>> HELLO.
WELCOME TO ANOTHER EPISODE OF
NASA SCIENCE LIVE.
MY NAME IS KAREN FOX.
I AM NASA SENIOR SCIENCE COME
COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER AND YOUR
HOST.
IT EXCITING TO THINK TO EXPLORE
VENUS.
LATER IN THE SHOW, YOU WILL HAVE
A CHANCE TO HEAR FROM
SCIENTISTS, ASKING YOUR
QUESTIONS AND LEARN WHY VENUS IS
A FASCINATING PLANET TO STUDY.
FIRST WE HAVE TWO SPECIAL GUESTS
TO TELL YOU MORE.
LETS HEAR ABOUT THIS EXCITING
ANNOUNCEMENT FROM NASA'S NEW
ADMINISTRATOR BILL NELSON AND
NASA ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR
THOMAS ZURBUCHEN.
>> I AM EXCITED TO BE WITH YOU
HERE ON CAMERA.
THE NEW ADMINISTRATOR, SENATOR
BILL NELSON, I AM GLAD TO BE
WORK WALK AND LEARNING ABOUT
YOUR NATION YOU HAVE FOR ALL
THINGS SPACE, AND ALSO SPACE
SCIENCE.
WE'RE HERE BECAUSE OF THOSE TWO
DISCOVERY MISSIONS FOCUSED ON
VENUS.
>> I AM HONORED TO BE HERE WITH
SUCH A NOTABLE SCIENTIST AS
YOURSELF, DOCTOR.
AND WE ARE PROUD TO HAVE YOU A
PART OF THE NASA FAMILY, AND
TELL US A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THESE
TWO MISSIONS TO VENUS.
SO FIRST OF ALL, YOU SAID OUR
MISSIONS TO VENUS, NOW.
BE AWARE.
WE HAVE NOT BEEN THERE FOR OVER
30 YEARS HERE AT NASA.
SO BASICALLY, ALL ROCKY PLANETS,
NOW, IN OUR NEIGHBORHOOD, IT IS
THE ONE PLANET WE KNOW THE
LEAST, SO THE TWO PLANETS, THE
TWO MISSIONS CALLED VERITAS AND
DAVINCI+ AT 100 TIMES THE
RESOLUTION WE KNOW TODAY AND
WOMEN ANALYZE THE ATMOSPHERE
THAT HAS THE WHOLE HISTORY OF
THE THICK ATMOSPHERE US OF VENUS
MAKING THE FIRST MEASUREMENTS
EVER.
>> SO AS WE MOVE AWAY FROM THE
SUN, IT IS MERCURY, THEN THERE
IS VENUS WITH THE THICK
ATMOSPHERE, THEN THE NEXT ONE
OUT IS WITH A HABITABLE
ATMOSPHERE, AND THEN COMES MARS
WITH A VERY MINIMUM ATMOSPHERE,
SO WE ARE GOING TO FIND OUT WHY
VENUS HASES A THICK AT POS
OFFICER, WHY IT TRAPS THE HEAT
LIKE THOUGH GREEN HOUSE EFFECT,
THAT IT CAN EVEN MELT, LED ON
THE SURFACE.
TELL US ABOUT THAT.
>> THAT IS INCREDIBLE.
IT IS SO PUZZLING ABOUT IT, IF
WE THINK, WE LOOK AT SAY VENUS,
EARTH, MARS, THREE BILLION YEARS
AGO, ROUGHLY THE SAME, MODEST
TYPE ATMOSPHERE, AS YOU SAID,
CORRECTLY, THE PLAN KNELT VENUS
AND HORRIBLE TRACK, RIGHT.
TRAPPING AND FRANKLY WE DON'T
KNOW TODAY WHY THAT IS.
WE KNOW THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
IS REALLY IMPORTANT PART, FIRST,
THAT IS SOMETHING WE WORRY ABOUT
TREMENDOUSLY AS WELL.
>> ENORMOUSLY.
WE ARE HEATING UP, THE MORE WE
PUT THINGS LIKE CO2 AND METHANE
UP IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE.
IT IS GOING TO TRAP THAT HEAT
AND WE WILL CONTINUE TO SEE
EFFECTS OF HEATING OF THE EARTH,
AS WE LEARN MORE ABOUT VENUS,
HOW IS IT THAT WE LEARN ENOUGH
TO BE ABLE TO DISCOVER MORE
SOLAR SYSTEMS IN OTHER GALAXIES
WITH OTHER PLANETS THAT WE CALL
EXOPLANETS.
ALL RIGHT.
I LOVE THAT.
WHEN WE MADE THIS SELECTION WE
WERE FOCUSED ON THAT JUST THE
SAME WAY AS YOU ARE.
WE HAVE OVER 6,000 PLANETS WE
HAVE DISCOVERED AND SO MANY OF
THEM ARE WHAT WE CALL VENUSES SO
THEY ARE LIKE, A LITTLE BIT
LIKE, YOU KNOW, A ROCKY PLANET
LOOK THE EARTH, WITH VERY STRONG
ATMOSPHERES, FRANKLY, WE DON'T
KNOW OUR VENUS, SO HOW COULD WE
UNDERSTAND THE OTHER VENUSES OR
GALAXY AROUND OTHER STARS?
>> WELL, I SO EXCITED ABOUT
THIS.
NOT ONLY ARE WE GOING TO SEE
HUMANNESS BACK OUT INTO THE
COSMOS FURTHER OUT, LOW EARTH
ORBIT, BUT WE ARE ALSO GOING TO
BE CONCENTRATING ON SCIENCE, AND
PART OF THE SCIENCE IS THAT WE
ARE LOOK AT PLANETARY SCIENCE,
TO FIND OUT WHAT IS OUT THERE,
IS THERE MORE LIKE OUT THERE?
THIS IS AN EXCITING TIME TO BE
AT NASA.
>> I AM SO GLAD TO BE AT NASA
WITH YOU RIGHT NOW, AT THIS
TIME.
I COULDN'T BE MORE EXCITED ABOUT
ALL OF THESE TOPICS WITH HUMANS
GOING AWAY FROM EARTH, FRANKLY,
OPENING UP NEW WAYS OF DOING
SCIENCE AS WELL.
AND SO ARE EXCITED ABOUT
CHEERING ON THE HUMANS OUT OF
THE SCIENCE DIRECTOR JUST LIKE
OUR OWN ROBOTIC AMBASSADORS THAT
ARE GOING ALL OVER THE SOLAR
SYSTEM.
>> THANK YOU, DR.Z, THANK YOU
FOR JOINING US TODAY.
>> AND AS YOU HEARD, THERE IS SO
MUCH WE CAN LEARN BY STUDYING
VENUS FROM IN NIGHT OF THE
LOSING OF PLANETS, TO CLUES
ABOUT PLANETS OUTSIDE OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM, THERE IS SO MUCH
TO GAIN.
LET'S TAKE A DEEPER DIVE INTO
THIS MYSTERIOUS PLANET.
>> MYSTERIES ABOUND IN OUR
UNIVERSE, BUT BIT BY BIT WE ARE
UNLOCKING IN SECRET WE KNOW THE
GALAXY CAN HANDLE BILLIONS IN
OTHER PLANET.
HOW CAN WE LEARN MORE THEM?
WHAT TRAITS DOO EXOPLANETS HAVE
♪
♪ WHAT ARE THEY MADE OF?
WHAT ARE THEIR ENVIRONMENTS
LIKE?
HOW HAVE THEY EVOLVED OVER TIME?
ARE THY HABITABLE?
CAN PLANETS LOSE HABITABILITY
OVER TIME?
IMAGINE WE CAN STUDY ONE OF THE
PLANETS UP CLOSELY.
WE FIND A SIMILAR SIZE,
COMPOSITION, BY ALL ACCOUNTS,
THIS PLANET APPEARED SIMILAR TO
OUR OWN AND DISCOVERED EVIDENCE
THAT THIS WORLD MAY HAVE ONCE
LIQUID WATER OCEAN AND VOLCANO
AS SETTING ARE FAVORABLE TO
LIFE.
BUT OVER TIME, SOMETHING DRASTIC
HAPPENED TO THIS ENVIRONMENT,
THIS PLANET GREW BRIGHT, HE
HOTTER, INCREASING TEMPERATURE
HERE TO THE POINT THAT THE OCEAN
FOILED AWAY, THEN GRADUALLY
VOLCANICS A SIDS CREATED THE
THICK ATMOSPHERE WITH CROWDS AND
ONCE FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENT WERE
GONE.
ALL IS NOT LOST, THE REMNANTS OF
A WORLD MAY FOCUS TO
UNDERSTANDING PLANETARY
REVOLUTION AND HABITABILITY, IT
IS SCIENCE FICTION THIS PLANET
DOES EXIST AND WE WANT TO LEARN
MORE ABOUT THE PAST, PRESENT AND
POSSIBLE FUTURE OF OUR PLANET
AND THE BILLIONS OF SIMILAR
EXOPLANETS OUT THERE AND WHAT
NEEDS MORE STUDY.
♪
♪ IT DOESN'T RESIDE IN SOME
DISTANT SOLAR SYSTEM.
TRUTH BE TOLD, IT IS RIGHT NEXT
DOOR.
THIS PLANET IS VENUS.
THE MORE MYSTERIES WE CAN
UNRAVEL HERE, THE MORE ANSWERS
WE CAN FIND OUT THERE.
IN CREDIBLE.
NOW THAT WE LEARNED A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT THE DESTINATION.
LET'S HEAR FROM TWO EXPERTS TO
TELL US ABOUT THE NEW MISSION.
REMEMBER, THROUGHOUT THE SHOW,
YOU CAN SEND IN YOUR QUESTION
USING THE HASHTAG ASK NASA OR
COMMENDING IN THE STREAM
WHEREVER ARE WATCHING US.
WE'RE NOW JOINED BY TWO VERY
EXCITING GUESTS.
DR.JIM GARVIN, THE PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR FOR THE DAVINCI+
MISSION AND DR.SUZANNE SMREKAR
VERITAS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR.
THANKS FOR BEING HERE.
>> THANKS FOR HAVING US.
>> FIRST OF ALL, CONGRATULATIONS
ON THOSE BIG NEWS.
I MUST BE EXCITE STROKING THE
MISSION SELECTED.
CAN YOU TELL US HOW IT FEELS TO
HAVE GONE THIS POINT.
WE'LL START WITH DR.GARVIN?
>> WELL, KAREN, IT IS BEYOND
ENTHRALLING, IT IS BEYOND WORDS,
FOR ME, PERSONALLY, FOR OUR TEAM
ON DAVINCI+ PLUS CARRYING THE
NAME TO EXPLORE VENUS, THE
MYSTERY EXOPLANET NEXT DOOR.
IT IS MIND-BOGGLING.
WE ARE GOING TO GO BACK IN TIME
UNDERSTAND A WORLD THAT HAS BEEN
A LOST HORIZON.
BY BRING OURSELVES WITH THE
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS WE ARE GOING
TO OPEN UP THE VENUS FRONTIER
FOR EVERYONE.
THE PEOPLE OF THE PLAN KNELT
EARTH WILL GO WITH US.
WE'RE READY TO GO.
THANKS FOR THOUGH OPPORTUNITY.
>> YEAH.
YEAH.
IT IS EXHILARATING.
I THINK IT MUST BE LIKE WHAT IT
MEANS TO GET ON A ROCKET AND BE
STRAPPED IN, BLAST OFF AWAY FROM
EARTH'S GRAVITY.
HAS BEEN INCREDIBLE RIDE.
WE ARE SUPER EXCITED THE ENTIRE
TEAM TO KNOW THE ENTIRE VENUS
COME IN THE.
WE WON THE DOUBLE LOTTERY,
VERITAS, DAVINCI+ TOWING, IT IS
AMAZINGLY EXCITING.
MANY OF US HAVE SPENT DECADES,
IN FACT, WORKING NOR MOMENT, SO
IT IS AN IN RED CREDIBLE RIDE.
YEAH.
WE CANNOT WAIT TO GET THE KEYS
TO START REVVING UP, BUILDING
OUR SPACECRAFT.
>> WELL, CONGRATULATIONS SO HERE
WE ARE.
WE JUST SELECT THE TWO NEW
MISSIONS TO EXPLORE THE MYSTERY
OF THE VENUS.
CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE GOALS OF
VERITAS AND DAVINCI+ AND WHAT
AREAS WILL THEY WORK TOGETHER.
WE WILL GO TO DR.SMREKAR FIRST.
SURE.
AS YOU BEARD IN THE CONVERSATION
WITH THE CONVERSATION WITH
SENATOR NELSON AND
DR.ZURBUCHEN.
WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND ROCKY
PLANET.
WHAT MAKES THEM BOTH IN OUR
SOLAR SYSTEM AND IN OTHER SOLAR
SYSTEMS.
VERITAS AND DAVINCI+ ARE AIMED
THAT.
WE WANT TO ON VERITAS, GET A
GLOBAL VIEW OF THE SURFACE OF
VENUS, WILL BE PEELING BACK THE
CLOUDS USING SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
TO FEATURE THE CLOUDS AND
REVEALING THAT HISTORY, WE ARE
LOOKING FOR PROCESSES THAT ARE
ACTIVE TODAY, AND YOU KNOW,
UNDERSTANDING HOW THE INTERIOR
FROM THE CORE TO THE SURFACE
GEOLOGY TO THE VOLCANOS THAT
HELP CREATE THE ATMOSPHERE HOW
THEY INTERACT AND HELP BUILD A
HABITABLE PLANET IN THE PAST AND
WHERE IT WENT WRONG TO BECOME
EXTREMELY UNINHABITABLE TODAY?
>> WELL, THE OTHER THING,
SORRY,.
>> SORRY FOR THAT INTERRUPTION.
>> WELL, I AM THRILLED THAT
DAVINCI+ IS THERE WITH US
BECAUSE WE HAVE GREAT SYNERGY
AND GET THE GLOBAL YOU HAVE AND
THE CLOSE-UP.
THE MARS MISSIONS HAVE BEEN
DOING FOR DECADES NOW, HAVING
THE GLOBAL ORBITAL VIEW AND
FINDING SUPER EXCITING SCIENCE
TARGETS THEN GOING DOWN THE
SURFACE IN DETAIL.
THEN, YOU KNOW, IT IS A GREAT
PAIRING.
>> WELL, THANKS.
DAVINCI+ IS LIKE A FLYING ROVER
CHEMISTRY BE THERE THE TOPS TO
THE SURFACE MAKING MEASUREMENTS
BY INGESTING THE ATMOSPHERE AND
MEASURING SHIFT WE ARE BRINGING
SAMPLE RETURN TO VENUS AND THE
METER SCALE PROBE THAT WILL SEE
THE SURFACE WITH HUMAN SCALE
EYES IN 3D AND COMPOSITIONALLY
AS WE TAKE THE PLUG AND OUR
SPACECRAFT WILL UNRAVEL THE
HISTORY OF THE KEY CHEMICAL IN
THE ATMOSPHERE WHERE I LIKE THE
FINGERPRINTS OF THE PROCESSES
THAT THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT
LOCALLY.
THE RECORD WILL TELL US THE
HISTORY OF PAST AND PERHAPS LOST
OCEAN AND WE'LL MEASURE THE
CYCLES OF CARBON AND OXYGEN AND
HYDROGEN, SULFUR, PHOSPHORUS
WHICH PUT TOGETHER.
VENUS IS TELLING US SOMETHING
BECAUSE IT HAS THIS.
WE ARE GOING TO GO THERE BACK TO
THE LOST HORIZON WITH OUR
MISSION TO CONNECT THE DOTS SO
WE CAN SEE VENUS UPCLOSE AND
GLOBALLY, SO YOU CAN BECOME THE
EXOPLANET NEXT THAT TELLS US HOW
TO THERE IS COVER EXOVENUS AND
HOW THEY WORK BEYOND.
WE CANNOT WAIT TO GET STARTED
WORKING TOGETHER WITH THE NEARS
OF VERITAS.
THIS IS EPIC RIDE, TRUST ME.
>> LET'S TALK MORE ABOUT THIS
PLANET.
VENUS IS NOT THE CLOSEST PLANET
TO THE SUN BUT IT IS THE HOTTEST
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
BETWEEN THE INTENSE HEAT OF
900DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.
THE CORROSIVE YOU SULFURIC
CLOUDS AND THE CRUSHING
ATMOSPHERE 90 TIMES DENSER THAN
EARTH.
LANDING A SPACECRAFT HERE
OPERATION INCREDIBLY CHALLENGING
OF THE NINE PROBES NONE LASTED
LONGER THAN 127 MINUTES AND SO,
DR.GARVIN, CAN YOU TELL HOW
DAVINCI+ WILL WITHSTANDS THE
HARSH CONDITIONS AND PLUNGE
RIGHT DOWN VENUS' ATMOSPHERE.
>> WELL, WHAT ARE WE ARE GOING
TO DO IS MAKE IT ACCOMPANY.
THAT IS KEY.
THEY WILL FEEL THAT SO YOU CAN
SEE HERE.
THE SULFURIC ACIDS THE DENSE
PLEASURES THE FLUIDS NEAR THE
SURFACE.
WE WILL ENCAPSULATE SO WE CAN
MAKE THOSE TELLTALE MEASUREMENTS
HUNDREDS OF TIMES WHILE EM
MAJORING THIS EXOTIC LANDSCAPE
TODAY MAY LOOK HOSTILE AND ALIEN
SOMETHING OUT OF "STAR WARS" OR
STAR TREK BUT IN THE PAST LOOKED
LIKE THIS.
OCEAN WORLD.
PERHAPS OCEAN WORLD THAT STARTED
LIFE LIKE EARTH FOR BILLIONS OF
YEARS.
WE CAN READ THAT RECORD THROUGH
THE MEASUREMENTS WE MAKE BY
PROTECTING THE INSTRUMENTS TO
GIVE THIS IS WILD RIDE AND A
MAGICAL MYSTERY AS WE MAKE
MEASUREMENTS TO PUT TOGETHER THE
HISTORY BOOK OF VENUS.
>> FANTASTIC.
NOW DR.SMREKAR.
I UNDERSTAND THAT VERITAS WILL
CHART OVER THE ENTIRE PLAN NOTE
CREATE THREE DIMENSIONAL CAN HE
RECONSTRUCTION AND CONFIRM WHAT
A PROCESSES LIKE COMICS ARE
STILL ACTIVE ON VENUS SO CAN YOU
EXPLAIN TO US WHY IT IS
IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THESE
ASPECTS OF THE PLANET?
>> SURE.
YEAH.
I MEAN, WE ARE KIND OF EXPLORING
THE FUTURE EARTH IN EFFECT BY
GOING TO VENUS AND YOU KNOW, AND
VENUS HAS INCREDIBLE GREEN HOUSE
ATMOSPHERE TODAY, BUT YOU KNOW,
IT WAS ONCE MUCH MORE
INHABITABLE AND BY ACTUALLY THE
PROCESSES THAT ARE ACTIVE ON THE
SURFACE TODAY.
WE CAN IN EFFECT GO BACK TO THE
EARLY START OF EARTH'S HISTORY,
YOU KNOW, EARTH'S PROBABLY
LOOKED A LOT LIKE THIS AS WELL
AS VENUS IN THE EARLY DAYS, AND
PROCESSES HAS BEEN DOMINANCE
FACTOR CONTROLLING THE EARTH'S
SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERE, SO ON
EARTH, PAST EACH OTHER AND THE
PROCESS ALLOWS PLACES TO SINK
INTO THE MANTLE AND WE THINK
THAT STEP OF ONE PLACE SINKING
INTO THE MANTLE IS THE FIRST
STEP IN PLACING COMETS THAT HAS
SETTLE EARTH DOWN AND BECOMING
HABITABLE AND, YOU KNOW,
DEVELOPING THE OCEAN.
WHAT ABOUT VERY US? WE WOULD
THINK THE SAME PROCESS WOULD
HAPPEN ON VENUS, BUT IT IS SO
FAR EXCEEDS TO HAVE GIVE OPINION
SEDUCTION SO WE COULD GO BACK
EFFECTIVELY TO THE FIRST EARTH'S
HISTORY TO UNDERSTAND THAT
PROCESS OF HOW THIS INCREDIBLY
COMPLEX AND HOW IT DID START?
WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS ALLOWING
IT TO HAPPEN.
THAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT
QUESTION TO BE ABLE TO LOOK AT
JUST THE DENSITY AND THE SIZE OF
EXOPLANETS AROUND OTHER STARS TO
SAY, ARE THEY LIKELY TO BE
HABITABLE?
ARE THEY LIKELY TO BE LIKE
EARTH'S 2.0?
>> ALL RIGHT.
SO WHY NOW?
WHAT IS ADVANCING IN TECHNOLOGY
SINCE WE VISITED VENUS IN THE
'70'S AND THE '80'S.
I WILL START WITH DR.GARVIN
THIS TIME.
>> WELL, EVERYTHING.
TECHNOLOGY.
SCIENCE RESULTS.
MODELING.
WHAT WE LEADER ARE LEARNED ABOUT
OUR UNIVERSE, OUR PLANET IS THAT
IT GIST AMAZING PARADIGM SHIFT
SO WHAT WE THOUGHT WE KNEW IN
THE '70'S, 80 HE HAS BEEN
TRANSFORMED BY VENUS MISSION,
THE EXPRESS, JAPAN, BUT ALSO, BY
OUR CAPABILITIES, WE HAVE
INSTRUMENTS NOW WE CAN
ENCAPSULATE TO MEASURE THINGS
100 TIMES FINER THAN WE WERE
ABLE TO MEASURE IN THE 70'S-80'S
BY BRINGING THAT POWERFUL
TRANSFORMATIVE KNOWLEDGE WE CAN
PROBE, MEASURE THE SUR FASHION
IN WAYS THAT WERE UNIMAGINABLE
30 TO 40 YEARS AGO.
THAT IS WHY WE ARE GOING BACK.
THE QUESTIONS THE SCIENCE HAVE
NOW ABOUT PAST HABITABILITY AND
HOW DID THE PLANET LOOMS
HABITABILITY.
I WAS CHANGED NOT HABITABILITY.
WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW VENUS
LOST THAT AND THAT IS PART OF
THE OWN DESTINY, PERHAPS.
READING RECORD BOOKS THROUGH
CHEMISTRY, LANDSCAPE, THROUGH
GLOBAL STUDIES LIKE VARY AS WILL
DO AND CHANGE EVERY AND THE
DON'T GET KNOW THE EXOPLANET
NEXT DOOR, HOW WILL GREAT NEW
MISSION LOOK THE JAMES WEBB
SPACE TELESCOPE CONNECT THOUGH
EXOPLANETARY SYSTEMS BEYOND THAT
IS A KEY QUESTION.
WE CAN DOP THAT WITH THE MODERN
TECHNIQUES OF TODAY.
DAVINCI+ AND VERITAS WILL DO
THAT THE 21st CENTURY.
I CANNOT WAIT TO GO.
>> YEAH.
SAME FOR VERITAS, WE ARE
BUILDING ON THE DISCOVERIES OF
PAST MISSIONS, TECHNOLOGIES
DEVELOPED TO STUDY THE EARTH, TO
STUDY OTHER PLANETS.
WOE WE HAVE TO LOOK THROUGH THE
DENSE CLOUDS.
YOU CAN SEE IMAGES OF THE CLOUD
COVER AND WE HAVE TO USE SPECIAL
TOOLS TO PEER THROUGH THE CLOUDS
AND WE ARE BUILDING ON
INSTRUMENTS DESIGNED TO THE
EARTH AND WE ARE GOING TO FLY
THE FIRST EVER INSTRUMENTS
SO-CALLED SPECTROMETER THAT WILL
LOOK AT THE COMPOSITION OF THE
SURFACE BY PEERING THROUGH THE
CLOUDS, SO FROM THOSE
INSTRUMENTS TO THE CLOUD COVER,
AND WE'LL BE ABLE TO GET EN
SPIRE ENTIRELY NEW LOOK, YEAH.
AS SOON AS YOU ARE SEEING WHAT
SUCH PRIVACY OF HAWAII LOOKS
LIKE, AND THIS IS WHAT IT LOOKS
LIKE CURRENTLY IN THE DATA WE
HAVE, YOU KNOW, YOU CAN SEE
THERE ARE HIGH POINTS THERE, BUT
WE'LL JUST REVEALING EXQUISITE
DETAIL AND THE TOP OF THE PEAKS,
YOU CAN SEE.
YOU CAN SEE INDIVIDUAL FLOWS SO
WE'LL GET, YOU KNOW,
UNPRECEDENTED LOOK AT THE
SURFACE OF THE VENUS.
>> THANK YOU.
THANK YOU SO MUCH.
WE ARE ALL PLANNING QUESTIONS
FROM ON-LINE.
THERE IS SO MUCH INTERESTS AND
THE QUESTIONS ARE COMING IN ON
SOCIAL MEDIA.
SO FOR EVERYBODY WATCHING,
REMEMBER, JOIN THE CONVERSATION
BY SUBMITTING YOUR QUESTIONS
USING #ASKNASA.
OR COMMENTS IN THE STREAM
WHEREVER ARE WATCHING THIS.
LET'S START WITH A FEW QUESTIONS
NOW.
OUR FIRST QUESTION IS FROM ON
TWITTER.
THERE IS ANY REASON BEHIND
NAMING THE MISSIONS DAVINCI+ AND
VERITAS.
LET'S DO DAVINICI+ FIRST AND
VERITAS.
WELL, WHO DOES NOT LOVE
DAVINCI+.
HE INVENTED HELICOPTERS.
HE PAINTED THE MONA LISA.
WHAM WENT TO DO IN TAKING HIS
NAME, ALSO THE ACRONYM FOR THE
MISSION, DEEP ATMOSPHERE
EXPLORATION OF VENUS WITH
IMAGING AND MEASUREMENTS OF
CHEMISTRY AND GASES BY TAKING
THE GREAT NAME AND CAT LEG AND
500 YEARS IN HISTORY AND
APPLYING IT FORWARD.
WE WANT TO SEE THOUGH RISING IN
THE VIEW OF LEONARDO AND PAINTED
THE MOST FAMOUS PAINTINGS EVER
ALL TIME.
WE THINK IT IS WAITING AND WANT
TO DISCOVER THAT TOGETHER FOR
ALL OF HUMANITY.
WOULDN'T THAT BE BEAUTIFUL.
>> OH, VERITAS IS ACRONYM THAT
STEMS FOR VENUS, RADAR, SCIENCE,
TOPOGRAPHY, BUT IT, YOU KNOW, IT
HAS BEEN SO LONG SINCE WE HAVE
BEEN TO VENUS, THAT THERE ARE
IDEAS FROM 30 YEARS AGO THAT I
LIKE TO CALL MYTHS THAT ARE
FLOATING AROUND BUT LEARN SO
MUCH ABOUT THE EARTH AND OTHER
PLANETS THAT THEY ARE REALLY
OUTDATED IDEAS AND WE ARE
EXCITED TO BRING NEW AND REVEAL
THE TRUTH.
>> VERY GOOD ANSWER.
I LIKE IT.
>> WHICH SIDE WILL BE CARRIED
OUT.
THE WARMER SIDE OR THE COLDER
SUN HIDDEN SIDE AND WILL START
WITH THE DOCTOR FOR THIS ONE.
IF YOU WANT TO ADD ON, FEEL
FREE.
>> SO AS OR BITTER, WE SEE BOTH
THE SUNLIT AND THE DARK SIDE SO
WE ARE CONSTANTLY GOING AROUND
THE PLANET AND ONE SIDE TO THE
OTHER, IN FACT.
ONE OF THE INSTRUMENTS LIKE TO
AM PRIMARILY IMAGE ON THE COOLER
NIGHT SIDE, OUR SPECTROMETER
THAT WILL ALLOW US TO GET AT THE
COME SURFACE.
SO THAT OPERATES ON THE NIGHT
SLIDE BECAUSE THE GLARE OFF THE
CLOUDS IS TOO INTENSE TO ALLOW
US TO SEE THE SURFACE ON THE DAY
SIDE BUT RADAR INSTRUMENTS CAN
SEE IT ALL THE TIME, SO THE MOST
PART, WE ARE OPERATING ON BOTH
SIDES.
>> WELL, KAREN, IF I MAY ADD,
FOR DAVINCI+ , WE ARE GOING WIN
THE FLYING ROVE OTHER IN THE DAY
SIDE OVER THE MOUNTAINOUS
REGION, THE FIRST RADAR-BRIGHT
RADAR SEEN FROM EARTH WITH RADIO
TELESCOPES SO LAND ON THIS
MOUNTAIN ZONE.
SIS TWICE THE SIZE OF TEXAS.
THAT IS PRETTY BIG.
WE ARE GOING TO COME IN THERE
AND SEE THE ATMOSPHERE.
WE HAVE LOTS OF ILLUMINATION.
YOU MAY THINK IT IS DARK.
BUILT NOT.
AS OUR PROBE COMES THROUGH THE
CLOUDS ROUGHLY AT MAYBE
90,000FEET AND START TO SEE
THAT SURFACE THEN GET SHARPER
AND SHARPER AND MEASURE AND SEE
IT IN 3D AND USING NEW MISSION
VISION METHODS AND EVENTUALLY
SEE HUMAN SCALE FEATURES AS IF
WE'RE COMING IN ON HELICOPTER OR
THE BACKYARD SO USE THE DAY
SIDE.
AS WE GET THERE.
WE'LL VISIT VENUS TWICE AND TAKE
MOVIES OF THE UPPER CLOUD USING
ULTRAVIOLET CALM AS TO LOOK AT
THE CLIMATOLOGY.
WHILE WE GO IN.
WE WILL SEE SOME OF THE BIG
VENUS THAT'S THE MISSION WILL
SEE.
>> GREAT.
THANK YOU.
OUR NEXT QUESTION, ALSO,
DAVINCI+ QUESTION IS FROM
241-888-6100 WHO IS FROM
TWITTER.
CAN THE DAVINCI+ PROBE CAPTURE
IMAGES OF THE SURROUNDING
LANDSCAPE AFTER IT LANES ON THE
SURFACE?
>> IT DOES NOT REQUIRE LANDING?
BE CALL OUR SOULS OF A LANDER.
WE MAKE MEASUREMENT THROUGHS THE
ATMOSPHERE AS IF WE'RE LANDING
OURSELVES THEN WE DON'T HAVE TO
LAND AND WILL GET ALL THE DATA
AS YOU CAN SEE THE PROBE BEING
RELEASED ON THE MOTHER
SPACECRAFT AND GET THOSE DATA
BACK THROUGH THE MOTHER SHIP
BACK TO EARTH IF WOE SURVIVE
LANDING WE HAVE CAPACITY TO
OPERATE FOR A FEW TENS OF
MINUTES BUT WE THINK OUR FINAL
IMAGES AND FINAL CHEMICAL
MEASUREMENTS MAY BE 100METERS
ABOVE THE SURFACE AND HERE IN
THE CLOUDS FLYING THROUGH THAT
AREA ABOUT 100,000FEET HIGH AND
SHOW FEATURES AS SMALL AS
BASEBALLS, HOCKEY PUCKS ON THE
SURFACE SO SEE THAT AS WE LANDED
AND THE PROBE HAS INSTRUMENTS
THAT CAN MASH SHORE THE
CHEMISTRY, TEMPERATURE,
PRESSURE, COMPOSITION ALL THE
WAY DOWN LITERALLY AS KIND OF SA
DRIVE-BY LAB SO WE DON'T HAVE
TO LAND TO DO OUR MISSION.
IT WOULD BE GREAT IF WE DID.
BUT WE ARE GOING TO VENUS.
>> ALL RIGHT.
ALL RIGHT.
NEXT ONE, I WILL ALSO START WITH
DR.SMREKAR BUT YOU MAY WANT TO
JOIN IN DR.GARVIN.
THIS IS FROM TWITTER.
WHAT REALLY INSPIRED AS? TO
RETURN BACK TO VENUS?
IT IS EXCITING AT THE SAME TIME
IS CHALLENGING TO ACCOMPLISH
THIS HOTTEST PLANET DESTINATION.
WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS?
S WHAT DO YOU THINK WE'RE IN
INSPIRED TO GO BACK TO VENUS?
>> WELL, SO MANY REASONS.
BUT YOU KNOW?
WE HEARD FROM THE INTERVIEW WITH
SENATOR NELSON AND DR.SMREKAR
ABOUT DIFFERENT SURFACE
TEMPERATURES FOR VENUS AND MARS.
EARTH IS LIKE THE GOLDIE LOCKS
PLANET.
IT IS JUST RIGHT.
MARS IS COLD AND BARREN TODAY.
VENUS IS SUPER HOT.
EARTH IS JUST RIGHT.
SO YOU KNOW, WE LEARNED SO MUCH
IN THE PAST DECADE ABOUT MARS
AND OF COURSE, WE ARE LEARNING
NEW THINGS ABOUT THE EARTH ALL
THE TIME.
WE REALLY NEED NEW DATA FOR
VENUS TO BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT IT THAT IS MAKES EARTH
UNIQUE.
WHY IS.
THE ONLY PLACE WE KNOW OF YET
THAT HAS LIFE?
WHY IS IT SO SUPREMELY HABITABLE
TODAY?
WE NEED TO ABLE TO ANSWER THIS
MYSTERY AND LOOK FOR SIMILARLY
HOW IT WILL PLANET AROUND OTHER
STARS?
WELL PHYSICAL I MAY ADD I WOULD
AGREE BECAUSE IT IS TIME, FOLKS.
OUR SISTER NEXT DOOR AND WHAT DO
YOU THINK THAT SAYS.
IN THE CASE WE DON'T WANT TO.
SHE HAS SO TOP OF TELL US.
YES SHE IS HARD.
ENGINEERS OF PLANET EARTH AND
THOSE WOMEN AND MEN THAT MAKE
THINGS POSSIBLE THAT WE TALK
ABOUT ALL THE TIME.
THEY WILL LET US DO VENUS RIGHT
SO WE CAN USES WHAT YOU ARE
TRYING TO TELL US.
SHE HAS BEEN TRYING LITERALLY
WHALING AT US OVER THE LAST
30-40 YEARS TO COME HOME AND
COME BACK.
WE NEED GO BACK BECAUSE THE TIME
IS RIGHT.
WE HAVE THE TOOLS.
WE HAVE THE PEOPLE.
WE HAVE THE MODELS.
WE HAVE THE INTERESTS AND
WOULDN'T IT BE HORRIBLE IF WE
DIDN'T KNOW OUR SISTER NEXT DOOR
AND STARTED TO SEIZE THIS
PLETHORA OF VENUSES THAT DOCTORS
ARE TALKING ABOUT.
THERE MAY BE DOZENS WE SEE WITH
OUR TELESCOPE.
WE HAVE TO MEASURE OUR VENUS TO
UNDERSTAND THOSE VENUSES.
THAT IS WHAT IT IS ALL ABOUT.
>> THANK YOU.
THANK YOU.
THE NEXT QUESTION IS FROM
WILLIAM ON FACEBOOK AND WHO ASKS
WHAT MATERIALS WILL BE USED TO
KEEP THE SPACECRAFT FROM
MELTING?
PROBABLY A DAVINCI+ QUESTION FOR
STARTERS BUT VERITAS MAY HAVE
THE OWN THERMAL CONSTRAINT TO
WORK WITH.
>> WELL, VENUS IS HOT AND HARD
AND GOOD QUESTION AND BUILDING
OUR SPACECRAFT ABOUT A METER
DIAMETER AND HEMISPHERICAL
TITANIUM PRESSURE VESSEL THAT
CARRY GREAT OCEAN EXPLORERS YOU
CAN SEE THE PROBE THERE ABOUT
THREE AND A HALF FEET ACROSS.
IT HAS THIN VEINS TO TAKE IT
DOWN.
IT IS MADE IT INSIDE.
AND INSIDE WE USE A BASE CHANGE
MATERIAL TO KEEP THE TEMPERATURE
JUST RIGHT FOR THE INSTRUMENTS
TO MEASURE THE CHEMISTRY AND WE
HAVE OTHER TECHNIQUES AND
SPECIAL KIND OF SEALS THAT ALLOW
THE ATMOSPHERE IN WHEN WE
ATTEMPT TO MAKE THOSE AND OTHER
TIMES DON'T LET IT IN.
THIS TECHNOLOGY HAS WORKED
BEFORE FOR THE COLLEAGUES IN
RUSSIA.
WE USED IT AND ADVANCING TO THE
21st CENTURY OPEN THAT VENUS
FRONTIER SO WE CAN GO THERE AND
BE THERE.
>> YEAH.
AND WE HAVE MUCH EASIER JOB AND
IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAN DAVINCI+
HAS.
BUT THIS IS STILL A LOT OF FLEX
OFF THE CLOUD ON THE DAY SIDE SO
WE DO HAVE EXTRA MATERIAL ON THE
SOLAR MAN ALLOW US TO REFLECT
SOME OF THAT HEAT AND MAKE SURE
THERE IS NOT TOO MUCH
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT FROM ONE
SIDE OF THE SPACECRAFT TO
OTHERS.
>> GREAT, THANKS SO MUCH.
WE STILL GOING.
REMEMBER YOU CAN SEND IN YOUR
QUESTIONS.
ASK NASA.
SORRY.
#ASKNASA.
NEXT UP WE HAVE A QUESTION FROM
BE24 ON TWITTER, WHO ASKS, BE
WHAT DATA ARE YOU HOPING TO
COLLECT THROUGH THE MISSIONS
DOCTOR?
>> WE ARE EXCITED TO BE CLOAKING
A NUMBER OF DIFFERENCES AND
GLOBAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND GLOBAL
RADAR IMAGES AND WE'LL GET DATA
FROM OUR SPECTROMETER ABOUT THE
COMPOSITION AND WE LOOK FOR, WE
USE THIS DATA LOOK FOR RECENT
AND WE'LL GET SIGNATURE OF
ACTIVE, AND WELL BE A LOOKING
FOR GASES COMING FROM VOLCANO,
WATERS, EVEN ACTIVE VOLCANOS.
SO AND THE LASTLY, WE TAKE
GRAVITY DATA WHICH TELLS BUGS
THE CORE AND THE MANTLE AND I
SAY WE ARE TAKING DATA TO
MEASURE ACTIVE MISSION ON THE
SUR SPACE TO WE HAVE A BUNCH
DIFFERENT WAYS TO SEE THE
SURFACE.
>> WELL, ON DAVINCI+ PLUS OUR
JOB IS TO MAKE HUNDREDS OF
CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS.
AN ORDER MADE BEFORE.
HUB DREAD TIMES.
WE'LL MAKE COMPLETE ATMOSPHERE
WE'LL SNIFF THE GLOBAL GASES TO
LOOK AT THE RATIOS.
THAT IS BIG WORD.
IT IS NOT OUT OF JEOPARDY.
IT LOYS US TO PIECE TOGETHER THE
PAST HISTORY OF VENUS.
WHY WAS OCEANS LOST.
VOLCANOS ERUPTING?
WE CAN READ THROUGH THE
MEASUREMENTS WE MAKE FROM THE
CHEMISTRY MEASUREMENTS WE TAKE
HUNDREDS OF IMAGES TO THE
SURFACE PORT AT THE BOTTOM
SAPPHIRE WINDOW THEN LET US SEE
THE SURFACE BRICK AND SHARP LOOK
THE LANDINGS ON MARS WON'T DO
THEM IN 3D WITH COMPOSITION AND
BE MEASURE TO MEASURE LOCALLY TO
COMPARE TOLL THE GLOBAL ONES
FROM VERITAS IN THE MOUNTAINS
WHERE IT USED TO BE CONTINENT
AND THE BALL DROPS LIKE FIND IN
THE MOUNTAINS OF NEW ENGLAND OR
THE SHIELD SOL WE'LL MAKE THOSE
MEASUREMENTS AND PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE ACCELERATION, ALL
THE WAY DOWN, IT WILL BE A WILD
RIDE.
THAT DATA WILL BE WITH A
BOUNDARY CONDITION FOR
GENERATIONS TO COME.
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.
WE HAVE A LOT MORE QUESTIONS
COMING IN.
FROM SOCIAL MEDIA, ON-LINE, BUT
NOT THE ONLY ONCE EXCITED ABOUT
THESE NEW SOLAR SYSTEM MISSIONS.
SOLARES GOING TO HEAR FROM SOME
OTHER VERITAS AND DAVINCI+
MISSION TEAM MEMBERS.
>> NASA IS RETURNING TO VENUS
AFTER 30 YEARS.
>> WE GOING BACK TO VENUS.
OUR TEAM OF MANAGERS, ENGINEERS,
SCIENTISTS, TECHNICIAN AND
INSTRUMENT DEVELOPERS ARE READY.
>> I WAS EXTREMELY EXCITED TO
GET TO COMPETE WITH OTHER
PROFESSIONALS TO TRY TO PUT A
NEW MISSION AROUND VENUS.
>> HI, EVERYBODY.
GOOD MORNING.
I AM ENVIRONMENT RIGHT NOW THAT
IS DIFFERENT FROM VENUS AND WE
HAVE SO MANY UNANSWERED
QUESTIONS ABOUT THE PLANET NEXT
DOOR.
HOW DID VENUS FORM?
DID IT HAVE OCEANS?
WHERE DID THE WATER GO?
HOW EARTH AND VENUS AND BECAME
SO DIFFERENT.
WHAT MAKES ROCKY PLANETS BECOME
HABITABLE?
WHAT MAKES IT NOT IN THE WHAT
ANCIENT CLIMATE MAY BE PRESERVED
IN THE RECORD?
THESE ARE COMPELLING QUESTIONS
THAT DRIVE ME TO STUDY VENUS.
I AM PASSIONATE ABOUT VENUS
BECAUSE IT HAS BEEN A PUZZLE
THAT HAS BEEN SO MANY DECADES.
VENUS PROMISES THOSE ANSWERS.
WE ARE GOING DEEP IN.
LEARNING ABOUT THE ATMOSPHERE.
WE'RE GOING INTO ORBIT TO GET
LONG TERM IMAGES AND THIS SHOULD
BE FANTASTIC MISSION.
I ALSO AS GEOLOGIST AND
THOUSANDS SEE THE SURFACE OF
VERY BUS THIS MY OWN EYE Z IT
WERE.
I IMAGINE WHAT IT IS TO BE IN
THE CROWD THROUGH AND
TRANSPARENT ATMOSPHERE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACE WHERE IT
IS SO THICK IN SOME WAY, WE HAVE
THE GAS AND THE LIQUID.
>> IN MY WILDEST DREAMS WE ARE
GOING TO FIND A VENUS THAT IS
EVEN MORE VOLCANICALLY ACTIVE
THAN WHAT WE HAVE SERVED ON
EARTH TODAY.
THE SECRETS OF THE TOP
HABITABILITY WILL ALLOW US TO
DEPEND THE EVOLUTION OF EARTH
PLANETS AROUND.
>> I AM VERY INSPIRED AND VERY
HAPPY TO CONTINUE IN THE
BUSINESS OF EXPLORATION BUT ALSO
THE BUSINESS OF INSPIRATION.
>> WE ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO
BRIDGING THE COME IN THE AND THE
PUBLIC ALONG WITH US ON OUR
ADVENTURE.
THIS IS REALLY EXCITING MISSION
AND I AM SO PROUD TO BE A PART
OF IT.
I CANNOT WAIT FOR THE DATA FROM
DID A HAVE BEEN CRY.
WORKING WITH BEAUTIFUL
SPACECRAFT, STATE-OF-THE-ART
INSTRUMENTS AND GETTING TO
MAKING THEM HAPPEN.
IT WILL BE TREMENDOUS, FUN,
LOOKING FORWARD TO IT.
GO VERITAS.
GO DAVINCI+.
>> IT IS SO GREAT.
TO SEE ALL THE EXCITEMENT AND
ENTHUSIASM AROUND THE NEW
MISSIONS.
THE EXCITEMENT AND ENTHUSE.
BACKING TO THE QUESTIONS FROM
ALL OF YOU ARE AT HOME.
SENDING THEM IN.
WE HAVE YOUTUBE.
WILL BE THERE NEW TECHNOLOGY ON
THE MISSIONS TO VENUS THAT HAS
NOT BEEN INVENTED YET?
I WILL TOSS TO EARTH OF YOU.
>> WELL, I CAN JUST SAY, THE
TECHNOLOGY OF ENCAPSULATING THE
NEXT GENERATION INSTRUMENTS
FLYING TO VENUS AND THE KIND
OPERATING ON MARS NOW AND A LOT
MORE, HAD TO BE VINTED FOR US TO
HAVE A CHANCE OF FINDING THESE
MISSIONS THESE ARE SLEEKED
MISSIONS BY DOCTOR THEY ARE AND
THE COLLEGE OF NASA AND COMPETE
FOR THE CHANCE TO DO THAT AND SO
TECHNOLOGIES WE INVENT ARE
INVENTED NOW TO GO TO VENUS AND
HOPE WE CAN TEST NEW AND PART OF
THE TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATING
EXPERIMENTS TO EXTEND THAT
FURTHER AND WE HAVE ONE ON THE
PLUS TO MEASURE THE COMPOSITION
OF THE UPPER CLOUDS OF VENUS TO
SEE WHAT ARE THE MYSTERY
OBSERVES LIKE THE KIND OF FUTURE
CASTING WE WANT TO DO AT NASA
THAT IS EMBLEMATIC OF WHO WE
ARE.
>> YEAH.
MEAN, WE HAVE ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY
DEMONSTRATION ON VERITAS.
IT IS CALLED DEEP SPACE CLOCK.
IT IS INCREDIBLY ACCURATE.
AND BY BRINGING THAT NEW
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ALONG, WE
CAN HELP IMPROVE THE ABILITY TOP
TO MEASURE THE MOTION OF THE
SPACECRAFT AND USE THAT TO SENSE
THE PLANETS AND TO SENSE THE
GRAVITY FIELD AND IT WILL HELP
FUTURE MISSIONS AS WELL TO BE
ABLE TO PROVIDE EVEN BETTER DATA
TAT FOR THE INTERIOR OF PERHAPS
I.T. MOONS, OR OTHER BODIES
WHERE THEY ACTUALLY FLY THE
ATOMIC CLOCK AND THE FUTURE THEN
VERITAS HAS A LOT OF EXCESS
LAUNCH MATS SO IT IS ENTIRELY
POSSIBLE THAT NASA WILL DECIDE
TO ADD ANOTHER PAYLOAD ON THAT
YOU KNOW, BEING DEVELOPED AS WE
SPEAK.
MAYBE SELECT FUTURE COMPETITION
SO STAY TUNED WE WILL SEE WHAT
YOU LAUNCH WITH.
>> GREAT.
YOUTUBE ASKS, HOW ARE YOU GOING
TO COOP THE SPACECRAFT UP AND
RUNNING AND AS LARGE AS POSSIBLE
SINCE MOST DIE SO FAST?
I WILL TWEAK THIS TO ADD HOW
LONG EACH MISSION IS EXPECTED AS
TO THE LIFETIME 6 EACH MISSION.
I THINK IT IS A START ARE
QUESTION FOR DAVINCI+ WITH GOING
DOWN OFF THE SURFACES NO WELL,
OUR MISSION IS TO A LITTLE OVER
TWO AND A HALF YEARS WE ACTUALLY
LAUNCH AND FLY BY VENUS BASE TO
COLLECT SENSING DATA.
THAT WE ARE BAWL THE ATMOSPHERE.
WE THINK THAT'S THE HISTORY BOOK
OF VERY, VERY US IN WE WANT TO
READ.
WE LOOK AT THE ATMOSPHERE AS WE
LOOK AT EARTH.
YOU CAN SEE THE EARTH HERE AS WE
LAUNCH TO VENUS.
YOU CAN SEE US BEING RELEASED ON
THE INJECTION AFTER WE LAUNCH
AND BUT, IT WILL TAKE US SIX
MONTHS TO GET TO VENUS.
FLY BY VENUS IS AND GOING AROUND
THE SUN AND COME BACK TO THE
PROBE TWO DAYS OUT THEN THE
PROBE SPACECRAFT, AGAIN, IN A
SHELL WILL FLY THROUGH FOR ABOUT
AN HOUR AND REACH THE SURFACE
LANDING.
A ABOUT A SPEED OF MAYBE 20 TO
25MILES PER HOUR.
DURING THAT TIME, WE'LL COLLECT
THOUSANDS OF DATA SETS OF A NEW
TYPE OF CHEMISTRY, MAJORING,
COMPOSITION, PRESSURE, STEM SEE
THE LOWER SURFACE FOR THE FIRST
TIME IN THE NEW WAY.
SO THE OVERALL PROBE WILL BE
HOUR.
AND WE MAY HAVE ANOTHER COUPLE
OF MINUTES THEN OUR SPACECRAFT
WILL PLAY THAT DATA BACK SO THAT
IS OUR MISSION LIFETIME.
>> AND FOR VERITAS, WE GET
RAPIDLY ABOUT SIX MONTHS, AND
THEN WE SEND PART OF THE TIME
GOING FROM A BIG ORBIT, NO
DOUBT, 10,000KILOMETERS, THEN,
THEN BRINGING THAT ORBIT DOWN
SLOWLY TO BEING FEW HUNDRED
MILES ABOVE THE SURFACE.
WE ACTUALLY USE THE SOLAR PANELS
TO EFFECTIVELY ACT LIKE A DRY
CLOUD AND, YOU KNOW, SPOILER IN
THE BACK OF THE CAR AND WE USE
OUR SOLAR PANELS INSTEAD.
WE DIP GENTLY INTO THE AT
OFFICERS AND SLOWS IT DOWN OVER
THE COURSE OF A YEAR AND IN THAT
TIME WHICH GET TO THE ORBIT AND
WE NEED TO BE IN TO GET THE BEST
PERFORMANCE OUT OF THE
INSTRUMENTS SO YOU KNOW, AFTER
ABOUT TWO YEAR, WE ARE READY TO
START TAKING THE SCIENCE DATA
THEN EXTEND ABOUT THREE AND A
HALF YEARS ACQUIRING DATA
MAPPING IN A SERIES OF GLOBAL
PASSES AROUND THE PLANET.
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.
>> THE NEXT ONE UP IS DAVINCI+
QUESTION.
JOHN SPELMAN ON YOUTUBE ASKS
WILL DAVINCI+ BE ABLE TO DETECT
MOLECULES?
WHAT IT WOULD MEAN FOR FUTURE
MISSIONS IF IT WAS DISCOVERED BY
DAVINCI+?
>> FIRST, ONE CAN DEFECT
THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE ATMOSPHERE
FROM THE LOWER CLOUDS TO THE
SURFACE WHERE NO SPECIES HAVE
BEEN DEKED SOOLE WE'LL BE
LOOKING FOR THAT WITH DETAIL
LAKE THE MEASUREMENTS BEING MADE
ON MARS NOW WITH VINYLS WE HAVE
INSTRUMENTS THAT IS SPECIAL ONE
THAT USES LASERS AND SCATTERING
THAT CAN MEASURE.
WE CAN ADOPT THAT INSTRUMENT BY
ADDING A NEW CHANNEL WHICH IS
OPTION THAT WILL BE PURSUING IN
THE NEXT COUPLE OF YEARS TO
MEASURE THE PHOSPHATE AND SUCH
AN EXCITING POSSIBILITY FOR
VENUS.
THE BIGGER POINT, THOUGH.
WE WILL MEASURE THE CHEMICAL
CONTEXT OF ALL THE INTERESTING
TRADE GAPS.
IT SMELLS LIKE SWAMP GAS AND
OTHERS THAT MAY BE EQUALLY
INTERESTING THAT WE HAVE NOT
DISCOVERED YET.
BY PRODUCING WE CAN START TO
THINK ABOUT BEING ASTRO
BIOLOGICAL TARGET SO IT IS NOT
JUST, IT IS ALL OF THE CONTEXT
OF THE CHEMISTRY OF THIS RICH
ATMOSPHERE THAT COULD HAVE HAD
HABITABLE CLOUD DECK AT ONE
POINT OR NOT.
WE NEED THE CONTEXT TO
UNDERSTAND THAT POSSIBILITY.
THAT IS HOW THE MEETING LENDING
WE WORK AND THAT IS WHAT WE DO
WITH DAVINCI+ .
>> THANKS.
>> NECK ONE.
I WILL TOSS IT TO DR.SMREKAR.
YOUTUBE ASKS QUESTION ABOUT
EARTH.
IF ALL THE VOLCANO ON EARTH
START ERUPTING AT ONCE, COULD
THAT TURN EARTH TO LOOK INTO
SOMETHING LIKE VENUS IN A COUPLE
OF DECADES?
>> A LOT MORE YEAH.
YOU KNOW?
I WILL HAVE TO DRAW ON SOME
CONCLUSION THAT WE PUT TOGETHER
AS WE SPEAK AND THERE ARE ABOUT
A COUPLE DOZEN ACTIVE VOLCANOS
ON VENUS.
THERE ARE MANY ON EARTH.
PARDON ME.
THERE ARE MANY MORE THAT HAVE
INTERRUPTED RECENTLY.
SO IF WE TAKE ALL OF THOSE, AND
PUT THEM TOGETHER, WE WOULD
CERTAINLY HAVE A VERY BIG IMPACT
ON THE CLIMATE, AND WE WOULD
FEEL THAT, YOU KNOW, RIGHT AWAY,
BUT IT WOULD NOT TURN OUT TO
VENUS.
THAT WOULD TAKE, YOU KNOW,
PROBABLY HUNDREDS ARE OF
MILLIONS OF YEARS BEFORE YOU GET
TO EXTREME POINTS AS YOU KNOW,
REALLY, IT IS MAJOR DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE CLIMATES OF EARTH
AND VENUS IS THAT ON EARTH,
BECAUSE WE STILL HAVE THE
OCEANS, AND THE CO2, THE CARBON
DIOXIDE IS LOCKED UP IN THE
ROCKS THAT CARBONATE ON GAS AND
OCEAN AND PRECIPITATED OUT AND
CREATE THE ROCKS SO, YOU KNOW,
UNLESS WE RELEASE ALL OF THAT
CARBON DIE OXIDE BACK IN THE
ATMOSPHERE WE'LL NEVER BECOME.
>> GOOD KNOW.
>> ALL RIGHT.
ALL RIGHT.
WE HAVE OTHER THINGS TO
REMEMBER.
WE WON'T GET ALL THE WAY INTO
BEING LIKE VENUS.
>> ALL RIGHT.
NEXT QUESTION.
LOU ON FACEBOOK ASKS, IS IT TRUE
THAT VENUS' ATMOSPHERE SMELLS
LIKE ROTTEN EGGS?
>> WHO WANTS TO TAKE THIS ONE?
>> WELL, I CAN GET A STABBING.
>> AN ACQUIRED MEG AND COMPOUNDS
ON HYDROGEN AND SULFUR AND ABLE
TO MEASURE THOSE.
HOWEVER, IT IS MADE OF CARBON
DAY OXIDE WITH AGON AND OTHER
GASES SO A PORTION OF THE
ATMOSPHERE IN THE CLOUDS YOU
JUST SAW WHERE WE EXPECT THOSE
SPECIAL SULFUR AND HYDROGEN
COMPOUNDS AND THAT CONSTITUTES
REALLY THICK CLOUD DECK AND
DIFFICULT TOLL SEE THROUGH
MEETING INSTRUMENTS BUT SNIFFING
THOSE INSTRUMENTS NOT HUMAN
NOSES TO MEASURE WHAT THEY ARE
MADE OF AND TELL YOU WHAT THEY
SMELL LIKE ROTTEN EGGS OR SWAMP
GAS AND OTHER THINGS THAT WOULD
BE EXCITING TO SMELL AND WE'LL
CON LOOK THE SMELLS OF HUMANITY
TO THE MEASUREMENTS OF WHEN WE
FLY THE DAVINCI+ PROBE.
>> WELL, WILL LEAVE IT AT THAT.
THE NEXT QUESTION IS KAY DEN ON
YOUTUBE.
HE ASKS, HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE
TO GET TO VENUS?
DR.SMREKAR MENTIONED THAT.
WHY DON'T I GO TO YOU NOR ONE.
>> SURE.
WELL, IT DEPENDS ON SHOW CLOSE
YOU ARE TO VENUS WHEN YOU
LAUNCH, BUT WE HAVE DIFFERENT
POSSIBLE TRAJECTORIES THAT WILL
GET THROUGHS FROM ANYWHERE AS
SHORT AS, YOU KNOW, FOUR MONTHS,
TO AS LONG AS NINE MONTHS, BUT
WE ARE HOPING FOR A SWEET SPOT
AROUND SIX MONTHS TO GET THERE.
>> ALL RIGHT.
ALL RIGHT.
I AM GOING TO ADD ON A SLIGHT
ADDITION TO THAT QUESTION FROM
AT FUTURE STAR MEN ON TWITTER
WHO IS ASKING HOW LONG UNTIL THE
MISSIONS ARE READY?
>> WELL, WE COULD BE READY AS
EARLY AS 26.
NASA HAS ASKED US TO BE READY TO
LAUNCH IN 28, THAT WORKS BEST
FOR THE PHASING OF ALL THE
VARIOUS MISSIONS SO THAT IS OUR
GOAL.
>> RIGHT.
NASA DICTATED LAUNCH SCENARIOS
FOR US BASED ON BEING PROFILES
WHICH WERE GRATEFUL, GRATEFUL TO
HAVE AND SO OUR MISSIONS ARE
SCHEDULED FOR THE 28th OR
2030 TIMEFRAME TOLL REACH US.
THAT IS GOING TO BE A GREAT TIME
TO GO TO VENUS AND JAMES WEBB
WILL BE FLYING AND SEEING AND
MAY! MAYBE THEY LIKE THE VENUS
WE SEE HERE.
WE CANNOT WAIT.
SOONER ARE WOULD BE BETTER AND
TAKE ANYTHING.
>> ALL RIGHT.
TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT
VENUS?
WE ARE GETTING GOOD QUESTIONS
ABOUT THE PLANET ITSELF?
SONYA ON FACEBOOK ASKS DOES
VENUS HAVE GRAVITY?
>> WELL, I CAN TAKE THAT ONE.
WE ARE GOING TO MEASURE THE
GRAVITY FIELD OF VENUS VERY
PRECISELY AND ABSOLUTELY IT HAS
GRAVITY.
SORRY.
>> YEAH.
YEAH.
WE ARE GOING TO PURCHASE SHORE
THE GRAVITY.
IT IS SLIGHTLY LESS THAN THAT OF
THE EARTH BECAUSE IT IS SLIGHTLY
SMALLER PLANETS.
SO GRAVITY AT SURFACE IS ABOUT
10% LESS THAN ON EARTH.
>> WELL, ALL RIGHT.
THIS ONE FOR YOU AS WELL.
DR.SWECKAR.
ROBERT ON FACEBOOK ASKS THERE IS
EVIDENCE THAT OCEANS PIXED OR
ARE THEY THEORETICAL?
ACTUALLY I TAKE IT BACK.
I THINK EITHER CAN ANSWER THAT.
DAVINCI+ IS LOOK FOR OCEANS.
I MAY TALK TO DR.GARVIN.
GOT THAT BACK
WELL, KAREN, I CAN TAKE A STAP
AND SUZANNE AS WELL.
THE EVIDENCE OF OCEANS IS
RECORDED IN THE MEASUREMENTS
THAT WERE MADE FROM SPACECRAFT
IN THE LATE'S SEA 70 THAT HE
INVOLVED MEASURING THE ISOTOPES
AND THAT CRITICAL RATIO GIVE US
IN PSYCH IN HOW MUCH WATER BOUND
IN HYDROGEN MOLECULE AND WE MADE
THAT MEASUREMENT THANKS TO THE
LARGE PROBE AND SINCE THEN THE
HIGH MEASUREMENTS MADE BY THE
EXPRESS MISSION AND THEY SHOW A
POSSIBILITY OF VERY GRAND
OCEANS.
BUZZ THE REAL EXCITING THING IS
LOOK YOU CAN SHEER.
PERHAPS, FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS
OF THE HISTORY.
EXITING THING IS THAT NEW
CLIMATE MODELS DEVELOP BY THE
COMMUNITY AND AROUND THE WORLD
HAVE SHOWN US THE POSSIBILITY
THAT IF VENUS WORKS THE WAY WE
THINK AND AGAIN.
IT MAY BE MISTS ABOUT WHAT WE
THINK UNTIL WE PRESSURE SHORE.
IF IT DOES IT COULD HAVE
HARBORED FOR 3.5BILLION.
WHAT IT WILL DO IS MEASURE THAT
AND EXQUISITE PRECISION TEN TIME
THROUGH THE AT MOGS OFFICER FROM
THE ABOVE THE CLOUDS TO THE NEAR
SURFACE AND SETTLE THE RECORD
STRAIGHT AND BIG OCEANS.
HOW WERE THEY LOST?
WHY THEY LOST AND KEY QUESTIONS
WE COULD ADD LEG THE CHEMICAL
MEASURES WE'LL MAKE IN CONTEXT
WITH THE DAVINCI+ .
>> RIGHT.
VERITAS WILL TAKE ANOTHER SWIPE
AT THAT QUESTION.
WE ARE LOOKING FOR EVIDENCE OF
NAN LOGS OF BE, ON EARTH, THE
CONTINENTS THAT WE LIVE ON FORMS
WHEN HUGE AMOUNTS OF OCEANIC
CRUST, IRON RICH MELT AND SO
WITH OUR INSTRUMENTS WE ARE JUST
DETERMINED IF THESE GIANT MALT
TOWS ON VENUS ARE IN FACT JUST
LIKE EARTH'S CONTINENTS AND ARE
THUS TELLING US ABOUT THE
HISTORY OF WATER THAT THAT CRUST
MELTED THE PRESENCE WATER AND
SHOWS THAT YOU THERE IS STILL
HISTORY OF WATER LOCKED IN THE
SURFACE.
>> WELL, THANKS.
THANK YOU.
NEXT QUESTION IS FROM YOUTUBE.
ANOTHER SPECULATIVE QUESTION WE
CANNOT ANSWER FOR THAT.
BUT IT SAYS WILL FUTURE VENUS
MISSIONS INCLUDE A SAMPLE RETURN
FROM VERY US? WE CANNOT PREDICT
WHAT NASA WILL CHOOSE DONE THE
ROAD IF YOU KNOW WE ARE THINKING
ABOUT IT WHAT AM SAMPLES MAY
TELL US I WOULD LOVE TO HEAR.
>> YEAH.
WE CAN MOVE ON.
>> YEAH.
I WOULD SAY SUE DID A GREAT
STUDY FOR THE RETURN MISSION AND
COULD ACTUALLY TELL US HOW WE
MAY DO THAT.
WELL, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF
SAMPLE RETURN STUDIES IN THE
WORKS AND SO IT IS, SUPER
CHALLENGING AND LOOK AT TRYING
TO DO THAT FROM MARS NOW AND
PERHAPS, THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE
IS GETTING THAT SURFACE OF THAT
SAMPLE, THAT SAMPLE TO SURFACE
IS GETTING OFF THE SURFACE OF
VENUS AND A LOT OF STUDY
UNDERWAY TO BEGIN TO ADDRESS
THAT QUESTION IN A AM SURE WE'LL
LEARN A LOT IN THE COMING DECADE
INTERESTS THE PROCESS OF
RETURNING SAMPLES FROM MARS SO
IT IS IN THE PIPELINE.
IN TERMS OF DEVELOPING THAT
APPROACH.
>> ALL RIGHT.
, EXITING.
THANK.
>> ALL RIGHT.
MATTHEW TAYLOR ON YOUTUBES ASKS,
HOW DO YOU THINK THE PLANETARY
SCIENCE SLEEP ARE GLEAMED FROM
THE MISSIONS COULD BENEFIT HUMAN
HABITATION ON THE MOON, MARS AND
BEYOND?
GO TO DR.GARVIN FIRST AND THEN
DR.SWECKAR.
AS WE EXPLORE WE LEARN HOW TO
EXTEND THE LIMITS OF THE
PERFORMANCE SO VENUS WE HAVE
CHALLENGES AS WE GO TO THE
ATMOSPHERE AND CAN PRODUCE NEW
THERMAL REGULATION STOPPINGS
LOOK THE HEAT SHIELDS THAT GOT
BACK ON THE MOON AND DEVELOPED
WITHIN USE BY THE VIKING PROJECT
TO GET THE ATMOSPHERE OF MARS TO
LAND TO LANDERS AND THEN THAT
FORWARD IS TYPICAL OF OUR
MISSIONS TO GET THE WOMEN W AND
ROBOTS AND NEXT GENERATION TO
THE MOON AND OF COURSE TO MARS.
SO WHAT WE DO IN ALL OF THE
PLANET EXPLORATION IS TO BUILD
AND WE BUILD THEM TOGETHER IN
MOSAIC OF FUTURE CAPABILITIES
THAT WE CAN THEN USE AND SOME EM
THEM EXTEND AND SEEING THINGS IN
NEW WAYS WITH CRAM SYSTEM AND
GENE AND NEED THAT TO KEEP THEM
ALIVE IN THE BASE CAMP.
AND DO A GOOD JOB ABOUT THAT.
THAT IS MY ONE CENT.
>> YOU AID IT WELL EVERY MISSION
WE BUILD HELPS.
I HAVE NOTHING FURTHER TO ADD.
ALL RIGHT.
THE MOON AND NARES.
LET'S BRING IT BACK DOWN TO
EARTH.
WHAT WILL PROVIDE THE CLIMATE
DATA CLOAKED BY THE EARTH SYSTEM
MISSIONS.
WE CAN TWEAK THAT IF YOU DON'T
KNOW ABOUT THE MISSIONS.
THEY BUILD ON THE HISTORY OF OUR
OWN PLANET ANTIQUING IT OFF IT
IS SO EXCITING.
BY MAKING THE MEASUREMENTS THAT
MAKE WE BUILD THE BOUNDARY.
WE DON'T HAVE DATA.
AND WELL ENOUGH TO CONSTRAINT.
AND WE NEED THAT FOR EARTH AND
NEED HISTORY OF WATER AND NEED
THESE AND TOPOGRAPHY AS PRIMARY
BOUNDARY CONDITION AND HEED TO
KNOW WHY IT IS SLOW ROTATIONS
AND WILL AFFECT THOSE KINDS OF
CLIMATE MODELS SO LISTENER AND
APPLY THEM AND THE LESSONS WE
LEARN TO APPLY TO EARTH THE SAME
WAY WE LEARN FROM MARS AN
INTERESTING HISTORY HAS SHED
LIGHT.
AND WE DON'T KNOW WHERE AND
APPLY IT BACK HOME IN MY VIEW.
>> YEAH.
THEY KNOW.
YOU KNOW.
SO MANY.
YEAH.
I CAN ADD.
THERE ARE SO MANY PARALLELS.
KNOW.
THE PEOPLE WHO DISCOVERED THE
OZONE HOLE ON THE EARTH THAT HAS
HAD MAJOR EFFECT ON THE EARTH'S
CLIMATE AND PEOPLE STUDYING THE
CHEMISTRY AND A PROCESS IN THAT
PROCESS DISCOVERED THE OZONE
HOLE AND PEOPLE HAVE SULFUR TO
TRY HELP SLOW DOWN CLIMATE
CHANGE ON THE EARTH AND YOU I
KNOW, PEOPLE STUDYING THE PLIGHT
ON FEE VERY US IN THAT LOOKS
THAT IS NOT GOING TO WORK
BECAUSE WE SEE VENUS BREAK DOWN
OF SULFUR ON THE TOP OF THE
ATMOSPHERE SO YOU KNOW, THE
PLIGHT AND ALSO PARALLELS TO THE
LONG TERM CLIMATE AND I MEAN YOU
KNOW WE THINK SIMILAR AMOUNTS OF
CARBON DIOXIDE ALL TOGETHER AND
ON VENUSES THAT YOU IN THE
ATMOSPHERE MAKE INCREDIBLE YOU
KNOW RUNAWAY GREEN HOUSE THAT
MAKES IT 900DEGREES AT THE
SURFACE.
WHERE ON EARTH, THAT SAME CARBON
DIOXIDE IS LAUNCHED UP AND BY
LIKE PROCESSES OF WHERE THE
CRUST GOES THROUGH THE SURFACE
GETS THE MAN TELL THAT IS CARBON
DIOXIDE AND SO WE LEARN HOW TO
PROCESS MAY HAVE STARTED ON THE
EARTH SO YOU KNOW, WE CAN TALK
FOR LONG TIME BUT SO MANY
PARALLEL BETWEEN VENUS AND EARTH
AND IT IS ALL ESSENTIAL TO
REALLY UNDERSTANDING BOTH THE
LONG TERM EVOLUTION OF THE
CLIMATE.
>> ALL RIGHT.
WE'RE FINISHING UP HERE WITH
SOME OF THE LAST QUESTIONS.
AT DAVID JOHNSON ON TWITTER
ASKS, WHEN DID YOU FIRST FIND
YOUR OWN INTERESTS IN SOLAR
SYSTEM EXPLORATION?
ALSO'S SEE DR.SMREKAR FIRST AND
THEN DR.GARVIN.
>> WELL, YOU KNOW, I WAS
CERTAINLY DID WHEN APOLLO ASTRO
NOWS WERE LANDING ON THE MOON
AND OF COURSE THAT WAS VERY
MIND-BLOWING AND INSPIRING AND
BUT I THINK I DID NOT COMPLETELY
IMAGINE PLANETARY FOR THE CAREER
AND UNTIL I GOT TO COLLEGE AND
IT WAS REALLY THERE THAT I
LEARNED I COULD STUDY HOW
PROCESSES WORK IN OTHER PLANET
AND I WAS COMPLETELY HOOKED IT
WAS JUST FASCINATING IDEA OF
BEING ABLE TO DO THAT AND SO,
THAT LED KNOW DOING THINGS LIKE
STUDYING VOLCANOES ON HAWAII AS
A MEANS TO LEARN ABOUT VOLCANOS
ON EARTH.
ARE.
>> KAREN, MY BROTHER SAID I WAS
HOOKED AT EARTH.
DO IN KNOW WHAT THAT MEANS?
I WAS LOOKING OVER THE MOON AND
SAKE WHY AREN'T WE THERE.
WELL, IT IS A LONG TRIP.
GAS PRICES NOT GOING TO WORK.
LIKE SUE, I WAS ENTHRALLED BY
APOLLO 11 LANDING OF THE YOUNG
KID AND COULDN'T BELIEVE.
YOU WAS ABLE TO THEN TRANSFER
THAT TO MY COL COLLEGE
EXPERIENCE IN HIGH SCHOOL TO
VISIT PLACES THAT REMINDED ME
HERE AND THE IMPACT SITE AND
KAZAKHSTAN THE MOST RECENT BIG
IMPACT AND ONE OF THE PASSIONS
AND TWO OF MY TOLD ME YOU BETTER
LOOK AT VENUS EVEN THOUGH I WAS
FUNDED BY MARS SO BASICALLY
RECONSTRUCTED THE WHOLE CAREER
TO STUDY VENUS AND WAS ABLE TO
PAR IT ARE PATE IN THE SOVIET
MISSION TO VENUS LOOK THE 13
LANNER HERE THAT LASTED 127
MINUTES AND THE SISTER SITTING
IN MOUSSAKAS HERE WE ARE
THINKING ABOUT VENUS 15 YEARS
AGO WHEN WE STARTED THE TIME TO
BECOME A MISSION LIKE DAVINCI+
AND EXCITED ABOUT MAKING IT WORK
HERE AND THE EYE HERE LOOKING
THROUGH AND NOT STOP WORK ON IT
SO FAMILY OFTEN TELL ME THAT AND
SCIENCE DOESN'T SLEEP I CAN
ATTEST TO THAT.
>> THANK YOU SO MUCH.
IT IS ALL THE TIME WE HAVE FOR
TODAY.
I REALLY WANT TO THANK YOU BOTH
FOR JOINING US.
>> THANK YOU.
>> , THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR
HAVING US.
>> THANK YOU.
>> AND IF YOU WANT MORE
INFORMATION ON VERITAS OR
DAVINCI+, YOU CAN VISIT GO.NASA.
GOV/NEW VENUS MISSION AND FOLLOW
YOU ON AT NASA SOLAR SYSTEM ON
FACEBOOK, TWITTER AND INSTAGRAM
UNTIL NEXT TIME I AM KAREN FOX.
♪