1 00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:08,007 [ MUSIC ] 2 00:00:08,007 --> 00:00:09,275 >> HELLO AND WELCOME TO 3 00:00:09,275 --> 00:00:11,111 "NASA SCIENCE LIVE". 4 00:00:11,111 --> 00:00:12,078 TODAY, WE'RE DISCUSSING 5 00:00:12,078 --> 00:00:12,979 IMPORTANT SCIENCE 6 00:00:12,979 --> 00:00:15,382 AROUND EARTH'S ICY REGIONS 7 00:00:15,382 --> 00:00:16,549 AND HOW IT CAN IMPACT 8 00:00:16,549 --> 00:00:18,251 THOSE LIVING IN WARMER REGIONS 9 00:00:18,251 --> 00:00:20,053 AROUND OUR PLANET. 10 00:00:20,053 --> 00:00:21,287 YOU MIGHT HAVE HEARD IN THE NEWS 11 00:00:21,287 --> 00:00:23,022 THAT ENOUGH ICE HAS MELTED 12 00:00:23,022 --> 00:00:23,890 FROM ANTARCTICA 13 00:00:23,890 --> 00:00:25,091 AND GREENLAND 14 00:00:25,091 --> 00:00:25,992 TO RISE SEA LEVELS 15 00:00:25,992 --> 00:00:27,127 ABOUT HALF AN INCH 16 00:00:27,127 --> 00:00:29,496 OVER THE PAST 16 YEARS. 17 00:00:29,496 --> 00:00:30,730 WE HAVE THE SCIENTISTS 18 00:00:30,730 --> 00:00:32,298 BEHIND THAT NASA STUDY 19 00:00:32,298 --> 00:00:33,500 TO TALK TO US MORE ABOUT 20 00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:34,334 WHAT WE'VE LEARNED 21 00:00:34,334 --> 00:00:35,001 AND WHAT IT MEANS 22 00:00:35,001 --> 00:00:36,469 FOR OUR PLANET. 23 00:00:36,469 --> 00:00:37,070 WE'LL ALSO TAKE YOU 24 00:00:37,070 --> 00:00:38,505 TO THE COAST OF VIRGINIA 25 00:00:38,505 --> 00:00:39,873 TO SEE THE REAL-WORLD IMPACTS 26 00:00:39,873 --> 00:00:42,442 OF EARTH'S MELTING ICE. 27 00:00:42,442 --> 00:00:43,543 BEFORE WE GET STARTED, 28 00:00:43,543 --> 00:00:44,778 LET'S TAKE A STEP BACK 29 00:00:44,778 --> 00:00:45,311 AND LEARN ABOUT 30 00:00:45,311 --> 00:00:46,579 THE CRYOSPHERE. 31 00:00:46,579 --> 00:00:48,281 THAT'S THE FROZEN WATER PARTS 32 00:00:48,281 --> 00:00:50,850 ON EARTH'S SYSTEM. 33 00:00:53,453 --> 00:00:54,921 >> HERE AT THE END OF THE EARTH 34 00:00:54,921 --> 00:00:55,989 IT STILL FEELS LIKE A PLACE 35 00:00:55,989 --> 00:00:57,190 FOR RAW EXPLORATION 36 00:00:57,190 --> 00:00:59,559 AND ADVENTURE. 37 00:00:59,559 --> 00:01:01,461 IT'S VAST IN ALL DIRECTIONS 38 00:01:01,461 --> 00:01:02,495 AND GROUND ZERO FOR 39 00:01:02,495 --> 00:01:03,696 SOME OF THE BIGGEST QUESTIONS 40 00:01:03,696 --> 00:01:06,900 WE HAVE ABOUT THE CLIMATE. 41 00:01:06,900 --> 00:01:07,834 BUT WHEN WE DECIDED TO 42 00:01:07,834 --> 00:01:08,601 MAKE A SHOW ABOUT 43 00:01:08,601 --> 00:01:10,470 THE FROZEN PLACES ON EARTH, 44 00:01:10,470 --> 00:01:11,204 WE KNEW THERE WOULD BE 45 00:01:11,204 --> 00:01:12,205 ONE HURDLE WE WOULD NEED TO 46 00:01:12,205 --> 00:01:13,706 JUMP OVER FIRST. 47 00:01:17,210 --> 00:01:18,378 >> UHH. 48 00:01:18,378 --> 00:01:19,379 >> THE WHAT? 49 00:01:19,379 --> 00:01:21,381 >> UMM. 50 00:01:21,381 --> 00:01:22,782 >> OH. 51 00:01:22,782 --> 00:01:26,052 >> I HAVE NO IDEA. 52 00:01:26,052 --> 00:01:27,220 >> WHILE I'M AWARE OF 53 00:01:27,220 --> 00:01:28,455 THE CRYOSPHERE, 54 00:01:28,455 --> 00:01:29,556 I DON'T ACTUALLY KNOW 55 00:01:29,556 --> 00:01:30,457 WHAT IT IS. 56 00:01:30,457 --> 00:01:31,524 >> IT HAS SOMETHING TO DO 57 00:01:31,524 --> 00:01:34,727 WITH ICE. 58 00:01:34,727 --> 00:01:37,030 ALL RIGHT, THAT'S ALL I GOT. 59 00:01:46,072 --> 00:02:01,354 [ MUSIC ] 60 00:02:09,496 --> 00:02:09,963 >> HEY! 61 00:02:09,963 --> 00:02:10,630 SO, HERE WE ARE 62 00:02:10,630 --> 00:02:11,464 IN WASHINGTON, DC, 63 00:02:11,464 --> 00:02:12,298 STANDING ON THE ROOF 64 00:02:12,298 --> 00:02:13,500 OF NASA HEADQUARTERS. 65 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:14,467 THAT'S THE CAPITOL BUILDING 66 00:02:14,467 --> 00:02:15,702 RIGHT BEHIND ME. 67 00:02:15,702 --> 00:02:16,703 AND WHAT HEADQUARTERS DOES 68 00:02:16,703 --> 00:02:17,504 IS KIND OF SERVE AS 69 00:02:17,504 --> 00:02:18,404 THE FOCAL POINT 70 00:02:18,404 --> 00:02:21,941 TO CONNECT THE DOTS. 71 00:02:21,941 --> 00:02:23,109 THE CRYOSPHERE IS EVERYTHING 72 00:02:23,109 --> 00:02:24,310 FROM THE SNOW THAT FALLS 73 00:02:24,310 --> 00:02:25,678 BY YOUR HOUSE 74 00:02:25,678 --> 00:02:27,180 TO THE ICY REACHES 75 00:02:27,180 --> 00:02:28,515 OF THE HIMALAYAS 76 00:02:28,515 --> 00:02:30,149 TO THE BIG, BIG, BIG ICE SHEETS 77 00:02:30,149 --> 00:02:31,084 OF ANTARCTICA, 78 00:02:31,084 --> 00:02:32,719 ALL THE WAY UP THE SOUTH POLE 79 00:02:32,719 --> 00:02:34,220 AND ALSO THE FROZEN GROUND 80 00:02:34,220 --> 00:02:34,921 OF THE ARCTIC 81 00:02:34,921 --> 00:02:35,588 AND EVEN SOME OF 82 00:02:35,588 --> 00:02:36,389 THAT FROZEN GROUND 83 00:02:36,389 --> 00:02:36,956 THAT'S CURRENTLY 84 00:02:36,956 --> 00:02:38,958 UNDER THE OCEAN. 85 00:02:38,958 --> 00:02:40,159 >> IF YOU HAD TO BREAK IT DOWN, 86 00:02:40,159 --> 00:02:41,928 YOU'D HAVE A MIX OF ... 87 00:02:50,570 --> 00:02:51,137 >> RIGHT NOW, 88 00:02:51,137 --> 00:02:52,038 OUR BEST PREDICTIONS 89 00:02:52,038 --> 00:02:53,406 ARE THAT SEA LEVELS WILL RISE 90 00:02:53,406 --> 00:02:54,941 ANYWHERE FROM ONE TO THREE FEET 91 00:02:54,941 --> 00:02:56,643 WITHIN THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS. 92 00:02:56,643 --> 00:02:58,077 THREE FEET OF SEA LEVEL RISE 93 00:02:58,077 --> 00:02:59,178 HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DISPLACE 94 00:02:59,178 --> 00:03:00,947 ABOUT 100 MILLION PEOPLE, 95 00:03:00,947 --> 00:03:01,881 WHICH IS A LOT OF PEOPLE 96 00:03:01,881 --> 00:03:04,517 THAT NEED TO FIND NEW HOMES. 97 00:03:04,517 --> 00:03:06,085 >> OUR CURRENT REALITY PLACES US 98 00:03:06,085 --> 00:03:07,820 AT A NEAR TIPPING POINT 99 00:03:07,820 --> 00:03:08,655 AND THE CRYOSPHERE 100 00:03:08,655 --> 00:03:09,756 IS PLAYING A HUGE PART 101 00:03:09,756 --> 00:03:12,158 IN THAT DELICATE BALANCE. 102 00:03:12,158 --> 00:03:12,792 >> SO, ONE OF THE THINGS 103 00:03:12,792 --> 00:03:14,060 PEOPLE DON'T KNOW ABOUT NASA 104 00:03:14,060 --> 00:03:15,228 IS THAT WE STUDY THE EARTH. 105 00:03:15,228 --> 00:03:16,029 AND WE'VE BEEN DOING THAT 106 00:03:16,029 --> 00:03:17,297 SINCE NASA'S INCEPTION 107 00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:19,132 BACK IN THE 1950'S. 108 00:03:19,132 --> 00:03:20,033 AND WE STUDY 109 00:03:20,033 --> 00:03:21,000 THE FROZEN PART OF THE EARTH 110 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:23,836 IN A VARIETY OF WAYS. 111 00:03:23,836 --> 00:03:25,438 >> MISSIONS LIKE SNOWEX, 112 00:03:25,438 --> 00:03:27,273 AIRBORNE SNOW OBSERVATORY, 113 00:03:27,273 --> 00:03:28,308 OCEANS MELTING GREENLAND, 114 00:03:28,308 --> 00:03:29,409 OPERATION ICEBRIDGE, 115 00:03:29,409 --> 00:03:30,476 ARCTIC-BOREAL 116 00:03:30,476 --> 00:03:31,411 VULNERABILITY EXPERIMENT 117 00:03:31,411 --> 00:03:32,579 AND COUNTLESS OTHER LABS 118 00:03:32,579 --> 00:03:34,280 AND INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHERS 119 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:35,381 STAND AT THE FOREFRONT 120 00:03:35,381 --> 00:03:38,551 OF MONITORING THE CRYOSPHERE. 121 00:03:40,186 --> 00:03:41,354 WE'RE TAKING YOU WITH US 122 00:03:41,354 --> 00:03:42,855 AS WE FOLLOW NASA EXPLORERS 123 00:03:42,855 --> 00:03:43,590 ON THEIR JOURNEY 124 00:03:43,590 --> 00:03:45,358 TO THE FROZEN ENDS OF THE EARTH 125 00:03:45,358 --> 00:03:46,025 AS THEY STUDY 126 00:03:46,025 --> 00:03:47,594 OUR RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD 127 00:03:47,594 --> 00:03:49,562 FROM SATELLITES, PLANES 128 00:03:49,562 --> 00:03:52,865 AND BOOTS ON THE GROUND. 129 00:03:55,401 --> 00:03:55,902 >> WOW! 130 00:03:55,902 --> 00:03:56,636 SO, IT SOUNDS LIKE 131 00:03:56,636 --> 00:03:57,837 THE CRYOSPHERE IS PLACE 132 00:03:57,837 --> 00:03:59,405 WE ALL DEPEND ON 133 00:03:59,405 --> 00:04:01,874 BUT MANY OF US WILL NEVER GO TO. 134 00:04:01,874 --> 00:04:02,609 I'M JOINED TODAY 135 00:04:02,609 --> 00:04:03,576 BY ALEX GARDNER, 136 00:04:03,576 --> 00:04:05,478 NASA GLACIOLOGIST. 137 00:04:05,478 --> 00:04:06,713 ALEX, CAN YOU TELL US MORE ABOUT 138 00:04:06,713 --> 00:04:10,183 WHY NASA STUDIES EARTH'S ICE? 139 00:04:10,183 --> 00:04:12,051 >> YEAH, ABSOLUTELY. 140 00:04:12,051 --> 00:04:14,787 NASA STUDIES EARTH'S ICE BECAUSE 141 00:04:14,787 --> 00:04:15,722 IT'S INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT 142 00:04:15,722 --> 00:04:16,322 FOR THE REST OF 143 00:04:16,322 --> 00:04:17,924 THE EARTH'S SYSTEM. 144 00:04:17,924 --> 00:04:19,525 THE POLES COVER A LARGE REGION 145 00:04:19,525 --> 00:04:20,593 OF THE EARTH 146 00:04:20,593 --> 00:04:21,861 AND THEY INTERACT WITH 147 00:04:21,861 --> 00:04:23,496 THE EARTH'S SYSTEM IN WAYS 148 00:04:23,496 --> 00:04:26,099 THAT CAUSE LARGE GLOBAL CHANGES. 149 00:04:26,099 --> 00:04:27,500 THE MELTING OF THE ICE SHEETS 150 00:04:27,500 --> 00:04:28,368 ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR 151 00:04:28,368 --> 00:04:30,470 CHANGES IN SEA LEVEL RISE, 152 00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:32,538 THE FORMATION OF SEA ICE DRIVES 153 00:04:32,538 --> 00:04:33,806 THE THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION, 154 00:04:33,806 --> 00:04:34,741 OR THE CIRCULATION 155 00:04:34,741 --> 00:04:36,242 OF THE OCEAN. 156 00:04:36,242 --> 00:04:37,877 YOU KNOW, CHANGES IN SNOW COVER 157 00:04:37,877 --> 00:04:39,412 YEAR-TO-YEAR CAUSE 158 00:04:39,412 --> 00:04:40,279 LARGE CHANGES 159 00:04:40,279 --> 00:04:41,581 IN THE EARTH'S ENERGY BUDGET. 160 00:04:41,581 --> 00:04:42,782 AND SO, IF WE WANT TO 161 00:04:42,782 --> 00:04:43,683 UNDERSTAND THE EARTH, 162 00:04:43,683 --> 00:04:46,386 WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE POLES. 163 00:04:46,386 --> 00:04:47,553 >> SO, HOW DOES NASA 164 00:04:47,553 --> 00:04:50,757 STUDY EARTH'S ICY REGIONS? 165 00:04:50,757 --> 00:04:51,658 >> YEAH, GREAT QUESTION. 166 00:04:51,658 --> 00:04:53,292 THERE'S A LOT OF DIFFERENT WAYS 167 00:04:53,292 --> 00:04:55,294 THAT NASA STUDIES 168 00:04:55,294 --> 00:04:57,096 THE POLAR REGIONS. 169 00:04:57,096 --> 00:04:58,164 AND NASA IS REALLY WELL-EQUIPPED 170 00:04:58,164 --> 00:04:59,699 TO DO THIS BECAUSE THESE ARE 171 00:04:59,699 --> 00:05:01,267 VERY HARSH ENVIRONMENTS 172 00:05:01,267 --> 00:05:02,669 THAT ARE DARK FOR 173 00:05:02,669 --> 00:05:04,604 UP TO SIX MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 174 00:05:04,604 --> 00:05:05,605 AND SO, NASA HAS A SUITE 175 00:05:05,605 --> 00:05:06,472 OF SATELLITES 176 00:05:06,472 --> 00:05:08,174 IN AIRBORNE MISSIONS 177 00:05:08,174 --> 00:05:09,375 THAT ARE DESIGNED TO 178 00:05:09,375 --> 00:05:11,644 STUDY THE POLAR REGIONS. 179 00:05:11,644 --> 00:05:14,247 WE HAVE A SATELLITE 180 00:05:14,247 --> 00:05:17,650 THAT LAUNCHED IN 2018, ICESAT-2, 181 00:05:17,650 --> 00:05:19,185 THAT'S A VERY ADVANCED 182 00:05:19,185 --> 00:05:20,119 LASER ALTIMETER THAT 183 00:05:20,119 --> 00:05:21,487 COUNTS INDIVIDUAL PHOTONS 184 00:05:21,487 --> 00:05:22,522 THAT BOUNCE OFF OF THE EARTH 185 00:05:22,522 --> 00:05:24,691 TO MEASURE HEIGHT CHANGES. 186 00:05:24,691 --> 00:05:25,625 WE HAVE ANOTHER SATELLITE 187 00:05:25,625 --> 00:05:27,226 THAT LAUNCHED IN 2018, 188 00:05:27,226 --> 00:05:29,195 THE GRACE FOLLOW-ON MISSION 189 00:05:29,195 --> 00:05:29,929 AND THIS IS 190 00:05:29,929 --> 00:05:30,930 A FASCINATING MISSION 191 00:05:30,930 --> 00:05:31,931 THAT'S ABLE TO ACTUALLY MEASURE 192 00:05:31,931 --> 00:05:33,099 SUBTLE CHANGES 193 00:05:33,099 --> 00:05:34,033 IN THE EARTH'S GRAVITY. 194 00:05:34,033 --> 00:05:35,368 SO, AS THE ICE SHEETS 195 00:05:35,368 --> 00:05:36,369 GROW OR SHRINK, 196 00:05:36,369 --> 00:05:37,103 WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE 197 00:05:37,103 --> 00:05:38,004 GRAVITY CHANGE 198 00:05:38,004 --> 00:05:40,306 IN RESPONSE TO THOSE CHANGES. 199 00:05:40,306 --> 00:05:41,040 AND WE ALSO HAVE 200 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:42,075 THE AIRBORNE MISSION. 201 00:05:42,075 --> 00:05:43,543 SO, WE HAVE A MISSION CALLED 202 00:05:43,543 --> 00:05:45,545 THE OCEAN'S MELTING GREENLAND 203 00:05:45,545 --> 00:05:47,013 THAT SURVEYS THE PERIPHERY 204 00:05:47,013 --> 00:05:48,281 OF THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET 205 00:05:48,281 --> 00:05:49,549 TO MEASURE CHANGES IN OCEANS 206 00:05:49,549 --> 00:05:50,717 AND SEE HOW THAT'S IMPACTING 207 00:05:50,717 --> 00:05:53,019 THE ICE SHEET. 208 00:05:53,019 --> 00:05:53,886 >> WHAT ARE SOME OF 209 00:05:53,886 --> 00:05:54,554 THE DISCOVERIES 210 00:05:54,554 --> 00:05:55,421 THAT YOUR COLLEAGUES 211 00:05:55,421 --> 00:05:56,089 HAVE BEEN MAKING 212 00:05:56,089 --> 00:05:58,591 ABOUT THESE REGIONS? 213 00:05:58,591 --> 00:05:59,092 >> YEAH. 214 00:05:59,092 --> 00:06:00,960 SO, A FEW -- 215 00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:01,894 IT WASN'T VERY LONG AGO, 216 00:06:01,894 --> 00:06:03,162 ONLY A FEW DECADES AGO, 217 00:06:03,162 --> 00:06:04,731 WE ASSUMED THAT THE ICE SHEETS 218 00:06:04,731 --> 00:06:06,232 WOULD RESPOND FAIRLY SLOWLY 219 00:06:06,232 --> 00:06:07,867 TO CHANGES IN CLIMATE. 220 00:06:07,867 --> 00:06:08,935 AND WHAT WE'VE DISCOVERED 221 00:06:08,935 --> 00:06:10,036 OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES 222 00:06:10,036 --> 00:06:12,038 IS THAT'S FAR FROM THE TRUTH. 223 00:06:12,038 --> 00:06:12,705 THERE ARE ALL THESE REALLY 224 00:06:12,705 --> 00:06:14,407 INTERESTING FEEDBACKS THAT OCCUR 225 00:06:14,407 --> 00:06:15,408 THAT CAUSE THE ICE SHEETS 226 00:06:15,408 --> 00:06:16,943 TO RESPOND MUCH MORE RAPIDLY 227 00:06:16,943 --> 00:06:18,678 THAN WE HAD ANTICIPATED. 228 00:06:18,678 --> 00:06:20,079 SO, THE OCEANS ARE ABLE TO 229 00:06:20,079 --> 00:06:21,114 EAT AWAY AT THE EDGE 230 00:06:21,114 --> 00:06:23,316 OF THE ICE SHEETS VERY QUICKLY, 231 00:06:23,316 --> 00:06:24,317 WHICH CAUSES THE ICE 232 00:06:24,317 --> 00:06:25,685 TO FLOW MORE RAPIDLY 233 00:06:25,685 --> 00:06:27,653 INTO THE OCEAN. 234 00:06:27,653 --> 00:06:28,454 WE'VE DISCOVERED 235 00:06:28,454 --> 00:06:29,889 THAT WATER FROM THE SURFACE 236 00:06:29,889 --> 00:06:31,023 CAN EASILY REACH THE BED 237 00:06:31,023 --> 00:06:32,191 OF THE GLACIER, 238 00:06:32,191 --> 00:06:33,059 RAISING THE PRESSURE 239 00:06:33,059 --> 00:06:33,926 AT THE BED OF THE GLACIER 240 00:06:33,926 --> 00:06:34,927 AND REDUCING THE FRICTION 241 00:06:34,927 --> 00:06:38,264 THAT CAUSES IT TO -- 242 00:06:38,264 --> 00:06:39,198 THAT RESISTS THE FLOW 243 00:06:39,198 --> 00:06:40,767 INTO THE OCEAN. 244 00:06:40,767 --> 00:06:42,168 AND IN SOME PLACES 245 00:06:42,168 --> 00:06:43,202 WE'VE DISCOVERED THAT 246 00:06:43,202 --> 00:06:44,737 THE GEOMETRY OF THE BED 247 00:06:44,737 --> 00:06:46,773 OF THE GLACIER 248 00:06:46,773 --> 00:06:47,807 CAN CAUSE GLACIERS 249 00:06:47,807 --> 00:06:49,175 TO RETREAT IRREVERSIBLY 250 00:06:49,175 --> 00:06:50,543 ONCE THEY START TO RETREAT. 251 00:06:50,543 --> 00:06:52,745 AND SO, THERE'S THESE LARGE 252 00:06:52,745 --> 00:06:55,047 ONE-WAY FEEDBACKS IN SOME PLACES 253 00:06:55,047 --> 00:06:56,349 THAT CAN CAUSE RAPID CHANGES 254 00:06:56,349 --> 00:06:59,018 IN SEA LEVEL RISE. 255 00:06:59,018 --> 00:06:59,619 >> IT IS SUCH 256 00:06:59,619 --> 00:07:01,654 AN INTERESTING REGION. 257 00:07:01,654 --> 00:07:03,222 WE'VE GOT SOME QUESTIONS 258 00:07:03,222 --> 00:07:04,724 FROM SOCIAL MEDIA, 259 00:07:04,724 --> 00:07:09,729 SO WE HAVE TWITTER, 260 00:07:09,729 --> 00:07:10,997 "WHAT KIND OF INFORMATION, 261 00:07:10,997 --> 00:07:12,365 CAN WE GET FROM ICE 262 00:07:12,365 --> 00:07:13,332 AND HOW CAN THAT INFORMATION 263 00:07:13,332 --> 00:07:16,035 BE USEFUL TO US?" 264 00:07:16,035 --> 00:07:16,736 >> YEAH, SO THERE'S LOTS OF 265 00:07:16,736 --> 00:07:17,537 DIFFERENT INFORMATION 266 00:07:17,537 --> 00:07:18,104 WE CAN GET. 267 00:07:18,104 --> 00:07:19,005 SOME OF THE MOST INTERESTING 268 00:07:19,005 --> 00:07:19,872 INFORMATION IS ACTUALLY 269 00:07:19,872 --> 00:07:20,940 COMING FROM ICE CORES 270 00:07:20,940 --> 00:07:22,241 THAT GIVE US THESE LONG, 271 00:07:22,241 --> 00:07:23,776 DETAILED RECORDS OF -- 272 00:07:23,776 --> 00:07:25,511 OF EARTH'S CLIMATE HISTORY 273 00:07:25,511 --> 00:07:26,279 BECAUSE IT ACTUALLY TRAPS 274 00:07:26,279 --> 00:07:27,480 LITTLE POCKETS OF AIR 275 00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:29,182 IN THE ICE CORES. 276 00:07:29,182 --> 00:07:30,116 NASA IS NOT COLLECTING 277 00:07:30,116 --> 00:07:30,750 THE ICE CORES, 278 00:07:30,750 --> 00:07:31,918 BUT WHAT WE ARE MEASURING IS 279 00:07:31,918 --> 00:07:33,786 THE CHANGES IN THE ICE SHEETS. 280 00:07:33,786 --> 00:07:35,321 AND SO WHAT WE CAN SEE IS 281 00:07:35,321 --> 00:07:36,956 IF WE WARM THE TEMPERATURE 282 00:07:36,956 --> 00:07:37,623 OF THE OCEAN 283 00:07:37,623 --> 00:07:39,225 BY ONE OR TWO DEGREES, 284 00:07:39,225 --> 00:07:40,092 WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR 285 00:07:40,092 --> 00:07:41,027 HOW QUICKLY 286 00:07:41,027 --> 00:07:42,495 THE ICE SHELVES MELT? 287 00:07:42,495 --> 00:07:44,163 AND IF WE GENERATE WATER ON 288 00:07:44,163 --> 00:07:45,765 THE SURFACE OF THE ICE SHEETS, 289 00:07:45,765 --> 00:07:46,499 WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR 290 00:07:46,499 --> 00:07:47,266 HOW FAST THAT 291 00:07:47,266 --> 00:07:49,468 THEY CAN SLIDE INTO THE OCEAN? 292 00:07:49,468 --> 00:07:50,670 AND SO, IT'S REALLY ABOUT 293 00:07:50,670 --> 00:07:52,672 DEVELOPING UNDERSTANDING 294 00:07:52,672 --> 00:07:53,606 SO THAT WE CAN PROVIDE 295 00:07:53,606 --> 00:07:54,874 PROJECTIONS INTO THE FUTURE 296 00:07:54,874 --> 00:07:56,342 OF WHAT THE RESPONSE 297 00:07:56,342 --> 00:07:58,845 TO FUTURE CHANGES WILL BE. 298 00:07:58,845 --> 00:07:59,445 >> WOW! 299 00:07:59,445 --> 00:08:00,980 THAT'S FASCINATING! 300 00:08:00,980 --> 00:08:01,981 SO, THANK YOU SO MUCH 301 00:08:01,981 --> 00:08:03,983 FOR THIS INSIGHT, ALEX. 302 00:08:03,983 --> 00:08:04,684 AS WE MENTIONED 303 00:08:04,684 --> 00:08:06,219 AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SHOW, 304 00:08:06,219 --> 00:08:07,220 NASA HAS JUST RELEASED 305 00:08:07,220 --> 00:08:08,654 BRAND NEW SCIENCE RESULTS 306 00:08:08,654 --> 00:08:11,057 ABOUT ACCELERATED ICE MELT. 307 00:08:11,057 --> 00:08:11,824 LET'S TAKE A LOOK ABOUT 308 00:08:11,824 --> 00:08:12,825 SOME OF THOSE DETAILS 309 00:08:12,825 --> 00:08:13,960 ABOUT HOW EARTH'S ICE 310 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:15,161 IS CHANGING. 311 00:08:15,161 --> 00:08:16,495 >> USING THE MOST ADVANCED 312 00:08:16,495 --> 00:08:18,097 EARTH-OBSERVING LASER INSTRUMENT 313 00:08:18,097 --> 00:08:20,333 NASA HAS EVER FLOWN IN SPACE, 314 00:08:20,333 --> 00:08:21,868 SCIENTISTS HAVE MADE PRECISE 315 00:08:21,868 --> 00:08:22,902 DETAILED MEASUREMENTS 316 00:08:22,902 --> 00:08:23,803 OF HOW THE ELEVATION 317 00:08:23,803 --> 00:08:25,638 OF ICE SHEETS IN GREENLAND 318 00:08:25,638 --> 00:08:26,572 AND ANTARCTICA 319 00:08:26,572 --> 00:08:29,108 HAVE CHANGED OVER 16 YEARS. 320 00:08:29,108 --> 00:08:30,276 >> WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE 321 00:08:30,276 --> 00:08:31,344 SOME PROCESSES AT A SCALE 322 00:08:31,344 --> 00:08:32,912 THAT'S ALMOST LONG ENOUGH 323 00:08:32,912 --> 00:08:34,013 TO TELL US ABOUT THE CLIMATE 324 00:08:34,013 --> 00:08:35,314 IN THOSE TWO PLACES. 325 00:08:35,314 --> 00:08:36,249 >> SCIENTISTS TOOK 326 00:08:36,249 --> 00:08:37,450 ICE SHEET ELEVATION 327 00:08:37,450 --> 00:08:39,252 MEASUREMENTS FROM 2003, 328 00:08:39,252 --> 00:08:41,821 OVERLAID DATA FROM 2019 329 00:08:41,821 --> 00:08:42,488 AND ANALYZED 330 00:08:42,488 --> 00:08:44,257 WHERE THE DATASETS INTERSECTED 331 00:08:44,257 --> 00:08:44,991 IN ORDER TO SEE 332 00:08:44,991 --> 00:08:47,426 WHERE ICE WAS LOST OR GAINED. 333 00:08:47,426 --> 00:08:48,361 FOR EXAMPLE, 334 00:08:48,361 --> 00:08:49,829 THE STUDY DEFINITIVELY SHOWS 335 00:08:49,829 --> 00:08:51,063 THAT THE EAST ANTARCTIC 336 00:08:51,063 --> 00:08:51,797 ICE SHEET, 337 00:08:51,797 --> 00:08:52,498 THE LARGEST 338 00:08:52,498 --> 00:08:54,100 OF ALL THE ICE SHEETS, 339 00:08:54,100 --> 00:08:55,001 IS GROWING. 340 00:08:55,001 --> 00:08:57,003 >> BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, 341 00:08:57,003 --> 00:08:57,904 WHAT WE FIND IS THAT GROWING 342 00:08:57,904 --> 00:08:59,305 IS MORE THAN OFFSET 343 00:08:59,305 --> 00:09:00,740 BY INCREASED LOSSES COMING FROM 344 00:09:00,740 --> 00:09:02,375 THE WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET 345 00:09:02,375 --> 00:09:04,343 WHICH IS THINNING VERY RAPIDLY 346 00:09:04,343 --> 00:09:05,211 AS IT RESPONDS TO 347 00:09:05,211 --> 00:09:06,746 WARMER OCEAN TEMPERATURES, 348 00:09:06,746 --> 00:09:08,414 SPECIFICALLY IN THE AMANSON SEA 349 00:09:08,414 --> 00:09:09,649 AND BAUMAN AREA. 350 00:09:09,649 --> 00:09:11,584 >> THE WEST ANTARCTIC SIDE 351 00:09:11,584 --> 00:09:13,319 WE ARE SEEING STRONG THINNING 352 00:09:13,319 --> 00:09:14,153 ON THE ICE SHELVES 353 00:09:14,153 --> 00:09:16,455 WHICH IS CAUSING DRAWDOWN 354 00:09:16,455 --> 00:09:18,324 ON THE INLAND ICE, 355 00:09:18,324 --> 00:09:20,092 ON THE GROUNDED ICE UPSTREAM. 356 00:09:20,092 --> 00:09:21,794 MOST OF THAT IS BEING CAUSED 357 00:09:21,794 --> 00:09:23,062 BECAUSE OF CHANGES 358 00:09:23,062 --> 00:09:24,397 IN OCEAN HEAT FLUX 359 00:09:24,397 --> 00:09:25,364 UNDERNEATH THE ICE SHELVES 360 00:09:25,364 --> 00:09:27,033 WHICH IS CAUSING THEM TO THIN 361 00:09:27,033 --> 00:09:28,301 AND THEN CONSEQUENTLY 362 00:09:28,301 --> 00:09:29,702 THE BUTTRESSING FORCE 363 00:09:29,702 --> 00:09:30,870 IS BEING LOST 364 00:09:30,870 --> 00:09:32,338 AGAINST THE GROUNDED ICE 365 00:09:32,338 --> 00:09:33,205 AND THE GROUNDED ICE 366 00:09:33,205 --> 00:09:34,707 IS THEN FLOWING FASTER 367 00:09:34,707 --> 00:09:35,441 INTO THE OCEAN 368 00:09:35,441 --> 00:09:37,810 AND CAUSING SEA LEVEL RISE. 369 00:09:37,810 --> 00:09:39,445 IN GREENLAND WE'RE SEEING 370 00:09:39,445 --> 00:09:40,613 DIFFERENT SIGNATURES. 371 00:09:40,613 --> 00:09:41,814 AGAIN, IN THE CENTER OF 372 00:09:41,814 --> 00:09:42,982 THE ICE SHEET IN THE PLATEAU 373 00:09:42,982 --> 00:09:43,549 WE'RE SEEING 374 00:09:43,549 --> 00:09:44,717 INCREASED ACCUMULATION. 375 00:09:44,717 --> 00:09:46,218 SO, THERE IS A SLIGHT INCREASE 376 00:09:46,218 --> 00:09:47,820 IN MASS IN THE CENTER, 377 00:09:47,820 --> 00:09:49,021 BUT THE OVERALL SIGNAL 378 00:09:49,021 --> 00:09:49,655 FOR GREENLAND 379 00:09:49,655 --> 00:09:51,123 IS ONE OF THINNING, 380 00:09:51,123 --> 00:09:52,692 AND THAT IS BEING CAUSED BY 381 00:09:52,692 --> 00:09:55,161 OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERIC SIGNALS 382 00:09:55,161 --> 00:09:55,928 ACTING ALL AROUND 383 00:09:55,928 --> 00:09:57,396 THE EDGES OF GREENLAND. 384 00:09:57,396 --> 00:09:59,465 >> SO, WE'RE SEEING 200 GIGATONS 385 00:09:59,465 --> 00:10:00,666 PER YEAR OF ICE 386 00:10:00,666 --> 00:10:01,934 FLOWING INTO THE OCEANS, 387 00:10:01,934 --> 00:10:03,102 WHICH IS ENOUGH 388 00:10:03,102 --> 00:10:04,370 TO RAISE SEA LEVEL 389 00:10:04,370 --> 00:10:05,304 BY ABOUT TWO-THIRDS 390 00:10:05,304 --> 00:10:06,772 OF A MILLIMETER PER YEAR. 391 00:10:06,772 --> 00:10:07,673 >> COMBINE THAT WITH 392 00:10:07,673 --> 00:10:09,642 THE ALMOST 118-GIGATONS 393 00:10:09,642 --> 00:10:11,344 LOST IN ANTARCTICA, 394 00:10:11,344 --> 00:10:12,478 AND SEA LEVEL HAS RISEN 395 00:10:12,478 --> 00:10:14,246 A TOTAL OF 14 MILLIMETERS 396 00:10:14,246 --> 00:10:15,781 OVER THE 16-YEAR PERIOD 397 00:10:15,781 --> 00:10:17,717 DUE TO ICE SHEET MELT. 398 00:10:17,717 --> 00:10:19,185 IT MAY SEEM SMALL, 399 00:10:19,185 --> 00:10:21,120 BUT THE SMALL CHANGES ADD UP. 400 00:10:21,120 --> 00:10:22,188 >> WHAT WE EXPECT 401 00:10:22,188 --> 00:10:24,090 BY THE END OF THE CENTURY IS, 402 00:10:24,090 --> 00:10:25,858 YOU KNOW, ON THE ORDER OF TWO, 403 00:10:25,858 --> 00:10:27,326 THREE, MAYBE FOUR FEET 404 00:10:27,326 --> 00:10:28,694 OF SEA LEVEL RISE. 405 00:10:28,694 --> 00:10:29,729 AND BECAUSE WE HAVE 406 00:10:29,729 --> 00:10:31,530 ALL OF OUR INFRASTRUCTURE 407 00:10:31,530 --> 00:10:34,266 THAT IS BUILT AROUND THE COASTS, 408 00:10:34,266 --> 00:10:35,801 WE HAVE A LOT OF VULNERABILITY 409 00:10:35,801 --> 00:10:36,936 TO A METER CHANGE 410 00:10:36,936 --> 00:10:38,704 IN SEA LEVEL RISE. 411 00:10:38,704 --> 00:10:39,939 >> THE POTENTIAL IMPACT 412 00:10:39,939 --> 00:10:40,940 FROM SEA LEVEL RISE 413 00:10:40,940 --> 00:10:42,508 IS ONE CRITICAL MOTIVATION 414 00:10:42,508 --> 00:10:43,776 FOR THE CONTINUED STUDY 415 00:10:43,776 --> 00:10:44,477 OF THE MECHANICS 416 00:10:44,477 --> 00:10:45,745 DRIVING THE CHANGES 417 00:10:45,745 --> 00:10:47,046 IN THE ICE SHEETS. 418 00:10:47,046 --> 00:10:47,780 >> IF WE CAN UNDERSTAND 419 00:10:47,780 --> 00:10:48,547 THOSE MECHANISMS 420 00:10:48,547 --> 00:10:49,448 AND HOW THEY'VE PLAYED OUT 421 00:10:49,448 --> 00:10:51,450 OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS, 422 00:10:51,450 --> 00:10:53,019 WELL THEN WE CAN START TO LOOK 423 00:10:53,019 --> 00:10:53,953 AND THINK ABOUT 424 00:10:53,953 --> 00:10:55,121 HOW WILL THOSE ICE SHEETS 425 00:10:55,121 --> 00:10:55,855 RESPOND TO 426 00:10:55,855 --> 00:10:56,789 WHAT WE PROJECT THE CLIMATE 427 00:10:56,789 --> 00:11:00,493 TO BE INTO THE FUTURE. 428 00:11:00,493 --> 00:11:02,561 >> THAT IS JUST INCREDIBLE. 429 00:11:02,561 --> 00:11:04,530 IT SOUNDS LIKE WITH THESE TOOLS, 430 00:11:04,530 --> 00:11:05,331 SCIENTISTS ARE ABLE TO 431 00:11:05,331 --> 00:11:06,599 BE MORE CONFIDENT THAT 432 00:11:06,599 --> 00:11:07,466 THE CHANGES WE'RE SEEING 433 00:11:07,466 --> 00:11:08,367 IN THE ICE 434 00:11:08,367 --> 00:11:09,001 HAVE TO DO WITH 435 00:11:09,001 --> 00:11:10,236 THE LONG-TERM CHANGES 436 00:11:10,236 --> 00:11:11,670 IN THE CLIMATE. 437 00:11:11,670 --> 00:11:12,471 LET'S LEARN SOME MORE 438 00:11:12,471 --> 00:11:13,739 ABOUT THAT SCIENCE. 439 00:11:13,739 --> 00:11:15,441 I'M JOINED BY BEN SMITH, 440 00:11:15,441 --> 00:11:16,342 LEAD AUTHOR 441 00:11:16,342 --> 00:11:18,310 OF THE ICESAT-2 STUDY. 442 00:11:18,310 --> 00:11:19,512 BEN, CAN YOU TAKE US THROUGH 443 00:11:19,512 --> 00:11:22,448 THESE RESULTS WE JUST LEARNED? 444 00:11:22,448 --> 00:11:24,450 >> SO, WE ARE MAKING 445 00:11:24,450 --> 00:11:25,818 OUR FIRST SET OF MEASUREMENTS 446 00:11:25,818 --> 00:11:27,319 WITH ICESAT-2. 447 00:11:27,319 --> 00:11:29,088 AND WHAT'S EXCITING ABOUT THESE 448 00:11:29,088 --> 00:11:30,189 IS THAT THEY CONTINUE 449 00:11:30,189 --> 00:11:30,956 A SET OF MEASUREMENTS 450 00:11:30,956 --> 00:11:32,425 THAT WERE FIRST TAKEN 451 00:11:32,425 --> 00:11:34,994 IN MOSTLY THE EARLY 2000'S. 452 00:11:34,994 --> 00:11:37,229 SO, THOSE MEASUREMENTS ARE -- 453 00:11:37,229 --> 00:11:38,798 WERE DONE WITH ICESAT-1. 454 00:11:38,798 --> 00:11:39,365 THEY WERE 455 00:11:39,365 --> 00:11:40,533 LASER ALTIMETRY MEASUREMENTS 456 00:11:40,533 --> 00:11:42,868 OF BOTH ICE SHEETS AND THEY -- 457 00:11:42,868 --> 00:11:43,769 THE DIFFERENCES 458 00:11:43,769 --> 00:11:45,304 BETWEEN THOSE TWO LET US SEE 459 00:11:45,304 --> 00:11:46,672 HOW THE ICE IS CHANGING 460 00:11:46,672 --> 00:11:48,074 OVER THE 16-YEAR PERIOD 461 00:11:48,074 --> 00:11:48,808 BETWEEN THE START OF 462 00:11:48,808 --> 00:11:50,342 THE ICESAT-1 MISSION 463 00:11:50,342 --> 00:11:51,410 AND THE BEGINNING 464 00:11:51,410 --> 00:11:53,345 OF THE ICESAT-2 MISSION. 465 00:11:53,345 --> 00:11:55,548 SO, WITH THOSE MEASUREMENTS 466 00:11:55,548 --> 00:11:56,749 WE CAN SEE A LOT OF 467 00:11:56,749 --> 00:11:58,651 SORT OF EXCITING THINGS. 468 00:11:58,651 --> 00:12:00,286 WE CAN SEE AROUND THE EDGES 469 00:12:00,286 --> 00:12:01,220 OF GREENLAND 470 00:12:01,220 --> 00:12:02,555 AND THE EDGES 471 00:12:02,555 --> 00:12:04,256 OF PARTS OF ANTARCTICA 472 00:12:04,256 --> 00:12:05,324 THAT THE ICE IS THINNING 473 00:12:05,324 --> 00:12:06,392 VERY QUICKLY. 474 00:12:06,392 --> 00:12:07,226 THERE ARE AREAS 475 00:12:07,226 --> 00:12:08,761 WHERE THE ICE SHEET SURFACE 476 00:12:08,761 --> 00:12:11,063 IS DROPPING BY 477 00:12:11,063 --> 00:12:12,665 MORE THAN SEVERAL METERS 478 00:12:12,665 --> 00:12:13,365 PER YEAR. 479 00:12:13,365 --> 00:12:15,601 SO, TENS OF FEET PER YEAR. 480 00:12:15,601 --> 00:12:16,869 AS YOU GO FARTHER INLAND 481 00:12:16,869 --> 00:12:17,470 FROM THERE, 482 00:12:17,470 --> 00:12:19,171 YOU SEE LESS AND LESS THINNING, 483 00:12:19,171 --> 00:12:20,239 IN GENERAL, 484 00:12:20,239 --> 00:12:22,641 UNTIL IN THE VERY INTERIOR 485 00:12:22,641 --> 00:12:23,542 OF THE ICE SHEETS 486 00:12:23,542 --> 00:12:24,243 WE ACTUALLY SEE 487 00:12:24,243 --> 00:12:27,079 SMALL AMOUNTS OF THICKENING. 488 00:12:27,079 --> 00:12:29,648 SO, WHAT THIS MEANS TO US 489 00:12:29,648 --> 00:12:32,084 IS THAT THERE ARE 490 00:12:32,084 --> 00:12:33,819 RAPID THINNING PROCESSES 491 00:12:33,819 --> 00:12:35,187 THAT ARE HAPPENING 492 00:12:35,187 --> 00:12:36,455 IN ASSOCIATION WITH CHANGES 493 00:12:36,455 --> 00:12:38,057 THAT ARE HAPPENING IN THE OCEAN 494 00:12:38,057 --> 00:12:39,825 AND THE CLIMATE. 495 00:12:39,825 --> 00:12:41,160 AND THOSE ARE AFFECTING 496 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:42,428 THE LOW ELEVATION PARTS 497 00:12:42,428 --> 00:12:43,062 OF THE ICE SHEET 498 00:12:43,062 --> 00:12:44,997 THAT ARE CLOSEST TO THE OCEAN. 499 00:12:44,997 --> 00:12:46,031 FARTHER INLAND, 500 00:12:46,031 --> 00:12:49,468 THERE'S MORE SNOW FALLING 501 00:12:49,468 --> 00:12:50,436 THAN CAN BE TAKEN AWAY 502 00:12:50,436 --> 00:12:51,704 BY ICE FLOW. 503 00:12:51,704 --> 00:12:52,671 AND SO, THE ICE SHEET 504 00:12:52,671 --> 00:12:54,874 IS THICKENING A LITTLE BIT. 505 00:12:54,874 --> 00:12:56,942 THE MISSION ALSO LET'S US 506 00:12:56,942 --> 00:12:58,511 ADD UP THOSE DIFFERENCES. 507 00:12:58,511 --> 00:12:59,512 SO, WE CAN ADD UP 508 00:12:59,512 --> 00:13:00,479 HOW MUCH THICKENING WE SEE 509 00:13:00,479 --> 00:13:02,448 AND HOW MUCH THINNING WE SEE. 510 00:13:02,448 --> 00:13:04,517 AND WE FIND THAT THE THICKENING, 511 00:13:04,517 --> 00:13:06,952 IT IS, AT THIS POINT, 512 00:13:06,952 --> 00:13:08,087 VERY, VERY SMALL 513 00:13:08,087 --> 00:13:08,721 COMPARED TO 514 00:13:08,721 --> 00:13:09,755 THE THINNING THAT WE SEE. 515 00:13:09,755 --> 00:13:11,323 SO, THE RAPID THINNING 516 00:13:11,323 --> 00:13:12,658 THAT WE SEE AROUND THE COAST 517 00:13:12,658 --> 00:13:15,494 DOMINATES THE THICKENING 518 00:13:15,494 --> 00:13:17,096 THAT WE SEE IN THE INTERIOR. 519 00:13:17,096 --> 00:13:18,397 AND SO, BOTH ICE SHEETS 520 00:13:18,397 --> 00:13:18,898 ARE LOSING 521 00:13:18,898 --> 00:13:21,467 QUITE A BIT OF MASS. 522 00:13:21,467 --> 00:13:22,935 >> AND WHY ARE THESE RESULTS 523 00:13:22,935 --> 00:13:25,204 SO SIGNIFICANT? 524 00:13:25,204 --> 00:13:26,805 >> SO, THIS IS KIND OF 525 00:13:26,805 --> 00:13:28,073 A DEFINITIVE STUDY. 526 00:13:28,073 --> 00:13:29,108 SO, WE'RE MAKING 527 00:13:29,108 --> 00:13:30,543 LASER ALTIMETRY MEASUREMENTS. 528 00:13:30,543 --> 00:13:31,610 WE KNOW THAT THESE MEASUREMENTS 529 00:13:31,610 --> 00:13:32,678 ARE MEASURING EXACTLY 530 00:13:32,678 --> 00:13:35,414 THE SURFACE OF THE SNOW. 531 00:13:35,414 --> 00:13:36,849 WE HAVE VERY HIGH PRECISION 532 00:13:36,849 --> 00:13:38,017 SO WE CAN MEASURE 533 00:13:38,017 --> 00:13:40,452 AT THE SORT OF INCH LEVEL 534 00:13:40,452 --> 00:13:41,720 HOW MUCH THE ICE SHEET 535 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:43,155 HAS CHANGED. 536 00:13:43,155 --> 00:13:45,157 AND WE HAVE A LONG TIME PERIOD, 537 00:13:45,157 --> 00:13:45,758 SO WE HAVE 538 00:13:45,758 --> 00:13:47,126 A 16-YEAR TIME PERIOD, 539 00:13:47,126 --> 00:13:48,260 SO IT'S NOT JUST THAT 540 00:13:48,260 --> 00:13:50,462 WE HAD A SNOWY YEAR ONE YEAR 541 00:13:50,462 --> 00:13:52,097 OR WE JUST HAD A LITTLE BIT 542 00:13:52,097 --> 00:13:53,799 OF EXTRA MELT ONE YEAR, 543 00:13:53,799 --> 00:13:55,000 WE'RE SEEING PROCESSES 544 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:56,502 THAT HAVE BEEN GOING ON 545 00:13:56,502 --> 00:13:58,137 CONSISTENTLY FOR A LONG TIME 546 00:13:58,137 --> 00:13:58,837 AND WE CAN SEE 547 00:13:58,837 --> 00:13:59,705 THE EFFECT OF THAT 548 00:13:59,705 --> 00:14:02,308 ADDED UP OVER A NUMBER OF YEARS. 549 00:14:02,308 --> 00:14:05,144 >> AND WHY IS THE ICE MELTING? 550 00:14:05,144 --> 00:14:06,779 >> SO, WE'RE SEEING 551 00:14:06,779 --> 00:14:08,247 TWO DIFFERENT EFFECTS HERE 552 00:14:08,247 --> 00:14:09,915 IN COMBINATION WITH 553 00:14:09,915 --> 00:14:10,549 ONE ANOTHER. 554 00:14:10,549 --> 00:14:11,917 WE MEASURE THE NET EFFECT 555 00:14:11,917 --> 00:14:13,719 OF THESE TWO THINGS. 556 00:14:13,719 --> 00:14:14,353 WE'RE SEEING 557 00:14:14,353 --> 00:14:16,222 AROUND THE EDGE OF ANTARCTICA 558 00:14:16,222 --> 00:14:17,389 AND THE EDGE OF GREENLAND 559 00:14:17,389 --> 00:14:19,024 THAT THE OCEAN IS WARMER 560 00:14:19,024 --> 00:14:21,126 AND THAT'S MELTING ICE DIRECTLY. 561 00:14:21,126 --> 00:14:22,294 SO, THE ICE SHELVES 562 00:14:22,294 --> 00:14:23,028 AROUND ANTARCTICA, 563 00:14:23,028 --> 00:14:24,630 WHICH ARE FLOATING ICE, 564 00:14:24,630 --> 00:14:26,966 ARE THINNING QUITE A BIT. 565 00:14:26,966 --> 00:14:28,634 AND THE ICE 566 00:14:28,634 --> 00:14:30,169 AT THE DOWNSTREAM ENDS OF 567 00:14:30,169 --> 00:14:30,869 THE OUTLYING GLACIERS 568 00:14:30,869 --> 00:14:31,503 IN GREENLAND 569 00:14:31,503 --> 00:14:33,272 ARE MELTING QUITE A BIT. 570 00:14:33,272 --> 00:14:35,474 THAT LETS THE ICE FLOW FASTER 571 00:14:35,474 --> 00:14:37,142 BECAUSE THERE'S LESS RESISTANCE 572 00:14:37,142 --> 00:14:38,777 TO ITS FLOW. 573 00:14:38,777 --> 00:14:39,511 AND SO, AS THE ICE 574 00:14:39,511 --> 00:14:40,079 FLOWS FASTER, 575 00:14:40,079 --> 00:14:41,247 THE GLACIERS GO FASTER 576 00:14:41,247 --> 00:14:42,681 AND ICE CAN FLOW 577 00:14:42,681 --> 00:14:43,382 FROM THE ICE SHEETS 578 00:14:43,382 --> 00:14:45,351 INTO THE OCEAN MORE QUICKLY. 579 00:14:45,351 --> 00:14:48,153 SO, AT THE SAME TIME, 580 00:14:48,153 --> 00:14:48,988 IN GREENLAND 581 00:14:48,988 --> 00:14:50,289 WE'RE ALSO SEEING THE EFFECTS 582 00:14:50,289 --> 00:14:51,290 OF SURFACE MELT. 583 00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:52,024 SO, THE WEATHER 584 00:14:52,024 --> 00:14:53,525 HAS GOTTEN WARMER IN GREENLAND 585 00:14:53,525 --> 00:14:55,027 BY QUITE A BIT 586 00:14:55,027 --> 00:14:56,262 AND A LOT LARGER PART 587 00:14:56,262 --> 00:14:59,431 OF THE ICE SHEET IS MELTING. 588 00:14:59,431 --> 00:15:00,399 AND IT'S MELTING MORE 589 00:15:00,399 --> 00:15:01,267 EVERY SUMMER. 590 00:15:01,267 --> 00:15:04,069 SO, WE'RE SEEING MELT -- 591 00:15:04,069 --> 00:15:05,070 SURFACE MELT 592 00:15:05,070 --> 00:15:07,039 AND FASTER ICE FLOW IN GREENLAND 593 00:15:07,039 --> 00:15:09,775 AND WE'RE SEEING FASTER ICE FLOW 594 00:15:09,775 --> 00:15:10,843 AND ICE SHELF MELT 595 00:15:10,843 --> 00:15:13,479 IN ANTARCTICA. 596 00:15:13,479 --> 00:15:14,346 >> THANK YOU. 597 00:15:14,346 --> 00:15:15,381 SO, I THINK WE HAVE TIME FOR 598 00:15:15,381 --> 00:15:16,382 ONE QUESTION 599 00:15:16,382 --> 00:15:17,950 FROM SOCIAL MEDIA. 600 00:15:17,950 --> 00:15:19,852 OUR QUESTION FROM TUMBLR IS 601 00:15:19,852 --> 00:15:20,719 "HOW DO YOU GUYS HELP 602 00:15:20,719 --> 00:15:23,088 WITH CLIMATE CHANGE?" 603 00:15:23,088 --> 00:15:24,690 >> SO, WE ARE OBSERVING 604 00:15:24,690 --> 00:15:26,659 THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE. 605 00:15:26,659 --> 00:15:28,527 WE ARE PRESENTING THE FACT 606 00:15:28,527 --> 00:15:30,963 THAT WE'RE SEEING THESE CHANGES 607 00:15:30,963 --> 00:15:32,164 AND WE ARE SHOWING THAT 608 00:15:32,164 --> 00:15:34,667 THEY ARE PRETTY SIGNIFICANT. 609 00:15:34,667 --> 00:15:36,268 WHAT ACTUALLY HELPS IS 610 00:15:36,268 --> 00:15:37,136 WHAT PEOPLE DO 611 00:15:37,136 --> 00:15:38,537 IN RESPONSE TO THIS. 612 00:15:38,537 --> 00:15:41,273 SO, WHEN PEOPLE SEE THAT 613 00:15:41,273 --> 00:15:42,107 WE'VE PRODUCED 614 00:15:42,107 --> 00:15:43,709 ABOUT 14-MILLIMETERS 615 00:15:43,709 --> 00:15:45,244 OF SEA LEVEL RISE 616 00:15:45,244 --> 00:15:46,812 BETWEEN THESE TWO MISSIONS, 617 00:15:46,812 --> 00:15:47,613 WE MIGHT THINK ABOUT 618 00:15:47,613 --> 00:15:48,380 WHAT WE NEED TO DO 619 00:15:48,380 --> 00:15:51,517 IN RESPONSE TO THAT. 620 00:15:51,517 --> 00:15:52,518 >> WELL, THANK YOU SO MUCH 621 00:15:52,518 --> 00:15:53,719 FOR JOINING US TODAY, BEN, 622 00:15:53,719 --> 00:15:54,753 AND WALKING US THROUGH 623 00:15:54,753 --> 00:15:56,388 THESE AMAZING SCIENCE RESULTS 624 00:15:56,388 --> 00:15:58,757 ON EARTH'S ICE. 625 00:15:58,757 --> 00:15:59,391 FOR THOSE OF YOU 626 00:15:59,391 --> 00:16:00,192 JUST JOINING US, 627 00:16:00,192 --> 00:16:01,193 WE'RE LEARNING ABOUT 628 00:16:01,193 --> 00:16:02,194 JUST RELEASED FINDINGS 629 00:16:02,194 --> 00:16:04,129 ABOUT EARTH'S ICE. 630 00:16:04,129 --> 00:16:04,830 ONE OF THE THINGS 631 00:16:04,830 --> 00:16:05,931 WE'VE HEARD OUR EXPERTS MENTION 632 00:16:05,931 --> 00:16:08,334 A FEW TIMES IS SEA LEVEL RISE. 633 00:16:08,334 --> 00:16:10,436 I'M JOINED BY DR. HELEN FRICKER, 634 00:16:10,436 --> 00:16:11,804 GLACIOLOGIST, 635 00:16:11,804 --> 00:16:12,504 WHO IS GOING TO GIVE US 636 00:16:12,504 --> 00:16:13,305 A BETTER IDEA 637 00:16:13,305 --> 00:16:15,341 OF HOW SEA LEVEL RISE WORKS. 638 00:16:15,341 --> 00:16:17,142 HELEN, THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 639 00:16:17,142 --> 00:16:17,676 >> YOU'RE WELCOME. 640 00:16:17,676 --> 00:16:19,278 THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME. 641 00:16:19,278 --> 00:16:20,012 >> SO, I UNDERSTAND 642 00:16:20,012 --> 00:16:20,579 IT'S NOT JUST 643 00:16:20,579 --> 00:16:21,914 WARMER AIR TEMPERATURES 644 00:16:21,914 --> 00:16:23,515 THAT ARE MELTING ICE, 645 00:16:23,515 --> 00:16:24,950 BUT WARMER OCEAN TEMPERATURES 646 00:16:24,950 --> 00:16:25,951 AS WELL. 647 00:16:25,951 --> 00:16:26,819 HOW DOES THE OCEAN 648 00:16:26,819 --> 00:16:29,788 HAVE AN IMPACT ON ANTARCTIC ICE? 649 00:16:29,788 --> 00:16:30,689 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 650 00:16:30,689 --> 00:16:31,623 SO, ALL AROUND 651 00:16:31,623 --> 00:16:34,560 THE EDGES OF ANTARCTICA 652 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:37,229 THERE ARE PARTS OF THE ICE SHEET 653 00:16:37,229 --> 00:16:38,897 THAT REACH THE OCEAN. 654 00:16:38,897 --> 00:16:40,499 AND IN THESE PLACES, 655 00:16:40,499 --> 00:16:42,935 WE HAVE VERY LARGE AREAS 656 00:16:42,935 --> 00:16:43,869 OF THICK ICE 657 00:16:43,869 --> 00:16:45,170 THAT'S FLOATING ON TOP OF 658 00:16:45,170 --> 00:16:46,271 THE OCEAN. 659 00:16:46,271 --> 00:16:48,273 WE CALL THESE ICE SHELVES. 660 00:16:48,273 --> 00:16:49,141 NOW SOME OF THESE ICE SHELVES 661 00:16:49,141 --> 00:16:49,975 ARE SO BIG 662 00:16:49,975 --> 00:16:52,811 THAT THEY'RE THE SIZE OF TEXAS 663 00:16:52,811 --> 00:16:54,313 OR FRANCE. 664 00:16:54,313 --> 00:16:56,582 SOME OF THEM ARE MUCH SMALLER. 665 00:16:56,582 --> 00:16:57,816 BUT WHAT THEY DO IS 666 00:16:57,816 --> 00:17:00,119 THEY HOLD BACK THE ICE, 667 00:17:00,119 --> 00:17:02,020 THE GROUNDED ICE ON -- 668 00:17:02,020 --> 00:17:03,655 SITTING ON THE MAIN PART 669 00:17:03,655 --> 00:17:05,224 OF THE CONTINENT. 670 00:17:05,224 --> 00:17:06,592 AND SO, IT'S KIND OF LIKE 671 00:17:06,592 --> 00:17:07,726 A BUFFER REGION 672 00:17:07,726 --> 00:17:10,362 WHERE IF THIS ICE SHELF 673 00:17:10,362 --> 00:17:11,697 WASN'T THERE, 674 00:17:11,697 --> 00:17:13,799 THE ICE WOULD FLOW MUCH FASTER 675 00:17:13,799 --> 00:17:14,867 INTO THE OCEAN. 676 00:17:14,867 --> 00:17:15,601 YOU COULD THINK OF THEM 677 00:17:15,601 --> 00:17:16,468 LIKE A BUTTRESS, 678 00:17:16,468 --> 00:17:18,070 AN ARCHITECTURAL BUTTRESS 679 00:17:18,070 --> 00:17:18,804 SITTING THERE 680 00:17:18,804 --> 00:17:20,339 HOLDING THE GROUNDED ICE 681 00:17:20,339 --> 00:17:22,875 BACK ONTO THE ICE SHEET. 682 00:17:22,875 --> 00:17:23,842 >> SO, WHEN ICE THAT IS 683 00:17:23,842 --> 00:17:25,210 ALREADY FLOATING MELTS, 684 00:17:25,210 --> 00:17:28,480 HOW DOES THAT RAISE SEA LEVELS? 685 00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:29,081 >> RIGHT. 686 00:17:29,081 --> 00:17:30,516 SO, THE ICE THAT'S FLOATING 687 00:17:30,516 --> 00:17:31,183 THE ICE SHELVES, 688 00:17:31,183 --> 00:17:32,718 WHEN IT MELTS 689 00:17:32,718 --> 00:17:34,086 IT DOESN'T RAISE SEA LEVEL 690 00:17:34,086 --> 00:17:35,087 STRAIGHTAWAY BECAUSE 691 00:17:35,087 --> 00:17:37,022 THAT ICE IS ALREADY FLOATING. 692 00:17:37,022 --> 00:17:37,723 YOU CAN THINK OF IT 693 00:17:37,723 --> 00:17:41,226 A BIT LIKE YOUR GLASS OF WATER. 694 00:17:41,226 --> 00:17:43,195 I HAVE A DEMONSTRATION HERE. 695 00:17:43,195 --> 00:17:44,696 THIS IS A GLASS WHICH HAPPENS 696 00:17:44,696 --> 00:17:47,199 TO HAVE ANTARCTICA ON IT. 697 00:17:47,199 --> 00:17:49,635 IF I PUT ICE CUBES IN THE GLASS, 698 00:17:49,635 --> 00:17:50,502 IF YOU WATCH 699 00:17:50,502 --> 00:17:52,438 THE LEVEL OF THE WATER, 700 00:17:52,438 --> 00:17:54,573 IT WILL GO UP. 701 00:17:54,573 --> 00:17:55,274 THIS IS BECAUSE 702 00:17:55,274 --> 00:17:59,077 I'M ADDING MORE ICE TO MY GLASS. 703 00:17:59,077 --> 00:18:01,146 AND SO, THE LEVEL 704 00:18:01,146 --> 00:18:01,947 HAS GONE UP ABOVE, 705 00:18:01,947 --> 00:18:02,681 SO NOW YOU CAN'T SEE 706 00:18:02,681 --> 00:18:04,049 ANTARCTICA ANYMORE. 707 00:18:04,049 --> 00:18:06,151 BUT IF THIS ICE MELTS, 708 00:18:06,151 --> 00:18:07,519 THEN THE LEVEL OF THE LIQUID 709 00:18:07,519 --> 00:18:09,755 IN THE GLASS STAYS THE SAME. 710 00:18:09,755 --> 00:18:11,290 AND THIS IS LIKE AN ICE SHELF. 711 00:18:11,290 --> 00:18:12,925 WHEN AN ICE SHELF MELTS, 712 00:18:12,925 --> 00:18:14,726 THE LEVEL STAYS THE SAME; 713 00:18:14,726 --> 00:18:16,728 HOWEVER, WHAT IT'S DOING IS 714 00:18:16,728 --> 00:18:17,796 IT'S REDUCING 715 00:18:17,796 --> 00:18:19,531 THIS BUTTRESSING FORCE 716 00:18:19,531 --> 00:18:20,232 THAT I JUST TALKED ABOUT 717 00:18:20,232 --> 00:18:21,300 THAT THE ICE SHELVES PLAY 718 00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:22,367 IN THE ICE SHEET. 719 00:18:22,367 --> 00:18:23,735 AND IF YOU REDUCE THAT 720 00:18:23,735 --> 00:18:25,704 BUTTRESSING FORCE AND MAKE -- 721 00:18:25,704 --> 00:18:26,605 IF THE ICE SHELF 722 00:18:26,605 --> 00:18:27,673 BECOMES THINNER, 723 00:18:27,673 --> 00:18:30,442 ITS BUTTRESSING FORCE IS LESS 724 00:18:30,442 --> 00:18:32,711 AND THE GROUNDED ICE BEHIND IT 725 00:18:32,711 --> 00:18:34,313 WILL BE ADDED TO THE OCEAN. 726 00:18:34,313 --> 00:18:35,447 AND THAT'S JUST LIKE THE ICE 727 00:18:35,447 --> 00:18:38,984 THAT I ADDED TO THE GLASS. 728 00:18:38,984 --> 00:18:39,585 >> THAT'S A GREAT 729 00:18:39,585 --> 00:18:41,019 DEMONSTRATION. 730 00:18:41,019 --> 00:18:42,187 SO, WHAT IS THAT MADE YOU 731 00:18:42,187 --> 00:18:45,724 WANT TO STUDY ICE? 732 00:18:45,724 --> 00:18:47,292 >> I WANTED TO STUDY ICE 733 00:18:47,292 --> 00:18:49,194 AND, IN PARTICULAR ANTARCTICA, 734 00:18:49,194 --> 00:18:50,796 WHEN I STARTED MY PH.D. 735 00:18:50,796 --> 00:18:53,198 I JUST FOUND IT SO FASCINATING 736 00:18:53,198 --> 00:18:54,967 TO THINK ABOUT THIS. 737 00:18:54,967 --> 00:18:55,601 FIRST OF ALL, 738 00:18:55,601 --> 00:18:56,401 THIS CONTINENT 739 00:18:56,401 --> 00:18:59,238 AT THE BOTTOM OF THE EARTH 740 00:18:59,238 --> 00:19:00,472 THAT'S SO FAR AWAY 741 00:19:00,472 --> 00:19:01,707 FROM EVERYWHERE ELSE 742 00:19:01,707 --> 00:19:04,243 BUT IT'S SO IMPORTANT TO US ALL. 743 00:19:04,243 --> 00:19:06,645 THIS INTERCONNECTION OF 744 00:19:06,645 --> 00:19:08,146 THE ENTIRE EARTH SYSTEM 745 00:19:08,146 --> 00:19:10,115 WITH THESE DIFFERENT FORCINGS, 746 00:19:10,115 --> 00:19:12,251 THE ATMOSPHERE, THE OCEAN 747 00:19:12,251 --> 00:19:13,552 AND JUST ALSO THE THRILL 748 00:19:13,552 --> 00:19:16,021 OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION. 749 00:19:16,021 --> 00:19:18,023 AND THEN LATER IN MY CAREER, 750 00:19:18,023 --> 00:19:19,124 I'VE ALSO GOT INTERESTED 751 00:19:19,124 --> 00:19:20,058 IN GREENLAND. 752 00:19:20,058 --> 00:19:21,059 THE ICE SHEET 753 00:19:21,059 --> 00:19:22,461 IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, 754 00:19:22,461 --> 00:19:23,495 VERY SIMILAR PROCESSES 755 00:19:23,495 --> 00:19:24,363 ACTING THERE, 756 00:19:24,363 --> 00:19:26,465 BUT IN DIFFERENT- 757 00:19:26,465 --> 00:19:27,666 DIFFERENT AMOUNTS. 758 00:19:27,666 --> 00:19:28,667 SO TOGETHER, 759 00:19:28,667 --> 00:19:29,668 ALL OF THE ICE SHEETS 760 00:19:29,668 --> 00:19:31,470 ARE JUST SO FASCINATING TO ME. 761 00:19:31,470 --> 00:19:34,106 I MEAN, I THINK WE SIT HERE IN, 762 00:19:34,106 --> 00:19:35,641 WELL, AT HOME AT THE MOMENT, 763 00:19:35,641 --> 00:19:38,377 BUT IN OUR, YOU KNOW, 764 00:19:38,377 --> 00:19:40,145 INHABITED PLACES THAT WE LIVE 765 00:19:40,145 --> 00:19:41,280 AND WE DON'T REALLY THINK 766 00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:43,248 THAT THESE CONTINENTS 767 00:19:43,248 --> 00:19:44,349 THAT ARE SO FAR AWAY 768 00:19:44,349 --> 00:19:45,384 ARE GOING TO AFFECT US. 769 00:19:45,384 --> 00:19:46,285 BUT ACTUALLY, THEY DO 770 00:19:46,285 --> 00:19:47,886 BECAUSE SEA LEVEL 771 00:19:47,886 --> 00:19:49,288 IS GOING TO AFFECT MANY, 772 00:19:49,288 --> 00:19:50,522 MANY PEOPLE 773 00:19:50,522 --> 00:19:52,424 ALL AROUND THE WORLD. 774 00:19:52,424 --> 00:19:53,425 >> YEAH. 775 00:19:53,425 --> 00:19:54,192 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 776 00:19:54,192 --> 00:19:55,160 EXPLAINING THAT TO US, HELEN. 777 00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:56,194 I KNOW IT REALLY HELPED ME 778 00:19:56,194 --> 00:19:56,995 GRASP THE CONCEPT OF 779 00:19:56,995 --> 00:19:58,830 HOW SEA LEVEL RISE WORKS 780 00:19:58,830 --> 00:19:59,798 AND HOW ALL OF THESE THINGS 781 00:19:59,798 --> 00:20:00,832 ARE INTERCONNECTED. 782 00:20:00,832 --> 00:20:01,500 THANK YOU SO MUCH 783 00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:03,435 FOR JOINING US. 784 00:20:03,435 --> 00:20:04,836 >> OH, YOU'RE WELCOME. 785 00:20:04,836 --> 00:20:06,038 >> SO, ANOTHER WAY TO UNDERSTAND 786 00:20:06,038 --> 00:20:06,972 SEA LEVEL RISE 787 00:20:06,972 --> 00:20:07,606 IS TO GO INTO 788 00:20:07,606 --> 00:20:08,607 SOME OF THE COMMUNITIES 789 00:20:08,607 --> 00:20:09,875 THAT ARE BEING IMPACTED 790 00:20:09,875 --> 00:20:11,777 BY RISING WATERS. 791 00:20:11,777 --> 00:20:12,978 RECENTLY, OUR TEAM VISITED 792 00:20:12,978 --> 00:20:14,346 THE CITY OF NORFOLK 793 00:20:14,346 --> 00:20:15,380 AND THE VIRGINIA INSTITUTE 794 00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,049 OF MARINE SCIENCE TO SEE 795 00:20:17,049 --> 00:20:18,850 HOW THE HAMPTON ROADS REGION 796 00:20:18,850 --> 00:20:20,619 IS RESPONDING TO SEA LEVEL RISE 797 00:20:20,619 --> 00:20:21,520 AND THE EFFECTS 798 00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:22,421 OF CLIMATE CHANGE. 799 00:20:22,421 --> 00:20:23,722 LET'S TAKE A LOOK. 800 00:20:23,722 --> 00:20:24,523 >> SEA LEVEL RISE IS 801 00:20:24,523 --> 00:20:26,391 A MEASUREABLE DIFFERENCE 802 00:20:26,391 --> 00:20:27,259 IN WATER LEVEL OVER TIME. 803 00:20:27,259 --> 00:20:28,226 AND DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTING 804 00:20:28,226 --> 00:20:29,194 TO THAT IS, OF COURSE, 805 00:20:29,194 --> 00:20:30,095 CLIMATE CHANGE. 806 00:20:30,095 --> 00:20:32,030 SO, AS THE TEMPERATURES RISE, 807 00:20:32,030 --> 00:20:33,332 POLAR ICECAPS MELT AND 808 00:20:33,332 --> 00:20:35,267 SLOWLY THE WATER LEVEL RISES 809 00:20:35,267 --> 00:20:36,702 THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE. 810 00:20:36,702 --> 00:20:38,003 AND THERE ARE LOCALIZED IMPACTS 811 00:20:38,003 --> 00:20:39,204 OF SEA LEVEL RISE. 812 00:20:39,204 --> 00:20:39,938 >> IN HAMPTON ROADS 813 00:20:39,938 --> 00:20:41,707 WE ARE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE 814 00:20:41,707 --> 00:20:43,976 TO COASTAL FLOODING. 815 00:20:43,976 --> 00:20:44,943 >> THE HAMPTON ROADS REGION 816 00:20:44,943 --> 00:20:46,678 OF VIRGINIA IS THE SECOND MOST 817 00:20:46,678 --> 00:20:48,180 HEAVILY-IMPACTED REGION 818 00:20:48,180 --> 00:20:49,181 IN THE UNITED STATES 819 00:20:49,181 --> 00:20:49,815 WHEN WE TALK ABOUT 820 00:20:49,815 --> 00:20:51,083 SEA LEVEL RISE AFTER, 821 00:20:51,083 --> 00:20:52,284 OF COURSE, NEW ORLEANS. 822 00:20:52,284 --> 00:20:53,018 >> WE'RE STANDING HERE 823 00:20:53,018 --> 00:20:53,852 AT THE HAGUE, 824 00:20:53,852 --> 00:20:54,987 PART OF NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, 825 00:20:54,987 --> 00:20:56,355 WHICH IS IN THE MOUTH 826 00:20:56,355 --> 00:20:57,356 OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY 827 00:20:57,356 --> 00:20:58,724 IN SOUTHEAST VIRGINIA. 828 00:20:58,724 --> 00:20:59,925 THIS AREA WILL SEE 829 00:20:59,925 --> 00:21:01,360 WHAT WE CALL BLUE SKY FLOODING 830 00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:02,127 QUITE REGULARLY 831 00:21:02,127 --> 00:21:03,962 WHERE THERE'S NO STORM EVENT. 832 00:21:03,962 --> 00:21:05,297 AND SO, THIS WATER COMES UP 833 00:21:05,297 --> 00:21:06,965 OVER ONTO THIS SIDE, 834 00:21:06,965 --> 00:21:08,500 WATER BREACHES THE BULKHEAD, 835 00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:10,035 FLOODS THE AREA AROUND IT 836 00:21:10,035 --> 00:21:11,770 AND THE ROAD BEHIND ME, AS WELL. 837 00:21:11,770 --> 00:21:12,771 >> A LOT OF MY RESEARCH 838 00:21:12,771 --> 00:21:13,739 AT THE VIRGINIA INSTITUTE 839 00:21:13,739 --> 00:21:14,740 OF MARINE SCIENCE 840 00:21:14,740 --> 00:21:16,008 INVOLVES THE DEVELOPMENT 841 00:21:16,008 --> 00:21:16,942 OF PHYSICS-BASED 842 00:21:16,942 --> 00:21:18,744 HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS. 843 00:21:18,744 --> 00:21:19,845 THESE MODELS TELL US 844 00:21:19,845 --> 00:21:20,379 WHERE FLOODING 845 00:21:20,379 --> 00:21:20,979 IS GOING TO HAPPEN 846 00:21:20,979 --> 00:21:21,847 BEFORE IT DOES, 847 00:21:21,847 --> 00:21:23,315 WHEN, AND FOR HOW LONG. 848 00:21:23,315 --> 00:21:24,349 BUT YOU'LL SEE ALL OF THESE 849 00:21:24,349 --> 00:21:25,684 INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES HERE, 850 00:21:25,684 --> 00:21:27,119 MOST OF THEM NEAR THE WATERFRONT 851 00:21:27,119 --> 00:21:28,420 ARE INUNDATED. 852 00:21:28,420 --> 00:21:29,788 INFORMATION PROVIDED BY 853 00:21:29,788 --> 00:21:30,856 NASA SATELLITES 854 00:21:30,856 --> 00:21:31,790 MOSTLY ALLOWS US 855 00:21:31,790 --> 00:21:33,125 TO VALIDATE THE ACCURACY 856 00:21:33,125 --> 00:21:33,825 OF OUR MODEL 857 00:21:33,825 --> 00:21:34,593 IN TERMS OF TELLING US 858 00:21:34,593 --> 00:21:35,394 WHERE THE FLOODING 859 00:21:35,394 --> 00:21:37,396 ACTUALLY HAPPENED FROM SPACE. 860 00:21:37,396 --> 00:21:38,363 >> THE MAPS THAT COME OUT 861 00:21:38,363 --> 00:21:39,731 OF THE MODELS ARE REALLY USEFUL 862 00:21:39,731 --> 00:21:41,099 AT SHOWING THE DEPTH OF WATER 863 00:21:41,099 --> 00:21:41,867 THROUGHOUT THE CITY 864 00:21:41,867 --> 00:21:42,734 AT THE STREET LEVEL 865 00:21:42,734 --> 00:21:43,935 SO THAT WE CAN, YOU KNOW, 866 00:21:43,935 --> 00:21:44,736 JUST MAKE BETTER 867 00:21:44,736 --> 00:21:45,637 DATA-DRIVEN DECISIONS 868 00:21:45,637 --> 00:21:46,638 AROUND THE CITY. 869 00:21:46,638 --> 00:21:47,739 >> THESE ARE TWO STANDARD 870 00:21:47,739 --> 00:21:49,474 ACTIVE REMOTE SENSORS. 871 00:21:49,474 --> 00:21:50,442 >> THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF 872 00:21:50,442 --> 00:21:52,010 A PRESSURE TRANSDUCER 873 00:21:52,010 --> 00:21:53,245 WATER SENSOR. 874 00:21:53,245 --> 00:21:54,346 AND WHAT WE'VE BEEN TRYING TO DO 875 00:21:54,346 --> 00:21:55,747 IS COMPARE DATA 876 00:21:55,747 --> 00:21:57,315 LIKE NASA SATELLITE IMAGERY 877 00:21:57,315 --> 00:21:58,884 TO SEE HOW IT COMPARES TO 878 00:21:58,884 --> 00:21:59,818 THE ACCURACY 879 00:21:59,818 --> 00:22:00,519 THAT WE'RE GETTING 880 00:22:00,519 --> 00:22:01,253 AT THE STREET LEVEL. 881 00:22:01,253 --> 00:22:01,953 SO, WHEN YOU 882 00:22:01,953 --> 00:22:02,521 PUT IT ALL TOGETHER, 883 00:22:02,521 --> 00:22:03,388 IT'S VERY VALUABLE. 884 00:22:03,388 --> 00:22:04,890 >> ONE OF THE MAIN APPLICATIONS, 885 00:22:04,890 --> 00:22:06,525 LIKE IT'S REALLY TRYING TO SEE, 886 00:22:06,525 --> 00:22:07,793 BEFORE THESE EVENTS HAPPEN, 887 00:22:07,793 --> 00:22:08,493 WHERE IS GOING TO BE 888 00:22:08,493 --> 00:22:09,327 THE PROBLEM AREAS 889 00:22:09,327 --> 00:22:10,562 IN OUR COMMUNITIES. 890 00:22:10,562 --> 00:22:11,430 >> DETERMINE WHAT ROADS 891 00:22:11,430 --> 00:22:12,431 NEED TO BE CLOSED 892 00:22:12,431 --> 00:22:13,131 OR INTERSECTIONS 893 00:22:13,131 --> 00:22:14,499 NEED TO BE CLOSED WHEN. 894 00:22:14,499 --> 00:22:15,400 >> WHERE THESE PROJECTS 895 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:16,635 SHOULD BE PERMITTED. 896 00:22:16,635 --> 00:22:17,903 WILL THIS BUILDING LAST 897 00:22:17,903 --> 00:22:19,171 THE 30-YEAR LIFE 898 00:22:19,171 --> 00:22:20,806 OF THE STANDARD MORTGAGE? 899 00:22:20,806 --> 00:22:22,407 OUR MODELS, AS A REPRESENTATION 900 00:22:22,407 --> 00:22:23,008 OF REALITY, 901 00:22:23,008 --> 00:22:24,309 HAVE TO BE AS ACCURATE 902 00:22:24,309 --> 00:22:24,876 AS POSSIBLE. 903 00:22:24,876 --> 00:22:25,811 THE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 904 00:22:25,811 --> 00:22:26,912 FROM THE NASA SATELLITES 905 00:22:26,912 --> 00:22:28,680 LANDSAT, NISTAR AND [INDISTINCT] 906 00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:29,414 REALLY HELPS US 907 00:22:29,414 --> 00:22:30,849 CALIBRATE OUR MODEL. 908 00:22:30,849 --> 00:22:31,950 >> HAVING THAT REGIONAL 909 00:22:31,950 --> 00:22:32,984 WATER-DEPTH MAP 910 00:22:32,984 --> 00:22:33,819 REALLY HELPS US 911 00:22:33,819 --> 00:22:35,353 HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING 912 00:22:35,353 --> 00:22:36,488 WHAT THE FUTURE DAY-TO-DAY 913 00:22:36,488 --> 00:22:37,589 LOOKS LIKE IN NORFOLK 914 00:22:37,589 --> 00:22:38,657 WITH SEA LEVEL RISE. 915 00:22:38,657 --> 00:22:39,357 >> AND SO, 916 00:22:39,357 --> 00:22:39,925 A BETTER UNDERSTANDING 917 00:22:39,925 --> 00:22:40,659 OF SEA LEVEL RISE 918 00:22:40,659 --> 00:22:42,060 WILL HELP YOU DECIDE THE PLACES 919 00:22:42,060 --> 00:22:43,295 WHERE YOU MAY WISH TO WORK 920 00:22:43,295 --> 00:22:44,796 OR LIVE IN THE NEAR FUTURE. 921 00:22:44,796 --> 00:22:45,397 IT ALSO HELPS 922 00:22:45,397 --> 00:22:46,198 TO BETTER UNDERSTAND 923 00:22:46,198 --> 00:22:48,366 SPECIFICALLY WHAT YOUR RISK IS 924 00:22:48,366 --> 00:22:49,901 INHERIT NOT JUST WITH FLOODING, 925 00:22:49,901 --> 00:22:50,902 BUT ALSO WITH THE CHANGES 926 00:22:50,902 --> 00:22:51,737 TO OUR CLIMATE AS 927 00:22:51,737 --> 00:22:53,538 OUR WORLD CONTINUES TO CHANGE, 928 00:22:53,538 --> 00:22:54,306 EITHER FOR THE BETTER 929 00:22:54,306 --> 00:22:56,775 OR WORSE. 930 00:22:56,775 --> 00:22:57,943 >> THAT WAS AN INFORMATIVE 931 00:22:57,943 --> 00:22:59,010 LOOK AT HOW COMMUNITIES 932 00:22:59,010 --> 00:23:00,846 IN THE HAMPTON ROADS REGION 933 00:23:00,846 --> 00:23:01,713 ARE DEALING WITH 934 00:23:01,713 --> 00:23:03,215 THE IMPACT OF SEA LEVELS RISING 935 00:23:03,215 --> 00:23:04,683 ALONG THEIR COAST. 936 00:23:04,683 --> 00:23:05,217 THANK YOU TO 937 00:23:05,217 --> 00:23:06,118 THE CITY OF NORFOLK 938 00:23:06,118 --> 00:23:07,486 AND THE VIRGINIA INSTITUTE 939 00:23:07,486 --> 00:23:08,553 OF MARINE SCIENCE 940 00:23:08,553 --> 00:23:09,121 FOR SHOWING US 941 00:23:09,121 --> 00:23:10,322 HOW THEY USE NASA DATA 942 00:23:10,322 --> 00:23:12,290 IN THESE SITUATIONS. 943 00:23:12,290 --> 00:23:13,725 SPEAKING OF NASA DATA, 944 00:23:13,725 --> 00:23:14,826 WE'VE TALKED A LOT ABOUT 945 00:23:14,826 --> 00:23:15,894 HOW THE NEW INFORMATION 946 00:23:15,894 --> 00:23:17,195 GATHERED FROM ICESAT-2 947 00:23:17,195 --> 00:23:18,296 WILL HELP US. 948 00:23:18,296 --> 00:23:19,197 I BET YOU DIDN'T KNOW THAT 949 00:23:19,197 --> 00:23:19,965 IN ADDITION TO 950 00:23:19,965 --> 00:23:21,633 THE DATA GATHERED FROM SPACE, 951 00:23:21,633 --> 00:23:22,667 WE HAVE RESEARCHERS 952 00:23:22,667 --> 00:23:24,035 TRAVELING INTO THE FIELD 953 00:23:24,035 --> 00:23:25,670 TO CONDUCT GROUND OBSERVATIONS 954 00:23:25,670 --> 00:23:26,972 THAT VALIDATE WHAT WE'RE SEEING 955 00:23:26,972 --> 00:23:28,740 FROM THE VANTAGE OF SPACE. 956 00:23:28,740 --> 00:23:29,374 LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT 957 00:23:29,374 --> 00:23:30,208 THE FOOTAGE TAKEN 958 00:23:30,208 --> 00:23:30,876 FROM SOME OF 959 00:23:30,876 --> 00:23:32,144 THOSE FIELD CAMPAIGNS TO 960 00:23:32,144 --> 00:23:35,480 GET A SENSE OF WHAT IT'S LIKE. 961 00:23:43,188 --> 00:23:44,055 >> HI, THERE. 962 00:23:44,055 --> 00:23:46,057 I'M [INDISTINCT] FROM NASA 963 00:23:46,057 --> 00:23:49,828 AND WE ARE ON PENNY BAY 964 00:23:49,828 --> 00:23:51,663 DOING ICESAT-2 VALIDATION WORK 965 00:23:51,663 --> 00:23:52,564 ON SEA ICE 966 00:23:52,564 --> 00:23:54,633 I'M MEASURING SEA ICE THICKNESS 967 00:23:54,633 --> 00:23:56,067 WITH AN EM31. 968 00:23:56,067 --> 00:23:59,037 >> AND I'M MEASURING SNOW DEPTH 969 00:23:59,037 --> 00:24:01,273 WITH A MAGNAPROBE. 970 00:24:01,273 --> 00:24:02,707 >> WHAT YA DOIN', KELLY? 971 00:24:10,382 --> 00:24:11,216 >> TRYING TO BREATHE? 972 00:24:11,216 --> 00:24:11,950 WHAT'S THE PROBLEM 973 00:24:11,950 --> 00:24:13,652 WITH YOUR BREATHING? 974 00:24:17,289 --> 00:24:18,089 >> SO, IT'S REALLY COOL 975 00:24:18,089 --> 00:24:19,958 TO BE RIGHT NEXT TO ONE. 976 00:24:19,958 --> 00:24:21,159 YOU CAN SEE ALL THE STRUCTURE 977 00:24:21,159 --> 00:24:22,160 IN THE GLACIER. 978 00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:23,628 YOU KNOW, THESE GLACIERS FORM 979 00:24:23,628 --> 00:24:25,764 AS SNOW FROM YEAR AFTER YEAR 980 00:24:25,764 --> 00:24:27,098 PACKS ON TOP AND 981 00:24:27,098 --> 00:24:29,201 COMPRESSES DOWN INTO ICE. 982 00:24:29,201 --> 00:24:30,402 AND SO, THEY PROVIDE 983 00:24:30,402 --> 00:24:31,503 A HISTORY OF THE CLIMATE 984 00:24:31,503 --> 00:24:33,138 AS WELL AS BEING 985 00:24:33,138 --> 00:24:36,107 REALLY BEAUTIFUL. 986 00:24:36,741 --> 00:24:37,375 >> WOW! 987 00:24:37,375 --> 00:24:38,577 WHAT AN INCREDIBLE PERSPECTIVE 988 00:24:38,577 --> 00:24:40,111 TO SEE HOW RESEARCHERS WORK 989 00:24:40,111 --> 00:24:41,980 IN THESE EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS. 990 00:24:41,980 --> 00:24:44,015 IT'S REALLY AMAZING. 991 00:24:44,015 --> 00:24:44,916 TO TELL US MORE ABOUT 992 00:24:44,916 --> 00:24:45,984 SOME OF OUR OWN EXPERIENCES 993 00:24:45,984 --> 00:24:47,819 WORKING IN ANTARCTICA, 994 00:24:47,819 --> 00:24:49,955 I'M JOINED BY BROOKE MEDLEY. 995 00:24:49,955 --> 00:24:51,923 THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE TODAY. 996 00:24:51,923 --> 00:24:53,892 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME ON. 997 00:24:53,892 --> 00:24:54,492 >> SO, BROOKE, 998 00:24:54,492 --> 00:24:55,393 YOU'RE THE DEPUTY 999 00:24:55,393 --> 00:24:56,294 PROJECT SCIENTIST 1000 00:24:56,294 --> 00:24:58,396 FOR OPERATION ICEBRIDGE. 1001 00:24:58,396 --> 00:24:59,965 COULD YOU EXPLAIN WHERE AND WHY 1002 00:24:59,965 --> 00:25:00,665 YOU GO INTO THE FIELD 1003 00:25:00,665 --> 00:25:01,933 TO STUDY ICE? 1004 00:25:01,933 --> 00:25:03,134 WHY DID YOU GO INTO THE FIELD 1005 00:25:03,134 --> 00:25:05,503 WHEN WE CAN JUST FLY OVER IT? 1006 00:25:05,503 --> 00:25:06,238 >> THAT'S A REALLY GREAT 1007 00:25:06,238 --> 00:25:06,805 QUESTION. 1008 00:25:06,805 --> 00:25:08,006 SO, I'VE HAD 1009 00:25:08,006 --> 00:25:10,375 THE FORTUNATE OPPORTUNITY 1010 00:25:10,375 --> 00:25:12,143 TO BE ABLE TO GO TO 1011 00:25:12,143 --> 00:25:13,778 BOTH GREENLAND TWICE LAST YEAR 1012 00:25:13,778 --> 00:25:16,114 AND ANTARCTICA, AS WELL, 1013 00:25:16,114 --> 00:25:17,482 MOST RECENTLY ANTARCTICA. 1014 00:25:17,482 --> 00:25:19,851 I JUST GOT BACK A FEW MONTHS AGO 1015 00:25:19,851 --> 00:25:21,987 FROM ANTARCTICA 1016 00:25:21,987 --> 00:25:23,722 WHERE WE ACTUALLY WERE 1017 00:25:23,722 --> 00:25:26,291 ON THE GROUND, ON THE ICE 1018 00:25:26,291 --> 00:25:27,859 TAKING MEASUREMENTS 1019 00:25:27,859 --> 00:25:29,694 BOTH OF SURFACE ELEVATION, 1020 00:25:29,694 --> 00:25:31,463 WHICH IS WHAT WE SEE 1021 00:25:31,463 --> 00:25:32,664 WITH ICESAT-2, 1022 00:25:32,664 --> 00:25:34,366 BUT ALSO OTHER SORT 1023 00:25:34,366 --> 00:25:35,200 OF MEASUREMENTS 1024 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:36,534 OF HOW MUCH SNOW THERE WAS 1025 00:25:36,534 --> 00:25:37,669 ON THE GROUND, 1026 00:25:37,669 --> 00:25:39,838 HOW THICK IS THE ICE, 1027 00:25:39,838 --> 00:25:41,740 DIFFERENT SORT OF MEASUREMENTS 1028 00:25:41,740 --> 00:25:43,642 THAT HELP US BETTER INTERPRET 1029 00:25:43,642 --> 00:25:44,910 WHAT WE CAN SEE 1030 00:25:44,910 --> 00:25:46,411 FROM SATELLITE -- 1031 00:25:46,411 --> 00:25:46,978 FROM ONLY 1032 00:25:46,978 --> 00:25:48,346 JUST THE SATELLITE DATA. 1033 00:25:48,346 --> 00:25:49,814 BUT WHILE WE WERE IN THE FIELD 1034 00:25:49,814 --> 00:25:50,715 IN ANTARCTICA, 1035 00:25:50,715 --> 00:25:52,250 WE HAD THE UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY 1036 00:25:52,250 --> 00:25:54,085 OF ALSO BEING 1037 00:25:54,085 --> 00:25:55,186 IN THE SAME LOCATION 1038 00:25:55,186 --> 00:25:56,788 AS OPERATION ICEBRIDGE, 1039 00:25:56,788 --> 00:25:58,590 WHICH IS AN AIRBORNE 1040 00:25:58,590 --> 00:25:59,557 NASA MISSION. 1041 00:25:59,557 --> 00:26:01,192 AND SO, OPERATION ICEBRIDGE 1042 00:26:01,192 --> 00:26:02,460 ACTUALLY IS A MORE THAN 1043 00:26:02,460 --> 00:26:04,362 TEN-YEAR-LONG MISSION 1044 00:26:04,362 --> 00:26:05,764 THAT WAS TASKED TO ACTUALLY 1045 00:26:05,764 --> 00:26:08,233 BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN ICESAT, 1046 00:26:08,233 --> 00:26:09,701 OUR ORIGINAL LASER 1047 00:26:09,701 --> 00:26:12,003 ALTIMETER MISSION, AND ICESAT-2. 1048 00:26:12,003 --> 00:26:14,005 IT'S THIS REALLY AMAZING CHANCE 1049 00:26:14,005 --> 00:26:16,908 TO HAVE THE HIGH SATELLITE 1050 00:26:16,908 --> 00:26:19,577 IN THE SKY MEASURING THE EARTH, 1051 00:26:19,577 --> 00:26:20,178 THEN WE HAVE 1052 00:26:20,178 --> 00:26:21,179 OUR AIRBORNE CAMPAIGN 1053 00:26:21,179 --> 00:26:21,980 THAT HAS LOTS OF 1054 00:26:21,980 --> 00:26:22,681 DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS 1055 00:26:22,681 --> 00:26:25,183 INCLUDING ONE THAT IS THE SAME, 1056 00:26:25,183 --> 00:26:25,850 EFFECTIVELY, 1057 00:26:25,850 --> 00:26:27,752 AS WHAT ICESAT-2 HAS ONBOARD. 1058 00:26:27,752 --> 00:26:28,920 AND THEN WE'RE ON THE GROUND. 1059 00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:29,955 SO, WHAT THAT DOES IS 1060 00:26:29,955 --> 00:26:30,855 IT REALLY GIVES US 1061 00:26:30,855 --> 00:26:32,257 THE BEST PICTURE 1062 00:26:32,257 --> 00:26:34,759 OF HOW THE ICE IS CHANGING 1063 00:26:34,759 --> 00:26:36,494 AND WE CAN THEN HAVE THE -- 1064 00:26:36,494 --> 00:26:37,696 HAVE THE MOST CONFIDENCE 1065 00:26:37,696 --> 00:26:39,030 IN OUR MEASUREMENTS 1066 00:26:39,030 --> 00:26:39,931 BECAUSE WE SEE IT 1067 00:26:39,931 --> 00:26:43,134 AT EVERY SINGLE LEVEL. 1068 00:26:43,134 --> 00:26:43,768 >> SO, WHEN YOU'RE 1069 00:26:43,768 --> 00:26:44,970 OUT IN THE FIELD, 1070 00:26:44,970 --> 00:26:45,804 WHAT DOES A NORMAL DAY 1071 00:26:45,804 --> 00:26:48,640 LOOK LIKE FOR YOU? 1072 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:49,975 >> SO, WHEN YOU'RE -- 1073 00:26:49,975 --> 00:26:50,809 SAY IF YOU'RE ON 1074 00:26:50,809 --> 00:26:51,776 OPERATION ICEBRIDGE, 1075 00:26:51,776 --> 00:26:54,179 WHICH IS THE AIRBORNE CAMPAIGN, 1076 00:26:54,179 --> 00:26:55,847 IT'S-IT'S, UM-- 1077 00:26:55,847 --> 00:26:56,781 WE BASE TYPICALLY 1078 00:26:56,781 --> 00:26:58,083 NOT ON THE ICE SHEET 1079 00:26:58,083 --> 00:26:58,817 FOR ANTARCTICA. 1080 00:26:58,817 --> 00:26:59,718 SO, WE'LL BE BASED OUT OF 1081 00:26:59,718 --> 00:27:02,287 SOUTH AMERICA OR AUSTRALIA, 1082 00:27:02,287 --> 00:27:05,123 AND WE DO VERY LONG FLIGHTS. 1083 00:27:05,123 --> 00:27:08,526 SO, IMAGINE YOU'RE ON A PLANE 1084 00:27:08,526 --> 00:27:10,695 FOR 12 HOURS A DAY, 1085 00:27:10,695 --> 00:27:11,763 FIVE DAYS A WEEK. 1086 00:27:11,763 --> 00:27:12,897 SO, IT CAN BE VERY GRUELING 1087 00:27:12,897 --> 00:27:14,199 AND VERY DIFFICULT, 1088 00:27:14,199 --> 00:27:15,033 BUT YOU GET TO SEE 1089 00:27:15,033 --> 00:27:16,001 SOME OF THE MOST FANTASTIC 1090 00:27:16,001 --> 00:27:17,268 SCENERY I'VE EVER 1091 00:27:17,268 --> 00:27:18,703 BEEN ABLE TO SEE. 1092 00:27:18,703 --> 00:27:19,671 WHEN YOU'RE ON THE GROUND, 1093 00:27:19,671 --> 00:27:20,705 IT'S MUCH DIFFERENT. 1094 00:27:20,705 --> 00:27:23,475 SO, YOU'RE ACTUALLY IN THE COLD 1095 00:27:23,475 --> 00:27:25,643 TRYING TO COLLECT MEASUREMENTS 1096 00:27:25,643 --> 00:27:27,012 AND DOING THE BEST THAT YOU CAN, 1097 00:27:27,012 --> 00:27:30,148 EVEN THOUGH YOU'RE IN HUGE GEAR, 1098 00:27:30,148 --> 00:27:32,117 IT'S WINDY 1099 00:27:32,117 --> 00:27:33,551 AND YOU JUST WANT TO 1100 00:27:33,551 --> 00:27:34,552 KIND OF CRAWL BACK INSIDE 1101 00:27:34,552 --> 00:27:36,221 AND GET WARM AGAIN. 1102 00:27:36,221 --> 00:27:37,689 SO, A LITTLE BIT 1103 00:27:37,689 --> 00:27:39,524 DIFFERENT, UM, PERSPECTIVES, 1104 00:27:39,524 --> 00:27:40,458 BUT AT THE END OF THE DAY, 1105 00:27:40,458 --> 00:27:41,359 WE'RE TRYING TO ANSWER 1106 00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:42,927 THE SAME SCIENCE QUESTIONS, 1107 00:27:42,927 --> 00:27:44,129 WHICH IS, UM -- 1108 00:27:44,129 --> 00:27:45,063 AND COMPLEMENT ONE ANOTHER, 1109 00:27:45,063 --> 00:27:46,998 AS WELL. 1110 00:27:46,998 --> 00:27:48,266 >> THAT SOUNDS INCREDIBLE. 1111 00:27:48,266 --> 00:27:49,267 WHAT IS IT THAT MADE YOU 1112 00:27:49,267 --> 00:27:52,270 DECIDE TO STUDY ICE? 1113 00:27:52,270 --> 00:27:53,238 >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 1114 00:27:53,238 --> 00:27:55,974 SO, I NEVER EVEN REALLY KNEW 1115 00:27:55,974 --> 00:27:57,042 WHAT A GLACIER WAS 1116 00:27:57,042 --> 00:27:59,878 PROBABLY UNTIL I WAS IN COLLEGE. 1117 00:27:59,878 --> 00:28:01,413 AND I'D NEVER SEEN ONE, 1118 00:28:01,413 --> 00:28:02,647 YOU KNOW, WITH MY OWN EYES. 1119 00:28:02,647 --> 00:28:06,317 AND SO, I HAD THE OPPORTUNITY 1120 00:28:06,317 --> 00:28:07,752 TO MOVE TO OREGON 1121 00:28:07,752 --> 00:28:09,554 AFTER UNDERGRADUATE, 1122 00:28:09,554 --> 00:28:10,221 AND WHEN I DID, 1123 00:28:10,221 --> 00:28:11,489 I SAW MY FIRST GLACIER AND I -- 1124 00:28:11,489 --> 00:28:13,258 I HATE TO SOUND CLICHÉ, 1125 00:28:13,258 --> 00:28:14,759 BUT I ABSOLUTELY FELL IN LOVE. 1126 00:28:14,759 --> 00:28:16,861 AND SO, AFTER THAT, 1127 00:28:16,861 --> 00:28:18,463 I COMPLETELY CHANGED 1128 00:28:18,463 --> 00:28:20,498 MY CAREER PATH 1129 00:28:20,498 --> 00:28:23,668 TO FOCUS ON RESEARCH, 1130 00:28:23,668 --> 00:28:24,769 AND SPECIFICALLY RESEARCH 1131 00:28:24,769 --> 00:28:26,438 REGARDING GLACIERS 1132 00:28:26,438 --> 00:28:27,372 AND ICE SHEETS. 1133 00:28:27,372 --> 00:28:31,576 AND I COULDN'T BE HAPPIER, SO-- 1134 00:28:31,576 --> 00:28:32,043 >> WOW! 1135 00:28:32,043 --> 00:28:33,111 WHAT AN EXPERIENCE. 1136 00:28:33,111 --> 00:28:34,112 THANK YOU SO MUCH 1137 00:28:34,112 --> 00:28:35,080 FOR JOINING US TODAY 1138 00:28:35,080 --> 00:28:35,814 AND TAKING US INTO 1139 00:28:35,814 --> 00:28:37,816 THE FIELD WITH YOU. 1140 00:28:37,816 --> 00:28:38,450 >> ABSOLUTELY. 1141 00:28:38,450 --> 00:28:40,251 IT WAS MY PLEASURE. 1142 00:28:40,251 --> 00:28:41,219 >> AND THANK YOU 1143 00:28:41,219 --> 00:28:42,720 FOR EVERYONE WATCHING AT HOME 1144 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:43,388 AS WE EXPLORED 1145 00:28:43,388 --> 00:28:45,090 EARTH'S ICY REGIONS. 1146 00:28:45,090 --> 00:28:46,224 AND EXAMINE SOME OF 1147 00:28:46,224 --> 00:28:47,325 THE LATEST SCIENCE ABOUT 1148 00:28:47,325 --> 00:28:49,427 HOW OUR PLANET IS CHANGING. 1149 00:28:49,427 --> 00:28:50,261 YOU CAN CONTINUE 1150 00:28:50,261 --> 00:28:51,329 LEARNING ABOUT EARTH 1151 00:28:51,329 --> 00:28:52,530 AND THE WAYS NASA STUDIES IT 1152 00:28:52,530 --> 00:28:55,133 BY VISITING NASA.GOV/EARTH 1153 00:28:55,133 --> 00:28:56,634 OR FOLLOWING @NASA_ICE 1154 00:28:56,634 --> 00:28:58,203 ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER. 1155 00:28:58,203 --> 00:29:00,105 SEE YOU NEXT TIME.