1 00:00:20,303 --> 00:00:21,137 >> HELLO, AND WELCOME TO NASA 2 00:00:21,137 --> 00:00:22,005 SCIENCE LIVE. 3 00:00:22,005 --> 00:00:23,773 AN OPPORTUNITY FOR YOU TO COME 4 00:00:23,773 --> 00:00:25,942 BEHIND THE SCENES AND TO GET TO 5 00:00:25,942 --> 00:00:27,377 KNOW YOUR SPACE AGENCY. 6 00:00:27,377 --> 00:00:29,145 I'M YOUR HOST SOPHIA ROBERTS. 7 00:00:29,145 --> 00:00:30,246 THIS SHOW IS ALL ABOUT YOU 8 00:00:30,246 --> 00:00:31,614 BEING ABLE TO INTERACT WITH 9 00:00:31,614 --> 00:00:33,249 NASA SCIENTISTS AND TO GET YOUR 10 00:00:33,249 --> 00:00:34,250 QUESTIONS ANSWERED. 11 00:00:34,250 --> 00:00:35,785 SO VISIT US ON FACEBOOK OR 12 00:00:35,785 --> 00:00:37,387 TWITTER AND ASK US A QUESTION 13 00:00:37,387 --> 00:00:39,556 USING THAT #ASKNASA. 14 00:00:39,556 --> 00:00:41,257 OR LEAVE A COMMENT OR QUESTION 15 00:00:41,257 --> 00:00:43,159 IN THE COMMENT BOX WHEREVER 16 00:00:43,159 --> 00:00:44,027 YOU'RE WATCHING THIS. 17 00:00:44,027 --> 00:00:45,195 HERE TO SHARE SOME OF THE 18 00:00:45,195 --> 00:00:46,596 LATEST UPDATES FROM AROUND THE 19 00:00:46,596 --> 00:00:50,567 GALAXY IS OUR COSMIC NEWS 20 00:00:50,567 --> 00:00:54,003 ANCHOR SCOTT BEDNAR, WHAT HAVE 21 00:00:54,003 --> 00:00:54,904 YOU GOT FOR US? 22 00:00:54,904 --> 00:00:56,973 >> I AM YOUR COSMIC NEWS ANCHOR 23 00:00:56,973 --> 00:00:59,976 SCOTT BEDNAR AND WE HAVE 24 00:00:59,976 --> 00:01:02,545 BREAKING NEWS JUST IN -- 25 00:01:02,545 --> 00:01:04,914 ARE YOU GOOD AT COUNTING ROCKS? 26 00:01:04,914 --> 00:01:07,350 >> WELL, YOU WON'T WANT TO MISS 27 00:01:07,350 --> 00:01:08,518 ON THIS OPPORTUNITY, JUST 28 00:01:08,518 --> 00:01:10,754 ANNOUNCED MOMENTS AGO, NASA IS 29 00:01:10,754 --> 00:01:12,388 INVITING YOU TO HELP FIND THE 30 00:01:12,388 --> 00:01:15,692 PERFECT SPOT ON ASTEROID VENUE 31 00:01:15,692 --> 00:01:21,531 WHERE THE OSIRIS ASTEROID WILL 32 00:01:21,531 --> 00:01:23,967 COUNT CATALOG AND CREATE A 33 00:01:23,967 --> 00:01:25,468 CURATION OF ROCKS ON THE 34 00:01:25,468 --> 00:01:26,770 ASTEROID BY JULY 10th. 35 00:01:26,770 --> 00:01:27,237 WHY? 36 00:01:27,237 --> 00:01:28,905 WITH YOUR MAD COUNTING SKILLS 37 00:01:28,905 --> 00:01:29,973 THIS WILL SPEED UP THE PROCESS 38 00:01:29,973 --> 00:01:31,975 IN DEVELOPING HAZARD MATS WHICH 39 00:01:31,975 --> 00:01:33,476 WILL BE USED TO SELECT THE 40 00:01:33,476 --> 00:01:36,746 FINAL SAMPLE SITE AND 41 00:01:36,746 --> 00:01:39,916 OSIRIS-REX IS GOING TO SWEEP UP 42 00:01:39,916 --> 00:01:41,851 ASTEROID BITS AND SEND THEM 43 00:01:41,851 --> 00:01:43,019 BACK TO EARTH. 44 00:01:43,019 --> 00:01:44,387 LOOK AT PICTURES OF THE 45 00:01:44,387 --> 00:01:46,156 ASTEROID AND TELL ME WHAT YOU 46 00:01:46,156 --> 00:01:46,689 SEE? 47 00:01:46,689 --> 00:01:47,857 TOO LONG TO READ? 48 00:01:47,857 --> 00:01:50,894 NASA IS HIRING FOR $0, SIGN UP 49 00:01:50,894 --> 00:01:51,294 TODAY. 50 00:01:51,294 --> 00:01:54,264 TIME TO TIGHTEN YOUR VAN ALLEN 51 00:01:54,264 --> 00:01:56,766 BELTS, WE'RE GOING BACK TO THE 52 00:01:56,766 --> 00:01:57,467 MOON. 53 00:01:57,467 --> 00:01:59,335 YOUR TWIN SISTER ARTEMIS IS IN 54 00:01:59,335 --> 00:02:00,570 TOWN AND HERE TO STAY. 55 00:02:00,570 --> 00:02:02,505 NASA'S NEXT MISSION HAS 56 00:02:02,505 --> 00:02:03,973 OFFICIALLY BEEN NAMED ARTEMIS 57 00:02:03,973 --> 00:02:05,809 AFTER THE GREEK GODDESS OF OUR 58 00:02:05,809 --> 00:02:07,710 NEAREST CELESTIAL NEIGHBOR. 59 00:02:07,710 --> 00:02:09,479 AND WHEN WE LAND IN 2024, THE 60 00:02:09,479 --> 00:02:11,314 FIRST WOMAN AND NEXT MAN WILL 61 00:02:11,314 --> 00:02:13,316 STEP FOOT WHERE NO ONE HAS BEEN 62 00:02:13,316 --> 00:02:14,918 BEFORE, THE MOON'S SOUTH POLE. 63 00:02:14,918 --> 00:02:15,885 SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE. 64 00:02:15,885 --> 00:02:17,587 BOOTS ON THE GROUND, FLAG 65 00:02:17,587 --> 00:02:19,355 PLANTING CONTESTS, ROCK 66 00:02:19,355 --> 00:02:21,758 CHISELLING COMPETITIONS, A 67 00:02:21,758 --> 00:02:23,359 REGULAR ROM-COM. 68 00:02:23,359 --> 00:02:24,160 HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TO MARS? 69 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:25,295 NO! 70 00:02:25,295 --> 00:02:27,797 HERE'S YOUR CHANCE, SORT OF. 71 00:02:27,797 --> 00:02:30,133 NASA IS SENDING A CAR-SIZED 72 00:02:30,133 --> 00:02:31,601 ROVER TO THE RED PLANET AND 73 00:02:31,601 --> 00:02:34,070 YOUR NAME PASSENGER IN TEENY 74 00:02:34,070 --> 00:02:36,339 TINY LETTERS, SUBMIT YOUR ALIAS 75 00:02:36,339 --> 00:02:38,808 AND STENCILLED ON A MICROCHIP 76 00:02:38,808 --> 00:02:41,211 AS IT MAKES ITS MARTIAN DEBUT. 77 00:02:41,211 --> 00:02:44,848 YOU WILL AMASS MUCHO FREQUENT 78 00:02:44,848 --> 00:02:46,416 FLIER MILES AND GET A BOARDING 79 00:02:46,416 --> 00:02:46,783 PASS. 80 00:02:46,783 --> 00:02:49,686 YOU CAN PULL IT OUT IN GLORY, 81 00:02:49,686 --> 00:02:51,654 POST IT ON SOCIAL, SLAP IT ON 82 00:02:51,654 --> 00:02:53,523 THE LOCKER, TACK IT ON THE TACK 83 00:02:53,523 --> 00:02:55,325 BOARD, THE POSSIBILITIES ARE 84 00:02:55,325 --> 00:02:56,960 LIMITLESS, ABSOLUTELY GLORIOUS. 85 00:02:56,960 --> 00:02:58,628 WELL, I'M DONE, BUT THAT WAS A 86 00:02:58,628 --> 00:02:59,796 TASTE OF SPACE. 87 00:02:59,796 --> 00:03:00,697 HUNGRY FOR MORE? 88 00:03:00,697 --> 00:03:04,033 A FULL-ON BRUNCH BUFFETT AT 89 00:03:04,033 --> 00:03:06,703 WWW.NASA.GOV. 90 00:03:06,703 --> 00:03:08,738 FEAST ON SCIENCE, BACK TO YOU, 91 00:03:08,738 --> 00:03:09,472 SOPHIA. 92 00:03:09,472 --> 00:03:10,406 >> THANKS, SCOTT. 93 00:03:10,406 --> 00:03:13,877 I ALREADY GOTTEN MY NAME ON IT, 94 00:03:13,877 --> 00:03:15,144 NEARLY A MILLION PEOPLE HAVE 95 00:03:15,144 --> 00:03:16,679 SUBMITTED THEIR NAMES, GO SEND 96 00:03:16,679 --> 00:03:17,714 YOURSELF TO MARS. 97 00:03:17,714 --> 00:03:19,515 ALL RIGHT, TO TODAY'S TOPIC, 98 00:03:19,515 --> 00:03:20,717 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT STORMS 99 00:03:20,717 --> 00:03:21,951 ACROSS THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 100 00:03:21,951 --> 00:03:25,154 AND WE'RE GOING TO START BY 101 00:03:25,154 --> 00:03:26,256 TALKING ABOUT HOW STORMS FORM 102 00:03:26,256 --> 00:03:28,024 ON EARTH, AND THEN WE'LL SEE 103 00:03:28,024 --> 00:03:28,892 THE CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE THEM 104 00:03:28,892 --> 00:03:30,894 TO HAPPEN ON OTHER PLANETS IN A 105 00:03:30,894 --> 00:03:32,428 WEATHER FORECAST FROM ACROSS 106 00:03:32,428 --> 00:03:34,864 THE SOLAR SYSTEM, AND FINALLY 107 00:03:34,864 --> 00:03:37,233 TAKE A LOOK HOW NASA STUDIES 108 00:03:37,233 --> 00:03:38,801 STORMS ON OUR OWN PLANET AND 109 00:03:38,801 --> 00:03:40,136 WE'RE GOING TO RELEASE A 110 00:03:40,136 --> 00:03:41,371 WEATHER BALLOON LIVE DURING 111 00:03:41,371 --> 00:03:42,438 THIS EPISODE. 112 00:03:42,438 --> 00:03:43,806 SO IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE 113 00:03:43,806 --> 00:03:46,009 ABOUT NASA'S EFFORT TO STUDY 114 00:03:46,009 --> 00:03:47,143 HURRICANES, VISIT 115 00:03:47,143 --> 00:03:51,848 NASA.GOV/HURRICANES OR VISIT 116 00:03:51,848 --> 00:03:53,283 NASA RAIN ON FACEBOOK AND 117 00:03:53,283 --> 00:03:53,650 TWITTER. 118 00:03:53,650 --> 00:03:56,719 OUR FRIENDS AT NASA FLIGHT 119 00:03:56,719 --> 00:03:58,588 FACILITY IN VIRGINIA HELP 120 00:03:58,588 --> 00:04:00,189 FORECASTERS AND FIRST 121 00:04:00,189 --> 00:04:02,191 RESPONDERS BY RELEASING THE 122 00:04:02,191 --> 00:04:04,127 HUGE BALLOONS EVERY 12 HOURS. 123 00:04:04,127 --> 00:04:05,962 ALL RIGHT, CHELSEA, YOU CAN 124 00:04:05,962 --> 00:04:06,930 HEAR ME? 125 00:04:06,930 --> 00:04:09,098 WHAT ARE YOU DOING OVER THERE? 126 00:04:09,098 --> 00:04:10,300 >> HEY, SOPHIA. 127 00:04:10,300 --> 00:04:11,868 YES, I CAN HEAR YOU LOUD AND 128 00:04:11,868 --> 00:04:12,201 CLEAR. 129 00:04:12,201 --> 00:04:15,972 WE'RE LOUD AT NASA'S FLIGHT 130 00:04:15,972 --> 00:04:17,373 FACILITY WHERE WE LOOK AT HOW 131 00:04:17,373 --> 00:04:19,108 WEATHER DATA IS TURNED INTO THE 132 00:04:19,108 --> 00:04:20,910 EASY FORECAST YOU GET ON THE 133 00:04:20,910 --> 00:04:22,612 PHONE'S WEATHER APP. 134 00:04:22,612 --> 00:04:23,713 WE'RE GOING TO BE LAUNCHING A 135 00:04:23,713 --> 00:04:24,647 WEATHER BALLOON TODAY. 136 00:04:24,647 --> 00:04:27,150 AS THE BALLOON ASCENDS UP TO 137 00:04:27,150 --> 00:04:30,853 100,000 FEET IN ALTITUDE IT'S 138 00:04:30,853 --> 00:04:32,255 TAKING MEASUREMENTS. 139 00:04:32,255 --> 00:04:34,791 HERE TO TALK ABOUT THAT IS ADAM 140 00:04:34,791 --> 00:04:35,291 THOMAS. 141 00:04:35,291 --> 00:04:37,160 WHAT DO WE HAVE BEHIND US 142 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:37,827 TODAY? 143 00:04:37,827 --> 00:04:38,962 >> BALLOON INFLATION SHELTER 144 00:04:38,962 --> 00:04:42,332 AND KYLE PILLCHARD HAS INFLATED 145 00:04:42,332 --> 00:04:44,000 THAT BALLOON AND HOPEFULLY WE 146 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:45,568 WILL RELEASE IT AT THE END OF 147 00:04:45,568 --> 00:04:46,336 THE SHOW TODAY. 148 00:04:46,336 --> 00:04:48,805 >> WHAT DATA IS IT LOOKING FOR, 149 00:04:48,805 --> 00:04:49,839 WHAT DO YOU HAVE IN YOUR HANDS 150 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:50,273 HERE? 151 00:04:50,273 --> 00:04:53,076 >> A RADIO SONDE ATTACHED TO 152 00:04:53,076 --> 00:04:54,243 THE BALLOON AND HAS 153 00:04:54,243 --> 00:04:54,844 INSTRUMENTATION HERE, 154 00:04:54,844 --> 00:04:56,479 TEMPERATURE SENSOR, HUMIDITY, 155 00:04:56,479 --> 00:04:59,949 ALSO GPS TRACK, WE GET WIND 156 00:04:59,949 --> 00:05:01,951 SPEED AND DIRECTION IN THE 157 00:05:01,951 --> 00:05:03,820 DEVICE AS IT ASCENDS INTO THE 158 00:05:03,820 --> 00:05:04,387 ATMOSPHERE. 159 00:05:04,387 --> 00:05:06,055 >> HOW OFTEN DOES NASA LAUNCH 160 00:05:06,055 --> 00:05:07,357 THESE THINGS? 161 00:05:07,357 --> 00:05:09,993 >> TWICE A DAY HERE AT WALLOPS, 162 00:05:09,993 --> 00:05:11,861 TWICE A DAY EVERY DAY AND SOME 163 00:05:11,861 --> 00:05:13,262 INSTANCES MORE THAN TWICE A 164 00:05:13,262 --> 00:05:13,763 DAY. 165 00:05:13,763 --> 00:05:16,065 IF WE HAVE HURRICANE, SEVERE 166 00:05:16,065 --> 00:05:17,266 WEATHER OUTBREAKS, NATIONAL 167 00:05:17,266 --> 00:05:17,967 WEATHER SERVICE PROGRAM WILL 168 00:05:17,967 --> 00:05:19,969 ASK FOR MORE BALLOON RELEASES, 169 00:05:19,969 --> 00:05:21,637 SOMETIMES UP TO FOUR BALLOON 170 00:05:21,637 --> 00:05:23,006 RELEASES A DAY, ESPECIALLY FOR 171 00:05:23,006 --> 00:05:25,575 STORMS SUCH AS MARIA AND 172 00:05:25,575 --> 00:05:28,111 FLORENCE JUST RECENTLY WHERE WE 173 00:05:28,111 --> 00:05:30,079 HAD TO GET MORE DATA AND MORE 174 00:05:30,079 --> 00:05:31,914 UP TO DATE DATA WITH THE EXTRA 175 00:05:31,914 --> 00:05:32,849 BALLOON RELEASES. 176 00:05:32,849 --> 00:05:34,684 >> SO INTERESTING THAT THIS 177 00:05:34,684 --> 00:05:35,685 HAPPENS RIGHT HERE. 178 00:05:35,685 --> 00:05:37,687 SOUNDS LIKE WE NEED THE RADIO 179 00:05:37,687 --> 00:05:39,155 SONDE ATTACHED AND GET THE 180 00:05:39,155 --> 00:05:41,657 BALLOON UP READY FOR FLIGHT. 181 00:05:41,657 --> 00:05:43,326 IN THE MEANTIME, IF ANYBODY HAS 182 00:05:43,326 --> 00:05:44,927 QUESTIONS FOR ADAM, SEND THEM 183 00:05:44,927 --> 00:05:47,797 ON SOCIAL MEDIA USING #ASKNASA 184 00:05:47,797 --> 00:05:49,599 AND GET THEM ANSWERED LATER IN 185 00:05:49,599 --> 00:05:50,099 THE SHOW. 186 00:05:50,099 --> 00:05:52,201 WE'VE GOT A BALLOON TO SET UP. 187 00:05:52,201 --> 00:05:53,770 SOPHIA, BACK TO YOU. 188 00:05:53,770 --> 00:05:54,670 >> THANKS, CHELSEA. 189 00:05:54,670 --> 00:05:56,806 I AM SO EXCITED ABOUT THIS 190 00:05:56,806 --> 00:05:57,907 BALLOON AND LOOKING FORWARD TO 191 00:05:57,907 --> 00:05:59,842 IT BEING RELEASED LATER ON IN 192 00:05:59,842 --> 00:06:00,209 THE SHOW. 193 00:06:00,209 --> 00:06:02,912 SO TODAY I HAVE DALIA, A 194 00:06:02,912 --> 00:06:05,782 RESEARCH SCIENTIST AT GODDARD 195 00:06:05,782 --> 00:06:06,849 SPACEFLIGHT CENTER, AND COME 196 00:06:06,849 --> 00:06:08,618 BACK DOWN TO EARTH AND 197 00:06:08,618 --> 00:06:09,719 SOMETHING WE ARE FAMILIAR WITH. 198 00:06:09,719 --> 00:06:11,821 HOW DO STORMS FORM HERE? 199 00:06:11,821 --> 00:06:12,255 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 200 00:06:12,255 --> 00:06:14,090 SO TROPICAL CYCLONES IS 201 00:06:14,090 --> 00:06:16,859 ACTUALLY THE CATCHALL TERM, BUT 202 00:06:16,859 --> 00:06:18,461 THEY'RE CALLED DIFFERENT THINGS 203 00:06:18,461 --> 00:06:19,529 DEPENDING WHERE YOU LIVE. 204 00:06:19,529 --> 00:06:20,763 FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE ATLANTIC OR 205 00:06:20,763 --> 00:06:22,598 EASTERN PACIFIC, WE CALL THEM 206 00:06:22,598 --> 00:06:23,199 HURRICANES. 207 00:06:23,199 --> 00:06:25,368 IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC, WE CALL 208 00:06:25,368 --> 00:06:27,603 THEM TYPHOONS AND IN THE INDIAN 209 00:06:27,603 --> 00:06:29,705 OCEAN, WE CALL THEM CYCLONES. 210 00:06:29,705 --> 00:06:31,174 YOU NEED THREE DIFFERENT 211 00:06:31,174 --> 00:06:32,141 INGREDIENTS FOR A STORM TO 212 00:06:32,141 --> 00:06:32,442 FORM. 213 00:06:32,442 --> 00:06:34,343 YOU NEED REALLY WARM OCEAN 214 00:06:34,343 --> 00:06:34,644 WATER. 215 00:06:34,644 --> 00:06:36,512 YOU NEED PREEXISTING STORMS AND 216 00:06:36,512 --> 00:06:37,914 YOU NEED HUMID AIR. 217 00:06:37,914 --> 00:06:39,715 SO WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A STORM 218 00:06:39,715 --> 00:06:42,185 FORMS IS THAT HUMID AIR STARTS 219 00:06:42,185 --> 00:06:44,020 TO RISE, AND AS IT RISES, 220 00:06:44,020 --> 00:06:46,289 THERE'S MORE AIR THAT COMES 221 00:06:46,289 --> 00:06:48,024 INTO FILL IT INSIDE, AND SO WE 222 00:06:48,024 --> 00:06:50,259 START TO HAVE WARM AIR RISING. 223 00:06:50,259 --> 00:06:52,495 YOU GET A LOT OF CONVECTION 224 00:06:52,495 --> 00:06:54,363 WHICH CAUSES CLOUDS AND 225 00:06:54,363 --> 00:06:55,364 PRECIPITATION AND THAT MOVEMENT 226 00:06:55,364 --> 00:06:57,600 INWARD, UPWARD AND OUTWARD 227 00:06:57,600 --> 00:06:59,302 STARTS THE STORM MOVING. 228 00:06:59,302 --> 00:07:01,804 BUT BECAUSE THE STORM -- THE 229 00:07:01,804 --> 00:07:03,973 EARTH ROTATES ON AXIS, THAT 230 00:07:03,973 --> 00:07:05,775 CAUSES THE STORM TO ROTATE LIKE 231 00:07:05,775 --> 00:07:07,443 WE SEE THE EYE WALL AND EYE OF 232 00:07:07,443 --> 00:07:08,111 THE STORM. 233 00:07:08,111 --> 00:07:10,947 SO BECAUSE THAT STRONG POOL OF 234 00:07:10,947 --> 00:07:13,516 WARM WATER IS STARTING TO FUEL 235 00:07:13,516 --> 00:07:16,119 THE STORM JUST LIKE GAS FUELS 236 00:07:16,119 --> 00:07:18,121 OUR CAR, AS THE STORM BEGINS TO 237 00:07:18,121 --> 00:07:19,489 DEVELOP, IT STARTS MOVING 238 00:07:19,489 --> 00:07:21,757 FASTER AND FASTER WITH STRONGER 239 00:07:21,757 --> 00:07:23,459 WINDS AND MORE RAINFALL. 240 00:07:23,459 --> 00:07:24,894 AND SO WHAT WE SEE FROM SPACE 241 00:07:24,894 --> 00:07:27,230 IS WE CAN GET A VIEW HOW THE 242 00:07:27,230 --> 00:07:28,564 STORMS ARE MOVING AND CHANGING, 243 00:07:28,564 --> 00:07:30,266 ALL DEPENDING ON WHERE THE 244 00:07:30,266 --> 00:07:31,734 WINDS ARE BLOWING AND HOW WARM 245 00:07:31,734 --> 00:07:35,004 THE SURFACE OF THE OCEAN IS. 246 00:07:35,004 --> 00:07:36,105 >> GREAT, WE ALREADY HAVE 247 00:07:36,105 --> 00:07:40,443 QUESTIONS FOR YOU. 248 00:07:40,443 --> 00:07:40,810 >> SURE. 249 00:07:40,810 --> 00:07:41,744 >> WHAT IS THE BIGGEST 250 00:07:41,744 --> 00:07:43,112 HURRICANE WE'VE SEEN? 251 00:07:43,112 --> 00:07:43,846 >> WE'VE HAD SATELLITES AND 252 00:07:43,846 --> 00:07:44,981 BEFORE THAT INSTRUMENTS ON THE 253 00:07:44,981 --> 00:07:46,315 GROUND MEASURING THIS FOR A 254 00:07:46,315 --> 00:07:46,949 LONG TIME. 255 00:07:46,949 --> 00:07:48,818 BUT THE MOST INTENSE STORM WE 256 00:07:48,818 --> 00:07:52,455 EVER SAW IS TYPHOON KIP WHICH 257 00:07:52,455 --> 00:07:54,157 OCCURRED IN THE PHILIPPINES AND 258 00:07:54,157 --> 00:07:56,726 IT WAS 1300 MILES ACROSS. 259 00:07:56,726 --> 00:07:58,794 THAT'S HUMONGOUS! 260 00:07:58,794 --> 00:08:00,663 NOT ONLY A CATEGORY 5 BUT A 261 00:08:00,663 --> 00:08:02,198 SUPER TYPHOON WITH SUSTAINED 262 00:08:02,198 --> 00:08:04,200 WINDS OVER 160 MILES PER HOUR. 263 00:08:04,200 --> 00:08:05,067 >> WHOA! 264 00:08:05,067 --> 00:08:06,602 >> I KNOW. 265 00:08:06,602 --> 00:08:07,803 >> A FOLLOW-UP QUESTION FOR 266 00:08:07,803 --> 00:08:10,339 THAT IS HOW DAMAGING ARE THESE 267 00:08:10,339 --> 00:08:11,974 STORMS? 268 00:08:11,974 --> 00:08:12,708 >> A LOT OF THE DAMAGE IS 269 00:08:12,708 --> 00:08:14,877 CAUSED BY WINDS, WHICH IS 270 00:08:14,877 --> 00:08:15,945 WHAT'S HAPPENING IN THE EYE 271 00:08:15,945 --> 00:08:17,180 WALL OF THE STORM, THE WINDS 272 00:08:17,180 --> 00:08:18,681 ARE WHIPPING AROUND IN THE 273 00:08:18,681 --> 00:08:19,182 MIDDLE. 274 00:08:19,182 --> 00:08:20,650 EYE IS VERY CALM. 275 00:08:20,650 --> 00:08:22,852 BUT AS YOU GET FURTHER OUT, THE 276 00:08:22,852 --> 00:08:24,320 WINDS ARE IMPORTANT BUT THE 277 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:26,022 RAIN AND THE RAIN BANDS AROUND 278 00:08:26,022 --> 00:08:28,024 IT TEND TO CAUSE A LOT OF THE 279 00:08:28,024 --> 00:08:29,959 FLOODING THAT WE SEE AS WELL AS 280 00:08:29,959 --> 00:08:32,295 THE STORM SURGE THAT PUSHES 281 00:08:32,295 --> 00:08:34,163 THAT WATER ONTO LAND WHEN IT 282 00:08:34,163 --> 00:08:35,097 MAKES LANDFALL. 283 00:08:35,097 --> 00:08:37,166 AND SO IT'S IMPORTANT TO 284 00:08:37,166 --> 00:08:38,301 FORECAST AND UNDERSTAND HOW THE 285 00:08:38,301 --> 00:08:40,369 STORMS MOVE AND INTENSIFY SO WE 286 00:08:40,369 --> 00:08:41,537 CAN REALLY UNDERSTAND HOW 287 00:08:41,537 --> 00:08:42,838 THEY'RE GOING TO IMPACT PEOPLE 288 00:08:42,838 --> 00:08:44,807 ONCE THEY HIT LAND. 289 00:08:44,807 --> 00:08:45,374 >> WOO! 290 00:08:45,374 --> 00:08:47,410 THAT'S A LOT TO DIGEST RIGHT 291 00:08:47,410 --> 00:08:48,110 THERE. 292 00:08:48,110 --> 00:08:50,780 ONE VERY QUICK QUESTION, WE 293 00:08:50,780 --> 00:08:52,281 TALKED ABOUT THE WIDTH A LITTLE 294 00:08:52,281 --> 00:08:52,882 BIT. 295 00:08:52,882 --> 00:08:54,317 BUT IS THERE ANYTHING UNUSUAL 296 00:08:54,317 --> 00:08:56,085 ABOUT HEIGHTS OR HOW HIGH UP 297 00:08:56,085 --> 00:08:56,819 THEY ARE? 298 00:08:56,819 --> 00:08:59,388 >> SURE, SO AS THESE STORMS -- 299 00:08:59,388 --> 00:09:01,490 THE AIR STARTS TO RISE, WE'RE 300 00:09:01,490 --> 00:09:04,293 ABLE TO SEE THREE DIMENSIONAL 301 00:09:04,293 --> 00:09:06,729 PROFILES OF STORMS UP TO 15 302 00:09:06,729 --> 00:09:07,930 KILOMETERS IN HEIGHT. 303 00:09:07,930 --> 00:09:09,999 THAT'S WAY HIGHER THAN WHERE 304 00:09:09,999 --> 00:09:10,900 PLANES FLY. 305 00:09:10,900 --> 00:09:12,368 SO WITH SATELLITES LIKE THE 306 00:09:12,368 --> 00:09:13,402 GLOBAL PRECIPITATION 307 00:09:13,402 --> 00:09:15,071 MEASUREMENT MISSION, WE CAN SEE 308 00:09:15,071 --> 00:09:16,906 THREE DIMENSIONALLY THROUGH THE 309 00:09:16,906 --> 00:09:18,374 CLOUDS ALL THE WAY UP INTO THE 310 00:09:18,374 --> 00:09:20,009 ATMOSPHERE, HOW THE STORM IS 311 00:09:20,009 --> 00:09:21,177 DISTRIBUTED IN TERMS OF THE 312 00:09:21,177 --> 00:09:21,911 HEAVY RAINFALL. 313 00:09:21,911 --> 00:09:23,412 AND THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT TO 314 00:09:23,412 --> 00:09:26,182 PROVIDE CLUES TO FORECASTERS TO 315 00:09:26,182 --> 00:09:27,183 UNDERSTAND WHERE THE STORMS 316 00:09:27,183 --> 00:09:28,985 MIGHT GO AND IMPORTANTLY HOW 317 00:09:28,985 --> 00:09:30,653 INTENSE THEY MIGHT BE. 318 00:09:30,653 --> 00:09:32,521 >> THANKS, DALIA, AND WE'LL BE 319 00:09:32,521 --> 00:09:33,689 GETTING BACK TO YOU A LITTLE 320 00:09:33,689 --> 00:09:34,123 LATER. 321 00:09:34,123 --> 00:09:34,457 >> GREAT. 322 00:09:34,457 --> 00:09:35,825 >> YOU MAY HAVE HEARD OF 323 00:09:35,825 --> 00:09:37,827 JUPITER'S GREAT RED SPOT, ONLY 324 00:09:37,827 --> 00:09:39,595 THE LARGEST STORM IN THE SOLAR 325 00:09:39,595 --> 00:09:40,896 SYSTEM, BUT THERE ARE A LOT OF 326 00:09:40,896 --> 00:09:42,498 OTHER REALLY UNUSUAL STORMS IN 327 00:09:42,498 --> 00:09:43,933 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND 328 00:09:43,933 --> 00:09:44,267 THAT. 329 00:09:44,267 --> 00:09:47,403 SO NASA'S CHIEF SCIENTIST JIM 330 00:09:47,403 --> 00:09:49,839 GREEN IS GOING TO TAKE US ON A 331 00:09:49,839 --> 00:09:52,308 TOUR OF SOME OF THE STORMS IN 332 00:09:52,308 --> 00:09:53,042 THE COSMIC NEIGHBORHOOD. 333 00:09:53,042 --> 00:09:54,543 LET'S FIND OUT, WHAT IS 334 00:09:54,543 --> 00:09:55,111 HAPPENING -- SORRY, WHAT'S 335 00:09:55,111 --> 00:09:57,213 HAPPENING ON VENUS, JIM? 336 00:09:57,213 --> 00:09:58,481 YOU KNOW WHAT? 337 00:09:58,481 --> 00:09:59,915 I CAN TELL YOU SOMETHING THAT'S 338 00:09:59,915 --> 00:10:01,117 HAPPENING ON SATURN RIGHT NOW, 339 00:10:01,117 --> 00:10:03,052 AS WE WAIT FOR JIM. 340 00:10:03,052 --> 00:10:05,087 ONE OF THE EXCITING THINGS WITH 341 00:10:05,087 --> 00:10:06,322 THE CASSINI SPACECRAFT, WE ARE 342 00:10:06,322 --> 00:10:07,690 ABLE TO SEE LIGHTNING AND HEAR 343 00:10:07,690 --> 00:10:09,225 IT ON THE SURFACE OF SATURN. 344 00:10:09,225 --> 00:10:09,725 >> WHOA! 345 00:10:09,725 --> 00:10:11,627 >> THE WAY WE CAN DO THAT IS 346 00:10:11,627 --> 00:10:13,029 SEE THE VISIBLE LIGHT AT NIGHT, 347 00:10:13,029 --> 00:10:14,997 AND THE STORM, IT'S CALLED THE 348 00:10:14,997 --> 00:10:16,766 GREAT WHITE SPOT, LIKE THE 349 00:10:16,766 --> 00:10:19,001 GREAT RED SPOT, IS ACTUALLY SO 350 00:10:19,001 --> 00:10:20,936 WHITE IT'S ALMOST AS LARGE AS 351 00:10:20,936 --> 00:10:21,504 EARTH. 352 00:10:21,504 --> 00:10:23,172 6200 MILES ACROSS. 353 00:10:23,172 --> 00:10:27,076 BUT WHAT'S UNIQUE ABOUT THE GAS 354 00:10:27,076 --> 00:10:28,711 GIANTS RELATIVE TO EARTH, ON 355 00:10:28,711 --> 00:10:30,346 EARTH WE HAVE WARM WATER HEATED 356 00:10:30,346 --> 00:10:32,281 FROM THE SUN THAT CAUSES AND 357 00:10:32,281 --> 00:10:33,716 FUELS THE STORMS LIKE HEAT 358 00:10:33,716 --> 00:10:34,050 ENGINES. 359 00:10:34,050 --> 00:10:35,985 ON THE BIG GAS GIANTS, WE THINK 360 00:10:35,985 --> 00:10:37,787 THAT THE INTERNAL HEAT IS 361 00:10:37,787 --> 00:10:39,288 FUELING THESE STORMS 362 00:10:39,288 --> 00:10:40,890 THEMSELVES. 363 00:10:40,890 --> 00:10:41,957 >> FROM THE CORE? 364 00:10:41,957 --> 00:10:43,626 >> JUST FROM THE HEAT FROM WHEN 365 00:10:43,626 --> 00:10:44,627 THEY WERE BORN. 366 00:10:44,627 --> 00:10:46,495 SO WE'RE STILL LEARNING A LOT 367 00:10:46,495 --> 00:10:47,930 MORE AND SOME OF NASA'S 368 00:10:47,930 --> 00:10:49,365 MISSIONS BOTH THAT ARE FLYING 369 00:10:49,365 --> 00:10:51,634 RIGHT NOW AS WELL AS IN ORBIT 370 00:10:51,634 --> 00:10:54,603 ARE GOING TO TELL US HOW THE 371 00:10:54,603 --> 00:10:56,205 STORMS FORM NOT JUST ON THEIR 372 00:10:56,205 --> 00:10:58,040 PLANET BUT ALL OVER THE GALAXY. 373 00:10:58,040 --> 00:10:59,342 >> HERE'S ANOTHER QUESTION FROM 374 00:10:59,342 --> 00:11:00,710 FACEBOOK, AND CHRISTA IS ASKING 375 00:11:00,710 --> 00:11:02,578 WHAT IS IT LIKE TO WORK FOR 376 00:11:02,578 --> 00:11:03,112 NASA? 377 00:11:03,112 --> 00:11:04,680 >> YOU KNOW, IT'S ONE OF MY 378 00:11:04,680 --> 00:11:05,681 FAVORITE QUESTIONS, WE WORK 379 00:11:05,681 --> 00:11:07,516 WITH AMAZING SCIENTISTS AND 380 00:11:07,516 --> 00:11:08,718 ENGINEERS EVERY DAY. 381 00:11:08,718 --> 00:11:10,453 AND SO ONE OF THE EXCITING 382 00:11:10,453 --> 00:11:12,488 THINGS ABOUT WORKING AT NASA IS 383 00:11:12,488 --> 00:11:14,857 WE HAVE LOTS OF EXCITING 384 00:11:14,857 --> 00:11:16,959 SATELLITE IMAGES, AND 385 00:11:16,959 --> 00:11:18,994 INFORMATION THAT BRINGS US TO 386 00:11:18,994 --> 00:11:21,197 MODEL THESE PHENOMENA ON EARTH. 387 00:11:21,197 --> 00:11:23,432 SO WHAT I DO IS I ACTUALLY USE 388 00:11:23,432 --> 00:11:25,468 SATELLITE DATA FROM NASA AND 389 00:11:25,468 --> 00:11:26,635 PARTNERS TO MODEL LANDSLIDES 390 00:11:26,635 --> 00:11:28,304 AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTERS ON 391 00:11:28,304 --> 00:11:28,637 EARTH. 392 00:11:28,637 --> 00:11:30,373 AND THESE PROVIDE IMPORTANT 393 00:11:30,373 --> 00:11:31,941 INFORMATION TO EMERGENCY 394 00:11:31,941 --> 00:11:33,409 RESPONDERS AND OTHER GROUPS 395 00:11:33,409 --> 00:11:36,479 THAT ARE HELPING TO UNDERSTAND, 396 00:11:36,479 --> 00:11:38,347 MITIGATE AND ULTIMATELY RECOVER 397 00:11:38,347 --> 00:11:41,484 AND BUILD RESILIENCE FOR THESE 398 00:11:41,484 --> 00:11:43,352 TYPES OF DISASTERS, AND SO IT'S 399 00:11:43,352 --> 00:11:44,320 BEEN REALLY EXCITING, AND I 400 00:11:44,320 --> 00:11:45,488 THINK IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT 401 00:11:45,488 --> 00:11:47,390 ALL OF NASA DATA IS FREE AND 402 00:11:47,390 --> 00:11:49,091 OPEN TO THE PUBLIC, AND THAT 403 00:11:49,091 --> 00:11:51,861 PROVIDES AN IMPORTANT SET OF 404 00:11:51,861 --> 00:11:53,262 INFORMATION FOR US TO REALLY 405 00:11:53,262 --> 00:11:55,598 UNDERSTAND AND MOVE FORWARD 406 00:11:55,598 --> 00:11:57,066 WITH CONTRIBUTING TO 407 00:11:57,066 --> 00:11:57,867 UNDERSTANDING DISASTERS AROUND 408 00:11:57,867 --> 00:12:00,202 THE WORLD. 409 00:12:00,202 --> 00:12:01,704 >> I MEAN, IT'S REALLY 410 00:12:01,704 --> 00:12:03,139 WONDERFUL THAT THIS DATA, WHICH 411 00:12:03,139 --> 00:12:08,077 IS CREATED FOR THE PUBLIC, IS 412 00:12:08,077 --> 00:12:10,479 AVAILABLE AFTER A COUPLE OF 413 00:12:10,479 --> 00:12:10,913 DAYS. 414 00:12:10,913 --> 00:12:11,414 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 415 00:12:11,414 --> 00:12:12,581 ANOTHER REALLY IMPORTANT THING 416 00:12:12,581 --> 00:12:14,216 IS THAT WE WORK VERY CLOSELY 417 00:12:14,216 --> 00:12:15,951 WITH OUR PARTNERS. 418 00:12:15,951 --> 00:12:18,621 WE WORK WITH GROUPS LIKE NOAA, 419 00:12:18,621 --> 00:12:20,122 PROVIDES OPERATIONAL FORECASTS 420 00:12:20,122 --> 00:12:22,191 FOR NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER, 421 00:12:22,191 --> 00:12:23,592 FOR EXAMPLE, OR THE JOINT 422 00:12:23,592 --> 00:12:25,027 TYPHOON WARNING CENTER, OR THE 423 00:12:25,027 --> 00:12:26,962 AIR FORCE, ALL OF WHOM PROVIDE 424 00:12:26,962 --> 00:12:27,696 OPERATIONAL FORECASTS. 425 00:12:27,696 --> 00:12:30,232 AND SO BY BEING ABLE TO HAVE 426 00:12:30,232 --> 00:12:31,534 INFORMATION LIKE, YOU KNOW, 427 00:12:31,534 --> 00:12:33,436 THIS HURRICANE HERE, WHERE WE 428 00:12:33,436 --> 00:12:35,337 CAN REALLY UNDERSTAND LAYER BY 429 00:12:35,337 --> 00:12:36,639 LAYER THROUGH THE STORMS, HOW 430 00:12:36,639 --> 00:12:38,507 AND WHY THESE STORMS ARE 431 00:12:38,507 --> 00:12:39,375 DEVELOPING? 432 00:12:39,375 --> 00:12:41,343 SO I KNOW THIS IS KIND OF A FUN 433 00:12:41,343 --> 00:12:42,845 TOOL, BUT WHAT IT REALLY IS 434 00:12:42,845 --> 00:12:44,346 SHOWING IS THE THREE 435 00:12:44,346 --> 00:12:45,648 DIMENSIONAL PROFILES OF THE 436 00:12:45,648 --> 00:12:47,450 STORMS, SO THE COLORS BELOW 437 00:12:47,450 --> 00:12:51,554 SHOW BASAL, BUT WE CAN SEE SNOW 438 00:12:51,554 --> 00:12:52,688 AT THE TOP OF THE HURRICANE, 439 00:12:52,688 --> 00:12:54,190 THE FIRST TIME WE'VE BEEN ABLE 440 00:12:54,190 --> 00:12:55,291 TO DO THAT. 441 00:12:55,291 --> 00:12:56,225 INFORMATION LIKE THIS IS 442 00:12:56,225 --> 00:12:57,560 IMPORTANT TO BRING INTO 443 00:12:57,560 --> 00:12:59,495 FORECAST MODELS, AND HELP US TO 444 00:12:59,495 --> 00:13:01,030 BETTER PREDICT THE TRAJECTORY, 445 00:13:01,030 --> 00:13:03,032 THE INTENSITY, AND THE IMPACTS 446 00:13:03,032 --> 00:13:04,700 THAT THE STORMS MIGHT HAVE 447 00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:06,735 LATER ON, BUT WE CAN'T DO IT 448 00:13:06,735 --> 00:13:08,871 ALONE AND OUR PARTNERS ARE 449 00:13:08,871 --> 00:13:09,972 CRITICAL IN ADVANCING OUR 450 00:13:09,972 --> 00:13:10,639 UNDERSTANDING. 451 00:13:10,639 --> 00:13:12,007 >> ALL RIGHT, THANKS, DALIA. 452 00:13:12,007 --> 00:13:14,009 IT LOOKS LIKE OUR CHIEF 453 00:13:14,009 --> 00:13:15,344 SCIENTIST JIM GREEN IS NOW 454 00:13:15,344 --> 00:13:16,412 AVAILABLE TO GIVE US OUR 455 00:13:16,412 --> 00:13:17,046 WEATHER FORECAST. 456 00:13:17,046 --> 00:13:18,464 SO, JIM, WHAT'S HAPPENING ON 457 00:13:18,464 --> 00:13:19,615 VENUS RIGHT NOW? 458 00:13:19,615 --> 00:13:21,150 >> THANKS, SOPHIA! 459 00:13:21,150 --> 00:13:23,085 I'M DYING TO TELL EVERYBODY 460 00:13:23,085 --> 00:13:24,220 ABOUT SOME OF THE WEATHER IN 461 00:13:24,220 --> 00:13:26,589 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, AND IT CAN BE 462 00:13:26,589 --> 00:13:27,223 EXTREMES. 463 00:13:27,223 --> 00:13:29,558 LET'S START WITH THE 464 00:13:29,558 --> 00:13:32,394 INTERPLANET VENUS. 465 00:13:32,394 --> 00:13:35,130 NOW VENUS, BEAUTIFUL SET OF 466 00:13:35,130 --> 00:13:35,764 CLOUDS. 467 00:13:35,764 --> 00:13:37,032 WE CANNOT SEE THE GROUND 468 00:13:37,032 --> 00:13:39,468 BECAUSE THE CLOUDS ARE SO 469 00:13:39,468 --> 00:13:40,936 DENSE, AND THEY'RE MOVING 470 00:13:40,936 --> 00:13:43,205 RAPIDLY AROUND THE PLANET. 471 00:13:43,205 --> 00:13:44,807 IN SOME CASES, THERE ARE MORE 472 00:13:44,807 --> 00:13:48,077 THAN 225 MILES PER HOUR. 473 00:13:48,077 --> 00:13:49,712 THESE ARE REALLY RAPIDLY MOVING 474 00:13:49,712 --> 00:13:50,746 AROUND THE PLANET. 475 00:13:50,746 --> 00:13:52,248 BUT WHAT ABOUT THE SURFACE? 476 00:13:52,248 --> 00:13:54,617 LET'S GO DOWN TO THE SURFACE. 477 00:13:54,617 --> 00:13:56,886 HERE WE SEE THE GLOBAL SURFACE 478 00:13:56,886 --> 00:13:59,788 OF VENUS WHERE THE REDS ARE THE 479 00:13:59,788 --> 00:14:01,390 HIGHS AND THE BLUES ARE THE 480 00:14:01,390 --> 00:14:04,159 LOWS, AND SO YOU CAN SEE HUGE 481 00:14:04,159 --> 00:14:05,294 VARIATIONS IN ALTITUDE. 482 00:14:05,294 --> 00:14:07,730 BUT ONE THING TO REMEMBER IS 483 00:14:07,730 --> 00:14:08,964 THE TEMPERATURE ON THE SURFACE 484 00:14:08,964 --> 00:14:13,068 OF VENUS IS NEARLY THE SAME 485 00:14:13,068 --> 00:14:14,436 EVERYWHERE ON THE NEAR SIDE, 486 00:14:14,436 --> 00:14:16,438 BUT ALSO ON THE FAR SIDE. 487 00:14:16,438 --> 00:14:19,008 SO BOTH THE NIGHT AND THE DAY 488 00:14:19,008 --> 00:14:21,810 SIDE, AND THAT WEATHER CAN BE 489 00:14:21,810 --> 00:14:23,112 EXTREME. 490 00:14:23,112 --> 00:14:24,880 WE'RE LOOKING FOR LIGHTNING, WE 491 00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:26,382 HAVEN'T SEEN LIGHTNING ON THIS 492 00:14:26,382 --> 00:14:27,449 PLANET YET, BUT THE 493 00:14:27,449 --> 00:14:28,884 TEMPERATURES ARE ENORMOUSLY 494 00:14:28,884 --> 00:14:29,218 HOT. 495 00:14:29,218 --> 00:14:31,554 MORE THAN 800 DEGREES 496 00:14:31,554 --> 00:14:32,087 FAHRENHEIT. 497 00:14:32,087 --> 00:14:34,990 HOT ENOUGH TO MELT LEAD! 498 00:14:34,990 --> 00:14:36,258 IN ADDITION TO THAT, THE 499 00:14:36,258 --> 00:14:38,561 PRESSURE IS ENORMOUS. 500 00:14:38,561 --> 00:14:41,397 90 TIMES OUR OWN PRESSURE. 501 00:14:41,397 --> 00:14:43,599 LET'S MOVE FURTHER OUT IN THE 502 00:14:43,599 --> 00:14:44,099 SOLAR SYSTEM. 503 00:14:44,099 --> 00:14:45,401 LET'S TAKE A LOOK AT THE 504 00:14:45,401 --> 00:14:49,572 WEATHER ON MARS. 505 00:14:49,572 --> 00:14:52,007 MARS IS THIS BEAUTIFUL RED 506 00:14:52,007 --> 00:14:52,408 PLANET. 507 00:14:52,408 --> 00:14:55,177 WE HARDLY SEE ANY CLOUDS. 508 00:14:55,177 --> 00:14:56,412 WE CAN ACTUALLY LOOK THROUGH 509 00:14:56,412 --> 00:14:58,180 THE ATMOSPHERE OF MARS RIGHT 510 00:14:58,180 --> 00:14:59,982 DOWN TO THE SURFACE. 511 00:14:59,982 --> 00:15:01,650 BUT WHAT IS THE SURFACE WEATHER 512 00:15:01,650 --> 00:15:03,285 LIKE ON MARS? 513 00:15:03,285 --> 00:15:05,521 NOW EVERYBODY IS SEEING THE 514 00:15:05,521 --> 00:15:06,889 MOVIES AND IN THE MOVIES LIKE 515 00:15:06,889 --> 00:15:09,758 THE MARTIAN, YOU SEE THE HUGE 516 00:15:09,758 --> 00:15:12,461 DUST STORMS, THE EXTREMES THAT 517 00:15:12,461 --> 00:15:15,097 THEY THOUGHT MARS WAS LIKE, BUT 518 00:15:15,097 --> 00:15:16,498 IT'S NOT LIKE THAT AT ALL. 519 00:15:16,498 --> 00:15:20,269 THE DUST IS REALLY WISPY. 520 00:15:20,269 --> 00:15:21,503 IT'S REALLY HIGH IN THE 521 00:15:21,503 --> 00:15:26,508 ATMOSPHERE, AND HERE YOU SEE A 522 00:15:26,508 --> 00:15:28,210 BEFORE-AND-AFTER GLOBAL DUST 523 00:15:28,210 --> 00:15:29,678 STORM OCCURRING ON MARS LAST 524 00:15:29,678 --> 00:15:30,212 YEAR. 525 00:15:30,212 --> 00:15:32,881 AND IT LASTED FOR ABOUT THREE 526 00:15:32,881 --> 00:15:34,450 MONTHS, AND WHEN THAT DUST 527 00:15:34,450 --> 00:15:37,920 SETTLED OUT AND FELL ONTO THE 528 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:40,255 GROUND, IT COATED MANY OF THE 529 00:15:40,255 --> 00:15:40,956 SURFACES. 530 00:15:40,956 --> 00:15:44,193 WE NOW HAVE OBSERVED ANOTHER 531 00:15:44,193 --> 00:15:46,161 SPECTACULAR PHENOMENA ON MARS, 532 00:15:46,161 --> 00:15:47,930 AND IT'S THESE DUST DEVILS. 533 00:15:47,930 --> 00:15:53,002 THESE DUST DEVILS SWIRL AROUND 534 00:15:53,002 --> 00:15:55,070 ATMOSPHERE, THESE ARE 535 00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:56,639 SPECTACULAR ATMOSPHERIC 536 00:15:56,639 --> 00:15:57,940 PHENOMENA THAT WE HAD TO GET 537 00:15:57,940 --> 00:15:59,875 DOWN ONTO THE SURFACE AND 538 00:15:59,875 --> 00:16:00,776 REALLY EXPERIENCE BEFORE WE 539 00:16:00,776 --> 00:16:01,910 COULD BELIEVE IT. 540 00:16:01,910 --> 00:16:05,180 WELL, OUR LANDER InSIGHT HAS A 541 00:16:05,180 --> 00:16:06,749 WEATHER CAPABILITY. 542 00:16:06,749 --> 00:16:08,651 IT HAS A WEATHER SYSTEM, IT 543 00:16:08,651 --> 00:16:09,918 MEASURES THE TEMPERATURE AND 544 00:16:09,918 --> 00:16:12,354 PRESSURE ON THE SURFACE OF 545 00:16:12,354 --> 00:16:14,490 MARS, AND THAT VARIATION IN ONE 546 00:16:14,490 --> 00:16:18,293 DAY CAN BE MORE THAN 175 547 00:16:18,293 --> 00:16:18,961 DEGREES. 548 00:16:18,961 --> 00:16:20,796 IT'S A HUGE VARIATION! 549 00:16:20,796 --> 00:16:23,932 BUT IT'S MOSTLY BELOW ZERO. 550 00:16:23,932 --> 00:16:24,867 IN FACT, THE AVERAGE 551 00:16:24,867 --> 00:16:28,070 TEMPERATURE ON MARS IS ABOUT 85 552 00:16:28,070 --> 00:16:30,072 DEGREES BELOW ZERO. 553 00:16:30,072 --> 00:16:32,675 SO BRING YOUR WINTER COAT. 554 00:16:32,675 --> 00:16:35,244 IT'S REALLY COLD ON MARS. 555 00:16:35,244 --> 00:16:37,746 WELL, AS WE GO FURTHER OUT IN 556 00:16:37,746 --> 00:16:39,415 THE SOLAR SYSTEM, LET'S LOOK AT 557 00:16:39,415 --> 00:16:42,084 THE WEATHER ON THIS PLANET, 558 00:16:42,084 --> 00:16:45,220 NEPTUNE. 559 00:16:45,220 --> 00:16:46,555 NEPTUNE, WHICH IS IN THE OUTER 560 00:16:46,555 --> 00:16:48,323 PART OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS 561 00:16:48,323 --> 00:16:50,659 WHAT WE CALL AN ICE GIANT. 562 00:16:50,659 --> 00:16:53,796 IT'S A FABULOUSLY BEAUTIFUL 563 00:16:53,796 --> 00:16:55,731 PLANET, TEN TIMES THE MASS OF 564 00:16:55,731 --> 00:16:59,435 OUR EARTH, AND WHEN THE VOYAGER 565 00:16:59,435 --> 00:17:02,871 II SPACECRAFT FLEW BY NEPTUNE 566 00:17:02,871 --> 00:17:05,074 IN THE LATE '80s IT SAW THIS 567 00:17:05,074 --> 00:17:07,376 BEAUTIFUL DARK SPOT, BUT THAT 568 00:17:07,376 --> 00:17:09,611 SPOT FADED AWAY OVER THE YEARS, 569 00:17:09,611 --> 00:17:12,448 BUT JUST RECENTLY A NEW ONE HAS 570 00:17:12,448 --> 00:17:13,015 APPEARED. 571 00:17:13,015 --> 00:17:15,017 THAT ONE HAS APPEARED IN THE 572 00:17:15,017 --> 00:17:16,385 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND YOU CAN 573 00:17:16,385 --> 00:17:18,987 SEE IT IN THE TOP PART OF THE 574 00:17:18,987 --> 00:17:23,358 HUBBELL OBSERVATION IN 2018. 575 00:17:23,358 --> 00:17:23,892 THIS IS A SPECTACULAR 576 00:17:23,892 --> 00:17:24,259 HURRICANE. 577 00:17:24,259 --> 00:17:25,427 THIS DARK SPOT HAS WINDS THAT 578 00:17:25,427 --> 00:17:27,996 ARE MORE THAN 600 MILES PER 579 00:17:27,996 --> 00:17:28,831 HOUR! 580 00:17:28,831 --> 00:17:30,766 AND AROUND IT, THE CLOUDS ARE 581 00:17:30,766 --> 00:17:39,508 MOVING MORE THAN 1300 MILES PER 582 00:17:39,508 --> 00:17:40,209 HOUR! 583 00:17:40,209 --> 00:17:42,344 WOW, THE MOST BRISK WINDS ARE 584 00:17:42,344 --> 00:17:44,613 ON THE PLANET NEPTUNE. 585 00:17:44,613 --> 00:17:46,315 WHAT IS IT LIKE ON EARTH? 586 00:17:46,315 --> 00:17:47,516 SOPHIA, LET'S TALK ABOUT 587 00:17:47,516 --> 00:17:48,717 HURRICANES ON EARTH. 588 00:17:48,717 --> 00:17:50,018 >> ALL RIGHT, THANKS, JIM. 589 00:17:50,018 --> 00:17:52,154 AND I THINK OUR FRIENDS OVER AT 590 00:17:52,154 --> 00:17:53,322 WALLOPS ARE READY TO RELEASE 591 00:17:53,322 --> 00:17:55,157 THEIR WEATHER BALLOON. 592 00:17:55,157 --> 00:17:56,492 CHELSEA, HOW IS IT GOING OVER 593 00:17:56,492 --> 00:17:58,360 THERE? 594 00:17:58,360 --> 00:18:00,129 >> HEY, SOPHIA, AND WELCOME 595 00:18:00,129 --> 00:18:02,898 BACK TO NASA'S WALLOPS FLIGHT 596 00:18:02,898 --> 00:18:03,398 FACILITY. 597 00:18:03,398 --> 00:18:07,136 RADIO SONDE ATTACHED, BALLOON 598 00:18:07,136 --> 00:18:08,504 FULLY INFLATED AND READY FOR 599 00:18:08,504 --> 00:18:08,837 FLIGHT. 600 00:18:08,837 --> 00:18:10,472 BEFORE THAT, CAN YOU TELL US 601 00:18:10,472 --> 00:18:11,907 MORE ABOUT WHAT WE'RE ABOUT TO 602 00:18:11,907 --> 00:18:12,808 WITNESS TODAY? 603 00:18:12,808 --> 00:18:14,109 >> WE'VE GOT A BEAUTIFUL DAY 604 00:18:14,109 --> 00:18:16,111 FOR A BALLOON RELEASE AT 605 00:18:16,111 --> 00:18:16,445 WALLOPS. 606 00:18:16,445 --> 00:18:17,946 WE'RE GOING TO SEE THE BALLOON 607 00:18:17,946 --> 00:18:19,715 RELEASE IN A MINUTE OR SO, AND 608 00:18:19,715 --> 00:18:21,517 AS IT ASCENDS INTO THE 609 00:18:21,517 --> 00:18:22,618 ATMOSPHERE, WE'RE GOING TO SEE 610 00:18:22,618 --> 00:18:26,522 IT GO THROUGH THE TROPOSPHERE 611 00:18:26,522 --> 00:18:29,391 BEFORE IT REACHES 400 FEET OR 612 00:18:29,391 --> 00:18:31,293 SO AND WE'LL SEE IT POP AND SEE 613 00:18:31,293 --> 00:18:32,294 IT COME BACK DOWN. 614 00:18:32,294 --> 00:18:34,296 BUT WE'RE GOING TO GET A LOT OF 615 00:18:34,296 --> 00:18:35,964 DATA FROM THAT, SHOULD BE VERY 616 00:18:35,964 --> 00:18:36,665 INTERESTING. 617 00:18:36,665 --> 00:18:38,167 >> OTHER THAN SENDING THIS 618 00:18:38,167 --> 00:18:39,368 INFORMATION TO THE NATIONAL 619 00:18:39,368 --> 00:18:40,102 WEATHER SERVICE, WHAT ELSE IS 620 00:18:40,102 --> 00:18:41,937 THIS DATA USED FOR? 621 00:18:41,937 --> 00:18:44,540 >> AT WALLOPS WE DO ORBITAL AND 622 00:18:44,540 --> 00:18:46,108 SUBORBITAL LAUNCHES THAT 623 00:18:46,108 --> 00:18:47,709 REQUIRE US TO DO BALLOON 624 00:18:47,709 --> 00:18:49,011 RELEASES DURING THE COUNTDOWN. 625 00:18:49,011 --> 00:18:50,879 THAT PROVIDES A SAFETY GROUP 626 00:18:50,879 --> 00:18:52,481 HERE WITH A LOT OF INFORMATION, 627 00:18:52,481 --> 00:18:55,217 A LOT OF METEORLOGICAL DATA IS 628 00:18:55,217 --> 00:18:56,852 GIVEN TO THEM DURING THESE 629 00:18:56,852 --> 00:18:57,553 RELEASES. 630 00:18:57,553 --> 00:18:59,655 SO WE'LL DO ABOUT ONE BALLOON 631 00:18:59,655 --> 00:19:01,089 AN HOUR DURING THE COUNTDOWN 632 00:19:01,089 --> 00:19:04,293 AND CLOSER TO T-MINUS 0, ABOUT 633 00:19:04,293 --> 00:19:05,727 EVERY HALF AN HOUR. 634 00:19:05,727 --> 00:19:06,862 THEY HAVE A LOT OF INFORMATION 635 00:19:06,862 --> 00:19:09,064 TO DETERMINE IF WE ARE A GO OR 636 00:19:09,064 --> 00:19:10,799 NO GO FOR LAUNCH. 637 00:19:10,799 --> 00:19:12,668 >> WOW, HOW MANY LAUNCHES DOES 638 00:19:12,668 --> 00:19:14,503 THAT END UP BEING ALTOGETHER 639 00:19:14,503 --> 00:19:15,637 FOR A LAUNCH? 640 00:19:15,637 --> 00:19:17,272 >> GENERALLY, 10 OR 15, WITH 641 00:19:17,272 --> 00:19:18,774 THE LAST RESUPPLY MISSION TO 642 00:19:18,774 --> 00:19:19,675 THE SPACE STATION, WE ACTUALLY 643 00:19:19,675 --> 00:19:22,144 DID 15 BALLOON RELEASES 644 00:19:22,144 --> 00:19:23,078 THROUGHOUT THE COUNTDOWN. 645 00:19:23,078 --> 00:19:25,247 THE METEORLOGICAL TECHNICIANS 646 00:19:25,247 --> 00:19:26,181 ARE VERY BUSY. 647 00:19:26,181 --> 00:19:27,649 >> HEY, SPEAKING OF LAUNCHES, 648 00:19:27,649 --> 00:19:29,084 ARE WE ABOUT READY FOR THIS 649 00:19:29,084 --> 00:19:29,818 COUNTDOWN? 650 00:19:29,818 --> 00:19:31,253 >> I THINK SO, GET TO IT. 651 00:19:31,253 --> 00:19:32,454 >> ALL RIGHT, IS EVERYBODY 652 00:19:32,454 --> 00:19:32,888 READY. 653 00:19:32,888 --> 00:19:34,189 LET'S GET GOING. 654 00:19:34,189 --> 00:19:40,229 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. 655 00:19:40,229 --> 00:19:43,131 THERE IT GOES. 656 00:19:43,131 --> 00:19:45,200 SO AS THIS BALLOON ASCENDS WHAT 657 00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:47,169 DOES THE DATA LOOK LIKE AS IT 658 00:19:47,169 --> 00:19:48,704 COMES BACK TO YOU? 659 00:19:48,704 --> 00:19:50,672 >> WELL, THE FIRST DATA WE GET 660 00:19:50,672 --> 00:19:52,174 IN THE WEATHER OFFICE IS IN THE 661 00:19:52,174 --> 00:19:59,915 FORM OF A SKEW TEE DIAGRAM, 662 00:19:59,915 --> 00:20:01,650 ALSO WIND SPEED AND WIND 663 00:20:01,650 --> 00:20:02,951 DIRECTION AND WE LOOK AT THE 664 00:20:02,951 --> 00:20:04,486 DIAGRAM TO GET AN OVERALL 665 00:20:04,486 --> 00:20:05,787 ASSESSMENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE SO 666 00:20:05,787 --> 00:20:07,222 IF IT'S A STABLE ATMOSPHERE 667 00:20:07,222 --> 00:20:08,590 LIKE TODAY, OR SOMETIMES WE 668 00:20:08,590 --> 00:20:11,360 HAVE AN UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE 669 00:20:11,360 --> 00:20:12,527 WHERE WE HAVE THUNDERSTORM 670 00:20:12,527 --> 00:20:14,229 ACTIVITY, IT'S A VERY IMPORTANT 671 00:20:14,229 --> 00:20:16,398 PART OF DIAGNOSTICS THAT WE DO 672 00:20:16,398 --> 00:20:18,734 FOR WEATHER FORECASTING. 673 00:20:18,734 --> 00:20:20,435 >> WELL, IT SEEMS LIKE WE'RE 674 00:20:20,435 --> 00:20:22,337 ALMOST READY TO TAKE NASA'S 675 00:20:22,337 --> 00:20:24,907 SOCIAL QUESTIONS. 676 00:20:24,907 --> 00:20:26,642 BEFORE THAT, I HAVE A QUICK 677 00:20:26,642 --> 00:20:27,476 QUESTION FOR YOU. 678 00:20:27,476 --> 00:20:29,344 SEEMS LIKE A TON OF DATA WE'RE 679 00:20:29,344 --> 00:20:30,846 GETTING BACK, DOES THIS PAINT 680 00:20:30,846 --> 00:20:32,547 THE FULL PICTURE FOR WEATHER? 681 00:20:32,547 --> 00:20:33,882 >> NOT ENTIRELY, WE DO HAVE 682 00:20:33,882 --> 00:20:35,350 THIS RADIO SIGN INFORMATION 683 00:20:35,350 --> 00:20:37,152 GOING INTO THE COMPUTER MODELS, 684 00:20:37,152 --> 00:20:39,021 BUT THIS IS ALL SENT TO THE 685 00:20:39,021 --> 00:20:39,955 NATIONAL CENTER FOR 686 00:20:39,955 --> 00:20:41,490 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION WITH 687 00:20:41,490 --> 00:20:42,057 NOAA. 688 00:20:42,057 --> 00:20:43,425 IN ADDITION TO THAT, WE HAVE 689 00:20:43,425 --> 00:20:45,460 NASA SATELLITES, WE ALSO HAVE 690 00:20:45,460 --> 00:20:47,462 NOAA SATELLITES FOR THE GOES 691 00:20:47,462 --> 00:20:51,800 AND POES SATELLITES, SURFACE 692 00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:53,101 OBSERVATIONS, RADAR DATA THAT 693 00:20:53,101 --> 00:20:54,903 ARE ALL INCLUDED WITH THE DATA 694 00:20:54,903 --> 00:20:55,270 SET. 695 00:20:55,270 --> 00:20:57,606 SO IT'S A BIG COLLABORATION OF 696 00:20:57,606 --> 00:20:59,508 DATA BUT THE BALLOON IS OUR 697 00:20:59,508 --> 00:21:02,177 HIGHEST RESOLUTION DATA THAT WE 698 00:21:02,177 --> 00:21:04,680 GET, GIVES DATA AT WALLOPS 699 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:06,648 EVERY SECOND AS IT'S ASCENDING 700 00:21:06,648 --> 00:21:07,549 INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. 701 00:21:07,549 --> 00:21:08,684 >> WOW, THANK YOU FOR ANSWERING 702 00:21:08,684 --> 00:21:10,285 ALL THE QUESTIONS THAT I HAD. 703 00:21:10,285 --> 00:21:11,720 IT'S ABOUT TIME WE TAKE 704 00:21:11,720 --> 00:21:12,487 AUDIENCE QUESTIONS HERE. 705 00:21:12,487 --> 00:21:14,756 I WANT TO REMIND EVERYBODY, IF 706 00:21:14,756 --> 00:21:16,758 ANYBODY HAS QUESTIONS FOR ADAM, 707 00:21:16,758 --> 00:21:20,595 SEND THEM TO ADAM USING 708 00:21:20,595 --> 00:21:21,263 #ASKNASA. 709 00:21:21,263 --> 00:21:22,931 LET'S TAKE A LOOK WHAT WE HAVE 710 00:21:22,931 --> 00:21:23,298 HERE. 711 00:21:23,298 --> 00:21:24,666 SO LOOKS LIKE OUR FIRST 712 00:21:24,666 --> 00:21:25,734 QUESTION IS FROM TWITTER. 713 00:21:25,734 --> 00:21:27,869 WHO WANTS TO KNOW HOW BIG IS 714 00:21:27,869 --> 00:21:28,437 THE BALLOON? 715 00:21:28,437 --> 00:21:30,005 >> WELL, AS YOU CAN SEE WHEN WE 716 00:21:30,005 --> 00:21:31,206 JUST RELEASED IT. 717 00:21:31,206 --> 00:21:32,975 IT'S ABOUT SIX FEET IN 718 00:21:32,975 --> 00:21:33,308 DIAMETER. 719 00:21:33,308 --> 00:21:34,843 BUT THE INTERESTING PART IS 720 00:21:34,843 --> 00:21:36,845 WHEN IT GOES UP INTO THE 721 00:21:36,845 --> 00:21:37,946 ATMOSPHERE, THE PRESSURE DROPS 722 00:21:37,946 --> 00:21:40,682 SO THE BALLOON EXPANDS AS IT 723 00:21:40,682 --> 00:21:41,416 GOES UP IN HEIGHT. 724 00:21:41,416 --> 00:21:43,018 ON A SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH, IF WE 725 00:21:43,018 --> 00:21:45,053 GET UP TO 100,000 FEET, THE 726 00:21:45,053 --> 00:21:47,456 BALLOON WILL EXPAND TO 20 TO 25 727 00:21:47,456 --> 00:21:49,491 FEET IN DIAMETER, AS BIG AS A 728 00:21:49,491 --> 00:21:50,759 SMALL BUILDING IN SOME CASES 729 00:21:50,759 --> 00:21:52,227 BEFORE IT POPS. 730 00:21:52,227 --> 00:21:54,496 IT GETS VERY LARGE AS IT 731 00:21:54,496 --> 00:21:56,131 ASCENDS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. 732 00:21:56,131 --> 00:21:56,665 >> REALLY COOL. 733 00:21:56,665 --> 00:21:58,133 WE HAVE ANOTHER ONE FROM 734 00:21:58,133 --> 00:21:59,701 FACEBOOK USER KATIE WHO WANTS 735 00:21:59,701 --> 00:22:00,769 TO KNOW THE BALLOONS TAKE OFF 736 00:22:00,769 --> 00:22:01,937 IN OTHER PLACES? 737 00:22:01,937 --> 00:22:04,172 >> YES, ACTUALLY WE'RE ONE OF 738 00:22:04,172 --> 00:22:07,242 ABOUT 92 SITES IN THE UNITED 739 00:22:07,242 --> 00:22:08,677 STATES THAT HAVE A BALLOON 740 00:22:08,677 --> 00:22:10,445 PROGRAM WITH THE NATIONAL 741 00:22:10,445 --> 00:22:10,879 WEATHER SERVICE. 742 00:22:10,879 --> 00:22:13,715 SO WE DO TWO BALLOON RELEASES A 743 00:22:13,715 --> 00:22:17,319 DAY, HERE AT WALLOPS, IN OTHER 744 00:22:17,319 --> 00:22:19,821 SITES THEY DO TWO A DAY TO HAVE 745 00:22:19,821 --> 00:22:21,590 A FULL SCOPE OF DATA COMING 746 00:22:21,590 --> 00:22:23,859 FROM THE ENTIRE COUNTRY AND 747 00:22:23,859 --> 00:22:25,260 THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, MANY, 748 00:22:25,260 --> 00:22:26,828 MANY BALLOON RELEASES AS WELL. 749 00:22:26,828 --> 00:22:29,097 IT IS VERY IMPORTANT DATA THAT 750 00:22:29,097 --> 00:22:30,599 WE AS FORECASTERS USE EVERY 751 00:22:30,599 --> 00:22:31,299 DAY. 752 00:22:31,299 --> 00:22:32,768 >> WE'VE GOT GOOD ONES FROM 753 00:22:32,768 --> 00:22:33,168 TWITTER. 754 00:22:33,168 --> 00:22:36,238 HOW MUCH MASS CAN A BALLOON 755 00:22:36,238 --> 00:22:36,805 CARRY? 756 00:22:36,805 --> 00:22:38,073 >> WELL, IT DOESN'T NEED TO 757 00:22:38,073 --> 00:22:38,573 CARRY MUCH. 758 00:22:38,573 --> 00:22:41,676 THAT RADIO SONDE IS VERY LIGHT. 759 00:22:41,676 --> 00:22:43,311 AS IT GOES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, 760 00:22:43,311 --> 00:22:44,679 IT ASCENDS AND BRINGS THE 761 00:22:44,679 --> 00:22:45,714 INSTRUMENT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE 762 00:22:45,714 --> 00:22:47,716 INTO THE STRATOSPHERE ACTUALLY 763 00:22:47,716 --> 00:22:50,152 TO 100,000 FEET. 764 00:22:50,152 --> 00:22:51,887 SO IT DOESN'T HAVE MUCH WEIGHT 765 00:22:51,887 --> 00:22:52,788 HANGING FROM THE BALLOON. 766 00:22:52,788 --> 00:22:53,755 >> VERY COOL. 767 00:22:53,755 --> 00:22:55,190 WE'VE GOT ANOTHER ONE HERE THAT 768 00:22:55,190 --> 00:22:57,192 ASKS CAN WE SEE WEATHER 769 00:22:57,192 --> 00:22:58,593 BALLOONS FROM SPACE OR FROM 770 00:22:58,593 --> 00:22:59,127 AIRPLANES? 771 00:22:59,127 --> 00:23:00,729 >> YOU CAN SEE THEM FROM 772 00:23:00,729 --> 00:23:01,530 AIRPLANES. 773 00:23:01,530 --> 00:23:02,998 ONE THING WE DEFINITELY WANT TO 774 00:23:02,998 --> 00:23:05,133 MAKE SURE OF WHEN WE DO RELEASE 775 00:23:05,133 --> 00:23:06,735 THESE BALLOONS IS TO GET 776 00:23:06,735 --> 00:23:07,936 CLEARANCE TO RELEASE THE 777 00:23:07,936 --> 00:23:08,336 BALLOONS. 778 00:23:08,336 --> 00:23:10,305 WE DON'T WANT AIRPLANES FLYING 779 00:23:10,305 --> 00:23:12,774 BY AS WE RELEASE THOSE 780 00:23:12,774 --> 00:23:13,175 BALLOONS. 781 00:23:13,175 --> 00:23:15,977 WE DO NOT WANT THEM GOING IN 782 00:23:15,977 --> 00:23:18,146 THROUGH THE ENGINES OF THESE 783 00:23:18,146 --> 00:23:19,548 AIRPLANES, SO DEFINITELY WANT 784 00:23:19,548 --> 00:23:21,516 THOSE CLEARED OUT OF THE WAY. 785 00:23:21,516 --> 00:23:22,617 YOU CAN SEE THEM FROM THE 786 00:23:22,617 --> 00:23:24,352 AIRPLANE, THEY KNOW WHEN WE'RE 787 00:23:24,352 --> 00:23:26,188 RELEASING BALLOONS, THEY DON'T 788 00:23:26,188 --> 00:23:27,789 RUN INTO THEM ASCENDING INTO 789 00:23:27,789 --> 00:23:28,323 THE ATMOSPHERE. 790 00:23:28,323 --> 00:23:29,724 >> IT'S NOT LIKELY WE'LL SEE 791 00:23:29,724 --> 00:23:31,093 ONE LOOKING OUT THE WINDOWS OF 792 00:23:31,093 --> 00:23:31,726 THE AIRPLANE. 793 00:23:31,726 --> 00:23:33,195 >> NOT VERY LIKELY, NOT VERY 794 00:23:33,195 --> 00:23:34,629 LIKELY. 795 00:23:34,629 --> 00:23:36,031 IF SO, IT WILL BE AT A 796 00:23:36,031 --> 00:23:36,364 DISTANCE. 797 00:23:36,364 --> 00:23:37,466 >> ANOTHER PERSON WANTED TO 798 00:23:37,466 --> 00:23:39,267 KNOW HOW HIGH DOES THE BALLOON 799 00:23:39,267 --> 00:23:41,036 TRAVEL AND WHERE DOES IT 800 00:23:41,036 --> 00:23:42,404 COLLECT THE DATA? 801 00:23:42,404 --> 00:23:44,539 >> ABOUT 100,000 FEET IS 802 00:23:44,539 --> 00:23:45,474 GENERALLY WHERE WE ARE 803 00:23:45,474 --> 00:23:46,508 SATISFIED WITH THE BALLOON. 804 00:23:46,508 --> 00:23:48,276 WE HAVE GOTTEN BALLOONS AS HIGH 805 00:23:48,276 --> 00:23:51,513 AS 15,000 OR 20,000 FEET, THE 806 00:23:51,513 --> 00:23:53,949 REQUIREMENT IS 400 MILLIBAR 807 00:23:53,949 --> 00:23:54,449 LEVEL. 808 00:23:54,449 --> 00:23:57,619 IF YOU GO BELOW THAT AND HAVE A 809 00:23:57,619 --> 00:23:59,354 FAILURE, WE HAVE TO DO ANOTHER 810 00:23:59,354 --> 00:23:59,654 BALLOON. 811 00:23:59,654 --> 00:24:00,856 THAT'S THE LEVEL THEY NEED IT 812 00:24:00,856 --> 00:24:02,457 TO GET TO IN ORDER TO BE 813 00:24:02,457 --> 00:24:02,958 SUCCESSFUL. 814 00:24:02,958 --> 00:24:03,658 >> REALLY COOL. 815 00:24:03,658 --> 00:24:05,427 THANK YOU, ADAM, FOR JOINING US 816 00:24:05,427 --> 00:24:06,695 AND ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS 817 00:24:06,695 --> 00:24:07,028 ONLINE. 818 00:24:07,028 --> 00:24:08,363 I THINK THAT'S ALL ABOUT THE 819 00:24:08,363 --> 00:24:09,364 TIME THAT WE HAD. 820 00:24:09,364 --> 00:24:11,333 WE HOPE YOU ENJOYED SEEING OUR 821 00:24:11,333 --> 00:24:11,633 BALLOON. 822 00:24:11,633 --> 00:24:12,634 WE'RE GOING TO BE DOING IT 823 00:24:12,634 --> 00:24:13,969 AGAIN THIS EVENING, RIGHT? 824 00:24:13,969 --> 00:24:16,104 >> THAT'S RIGHT, YEP. 825 00:24:16,104 --> 00:24:16,771 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 826 00:24:16,771 --> 00:24:18,039 JOINING US AT WALLOPS. 827 00:24:18,039 --> 00:24:20,108 BACK TO YOU, SOPHIA. 828 00:24:20,108 --> 00:24:21,143 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, CHELSEA. 829 00:24:21,143 --> 00:24:22,310 REALLY COOL TO SEE THE BALLOON 830 00:24:22,310 --> 00:24:23,512 BEING RELEASED. 831 00:24:23,512 --> 00:24:25,881 BUT WE'RE ALSO HERE BACK WITH 832 00:24:25,881 --> 00:24:26,615 DALIA. 833 00:24:26,615 --> 00:24:30,152 SO GO BACK TO SOME EARTH STORM 834 00:24:30,152 --> 00:24:30,485 STUFF. 835 00:24:30,485 --> 00:24:32,787 SO CAN YOU TELL US HOW WE STUDY 836 00:24:32,787 --> 00:24:34,022 STORMS WITH NASA? 837 00:24:34,022 --> 00:24:35,957 >> SURE, NASA AND PARTNERS, WE 838 00:24:35,957 --> 00:24:38,126 HAVE A LOT OF DIFFERENT ASSETS 839 00:24:38,126 --> 00:24:39,594 ALLOWING US TO LOOK AT STORMS 840 00:24:39,594 --> 00:24:41,396 IN THE TROPICS AND UP TO THE 841 00:24:41,396 --> 00:24:41,696 POLLS. 842 00:24:41,696 --> 00:24:43,498 WE HAVE SATELLITES LIKE THE 843 00:24:43,498 --> 00:24:45,934 NOAA-NASA GOES SATELLITE, 844 00:24:45,934 --> 00:24:48,803 22,000 MILES UP AND TAKING 845 00:24:48,803 --> 00:24:49,804 VIEWS OF THE EARTH AT THE SAME 846 00:24:49,804 --> 00:24:51,406 TIME, BEING ABLE TO LOOK AT THE 847 00:24:51,406 --> 00:24:52,574 TOP OF THE CLOUDS AND THE 848 00:24:52,574 --> 00:24:53,208 TEMPERATURE. 849 00:24:53,208 --> 00:24:54,776 FURTHER DOWN, WE CAN START TO 850 00:24:54,776 --> 00:24:56,444 LOOK AT HOW THE STORMS ARE 851 00:24:56,444 --> 00:24:56,845 DISTRIBUTED. 852 00:24:56,845 --> 00:24:59,414 WE TALKED ABOUT GPM A LITTLE 853 00:24:59,414 --> 00:25:00,682 EARLIER IN THE SHOW, BUT WE 854 00:25:00,682 --> 00:25:02,517 HAVE OTHER SATELLITES LIKE THE 855 00:25:02,517 --> 00:25:05,921 CYGNUS CONSTELLATION, SUPER 856 00:25:05,921 --> 00:25:06,221 COOL. 857 00:25:06,221 --> 00:25:08,290 WE CAN LOOK AT GLOBAL 858 00:25:08,290 --> 00:25:09,925 PRECIPITATION USING GPM AND 859 00:25:09,925 --> 00:25:11,159 OTHER PRODUCTS THAT TELLS US 860 00:25:11,159 --> 00:25:12,627 NOT ONLY ABOUT RAIN IN THE 861 00:25:12,627 --> 00:25:15,096 TROPICS BUT ALL THE WAY UP TO 862 00:25:15,096 --> 00:25:16,798 THE POLES, AND SATELLITES LIKE 863 00:25:16,798 --> 00:25:18,099 CYGNUS HAVE A CONSTELLATION 864 00:25:18,099 --> 00:25:23,038 THAT USES GPS TO TELL US ABOUT 865 00:25:23,038 --> 00:25:25,173 WIND SPEEDS IN THE STORMS. 866 00:25:25,173 --> 00:25:25,640 >> WHOA. 867 00:25:25,640 --> 00:25:26,508 >> YEAH. 868 00:25:26,508 --> 00:25:28,643 >> I'D ALSO MENTIONED EARLIER 869 00:25:28,643 --> 00:25:30,645 BUT THE DATA IS HELPING FIRST 870 00:25:30,645 --> 00:25:31,346 RESPONDER. 871 00:25:31,346 --> 00:25:32,714 SO CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT 872 00:25:32,714 --> 00:25:33,515 ABOUT THAT? 873 00:25:33,515 --> 00:25:33,949 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 874 00:25:33,949 --> 00:25:36,184 SO BEING ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE 875 00:25:36,184 --> 00:25:37,219 IMPACTS OF THESE STORMS. 876 00:25:37,219 --> 00:25:38,587 THE FIRST AND MOST IMPORTANT 877 00:25:38,587 --> 00:25:39,888 THING IS ABOUT FORECASTING 878 00:25:39,888 --> 00:25:40,655 THEM, RIGHT? 879 00:25:40,655 --> 00:25:42,290 SO NASA PROVIDES RESEARCH AND 880 00:25:42,290 --> 00:25:43,892 WITH OUR PARTNERS AT NOAA AND 881 00:25:43,892 --> 00:25:46,161 OTHER CENTERS, WE CAN PROVIDE 882 00:25:46,161 --> 00:25:48,063 ACCURATE FORECASTS OR THEY CAN 883 00:25:48,063 --> 00:25:49,397 PROVIDE FORECASTS WHERE STORMS 884 00:25:49,397 --> 00:25:49,965 ARE GOING. 885 00:25:49,965 --> 00:25:51,299 BUT THERE'S OTHER SATELLITES UP 886 00:25:51,299 --> 00:25:52,667 THERE AND AIRBORNE INFORMATION 887 00:25:52,667 --> 00:25:54,269 THAT CAN PROVIDE US ABOUT HOW 888 00:25:54,269 --> 00:25:56,371 THE STORMS MAY IMPACT PEOPLE. 889 00:25:56,371 --> 00:25:58,373 FOR EXAMPLE, WE CAN LOOK AT HOW 890 00:25:58,373 --> 00:26:01,276 VEGETATION CHANGES AS A STORM 891 00:26:01,276 --> 00:26:01,843 PASSES OVER. 892 00:26:01,843 --> 00:26:04,179 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE, WE CAN SEE 893 00:26:04,179 --> 00:26:05,480 BEFORE AND AFTER HURRICANE 894 00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:09,684 MARIA MOVED OVER BARBUDA, AND 895 00:26:09,684 --> 00:26:10,919 YOU CAN SEE THAT'S ALL OF THESE 896 00:26:10,919 --> 00:26:12,654 -- AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS AND 897 00:26:12,654 --> 00:26:14,189 THE LEAVES AND THE TREES IN THE 898 00:26:14,189 --> 00:26:15,890 AREAS WERE COMPLETELY BLOWN 899 00:26:15,890 --> 00:26:16,591 OFF. 900 00:26:16,591 --> 00:26:18,159 THAT AFFECTS ECOSYSTEMS AND THE 901 00:26:18,159 --> 00:26:19,394 RECOVERY OF AN AREA. 902 00:26:19,394 --> 00:26:22,130 ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF HOW WE CAN 903 00:26:22,130 --> 00:26:24,099 UNDERSTAND IMPACTS IS LOOKING 904 00:26:24,099 --> 00:26:25,700 AT RAINFALL ACCUMULATION. 905 00:26:25,700 --> 00:26:27,102 WE TALKED ABOUT THE RAIN BANDS 906 00:26:27,102 --> 00:26:28,470 IN THE STORMS CAUSE A VAST 907 00:26:28,470 --> 00:26:29,337 AMOUNT OF RAINFALL. 908 00:26:29,337 --> 00:26:33,074 HURRICANE HARVEY, FOR EXAMPLE, 909 00:26:33,074 --> 00:26:35,210 CAUSED OVER 40" OF RAIN TO FALL 910 00:26:35,210 --> 00:26:36,911 OVER THE HOUSTON, OVER THE 911 00:26:36,911 --> 00:26:39,414 TEXAS AREA, AND INLAND FLOODING 912 00:26:39,414 --> 00:26:40,482 IS CRITICAL FOR GROUPS TO 913 00:26:40,482 --> 00:26:42,617 UNDERSTAND, LIKE FEMA, TO 914 00:26:42,617 --> 00:26:46,321 PROVIDE INFORMATION AND SET AND 915 00:26:46,321 --> 00:26:48,056 HELP WHEN THE STORMS PASS. 916 00:26:48,056 --> 00:26:49,624 AND ALSO WE CAN LOOK HOW HUMANS 917 00:26:49,624 --> 00:26:51,159 ARE IMPACTED LOOKING AT THINGS 918 00:26:51,159 --> 00:26:52,494 LIKE POWER OUTAGES. 919 00:26:52,494 --> 00:26:58,066 FROM THE SUOMO NPP MISSION, 920 00:26:58,066 --> 00:27:01,102 THIS IS AFTER HURRICANE MARIA 921 00:27:01,102 --> 00:27:01,870 OVER THE ISLAND. 922 00:27:01,870 --> 00:27:03,838 THIS IS HOW THINGS HAVE CHANGED 923 00:27:03,838 --> 00:27:05,573 IN TERMS OF LOSS OF POWER AND 924 00:27:05,573 --> 00:27:07,942 SEE HOW POWER HAS BEEN RESTORED 925 00:27:07,942 --> 00:27:09,044 ACROSS THE ISLAND. 926 00:27:09,044 --> 00:27:10,912 REALLY IMPORTANT SIGNATURES FOR 927 00:27:10,912 --> 00:27:12,480 HOW WE CAN HELP IN THE RECOVERY 928 00:27:12,480 --> 00:27:13,815 EFFORT. 929 00:27:13,815 --> 00:27:14,949 >> YEAH, THAT'S REALLY GREAT 930 00:27:14,949 --> 00:27:16,518 WE'RE ABLE TO PROVIDE THAT 931 00:27:16,518 --> 00:27:18,653 INFORMATION TO THOSE USEFUL 932 00:27:18,653 --> 00:27:19,120 THINGS. 933 00:27:19,120 --> 00:27:21,189 WHAT OTHER STORMS -- I'M 934 00:27:21,189 --> 00:27:24,426 GETTING HERE -- DOES NASA STUDY 935 00:27:24,426 --> 00:27:25,827 OTHER THAN HURRICANES? 936 00:27:25,827 --> 00:27:27,062 >> HURRICANES AND TROPICAL 937 00:27:27,062 --> 00:27:28,797 CYCLONES OCCUR IN THE TROPICS 938 00:27:28,797 --> 00:27:30,999 TO MID LATITUDES BUT WE HAVE 939 00:27:30,999 --> 00:27:32,367 SATELLITES THAT GO ALL THE WAY 940 00:27:32,367 --> 00:27:34,135 UP TO THE POLLS OR ARCTIC AND 941 00:27:34,135 --> 00:27:35,970 ANTARCTIC CIRCLE TO LOOK HOW 942 00:27:35,970 --> 00:27:37,572 THE STORMS CHANGE FROM TROPICAL 943 00:27:37,572 --> 00:27:39,574 TO EXTRATROPICAL SYSTEMS, 944 00:27:39,574 --> 00:27:40,975 THAT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND 945 00:27:40,975 --> 00:27:43,478 THINGS LIKE LIGHT RAINFALL AND 946 00:27:43,478 --> 00:27:44,379 SNOW AND ICE. 947 00:27:44,379 --> 00:27:47,749 YOU KNOW, THESE CRAZY WINTER 948 00:27:47,749 --> 00:27:49,651 STORMS, SUPERSTORM SANDY WHERE 949 00:27:49,651 --> 00:27:51,219 YOU HAD ALL OF THE CRAZY 950 00:27:51,219 --> 00:27:52,587 SYSTEMS COLLIDING IN ONE PLACE 951 00:27:52,587 --> 00:27:54,989 AND BEING ABLE TO WORK WITH OUR 952 00:27:54,989 --> 00:27:56,124 PARTNERS AND HAVE NASA 953 00:27:56,124 --> 00:27:57,625 SATELLITES AND AIRBORNE ASSETS 954 00:27:57,625 --> 00:27:59,160 TO UNDERSTAND THE STORMS, WE'RE 955 00:27:59,160 --> 00:28:00,395 ABLE TO LOOK AT EVERYTHING FROM 956 00:28:00,395 --> 00:28:01,696 THE TROPICS TO THE POLLS. 957 00:28:01,696 --> 00:28:02,931 >> ALL RIGHT, AND ONE REALLY 958 00:28:02,931 --> 00:28:03,732 QUICK QUESTION FOR YOU. 959 00:28:03,732 --> 00:28:04,799 WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE THING 960 00:28:04,799 --> 00:28:05,834 ABOUT WORKING HERE? 961 00:28:05,834 --> 00:28:07,569 >> YOU KNOW, I LOVE WE ARE ABLE 962 00:28:07,569 --> 00:28:08,837 TO WORK TOGETHER EVERY DAY, AND 963 00:28:08,837 --> 00:28:12,006 YOU KNOW, I LIKE THAT WE'RE 964 00:28:12,006 --> 00:28:13,074 WORKING TOWARDS WHAT HAPPENED 965 00:28:13,074 --> 00:28:14,743 IN THE PAST USING SATELLITE 966 00:28:14,743 --> 00:28:16,344 DATA TO UNDERSTAND AND MODEL 967 00:28:16,344 --> 00:28:17,779 THE PAST AND LOOK AT WHAT'S 968 00:28:17,779 --> 00:28:18,646 HAPPENING IN THE FUTURE. 969 00:28:18,646 --> 00:28:20,181 UNDERSTANDING HOW CLIMATE 970 00:28:20,181 --> 00:28:21,816 CHANGE IMPACTS OUR EARTH SYSTEM 971 00:28:21,816 --> 00:28:24,419 IS OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE. 972 00:28:24,419 --> 00:28:25,086 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 973 00:28:25,086 --> 00:28:26,521 JOINING US, DALIA. 974 00:28:26,521 --> 00:28:27,055 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. 975 00:28:27,055 --> 00:28:28,289 >> THAT IS ALL THE TIME WE HAVE 976 00:28:28,289 --> 00:28:28,890 FOR TODAY. 977 00:28:28,890 --> 00:28:30,392 BUT IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE, 978 00:28:30,392 --> 00:28:33,395 VISIT NASA.GOV/HURRICANE OR 979 00:28:33,395 --> 00:28:34,863 VISIT NASA HURRICANE OR NASA 980 00:28:34,863 --> 00:28:36,264 RAIN ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER. 981 00:28:36,264 --> 00:28:39,234 AND BE SURE TO TUNE IN NEXT 982 00:28:39,234 --> 00:28:39,968 MONTH. 983 00:28:39,968 --> 00:28:42,137 ON JUNE 26th, WE'RE TALKING 984 00:28:42,137 --> 00:28:43,271 ABOUT SPACE ROCKS. 985 00:28:43,271 --> 00:28:45,640 WE'RE GOING TO DISCUSS HOW NASA 986 00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:48,143 DETECTS AND TRACKS ASTEROIDS 987 00:28:48,143 --> 00:28:49,210 AND VISIT A DARK SPACECRAFT 988 00:28:49,210 --> 00:28:51,846 BEING BUILT AND MORE.