them

1930
00:43:32,343 --> 00:43:32,910
to decide

1931
00:43:32,910 --> 00:43:34,411
how to kind of divvy that up.

1932
00:43:34,411 --> 00:43:34,812
You know,

1933
00:43:34,812 --> 00:43:35,462
are they

1934
00:43:35,462 --> 00:43:36,797
going on a certain mission

1935
00:43:36,797 --> 00:43:37,531
because they're going to

1936
00:43:37,531 --> 00:43:37,798
be able

1937
00:43:37,798 --> 00:43:39,033
to drive a long distance

1938
00:43:39,033 --> 00:43:40,501
and they want to get

1939
00:43:40,501 --> 00:43:42,836
like many small rocks

1940
00:43:42,836 --> 00:43:44,488
from very different places.

1941
00:43:44,488 --> 00:43:45,205
Or if

1942
00:43:45,205 --> 00:43:46,290
they're working in a place

1943
00:43:46,290 --> 00:43:46,890
we want to get

1944
00:43:46,890 --> 00:43:48,442
to the volatiles,

1945
00:43:48,442 --> 00:43:50,461
it might only be a few samples,

1946
00:43:50,461 --> 00:43:51,962
but because we have to do

1947
00:43:51,962 --> 00:43:54,114
a really detailed, focused

1948
00:43:54,114 --> 00:43:55,015
job to be able

1949
00:43:55,015 --> 00:43:55,833
to get that back

1950
00:43:55,833 --> 00:43:56,550
and preserve it.

1951
00:43:56,550 --> 00:43:57,835
So that's

1952
00:43:57,835 --> 00:43:58,102
you know,

1953
00:43:58,102 --> 00:43:59,069
that's a great question.

1954
00:43:59,069 --> 00:44:00,054
I totally understand

1955
00:44:00,054 --> 00:44:00,954
the question

1956
00:44:00,954 --> 00:44:02,272
and I'm not trying to avoid it.

1957
00:44:02,272 --> 00:44:03,023
But that's kind of

1958
00:44:03,023 --> 00:44:04,291
how we think about it is

1959
00:44:04,291 --> 00:44:05,392
is we think of more about

1960
00:44:05,392 --> 00:44:06,710
the mass we bring back

1961
00:44:08,012 --> 00:44:08,996
and then how best to

1962
00:44:08,996 --> 00:44:10,681
use that mass to address

1963
00:44:10,681 --> 00:44:11,432
the questions,

1964
00:44:11,432 --> 00:44:12,716
the objectives that we have on

1965
00:44:12,716 --> 00:44:14,268
any given mission.

1966
00:44:14,535 --> 00:44:14,852
Yeah,

1967
00:44:14,852 --> 00:44:15,619
all the samples

1968
00:44:15,619 --> 00:44:16,670
are also very different.

1969
00:44:16,670 --> 00:44:17,821
So if you think about it,

1970
00:44:17,821 --> 00:44:18,439
you know,

1971
00:44:18,439 --> 00:44:19,790
the astronauts can pick up

1972
00:44:19,790 --> 00:44:21,709
like big chunks of rocks

1973
00:44:21,709 --> 00:44:23,761
or they can take core samples

1974
00:44:24,211 --> 00:44:25,229
just like we talked about.

1975
00:44:25,229 --> 00:44:26,013
You know, today

1976
00:44:26,013 --> 00:44:27,348
here it can take

1977
00:44:27,348 --> 00:44:28,532
like the just

1978
00:44:28,532 --> 00:44:30,084
scrapes of the surface.

1979
00:44:30,084 --> 00:44:31,769
And so it really is driven by

1980
00:44:31,769 --> 00:44:33,320
what kind of science question

1981
00:44:33,320 --> 00:44:34,805
you want us to want to answer.

1982
00:44:34,805 --> 00:44:36,957
And that will also drive

1983
00:44:36,957 --> 00:44:39,243
what type of samples to collect

1984
00:44:39,243 --> 00:44:40,644
and then and then, as Jake

1985
00:44:40,644 --> 00:44:42,596
explained, how much mass

1986
00:44:42,596 --> 00:44:43,831
you want for those samples.

1987
00:44:43,831 --> 00:44:44,581
And so

1988
00:44:44,581 --> 00:44:44,965
there's there's

1989
00:44:44,965 --> 00:44:45,716
a lot of discussion

1990
00:44:45,716 --> 00:44:46,367
going on between

1991
00:44:46,367 --> 00:44:47,418
all of the different groups

1992
00:44:47,418 --> 00:44:48,769
and scientists and engineers

1993
00:44:49,770 --> 00:44:50,304
Yeah,

1994
00:44:51,805 --> 00:44:53,340
hopefully we'll bring that.

1995
00:44:54,058 --> 00:44:54,892
Yes.

1996
00:44:55,492 --> 00:44:56,093
I think we all agree.

1997
00:44:56,093 --> 00:44:57,711
Have a question about

1998
00:44:59,630 --> 00:45:01,098
a dash on Twitter

1999
00:45:01,098 --> 00:45:01,682
asks,

2000
00:45:01,682 --> 00:45:03,417
doesn't the oxygen and nitrogen

2001
00:45:03,417 --> 00:45:04,518
in our atmosphere

2002
00:45:04,518 --> 00:45:06,086
react with the samples

2003
00:45:06,086 --> 00:45:06,987
when they're opened

2004
00:45:06,987 --> 00:45:10,107
from the vacuum container?

2005
00:45:10,107 --> 00:45:11,508
That's a very good question.

2006
00:45:11,508 --> 00:45:13,577
And the answer is yes.

2007
00:45:13,594 --> 00:45:14,478
If we would take

2008
00:45:14,478 --> 00:45:15,863
the vacuum container

2009
00:45:15,863 --> 00:45:18,115
and just pop the lid open here,

2010
00:45:18,115 --> 00:45:19,433
it would totally

2011
00:45:19,433 --> 00:45:20,818
interact and react.

2012
00:45:20,818 --> 00:45:21,201
And there's

2013
00:45:21,201 --> 00:45:22,653
also water in our atmosphere.

2014
00:45:22,653 --> 00:45:23,387
So, you know,

2015
00:45:23,387 --> 00:45:24,688
that would interact.

2016
00:45:24,688 --> 00:45:25,255
And that's why

2017
00:45:25,255 --> 00:45:26,507
we don't do that.

2018
00:45:26,507 --> 00:45:28,976
We have these special cabinets

2019
00:45:28,976 --> 00:45:30,027
in the Apollo lab,

2020
00:45:30,027 --> 00:45:30,527
and they're filled

2021
00:45:30,527 --> 00:45:32,663
with nitrogen atmosphere.

2022
00:45:32,663 --> 00:45:33,530
So it's just nitrogen,

2023
00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:34,348
which is inert.

2024
00:45:34,348 --> 00:45:35,032
So it doesn't like

2025
00:45:35,032 --> 00:45:37,134
to react with anything.

2026
00:45:37,134 --> 00:45:39,169
And so that's why we open

2027
00:45:39,169 --> 00:45:39,770
the vacuum

2028
00:45:39,770 --> 00:45:42,289
sealed container in in there

2029
00:45:42,423 --> 00:45:44,191
so that it cannot react

2030
00:45:44,191 --> 00:45:44,758
with anything

2031
00:45:44,758 --> 00:45:45,709
and it stays asked

2032
00:45:45,709 --> 00:45:47,961
pristine as possible.

2033
00:45:48,462 --> 00:45:48,662
Yeah.

2034
00:45:48,662 --> 00:45:49,229
You can see me

2035
00:45:49,229 --> 00:45:50,664
brushing off some of the excess

2036
00:45:50,664 --> 00:45:51,331
soil away there.

2037
00:45:51,331 --> 00:45:52,182
And so that's the

2038
00:45:52,182 --> 00:45:53,066
very first picture

2039
00:45:53,066 --> 00:45:54,384
that was ever taken

2040
00:45:54,384 --> 00:45:56,069
from this particular core.

2041
00:45:56,069 --> 00:45:57,387
Once we had it opened, that was

2042
00:45:57,387 --> 00:45:58,872
on Monday this week. So

2043
00:46:01,158 --> 00:46:02,009
and so much on

2044
00:46:02,009 --> 00:46:03,227
YouTube asked,

2045
00:46:03,227 --> 00:46:05,279
was this sample spoiled?

2046
00:46:06,029 --> 00:46:07,731
Is it like an earth?

2047
00:46:07,731 --> 00:46:09,032
And did it contain

2048
00:46:09,032 --> 00:46:12,202
any other organic matter?

2049
00:46:12,319 --> 00:46:13,253
It's a very good question.

2050
00:46:13,253 --> 00:46:15,873
So part of the answer program

2051
00:46:15,873 --> 00:46:18,408
is to look at the soil

2052
00:46:18,408 --> 00:46:19,593
and we call it soil

2053
00:46:19,593 --> 00:46:20,611
which I guess

2054
00:46:20,611 --> 00:46:21,562
is not quite correct.

2055
00:46:21,562 --> 00:46:22,880
On Earth soil,

2056
00:46:22,880 --> 00:46:25,315
the rich soil is meant for

2057
00:46:25,315 --> 00:46:26,099
dirt that has

2058
00:46:26,099 --> 00:46:27,868
organic material in it.

2059
00:46:27,868 --> 00:46:28,952
We don't really have that

2060
00:46:28,952 --> 00:46:29,336
on the moon.

2061
00:46:29,336 --> 00:46:30,053
The correct term

2062
00:46:30,053 --> 00:46:31,638
would be of regolith,

2063
00:46:31,638 --> 00:46:32,823
which is like,

2064
00:46:32,823 --> 00:46:33,090
you know,

2065
00:46:33,090 --> 00:46:34,675
the finely pulverized

2066
00:46:34,675 --> 00:46:35,542
layer of the lunar

2067
00:46:35,542 --> 00:46:37,644
surface, basically.

2068
00:46:38,028 --> 00:46:39,746
And within the team,

2069
00:46:39,746 --> 00:46:40,731
there are people

2070
00:46:40,731 --> 00:46:43,433
that look at the organic

2071
00:46:43,433 --> 00:46:44,218
compounds

2072
00:46:44,218 --> 00:46:45,385
or getting building blocks,

2073
00:46:45,385 --> 00:46:46,637
so to speak,

2074
00:46:46,637 --> 00:46:48,388
and whether they can detect any

2075
00:46:48,388 --> 00:46:50,207
in this lunar soil,

2076
00:46:50,207 --> 00:46:52,192
that's very, very hard to do

2077
00:46:52,192 --> 00:46:53,243
because the moon

2078
00:46:53,243 --> 00:46:54,411
doesn't have an atmosphere.

2079
00:46:54,411 --> 00:46:56,096
And so the solar radiation

2080
00:46:56,096 --> 00:46:56,697
is basically

2081
00:46:56,697 --> 00:46:59,149
sterilizing everything

2082
00:46:59,149 --> 00:46:59,817
and there's always

2083
00:46:59,817 --> 00:47:01,585
the chance of that.

2084
00:47:01,585 --> 00:47:03,237
We we are contaminating

2085
00:47:03,237 --> 00:47:05,239
the sample potentially,

2086
00:47:05,239 --> 00:47:06,039
you know,

2087
00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:07,491
even if we try to have it

2088
00:47:07,491 --> 00:47:09,176
in a very pristine environment

2089
00:47:09,176 --> 00:47:10,878
with nitrogen atmosphere.

2090
00:47:10,878 --> 00:47:11,962
And so this particular

2091
00:47:11,962 --> 00:47:13,163
study from NASA

2092
00:47:13,163 --> 00:47:14,882
is very important

2093
00:47:14,882 --> 00:47:15,782
for these researchers

2094
00:47:15,782 --> 00:47:18,235
to look at what they can find

2095
00:47:18,235 --> 00:47:19,620
And so when we are sending them

2096
00:47:19,620 --> 00:47:20,370
samples

2097
00:47:20,370 --> 00:47:22,139
from this particular corner,

2098
00:47:22,139 --> 00:47:23,874
we're also sending them

2099
00:47:23,874 --> 00:47:24,808
something that's called

2100
00:47:24,808 --> 00:47:25,893
a witness foil.

2101
00:47:25,893 --> 00:47:27,361
So when we open the sample,

2102
00:47:27,361 --> 00:47:28,712
we are also opening

2103
00:47:28,712 --> 00:47:30,197
a baked out aluminum foil

2104
00:47:30,197 --> 00:47:31,548
that sits in the cabinet

2105
00:47:31,548 --> 00:47:32,599
that could collect

2106
00:47:32,599 --> 00:47:34,201
any potential contamination

2107
00:47:34,201 --> 00:47:34,551
that comes

2108
00:47:34,551 --> 00:47:36,053
from Earth, basically.

2109
00:47:36,053 --> 00:47:37,704
And so then they can compare

2110
00:47:37,704 --> 00:47:38,222
there again,

2111
00:47:38,222 --> 00:47:39,656
except they find on the foil

2112
00:47:39,656 --> 00:47:41,058
to the organic compounds

2113
00:47:41,058 --> 00:47:41,942
they find in the

2114
00:47:41,942 --> 00:47:43,193
in the lunar soil

2115
00:47:43,193 --> 00:47:44,461
and then really understand

2116
00:47:44,461 --> 00:47:46,580
further what they're seeing

2117
00:47:46,580 --> 00:47:47,814
is actually from the moon

2118
00:47:47,814 --> 00:47:48,081
or what

2119
00:47:48,081 --> 00:47:49,550
they're seeing is from Earth

2120
00:47:49,550 --> 00:47:51,318
that got in the cabinet somehow

2121
00:47:54,204 --> 00:47:56,657
Debbie Schultz on Facebook us.

2122
00:47:56,657 --> 00:47:57,774
Has any of the moon

2123
00:47:57,774 --> 00:48:00,244
dust in exposed atmosphere?

2124
00:48:00,744 --> 00:48:02,195
And it's so

2125
00:48:05,599 --> 00:48:06,049
I'm sorry,

2126
00:48:06,049 --> 00:48:07,134
I kind of broke up there.

2127
00:48:07,134 --> 00:48:09,353
Can you say the question again?

2128
00:48:09,353 --> 00:48:10,337
Yeah, of course.

2129
00:48:10,337 --> 00:48:11,388
Has any of the moon

2130
00:48:11,388 --> 00:48:12,022
dust been

2131
00:48:12,022 --> 00:48:14,124
exposed to Earth's atmosphere?

2132
00:48:14,424 --> 00:48:18,312
And if so, does it change

2133
00:48:19,112 --> 00:48:20,847
So when researchers

2134
00:48:20,847 --> 00:48:21,598
and scientists

2135
00:48:21,598 --> 00:48:24,234
request lunar samples

2136
00:48:24,234 --> 00:48:24,651
sometime

2137
00:48:24,651 --> 00:48:25,669
say that

2138
00:48:25,669 --> 00:48:28,171
they want to do measurements

2139
00:48:28,922 --> 00:48:30,474
in which they have

2140
00:48:30,474 --> 00:48:31,341
to open the sample

2141
00:48:31,341 --> 00:48:32,042
and put it inside

2142
00:48:32,042 --> 00:48:33,443
an instrument, for example.

2143
00:48:33,443 --> 00:48:34,578
So when we allocate them

2144
00:48:34,578 --> 00:48:35,879
the samples,

2145
00:48:35,879 --> 00:48:37,014
we put them in containers

2146
00:48:37,014 --> 00:48:37,998
and we fill them in Teflon

2147
00:48:37,998 --> 00:48:39,683
we actually sent them out.

2148
00:48:39,683 --> 00:48:40,651
But then

2149
00:48:40,667 --> 00:48:41,785
in their lab,

2150
00:48:41,785 --> 00:48:43,136
they will actually open

2151
00:48:43,136 --> 00:48:44,755
the Teflon back.

2152
00:48:44,755 --> 00:48:45,205
The nitrogen

2153
00:48:45,205 --> 00:48:46,039
atmosphere escapes,

2154
00:48:46,039 --> 00:48:46,823
and then they will open

2155
00:48:46,823 --> 00:48:47,941
the little containers

2156
00:48:47,941 --> 00:48:50,060
and pour the soil out

2157
00:48:50,060 --> 00:48:50,911
onto a surface

2158
00:48:50,911 --> 00:48:52,679
and then they can analyze it.

2159
00:48:52,679 --> 00:48:53,330
And so,

2160
00:48:53,330 --> 00:48:54,564
yes, soil definitely

2161
00:48:54,564 --> 00:48:55,849
has been exposed

2162
00:48:55,849 --> 00:48:57,084
through research

2163
00:48:57,084 --> 00:48:58,218
to Earth atmosphere

2164
00:49:00,654 --> 00:49:01,705
and I

2165
00:49:01,705 --> 00:49:02,372
don't know

2166
00:49:02,372 --> 00:49:04,007
how that

2167
00:49:04,007 --> 00:49:05,542
would change the soil

2168
00:49:05,542 --> 00:49:06,293
over time.

2169
00:49:06,293 --> 00:49:07,377
If you have it exposed

2170
00:49:07,377 --> 00:49:08,629
long term

2171
00:49:08,629 --> 00:49:09,713
in Earth's atmosphere,

2172
00:49:09,713 --> 00:49:10,013
you know,

2173
00:49:10,013 --> 00:49:11,281
it could maybe change slightly

2174
00:49:11,281 --> 00:49:12,232
just because we have water

2175
00:49:12,232 --> 00:49:13,367
in our atmosphere

2176
00:49:13,367 --> 00:49:14,401
and so that can interact

2177
00:49:14,401 --> 00:49:14,868
with iron

2178
00:49:14,868 --> 00:49:15,502
and maybe form

2179
00:49:15,502 --> 00:49:17,220
a little bit of rust.

2180
00:49:17,220 --> 00:49:17,988
But I don't think

2181
00:49:17,988 --> 00:49:19,256
that it changes

2182
00:49:19,256 --> 00:49:21,391
a lot over time in general.

2183
00:49:24,511 --> 00:49:25,796
And so the last question

2184
00:49:25,796 --> 00:49:26,463
I have for you

2185
00:49:26,463 --> 00:49:27,864
is one of my own.

2186
00:49:27,864 --> 00:49:28,765
What advice

2187
00:49:28,765 --> 00:49:29,816
would you give to someone

2188
00:49:29,816 --> 00:49:31,501
aspiring to get involved

2189
00:49:31,501 --> 00:49:32,569
with NASA's sample

2190
00:49:32,569 --> 00:49:33,654
curation program?

2191
00:49:33,654 --> 00:49:35,939
Well, the ultimate missions

2192
00:49:37,457 --> 00:49:38,792
I'm going to like take that

2193
00:49:38,792 --> 00:49:40,610
first one on something.

2194
00:49:40,610 --> 00:49:41,878
Okay. I'll take it first.

2195
00:49:41,878 --> 00:49:42,896
I'll go first.

2196
00:49:43,230 --> 00:49:43,580
Yeah,

2197
00:49:43,580 --> 00:49:44,698
that's a wonderful question.

2198
00:49:44,698 --> 00:49:46,933
And I love this question.

2199
00:49:46,933 --> 00:49:47,517
You know,

2200
00:49:47,517 --> 00:49:47,901
the way

2201
00:49:47,901 --> 00:49:49,286
I like to answer this question

2202
00:49:49,286 --> 00:49:50,821
is, first of all,

2203
00:49:50,821 --> 00:49:53,156
figure out what you like to do.

2204
00:49:53,156 --> 00:49:55,342
What really motivates you

2205
00:49:55,342 --> 00:49:56,009
to get out of bed

2206
00:49:56,009 --> 00:49:56,493
in the morning?

2207
00:49:56,493 --> 00:49:57,444
What are you excited about

2208
00:49:57,444 --> 00:49:58,462
when you wake up?

2209
00:49:58,462 --> 00:49:58,945
Because I can

2210
00:49:58,945 --> 00:49:59,963
almost guarantee you

2211
00:49:59,963 --> 00:50:00,981
whatever that is.

2212
00:50:00,981 --> 00:50:03,116
NASA has people that do that.

2213
00:50:03,116 --> 00:50:05,002
So think about that.

2214
00:50:05,002 --> 00:50:05,519
You know,

2215
00:50:05,519 --> 00:50:06,953
try not necessarily

2216
00:50:06,953 --> 00:50:08,338
to be exactly what you think

2217
00:50:08,338 --> 00:50:10,107
NASA needs today.

2218
00:50:10,107 --> 00:50:11,041
It's more about what

2219
00:50:11,041 --> 00:50:11,942
NASA's going

2220
00:50:11,942 --> 00:50:13,977
to need to do in the future,

2221
00:50:13,977 --> 00:50:14,961
how, you know,

2222
00:50:14,961 --> 00:50:15,829
just like this

2223
00:50:15,829 --> 00:50:17,097
Apollo 50

2224
00:50:17,097 --> 00:50:18,749
or the sample from 50 years ago

2225
00:50:18,749 --> 00:50:20,217
from Apollo is a great example.

2226
00:50:21,268 --> 00:50:23,003
If we had only ever tried to

2227
00:50:23,003 --> 00:50:23,754
build instruments

2228
00:50:23,754 --> 00:50:25,372
the way they were back then,

2229
00:50:25,372 --> 00:50:26,390
we wouldn't have even needed

2230
00:50:26,390 --> 00:50:27,891
to preserve a sample this time.

2231
00:50:27,891 --> 00:50:30,444
But it's all the creativity,

2232
00:50:30,444 --> 00:50:31,411
everything we've learned

2233
00:50:31,411 --> 00:50:32,913
in 50 years

2234
00:50:32,913 --> 00:50:34,347
that has put us in a position

2235
00:50:34,347 --> 00:50:34,848
to do this

2236
00:50:34,848 --> 00:50:36,533
all the engineers,

2237
00:50:36,533 --> 00:50:37,651
all the scientists,

2238
00:50:37,651 --> 00:50:38,902
all the folks

2239
00:50:38,902 --> 00:50:40,253
who think about that.

2240
00:50:40,253 --> 00:50:41,538
They're the ones who really

2241
00:50:41,538 --> 00:50:42,539
enabled us to do

2242
00:50:42,539 --> 00:50:44,241
what we're doing now.

2243
00:50:44,241 --> 00:50:47,027
Artemus is just this

2244
00:50:47,027 --> 00:50:50,147
exciting, complicated solution

2245
00:50:50,147 --> 00:50:51,715
to a really difficult problem

2246
00:50:51,715 --> 00:50:53,150
going to the South

2247
00:50:53,150 --> 00:50:53,867
Pole of the moon

2248
00:50:53,867 --> 00:50:55,585
to collect samples,

2249
00:50:55,585 --> 00:50:57,120
make observations.

2250
00:50:57,120 --> 00:50:59,089
I can all but guarantee you

2251
00:50:59,089 --> 00:51:00,207
that we need

2252
00:51:00,207 --> 00:51:01,408
such a diverse

2253
00:51:01,408 --> 00:51:02,759
group of folks

2254
00:51:02,759 --> 00:51:05,479
to work on these problems.

2255
00:51:05,479 --> 00:51:07,164
So, you know, that said,

2256
00:51:07,164 --> 00:51:08,148
you know,

2257
00:51:08,148 --> 00:51:09,983
understanding math, science

2258
00:51:09,983 --> 00:51:11,151
and engineering, you know,

2259
00:51:11,151 --> 00:51:12,169
those are really key

2260
00:51:12,169 --> 00:51:13,553
things here.

2261
00:51:13,737 --> 00:51:14,638
But we we're

2262
00:51:14,638 --> 00:51:15,272
going to have to work

2263
00:51:15,272 --> 00:51:15,889
with partners

2264
00:51:15,889 --> 00:51:17,841
so, you know, understanding

2265
00:51:17,841 --> 00:51:18,508
how to talk

2266
00:51:18,508 --> 00:51:19,943
to our international partners.

2267
00:51:19,943 --> 00:51:21,595
So overcoming

2268
00:51:21,595 --> 00:51:23,280
language barriers, you know,

2269
00:51:23,280 --> 00:51:24,081
we need help

2270
00:51:24,081 --> 00:51:25,315
communicating there.

2271
00:51:25,315 --> 00:51:26,333
There's just so many

2272
00:51:26,333 --> 00:51:27,350
different ways

2273
00:51:27,350 --> 00:51:28,401
that you could end up

2274
00:51:28,401 --> 00:51:29,669
working for NASA.

2275
00:51:29,669 --> 00:51:31,037
It's really hard to say.

2276
00:51:31,037 --> 00:51:32,222
I'm a geologist.

2277
00:51:32,222 --> 00:51:34,107
I study geology for

2278
00:51:35,275 --> 00:51:36,676
my whole way through school.

2279
00:51:36,676 --> 00:51:37,944
I got a Ph.D.

2280
00:51:37,944 --> 00:51:38,845
and then,

2281
00:51:38,845 --> 00:51:39,379
you know,

2282
00:51:39,379 --> 00:51:41,148
now I work in a community

2283
00:51:41,148 --> 00:51:42,833
that's almost all engineers.

2284
00:51:42,833 --> 00:51:44,785
So now my job is to communicate

2285
00:51:44,785 --> 00:51:46,353
with people like Julianna,

2286
00:51:46,353 --> 00:51:47,487
who still do the science

2287
00:51:47,487 --> 00:51:48,421
all the time.

2288
00:51:48,421 --> 00:51:49,322
And, you know,

2289
00:51:49,322 --> 00:51:50,340
so you never know

2290
00:51:50,340 --> 00:51:51,441
where your path is

2291
00:51:51,441 --> 00:51:52,409
going to lead.

2292
00:51:52,409 --> 00:51:53,343
So find something

2293
00:51:53,343 --> 00:51:54,811
you really like

2294
00:51:54,811 --> 00:51:55,612
and start learning

2295
00:51:55,612 --> 00:51:56,897
how that fits into

2296
00:51:56,897 --> 00:51:57,898
or maybe solves

2297
00:51:57,898 --> 00:51:59,399
a problem down the road for us,

2298
00:51:59,399 --> 00:51:59,933
because that's

2299
00:51:59,933 --> 00:52:01,618
what we really need.

2300
00:52:02,269 --> 00:52:03,503
Yeah. Yeah.

2301
00:52:03,503 --> 00:52:04,237
My answer is

2302
00:52:04,237 --> 00:52:05,422
it's pretty similar to what

2303
00:52:05,422 --> 00:52:06,123
Jake just said.

2304
00:52:06,123 --> 00:52:06,890
You know,

2305
00:52:06,890 --> 00:52:07,524
if you figure out

2306
00:52:07,524 --> 00:52:08,058
what you're really

2307
00:52:08,058 --> 00:52:09,326
passionate about

2308
00:52:09,326 --> 00:52:10,260
and that can

2309
00:52:10,260 --> 00:52:11,545
then be your driving force

2310
00:52:11,545 --> 00:52:12,629
and because you're passionate

2311
00:52:12,629 --> 00:52:13,613
and excited about it,

2312
00:52:13,613 --> 00:52:14,731
that automated

2313
00:52:14,731 --> 00:52:15,415
means that you're

2314
00:52:15,415 --> 00:52:16,433
also going to be good at it

2315
00:52:16,433 --> 00:52:16,850
because that's

2316
00:52:16,850 --> 00:52:18,718
what you want to do, right?

2317
00:52:18,718 --> 00:52:19,202
And so once

2318
00:52:19,202 --> 00:52:20,070
you figure that out,

2319
00:52:20,070 --> 00:52:20,253
there are

2320
00:52:20,253 --> 00:52:21,988
so many ways to get involved.

2321
00:52:21,988 --> 00:52:23,874
Also with curation

2322
00:52:23,874 --> 00:52:25,742
and processing these samples.

2323
00:52:25,742 --> 00:52:26,393
I also have

2324
00:52:26,393 --> 00:52:27,711
a geology background,

2325
00:52:27,711 --> 00:52:28,862
but my geology background

2326
00:52:28,862 --> 00:52:29,963
started with Earth,

2327
00:52:29,963 --> 00:52:31,548
so I studied Earth.

2328
00:52:31,548 --> 00:52:35,452
And then when I got a Ph.D.

2329
00:52:35,785 --> 00:52:36,953
after that,

2330
00:52:36,953 --> 00:52:38,989
that was still Earth related,

2331
00:52:38,989 --> 00:52:39,840
I switched fields

2332
00:52:39,840 --> 00:52:40,407
and then became

2333
00:52:40,407 --> 00:52:40,907
a planetary

2334
00:52:40,907 --> 00:52:42,325
scientist afterwards.

2335
00:52:42,325 --> 00:52:43,493
And so you know,

2336
00:52:43,493 --> 00:52:44,511
if you go to school

2337
00:52:44,511 --> 00:52:45,562
and even to university

2338
00:52:45,562 --> 00:52:46,580
and you're not exactly sure

2339
00:52:46,580 --> 00:52:47,214
where your feet are,

2340
00:52:47,214 --> 00:52:48,715
what you want to do

2341
00:52:48,715 --> 00:52:49,950
just because you started out in

2342
00:52:49,950 --> 00:52:51,051
one field doesn't mean

2343
00:52:51,051 --> 00:52:52,102
that you cannot end up

2344
00:52:52,102 --> 00:52:53,820
in a different feel you know?

2345
00:52:53,820 --> 00:52:54,654
And so there are so

2346
00:52:54,654 --> 00:52:55,622
many opportunities,

2347
00:52:55,622 --> 00:52:57,591
and that ranges from geologists

2348
00:52:57,591 --> 00:52:59,125
to engineers to

2349
00:52:59,125 --> 00:53:00,210
to medical people.

2350
00:53:00,210 --> 00:53:00,443
You know,

2351
00:53:00,443 --> 00:53:01,278
we need to understand

2352
00:53:01,278 --> 00:53:01,862
what the dust

2353
00:53:01,862 --> 00:53:02,846
really does to the body.

2354
00:53:02,846 --> 00:53:03,513
The human body.

2355
00:53:03,513 --> 00:53:04,531
So once the astronauts

2356
00:53:04,531 --> 00:53:06,449
are on the on the surface,

2357
00:53:06,449 --> 00:53:08,718
artists and outreach people,

2358
00:53:08,718 --> 00:53:09,386
you know,

2359
00:53:09,536 --> 00:53:10,620
all of everybody

2360
00:53:10,620 --> 00:53:11,821
is really important

2361
00:53:11,821 --> 00:53:12,622
for these missions.

2362
00:53:12,622 --> 00:53:14,991
And because Artemis

2363
00:53:14,991 --> 00:53:16,226
is a plan to actually

2364
00:53:16,226 --> 00:53:18,178
stay on the lunar surface,

2365
00:53:18,178 --> 00:53:18,528
you know,

2366
00:53:18,528 --> 00:53:20,480
there are so many years to come

2367
00:53:20,480 --> 00:53:22,399
and I get so excited about it

2368
00:53:22,399 --> 00:53:24,451
when I think about our kids

2369
00:53:24,651 --> 00:53:25,585
read like

2370
00:53:25,585 --> 00:53:26,987
they will grow up with Artemus

2371
00:53:26,987 --> 00:53:29,072
and they get to

2372
00:53:29,072 --> 00:53:30,557
maybe even go to the moon

2373
00:53:30,557 --> 00:53:30,991
and like

2374
00:53:30,991 --> 00:53:31,825
look at these samples

2375
00:53:31,825 --> 00:53:33,360
that are being brought back.

2376
00:53:33,360 --> 00:53:35,161
And so that's all really,

2377
00:53:35,161 --> 00:53:36,363
really exciting.

2378
00:53:36,363 --> 00:53:36,830
And so just,

2379
00:53:36,830 --> 00:53:37,197
you know,

2380
00:53:37,197 --> 00:53:37,948
keep pushing

2381
00:53:37,948 --> 00:53:38,999
and you'll get there

2382
00:53:41,301 --> 00:53:42,352
well, that is all

2383
00:53:42,352 --> 00:53:43,637
we have time for today.

2384
00:53:43,637 --> 00:53:44,521
Juliana, Jake,

2385
00:53:44,521 --> 00:53:45,655
thank you so much

2386
00:53:45,655 --> 00:53:46,856
for joining us and answering

2387
00:53:46,856 --> 00:53:47,908
so many questions

2388
00:53:47,908 --> 00:53:49,910
from everyone online.

2389
00:53:49,943 --> 00:53:50,760
You're very welcome.

2390
00:53:50,760 --> 00:53:52,429
This was a lot of fun.

2391
00:53:52,529 --> 00:53:52,979
Yeah, I'm

2392
00:53:52,979 --> 00:53:53,880
glad people have so

2393
00:53:53,880 --> 00:53:54,564
many questions.

2394
00:53:54,564 --> 00:53:55,015
This is

2395
00:53:55,015 --> 00:53:56,866
this is what it's all about.

2396
00:53:57,534 --> 00:53:58,101
And thank you

2397
00:53:58,101 --> 00:53:59,185
to everyone online

2398
00:53:59,185 --> 00:54:00,170
for participating

2399
00:54:00,170 --> 00:54:01,922
in today's episode

2400
00:54:01,922 --> 00:54:02,973
to stay updated on

2401
00:54:02,973 --> 00:54:03,990
all the science plans

2402
00:54:03,990 --> 00:54:04,708
for the moon,

2403
00:54:04,708 --> 00:54:05,692
follow NASA's

2404
00:54:05,692 --> 00:54:07,677
moon on Facebook and Twitter.

2405
00:54:07,677 --> 00:54:08,728
You can also visit

2406
00:54:08,728 --> 00:54:10,196
NASA.gov Slash Moon

2407
00:54:10,196 --> 00:54:12,032
for the latest news.

2408
00:54:12,032 --> 00:54:12,599
NASA's plans

2409
00:54:12,599 --> 00:54:14,067
to send science, technology

2410
00:54:14,067 --> 00:54:15,168
and humans to the moon

2411
00:54:15,168 --> 00:54:16,620
with the Awesomeness program

2412
00:54:16,620 --> 00:54:17,237
and the first

2413
00:54:17,237 --> 00:54:18,154
launch of the rocket

2414
00:54:18,154 --> 00:54:19,072
that will send humans

2415
00:54:19,072 --> 00:54:21,291
to the moon happens this year.

2416
00:54:21,741 --> 00:54:22,759
And so for updates,

2417
00:54:22,759 --> 00:54:23,693
follow NASA's

2418
00:54:23,693 --> 00:54:25,078
Artemus on Facebook

2419
00:54:25,078 --> 00:54:26,363
and Twitter.

2420
00:54:26,363 --> 00:54:27,631
Thank you and see

2421
00:54:27,631 --> 00:54:28,198
you next time.