1 00:00:33,633 --> 00:00:36,970 >> HELLO AND WELCOME TO NASA 2 00:00:36,970 --> 00:00:39,105 SCIENCE LIVE AND OPPORTUNITY FOR 3 00:00:39,105 --> 00:00:43,610 YOU TO COME BEHIND THE SCENES. 4 00:00:43,610 --> 00:00:45,145 THIS SHOW IS REALLY ALL ABOUT 5 00:00:45,145 --> 00:00:47,614 YOU BEING ABLE TO INTERACT WITH 6 00:00:47,614 --> 00:00:49,115 NASA SCIENTISTS AND GET YOUR 7 00:00:49,115 --> 00:00:50,050 QUESTIONS ANSWERED. 8 00:00:50,050 --> 00:00:52,085 SO PLEASE VISIT US ON FACEBOOK 9 00:00:52,085 --> 00:00:54,320 OR TWITTER AND ASK US A QUESTION 10 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:57,957 USING THE #ASKNASA OR LEAVE A 11 00:00:57,957 --> 00:00:58,992 QUESTION I THE COMMENT BOX 12 00:00:58,992 --> 00:01:00,360 WHEREVER YOU'RE WATCHING. 13 00:01:00,360 --> 00:01:01,728 LET's GET STARTED WITH SOME OF 14 00:01:01,728 --> 00:01:03,663 THE LATEST FROM AROUND THE 15 00:01:03,663 --> 00:01:04,397 GALAXY. 16 00:01:04,397 --> 00:01:06,566 SCIENTISTS WERE SURPRISED TO 17 00:01:06,566 --> 00:01:08,701 LEARN THAT NEAR ASTEROID IS NOT 18 00:01:08,701 --> 00:01:10,670 MORE RUGGED THAN EXPECTED BUT 19 00:01:10,670 --> 00:01:13,807 ACTUALLY ERUPTING PLUMES OF 20 00:01:13,807 --> 00:01:14,174 PARTICLES. 21 00:01:14,174 --> 00:01:16,176 TWO FACTS SURE TO GIVE 22 00:01:16,176 --> 00:01:19,079 SPACECRAFT NAVIGATORS A LITTLE 23 00:01:19,079 --> 00:01:20,046 ASTEROID INDIGESTION. 24 00:01:20,046 --> 00:01:22,215 NASA IS UP TO THE TASK OF 25 00:01:22,215 --> 00:01:23,316 COLLECTING A SAMPLE FROM THIS 26 00:01:23,316 --> 00:01:25,919 ASTEROID AND SENDING IT BACK TO 27 00:01:25,919 --> 00:01:26,219 EARTH. 28 00:01:26,219 --> 00:01:28,021 IN OTHER NEWS, THE AGENCY ROLLED 29 00:01:28,021 --> 00:01:30,723 OUT ITS MOON TO MARS PROGRAM 30 00:01:30,723 --> 00:01:32,492 THAT WILL SEE ASTRONAUTS LIVING 31 00:01:32,492 --> 00:01:33,960 AND WORKING NOT ONLY AROUND THE 32 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:34,994 MOON BUT ON IT. 33 00:01:34,994 --> 00:01:37,163 BEFORE YOU KNOW IT, WE'LL ALL BE 34 00:01:37,163 --> 00:01:40,066 LIKE MATT DAMON, MAKING SPACE 35 00:01:40,066 --> 00:01:42,068 POTATOES, MAYBE LET's BRING OUR 36 00:01:42,068 --> 00:01:43,103 OWN FERTILIZER. 37 00:01:43,103 --> 00:01:45,004 ALL RIGHT MOVING ON TO MATTERS 38 00:01:45,004 --> 00:01:46,806 OF INTERNATIONAL APPEAL. 39 00:01:46,806 --> 00:01:49,242 NASA SIGNED ON AGREEMENT WITH 40 00:01:49,242 --> 00:01:51,344 THE BRAZILIAN SPACE AGENCY IN 41 00:01:51,344 --> 00:01:59,919 THE FORM OF A TEENIE WEENIE 42 00:01:59,919 --> 00:02:00,286 SATELLITE. 43 00:02:00,286 --> 00:02:02,755 IT'S THE SIZE OF TWO LOAVES OF 44 00:02:02,755 --> 00:02:06,426 BREAD IT WILL INVESTIGATE TWO 45 00:02:06,426 --> 00:02:10,964 PHENOM THAT DISRUPTED GPS 46 00:02:10,964 --> 00:02:11,297 SIGNALS. 47 00:02:11,297 --> 00:02:12,065 I NEED ME SOME GPS. 48 00:02:12,065 --> 00:02:13,299 I WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN ABLE TO 49 00:02:13,299 --> 00:02:15,768 FIND THE STUDIO WITHOUT IT. 50 00:02:15,768 --> 00:02:16,369 SO GO BRAZIL! 51 00:02:16,369 --> 00:02:18,671 THAT IS ALL THE NEWS WE HAVE FOR 52 00:02:18,671 --> 00:02:19,606 NOW. 53 00:02:19,606 --> 00:02:23,042 TODAY's EPISODE IS ALL ABOUT 54 00:02:23,042 --> 00:02:24,944 INTERSTELLAR SPACE AND WE'LL 55 00:02:24,944 --> 00:02:27,147 TAKE YOU TO THE EDGE OF THE 56 00:02:27,147 --> 00:02:28,281 SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND. 57 00:02:28,281 --> 00:02:30,817 WE'LL SHOW YOU HOW BIG OUR 58 00:02:30,817 --> 00:02:40,126 GALAXY IS AND EXPLORE THE REGION 59 00:02:40,126 --> 00:02:41,427 BEYOND OUR BUBBLE AND YOU'LL 60 00:02:41,427 --> 00:02:44,097 MEET A SPECIAL STUDENT. 61 00:02:44,097 --> 00:02:47,167 INTERSTELLAR SPACE BEGINS WHERE 62 00:02:47,167 --> 00:02:48,635 THE SUN CHARGED PARTICLES END 63 00:02:48,635 --> 00:02:50,803 AND WE CALL IT THE SOLAR WIND. 64 00:02:50,803 --> 00:02:52,972 IT EXTENDS WELL BEYOND THE ORBIT 65 00:02:52,972 --> 00:02:54,440 BUT NOT ALL THE WAY TO THE EDGE 66 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:55,708 OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 67 00:02:55,708 --> 00:02:58,478 IT CONTINUES ALL THE WAY OUT TO 68 00:02:58,478 --> 00:03:01,414 THE CLOUD WHERE BILLIONS OF 69 00:03:01,414 --> 00:03:06,119 COMETS STILL CLING TO THE SUN's 70 00:03:06,119 --> 00:03:06,819 GRAVITATIONAL PULL. 71 00:03:06,819 --> 00:03:11,891 WHEN WE LEAVE ORDER SOUR SOLAR 72 00:03:11,891 --> 00:03:19,098 SYSTEM WE'RE STILL IN THE MILKY 73 00:03:19,098 --> 00:03:30,009 WAY GALAXY. 74 00:03:30,009 --> 00:03:32,845 JOIN ME AND 2 IS A PHYSICIAN 75 00:03:32,845 --> 00:03:33,146 SIFTS. 76 00:03:33,146 --> 00:03:37,517 OUR FIRST CONTENT IS AN 77 00:03:37,517 --> 00:03:39,419 ASTROPHYSICIST AND FOOTBALL 78 00:03:39,419 --> 00:03:41,354 CALLER DR. KNICOLE COLON AND OUR 79 00:03:41,354 --> 00:03:46,259 SECOND IS A SCI-FI NERD DR. AKI 80 00:03:46,259 --> 00:03:46,593 ROBERGE. 81 00:03:46,593 --> 00:03:51,064 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING ME. 82 00:03:51,064 --> 00:03:53,499 THIS IS HOW IT WILL ALL WORK. 83 00:03:53,499 --> 00:03:55,835 IF YOU GET THE QUESTIONS 84 00:03:55,835 --> 00:03:58,438 RIGHT... BUT IF YOU GET THEM 85 00:03:58,438 --> 00:04:02,675 WRONG... SO NO PRESSURE HERE. 86 00:04:02,675 --> 00:04:02,976 GREAT. 87 00:04:02,976 --> 00:04:04,277 ALL RIGHT QUESTION NUMBER 1. 88 00:04:04,277 --> 00:04:06,946 IF THE EARTH WAS THE SIZE OF A 89 00:04:06,946 --> 00:04:11,517 BASKETBALL, THE SUN WOULD BE 90 00:04:11,517 --> 00:04:19,993 A-20 FEET IN TKPHA DIAMETER OR B 91 00:04:19,993 --> 00:04:22,895 FEET IN DIAMETER OR C1,000 FEET 92 00:04:22,895 --> 00:04:28,901 IN DIAMETER. 93 00:04:28,901 --> 00:04:31,904 >> YOU PUT ABOUT 100 EARTHS 94 00:04:31,904 --> 00:04:33,273 ACROSS THE SUN. 95 00:04:33,273 --> 00:04:34,907 >> I'LL TAKE YOUR WORD FOR IT. 96 00:04:34,907 --> 00:04:35,575 SO 100 FEET. 97 00:04:35,575 --> 00:04:37,577 IS THAT INWOULD OF THE CHOICES? 98 00:04:37,577 --> 00:04:39,545 >> YES! 99 00:04:39,545 --> 00:04:42,982 IT IS 100 FEET IN DIAMETER. 100 00:04:42,982 --> 00:04:44,717 THE SUN IS HUGE, BUT HOW BIG IS 101 00:04:44,717 --> 00:04:46,986 IT REALLY AND TO BE MORE PRECISE 102 00:04:46,986 --> 00:04:49,022 SINCE WE HAVE SCIENTISTS WITH US 103 00:04:49,022 --> 00:04:51,891 IT WOULD BE ABOUT 109 EARTHS 104 00:04:51,891 --> 00:04:54,060 THAT FIT ACROSS THE DIAMETER AND 105 00:04:54,060 --> 00:04:56,396 TAKE 1.3 MILLION EARTHS TO FILL 106 00:04:56,396 --> 00:04:58,197 THE SUN's VOLUME. 107 00:04:58,197 --> 00:05:02,068 THAT's A LOT OF EARTHS. 108 00:05:02,068 --> 00:05:03,770 LET's MOVE ON TO QUESTION NUMBER 109 00:05:03,770 --> 00:05:04,170 2. 110 00:05:04,170 --> 00:05:06,773 IF THE SUN AND EARTH WERE 111 00:05:06,773 --> 00:05:09,676 SEPARATED BY 5 PIECES OF TOILET 112 00:05:09,676 --> 00:05:11,711 PAPER HOW MANY WOULD SEPARATE 113 00:05:11,711 --> 00:05:14,047 THE SUN WHERE THE BOUNDARY OF 114 00:05:14,047 --> 00:05:15,381 VOYAGER ONE CROSSED INTO 115 00:05:15,381 --> 00:05:16,649 INTERSTELLAR SPACE. 116 00:05:16,649 --> 00:05:18,084 WOULD WE HAVE 18 SHEETS OF 117 00:05:18,084 --> 00:05:21,154 TOILET PAPER, 302 ORRISM IS 02 118 00:05:21,154 --> 00:05:26,926 SHEETS OF TOILET PAPER? 119 00:05:26,926 --> 00:05:28,828 >> OKAY. 120 00:05:28,828 --> 00:05:30,530 TOILET PAPER, YAY BIG AND YAY 121 00:05:30,530 --> 00:05:30,930 LONG. 122 00:05:30,930 --> 00:05:31,798 DOESN'T MATTER. 123 00:05:31,798 --> 00:05:32,865 BECAUSE WE KNOW THE DISTANCE 124 00:05:32,865 --> 00:05:35,401 FROM THE EARTH TO THE SUN IS 125 00:05:35,401 --> 00:05:39,772 WHAT WE CALL -- IS 5 PIECES OF 126 00:05:39,772 --> 00:05:44,711 TOILET PAPER AND THAT IS ONE 127 00:05:44,711 --> 00:05:46,546 ASTRONOMICAL UNIT. 128 00:05:46,546 --> 00:05:53,086 AND VOYAGER IS ABOUT 100 129 00:05:53,086 --> 00:05:54,387 ASTRONOMICAL UNITS OUTSIDE AWAY 130 00:05:54,387 --> 00:05:55,722 FROM THE SUN. 131 00:05:55,722 --> 00:06:00,760 SO YOU JUST DO CONFUSION, 5 132 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:02,028 TIMES 100 IS ABOUT 500 SO I 133 00:06:02,028 --> 00:06:04,897 THINK THAT IS ONE OF YOUR 134 00:06:04,897 --> 00:06:05,231 ANSWERS. 135 00:06:05,231 --> 00:06:08,267 >> IT's 602 SHEETS OF TOILET 136 00:06:08,267 --> 00:06:08,568 PAPER. 137 00:06:08,568 --> 00:06:09,035 >> CLOSE ENOUGH. 138 00:06:09,035 --> 00:06:10,303 AND JUST TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE 139 00:06:10,303 --> 00:06:12,872 MORE CONTEXT, USING THIS ANALOGY 140 00:06:12,872 --> 00:06:16,008 MARS WOULD CLOCK IN AT 7.6 141 00:06:16,008 --> 00:06:18,711 PIECES AND JUPITER WOULD BE AT 142 00:06:18,711 --> 00:06:21,547 25.9 PIECES AND THEN YOU WOULD 143 00:06:21,547 --> 00:06:24,384 NEED A WHOLE ANOTHER ROLL TO GET 144 00:06:24,384 --> 00:06:28,087 TO PLUTO AT 196.2 PIECES OF 145 00:06:28,087 --> 00:06:28,855 TOILET PAPER. 146 00:06:28,855 --> 00:06:30,957 >> THAT's LOT OF TOILET PAPER. 147 00:06:30,957 --> 00:06:32,959 >> REALLY IS. 148 00:06:32,959 --> 00:06:34,827 I HOPE THIS HOPES YOU UNDERSTAND 149 00:06:34,827 --> 00:06:37,930 HOW LARGE OUR GALAXY IS. 150 00:06:37,930 --> 00:06:40,299 >> EVEN THE CLOSEST STAR IS 151 00:06:40,299 --> 00:06:46,606 MUCH, MUCH, MUCH FURTHER AWAY 152 00:06:46,606 --> 00:06:47,240 FR 153 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:47,540 THAT. 154 00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:48,808 >> I WANTED TO MAKE ONE AND THE. 155 00:06:48,808 --> 00:06:50,243 I'M A PROFESSIONAL 156 00:06:50,243 --> 00:06:53,179 ASTROPHYSICIST AND I WOULD 157 00:06:53,179 --> 00:06:55,314 NORMALLY SOLVE QUESTIONS EXACTLY 158 00:06:55,314 --> 00:06:57,350 THE SALE WAY YOU WOULD. 159 00:06:57,350 --> 00:07:00,052 I WOULD TYPE THEM INTO GOOGLE. 160 00:07:00,052 --> 00:07:01,487 FOR ME THE MOST PART OF MY JOB 161 00:07:01,487 --> 00:07:03,656 IS MORE ABOUT COMING UP WITH 162 00:07:03,656 --> 00:07:05,024 THOSE QUESTIONS THAT ACTUALLY 163 00:07:05,024 --> 00:07:06,459 THE RIGHT QUESTIONS TO ACTUALLY 164 00:07:06,459 --> 00:07:08,728 PUSH THE BOUNDARIES OF KNOWLEDGE 165 00:07:08,728 --> 00:07:10,496 INTO THE UNKNOWN. 166 00:07:10,496 --> 00:07:14,300 AND THAT's THE EXCITING PART AND 167 00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:15,701 THE FUN PART. 168 00:07:15,701 --> 00:07:16,903 >> THANK YOU BOTH FOR 169 00:07:16,903 --> 00:07:18,504 PARTICIPATING IN OUR GAME SHOW. 170 00:07:18,504 --> 00:07:19,305 >> THANK YOU. 171 00:07:19,305 --> 00:07:20,807 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 172 00:07:20,807 --> 00:07:23,109 PLAYING. 173 00:07:23,109 --> 00:07:24,744 AND OUR ASTROPHYSICISTS WILL BE 174 00:07:24,744 --> 00:07:25,845 RETURNING LATER ON. 175 00:07:25,845 --> 00:07:30,016 SEND US YOUR QUESTIONS USING THE 176 00:07:30,016 --> 00:07:30,383 #ASKNASA. 177 00:07:30,383 --> 00:07:32,385 SO AS YOU JUST HEARD OUR SOLAR 178 00:07:32,385 --> 00:07:33,853 SYSTEM REALLY IS HUGE. 179 00:07:33,853 --> 00:07:40,092 IN FACT THE VOYAGER 1 AND 2 180 00:07:40,092 --> 00:07:41,461 SPACECRAFT TRAVELLED FOR 35 AND 181 00:07:41,461 --> 00:07:43,563 41 YARS RESPECTIVELY BEFORE 182 00:07:43,563 --> 00:07:45,031 THEY EVEN LEFT THE BOUNDARY OF 183 00:07:45,031 --> 00:07:46,365 OUR SUNS INFLUENCE. 184 00:07:46,365 --> 00:07:48,067 AT THEIR CURRENT SPEED IT WOULD 185 00:07:48,067 --> 00:07:50,069 TAKE THE SROEU ANNERS ANOTHER 186 00:07:50,069 --> 00:07:53,372 75,000 YEARS TO REACH THE NEXT 187 00:07:53,372 --> 00:07:56,709 NEAREST STAR SYSTEM. 188 00:07:56,709 --> 00:07:58,110 THE FACT THAT TWO SPACECRAFT 189 00:07:58,110 --> 00:08:02,748 WHICH WERE BUILT IN THE 1970S 190 00:08:02,748 --> 00:08:03,449 AND LOCATED 11 BILLION MILES 191 00:08:03,449 --> 00:08:05,651 FROM EARTH STILL WORKING IS MIND 192 00:08:05,651 --> 00:08:07,053 BLOWING FOR ME AT LEAST. 193 00:08:07,053 --> 00:08:09,889 IN A MOMENT WE'LL BE JOINED BY 194 00:08:09,889 --> 00:08:11,924 AN EXPERT FROM THE VOYAGER 195 00:08:11,924 --> 00:08:14,260 MISSION LIVE FROM MISSION 196 00:08:14,260 --> 00:08:18,297 CONTROL AT NASA JET PROPULSION 197 00:08:18,297 --> 00:08:20,166 LABORATORY IN CALIFORNIA. 198 00:08:20,166 --> 00:08:22,235 LET's LOOK AT THE AMAZING 199 00:08:22,235 --> 00:08:23,836 MILESTONES OF THE VOYAGER 1 AD 200 00:08:23,836 --> 00:08:27,039 2 SPACECRAFT. 201 00:08:27,039 --> 00:08:31,344 >> 3, 2, 1... IGNITION AND WE 202 00:08:31,344 --> 00:08:43,723 HAVE LIFTOFF. 203 00:08:43,723 --> 00:08:46,259 >> THEY WERE LAUNCHED IN 1977. 204 00:08:46,259 --> 00:08:47,159 THAT's TWO GENERATIONS AGO. 205 00:08:47,159 --> 00:08:49,695 YOU CAN THINK OF WHAT THE 206 00:08:49,695 --> 00:08:50,530 TECHNOLOGY WAS. 207 00:08:50,530 --> 00:08:52,365 YOUR SMART PHONE AS 200 NOT 208 00:08:52,365 --> 00:08:53,933 THOUSAND TIMES MORE MEMORY THAN 209 00:08:53,933 --> 00:08:56,402 WHAT THE VOYAGER SPACECRAFT HAS. 210 00:08:56,402 --> 00:08:58,738 >> VOYAGER 2 WAS THE ONE THAT 211 00:08:58,738 --> 00:09:01,107 WAS CHOSEN TO DO THE GRAND TOUR. 212 00:09:01,107 --> 00:09:09,315 TO FLY BY JUPITER AND SATURN AND 213 00:09:09,315 --> 00:09:18,157 THEN AOURPB HIS AND NEPTUNE. 214 00:09:18,157 --> 00:09:21,794 WE WERE ALL IN A PATH TO REACH 215 00:09:21,794 --> 00:09:23,062 INTERSTELLAR SPACE WHILE WE HAD 216 00:09:23,062 --> 00:09:24,997 POWER TO TRANSMIT THE DATA 217 00:09:24,997 --> 00:09:25,331 BECOME. 218 00:09:25,331 --> 00:09:27,133 >> THE TEAM HAS BEEN LOOKING 219 00:09:27,133 --> 00:09:28,634 FORWARD TO THIS FOR A LONG TIME 220 00:09:28,634 --> 00:09:30,803 AND WORKING HARD TO MAKE THIS 221 00:09:30,803 --> 00:09:31,137 HAPPEN. 222 00:09:31,137 --> 00:09:32,271 IT'S EXCITING THAT WE'VE BEEN 223 00:09:32,271 --> 00:09:33,940 ABLE TO GET IT INTO INTERSTELLAR 224 00:09:33,940 --> 00:09:37,209 SPACE AND KEEP ALL THE 225 00:09:37,209 --> 00:09:39,245 INSTRUMENTS ON. 226 00:09:39,245 --> 00:09:43,683 >> WE HAVE A WORKING WIND SOLAR 227 00:09:43,683 --> 00:09:45,051 WIND INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE IT. 228 00:09:45,051 --> 00:09:48,688 THE WONDERFUL THING IT's STILL 229 00:09:48,688 --> 00:09:49,889 DISCOVERING NEW THINGS BECAUSE 230 00:09:49,889 --> 00:09:51,357 IT's GOING WHERE NOTHING HAS 231 00:09:51,357 --> 00:09:53,125 BEEN AND IT WILL CONTINUE THAT 232 00:09:53,125 --> 00:09:54,594 JOURNEY FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS 233 00:09:54,594 --> 00:09:58,130 ORBITING THE CENTER OF THE MILKY 234 00:09:58,130 --> 00:09:59,198 WAY GALAXY. 235 00:09:59,198 --> 00:10:01,133 >> I'M REALLY EXCITED BECAUSE WE 236 00:10:01,133 --> 00:10:05,071 ARE JOINED BY A VOYAGER EXPERT 237 00:10:05,071 --> 00:10:09,542 DR. SUZANNE DODD WHO IS CALLING 238 00:10:09,542 --> 00:10:11,577 IN FROM JET PROPULSION IN 239 00:10:11,577 --> 00:10:12,144 CALIFORNIA. 240 00:10:12,144 --> 00:10:13,813 I'M REALLY EXCITED TO TALK TO 241 00:10:13,813 --> 00:10:14,080 YOU. 242 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:14,914 THANK FOR JOINING US. 243 00:10:14,914 --> 00:10:17,450 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING ME ON. 244 00:10:17,450 --> 00:10:18,718 >> YEAH. 245 00:10:18,718 --> 00:10:20,219 CAN YOU PLEASE TELL US WHERE YOU 246 00:10:20,219 --> 00:10:22,154 ARE RIGHT NOW. 247 00:10:22,154 --> 00:10:25,391 BECAUSE I THINK IT LOOKS REALLY 248 00:10:25,391 --> 00:10:25,691 COOL. 249 00:10:25,691 --> 00:10:26,892 CAN WE START OFF BY SAYING WHERE 250 00:10:26,892 --> 00:10:27,326 YOU ARE. 251 00:10:27,326 --> 00:10:28,427 >> YEAH, SURE. 252 00:10:28,427 --> 00:10:31,030 THE ROOM THAT I'M SITTING IN IS 253 00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:33,733 CALLED THE MISSION CONTROL 254 00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:35,534 CENTER HERE AT THE JET 255 00:10:35,534 --> 00:10:36,535 PROPULSION LABORATORY. 256 00:10:36,535 --> 00:10:37,770 WHAT HAPPENS IN THIS ROOM IT's 257 00:10:37,770 --> 00:10:39,672 WHERE WE CONTROL THE VERY LARGE 258 00:10:39,672 --> 00:10:44,310 ANTENNAS ON THE GROUND WE 259 00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:45,911 COMMUNICATE WITH WITH THE DEEP 260 00:10:45,911 --> 00:10:47,680 SPACE MISSIONS, SO THAT ALL THE 261 00:10:47,680 --> 00:10:50,082 DATA THAT COMES BACK FROM THE 262 00:10:50,082 --> 00:10:53,219 NASA SPACECRAFT THAT ARE OUT IN 263 00:10:53,219 --> 00:10:55,488 THE PLANETS OR BEYOND THAT COMES 264 00:10:55,488 --> 00:10:57,390 THROUGH THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK 265 00:10:57,390 --> 00:10:58,424 ANTENNAS AND INTO THIS ROOM. 266 00:10:58,424 --> 00:11:00,660 WE ARE THE CENTER OF THE 267 00:11:00,660 --> 00:11:01,027 UNIVERSE. 268 00:11:01,027 --> 00:11:02,762 >> CAN YOU TELL US WHERE THE TWO 269 00:11:02,762 --> 00:11:06,032 VOYAGERS ARE RIGHT NOW? 270 00:11:06,032 --> 00:11:07,900 >> SURE. 271 00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:10,636 VOYAGER 1 IS UP AND OUT OF THE 272 00:11:10,636 --> 00:11:12,772 PLAIN OF THE PLANETS AND WENT BY 273 00:11:12,772 --> 00:11:16,409 JUPITER AND SATURN AND UP AND 274 00:11:16,409 --> 00:11:19,712 OUT AND VOYAGER 2 WENT BY 275 00:11:19,712 --> 00:11:21,280 JUPITER AND NEPTUNE AND DOWN AND 276 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:24,283 OUT OF THE PLAIN THE PLANET. 277 00:11:24,283 --> 00:11:26,552 VOYAGER 1 IS 13.5 BILLION MILES 278 00:11:26,552 --> 00:11:29,955 FROM US ON EARTH AND VOYAGER 2 279 00:11:29,955 --> 00:11:31,323 IS APPROXIMATELY 11 BILLION 280 00:11:31,323 --> 00:11:32,892 MILES FROM HERE ON EARTH. 281 00:11:32,892 --> 00:11:35,027 >> ARE WE COMMUNICATING WITH 282 00:11:35,027 --> 00:11:37,163 THEM RIGHT NOW OR SOON? 283 00:11:37,163 --> 00:11:39,031 >> WE CERTAINLY ARE. 284 00:11:39,031 --> 00:11:42,668 YES, THE VOYAGER 2 SPACECRAFT IS 285 00:11:42,668 --> 00:11:43,369 COMMUNICATING WITH OUR DEEP 286 00:11:43,369 --> 00:11:46,472 SPACE NETWORK LOCATED IN 287 00:11:46,472 --> 00:11:46,839 AUSTRALIA. 288 00:11:46,839 --> 00:11:49,508 IT'S USING THE LARGE 70 METER 289 00:11:49,508 --> 00:11:50,142 ANTENNA DISH. 290 00:11:50,142 --> 00:11:51,877 >> HOW DO YOU KNOW WE'RE 291 00:11:51,877 --> 00:11:52,578 COMMUNICATING WITH THEM RIGHT 292 00:11:52,578 --> 00:11:52,878 NOW? 293 00:11:52,878 --> 00:11:57,483 IS THERE A WAY TO SEE THAT? 294 00:11:57,483 --> 00:11:57,750 YES. 295 00:11:57,750 --> 00:11:59,218 ANY OF THE VIEWERS CAN SEE IT ON 296 00:11:59,218 --> 00:12:05,091 A WEBSITE CALLED DSN NOW. 297 00:12:05,091 --> 00:12:06,392 BUT IT's ON THE SCREEN RIGHT 298 00:12:06,392 --> 00:12:08,594 HERE YOU CAN SEE IN THE LOWER 299 00:12:08,594 --> 00:12:14,500 LEFT-HAND CORNER THERE'S A VGR2 300 00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:15,167 THAT's TRACKING UNDER DSS43 301 00:12:15,167 --> 00:12:17,770 WHICH IS THE LARGE ANTENNA IN 302 00:12:17,770 --> 00:12:18,137 AUSTRALIA. 303 00:12:18,137 --> 00:12:20,740 >> SO I'M SURE THAT ALL OF YOU 304 00:12:20,740 --> 00:12:22,775 RIGHT NOW ARE CURIOUS ABOUT THE 305 00:12:22,775 --> 00:12:23,576 VOYAGER SPACE MISSION. 306 00:12:23,576 --> 00:12:25,211 SO I'M JUST GOING TO TURN IT 307 00:12:25,211 --> 00:12:28,013 OVER TO YOU THE PUBLIC SO YOU 308 00:12:28,013 --> 00:12:31,450 CAN ASK OUR DOCTOR SOME 309 00:12:31,450 --> 00:12:32,351 QUESTIONS. 310 00:12:32,351 --> 00:12:34,687 SO, I'M HEARING THAT BRUNO FROM 311 00:12:34,687 --> 00:12:36,021 TWITTER IS ASKING, WHAT KIND OF 312 00:12:36,021 --> 00:12:38,023 DATA ARE WE EXPECTING TO GATHER 313 00:12:38,023 --> 00:12:42,328 FROM THE VOYAGER INTERSTELLAR 314 00:12:42,328 --> 00:12:42,661 MISSION? 315 00:12:42,661 --> 00:12:43,629 >> GOOD QUESTION. 316 00:12:43,629 --> 00:12:46,632 VOYAGER IS REALLY LIKE A WEATHER 317 00:12:46,632 --> 00:12:47,666 STATL LIGHT TRAVELING THROUGH 318 00:12:47,666 --> 00:12:48,601 INTERSTELLAR SPACE. 319 00:12:48,601 --> 00:12:50,136 WHAT INTERSTELLAR SPACE IS 320 00:12:50,136 --> 00:12:52,972 CONTAINED IS DUST FROM OTHER 321 00:12:52,972 --> 00:12:53,372 STARS. 322 00:12:53,372 --> 00:12:57,376 WHAT VOYAGER IS MEASURING IS THE 323 00:12:57,376 --> 00:13:00,379 DENSITY OF THE DUST AND PLASMA 324 00:13:00,379 --> 00:13:01,814 THAT IT's TRAVELING THROUGH AND 325 00:13:01,814 --> 00:13:03,783 THE DIRECTION THAT IT's COMING 326 00:13:03,783 --> 00:13:05,885 FROM AND ALSO IT's MEASURING THE 327 00:13:05,885 --> 00:13:09,321 MAGNETIC FIELD THAT VOYAGER IS 328 00:13:09,321 --> 00:13:09,855 TRAVELING THROUGH. 329 00:13:09,855 --> 00:13:12,258 >> AND CARLOS IS ASKING, IS THE 330 00:13:12,258 --> 00:13:14,426 SPEED OF VOYAGER 1 AND 2 331 00:13:14,426 --> 00:13:15,961 CHANGING IN ANY WAY AND IF SO, 332 00:13:15,961 --> 00:13:17,429 WHY AND WHAT ARE THE 333 00:13:17,429 --> 00:13:19,665 IMPLICATIONS IF THEY ARE? 334 00:13:19,665 --> 00:13:24,937 >> STUIT's CONTACT. 335 00:13:24,937 --> 00:13:26,272 THEY'RE APPROXIMATELY GOING 35 336 00:13:26,272 --> 00:13:28,374 MILES PER HOUR. 337 00:13:28,374 --> 00:13:30,442 VOYAGER 1 IS A LITTLE FASTER AND 338 00:13:30,442 --> 00:13:32,912 VOYAGER 2 IS A LITTLE SLOWER. 339 00:13:32,912 --> 00:13:34,480 BUT THEIR SPEED WAS SET BY THE 340 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:35,848 LAST PLANET THEY LEFT. 341 00:13:35,848 --> 00:13:38,951 SO AFTER VOYAGER LEFT SATURN, 342 00:13:38,951 --> 00:13:41,153 ITS SPEED HAS BEEN CONSTANT 343 00:13:41,153 --> 00:13:42,454 SINCE THEN. 344 00:13:42,454 --> 00:13:45,925 SIMILARLY AFTER VOYAGER 2 LEFT 345 00:13:45,925 --> 00:13:48,127 AND FLEW BY IT's BEEN CONSTANT 346 00:13:48,127 --> 00:13:52,164 SINCE THEN. 347 00:13:52,164 --> 00:13:52,832 >> ALL RIGHT. 348 00:13:52,832 --> 00:13:54,300 HAS THERE BEEN ANYWHERE AND TEAR 349 00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:57,403 ON THE VOYAGERS AS THY'VE 350 00:13:57,403 --> 00:13:58,771 TRAVELED THROUGH SPACE? 351 00:13:58,771 --> 00:14:01,073 >> LOTS OF WEAR AND TEAR. 352 00:14:01,073 --> 00:14:02,875 THESE SPACECRAFT ARE OVER 40 353 00:14:02,875 --> 00:14:06,011 YEARS OLD SO THINGS HAVE BROKEN 354 00:14:06,011 --> 00:14:07,613 AND WE HAVE TO WORK AROUND THAT 355 00:14:07,613 --> 00:14:08,447 AS ENGINEERS. 356 00:14:08,447 --> 00:14:10,716 WE HAVE TO FIGURE OUT CLEVER 357 00:14:10,716 --> 00:14:11,016 WAYS. 358 00:14:11,016 --> 00:14:14,253 WE CAN'T GO TO THE SPACECRAFT TO 359 00:14:14,253 --> 00:14:16,689 FIGURE THEM SO WE WORK AROUND 360 00:14:16,689 --> 00:14:18,023 WHAT NO LONGER WORKS ON THE 361 00:14:18,023 --> 00:14:20,159 SPACECRAFT AND IT's TRULY 362 00:14:20,159 --> 00:14:21,493 REMARKABLE THAT WE'VE KEPT THESE 363 00:14:21,493 --> 00:14:23,729 SPACECRAFT GOING FOR OVER 40 364 00:14:23,729 --> 00:14:24,029 YEARS. 365 00:14:24,029 --> 00:14:25,397 >> ALL RIGHT. 366 00:14:25,397 --> 00:14:26,198 THANK YOU SUZANNE. 367 00:14:26,198 --> 00:14:28,334 THAT's ALL THE TIME WE HAVE FOR 368 00:14:28,334 --> 00:14:30,102 ASK NASA. 369 00:14:30,102 --> 00:14:31,670 BUT WE'LL BE RETURNING TO THAT 370 00:14:31,670 --> 00:14:32,271 LATER ON. 371 00:14:32,271 --> 00:14:35,808 SO LET's GET BACK TO SOME OF OUR 372 00:14:35,808 --> 00:14:36,141 SCIENCE. 373 00:14:36,141 --> 00:14:37,142 PLEASE KEEP SENDING YOUR 374 00:14:37,142 --> 00:14:38,143 QUESTIONS OUR WAY THOUGH BECAUSE 375 00:14:38,143 --> 00:14:39,745 WE WILL BE ANSWERING SOME LATER. 376 00:14:39,745 --> 00:14:41,614 BUT I DO WANT TO JUST RECAP ON 377 00:14:41,614 --> 00:14:43,515 SOME OF THE INCREDIBLE NUMBERS 378 00:14:43,515 --> 00:14:44,850 THAT WE'VE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR 379 00:14:44,850 --> 00:14:46,785 BECAUSE I MEAN IT's JUST AMAZING 380 00:14:46,785 --> 00:14:48,921 IT's GOING TO TAKE ANOTHER 381 00:14:48,921 --> 00:14:51,090 75,000 YEARS FOR VOYAGER 1 TO 382 00:14:51,090 --> 00:14:53,926 FLY IN HE WHERE NEAR ANOTHER 383 00:14:53,926 --> 00:14:54,226 STAR. 384 00:14:54,226 --> 00:14:57,229 AND THE PLANETS OUTSIDE OUR 385 00:14:57,229 --> 00:14:58,330 SOLAR SYSTEM EVEN IN OUR 386 00:14:58,330 --> 00:14:59,465 NEIGHBORHOOD ARE JUST REALLY, 387 00:14:59,465 --> 00:15:00,366 REALLY FAR AWAY. 388 00:15:00,366 --> 00:15:03,235 SO IT's ACTUALLY REMARKABLE THAT 389 00:15:03,235 --> 00:15:06,772 SPACECRAFT CAN EVEN STUDY THEM. 390 00:15:06,772 --> 00:15:13,312 WHICH BRINGS ME TO TESS,'s 391 00:15:13,312 --> 00:15:15,147 TRANSITING EXOPLANET SATELLITE. 392 00:15:15,147 --> 00:15:16,815 LET's TAKE A MINUTE TO 393 00:15:16,815 --> 00:15:21,921 UNDERSTAND EXACTLY WHERE TES IS 394 00:15:21,921 --> 00:15:22,254 LOOKING. 395 00:15:22,254 --> 00:15:23,956 >> FOR THE LONGEST TIME SPACE 396 00:15:23,956 --> 00:15:26,358 SEEMED LIKE A BIG, NEARLY EMPTY 397 00:15:26,358 --> 00:15:26,825 PLACE. 398 00:15:26,825 --> 00:15:29,261 WE WERE ONLY FAMILIAR WITH OUR 399 00:15:29,261 --> 00:15:30,095 HOME, EARTH. 400 00:15:30,095 --> 00:15:33,299 BUT AS WE LEARN MORE, WE REALIZE 401 00:15:33,299 --> 00:15:35,267 THERE WAS ACTUALLY A LOT OUT 402 00:15:35,267 --> 00:15:37,469 THERE INCLUDING PLANETS ORBITING 403 00:15:37,469 --> 00:15:44,443 THE SUN AND THE STARS. 404 00:15:44,443 --> 00:15:46,445 A SPACE TELESCOPE CHANGED OUR 405 00:15:46,445 --> 00:15:48,948 UNDERSTANDING OF PLANETS OUTSIDE 406 00:15:48,948 --> 00:15:52,751 OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM KNOWN AS 407 00:15:52,751 --> 00:15:53,152 EXOPLANETS. 408 00:15:53,152 --> 00:15:55,721 THERE ARE MORE PLANETS IN OUR 409 00:15:55,721 --> 00:15:58,590 GALAXY THAN THERE ARE STARS. 410 00:15:58,590 --> 00:16:00,793 BUT KEPLER LOOKED TO ONLY A 411 00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:02,194 SMALL FRACTION AND MANY OF THE 412 00:16:02,194 --> 00:16:03,862 PLANETS ARE TOO FAR AWAY TO 413 00:16:03,862 --> 00:16:05,030 STUDY IN MUCH FURTHER DETAIL. 414 00:16:05,030 --> 00:16:07,433 THAT BRINGS US TO TESS. 415 00:16:07,433 --> 00:16:10,002 OUR NEWEST PLANET HUNTER. 416 00:16:10,002 --> 00:16:13,372 THE TRANSITING EXOPLANET SURVEY 417 00:16:13,372 --> 00:16:17,543 SATELLITE WORKS LIKE KEPBLER. 418 00:16:17,543 --> 00:16:21,680 IT WILL SCAN ALMOST THE ENTIRE 419 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:21,947 SKY. 420 00:16:21,947 --> 00:16:26,218 TESS WILL FIND THE SIZES DOZENS 421 00:16:26,218 --> 00:16:28,754 OF NEARBY PLANETS BEST SUITED BY 422 00:16:28,754 --> 00:16:30,222 DETAILED INVESTIGATION BY 423 00:16:30,222 --> 00:16:32,491 POWERFUL TELESCOPES ON THE 424 00:16:32,491 --> 00:16:34,460 GROUND AND SPACE LIKE THE FUTURE 425 00:16:34,460 --> 00:16:35,594 JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE. 426 00:16:35,594 --> 00:16:37,963 BY DING THAT, WE MIGHT FINALLY 427 00:16:37,963 --> 00:16:39,631 BEGIN TO ANSWER THE QUESTION OF 428 00:16:39,631 --> 00:16:43,402 WHETHER EARTH IS ALONE OR 429 00:16:43,402 --> 00:16:45,671 WHETHER THERE ARE WORLDS OUT 430 00:16:45,671 --> 00:16:47,406 THERE LIKE OUR OWN ROCKY COVER 431 00:16:47,406 --> 00:16:50,809 IN OCEANS AND DENSE CLOUDS OR 432 00:16:50,809 --> 00:16:56,215 EVEN POSSIBLY CAPABLE OF 433 00:16:56,215 --> 00:16:58,017 SUPPORTING LIFE. 434 00:16:58,017 --> 00:17:01,754 >> TESS PROJECT SCIENTIST 435 00:17:01,754 --> 00:17:03,355 DR. PADI BOYD. 436 00:17:03,355 --> 00:17:04,390 >> THANKS FOR HAVING ME. 437 00:17:04,390 --> 00:17:05,958 >> AS WE LEARNED A LITTLE BIT 438 00:17:05,958 --> 00:17:07,092 ABOUT TESS, I WANTED TO ASK YOU 439 00:17:07,092 --> 00:17:08,227 WHERE IS IT LOOKING? 440 00:17:08,227 --> 00:17:10,229 >> IT's REALLY EXCITING TO BE 441 00:17:10,229 --> 00:17:11,630 TALKING ABOUT TESS WHEN WE'RE 442 00:17:11,630 --> 00:17:12,865 CELEBRATING VOAGER BECAUSE AS 443 00:17:12,865 --> 00:17:14,533 THE VOYAGER SPACECRAFT KEPT 444 00:17:14,533 --> 00:17:15,634 GOING OUT AND FURTHER AND 445 00:17:15,634 --> 00:17:17,903 FURTHER AWAY FROM EARTH, TESS IS 446 00:17:17,903 --> 00:17:18,370 VERY DIFFERENT. 447 00:17:18,370 --> 00:17:20,639 TESS IS ORBITING THE EARTH. 448 00:17:20,639 --> 00:17:22,775 SO WE COME BACK CLOSE TO THE 449 00:17:22,775 --> 00:17:24,176 EARTH EVERY TWO WEEKS AND WE 450 00:17:24,176 --> 00:17:26,178 RETURN OUR DATA TO THE GROUND 451 00:17:26,178 --> 00:17:27,946 AND WHAT WE ARE DOING WE'RE 452 00:17:27,946 --> 00:17:29,782 LOOKING AT OUR NEAREST NEIGHBOR 453 00:17:29,782 --> 00:17:31,050 STAR, SO THE BRIGHTER STARS IN 454 00:17:31,050 --> 00:17:33,118 THE SKY WHICH ARE TYPICAL LIT 455 00:17:33,118 --> 00:17:33,752 CLOSER STARS. 456 00:17:33,752 --> 00:17:37,556 WE ARE LOOKING AT THOSE STARS 457 00:17:37,556 --> 00:17:39,158 SEARCHING FOR PLANETS AROUND 458 00:17:39,158 --> 00:17:39,458 THEM. 459 00:17:39,458 --> 00:17:41,827 THOSE ARE CALLED EXOPLANETS. 460 00:17:41,827 --> 00:17:43,796 WHEN VOYAGER WAS LAUNCHED THE 461 00:17:43,796 --> 00:17:45,564 ONLY PLANETS WE KNEW WERE THE 462 00:17:45,564 --> 00:17:50,402 ONES IN OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM. 463 00:17:50,402 --> 00:17:52,271 BUT TESS NOW WE KNOW THERE ARE 464 00:17:52,271 --> 00:17:56,008 PLANETS EVERYWHERE IN OUR GALAXY 465 00:17:56,008 --> 00:17:58,444 AND TESS IS TAKING THE NEXT 466 00:17:58,444 --> 00:17:58,744 STEP. 467 00:17:58,744 --> 00:18:00,079 >> WE'RE STILL TALKING ABOUT 468 00:18:00,079 --> 00:18:04,149 THINGS INSIDE OF THE MILKY WAY 469 00:18:04,149 --> 00:18:04,483 GALAXY. 470 00:18:04,483 --> 00:18:06,385 >> VERY MUCH SO. 471 00:18:06,385 --> 00:18:07,219 TAKING THE FIRST FEW STEPS 472 00:18:07,219 --> 00:18:09,088 >> IT's IN OUR NEIGHBORHOOD. 473 00:18:09,088 --> 00:18:10,222 >> PERFECT. 474 00:18:10,222 --> 00:18:13,125 >> WHICH IS AMAZING WE CAN STILL 475 00:18:13,125 --> 00:18:14,760 FIND SO MUCH SO CLOSE TO US AND 476 00:18:14,760 --> 00:18:16,528 THERE IS SO MUCH FURTHER AWAY TO 477 00:18:16,528 --> 00:18:19,264 CONSIDER LATER ON. 478 00:18:19,264 --> 00:18:19,865 >> RIGHT. 479 00:18:19,865 --> 00:18:21,567 >> HOW DOES TESS LOOK FOR AND 480 00:18:21,567 --> 00:18:23,869 FIND OTHER PLANETS, WHAT 481 00:18:23,869 --> 00:18:24,203 PROCESS? 482 00:18:24,203 --> 00:18:27,940 >> IT USES THE SAME METHOD THAT 483 00:18:27,940 --> 00:18:28,273 CAPLER. 484 00:18:28,273 --> 00:18:29,775 IT'S THE TRANSIT METHOD. 485 00:18:29,775 --> 00:18:31,410 CAPLER GAVE US A GREAT ANSWER TO 486 00:18:31,410 --> 00:18:33,011 THE MILKY WAY. 487 00:18:33,011 --> 00:18:34,446 IT TOLD US THAT PLANETS ARE 488 00:18:34,446 --> 00:18:35,681 EVERYWHERE AND THERE ARE MORE 489 00:18:35,681 --> 00:18:36,281 THAN STARS. 490 00:18:36,281 --> 00:18:37,449 THAT MEANS THAT TESS CAN TAKE 491 00:18:37,449 --> 00:18:38,984 THE NEXT STEP AND DETERMINE 492 00:18:38,984 --> 00:18:42,287 WHERE ARE THE CLOSEST STARS. 493 00:18:42,287 --> 00:18:44,056 BOTH MISSIONS DO THIS THEY 494 00:18:44,056 --> 00:18:45,924 MONITOR THE LIGHT FROM MANY, 495 00:18:45,924 --> 00:18:48,127 MANY THOUSANDS OR MILLIONS OF 496 00:18:48,127 --> 00:18:49,728 STARS ALL AT ONCE AND MEASURING 497 00:18:49,728 --> 00:18:51,063 HOW BRIGHT THE LIGHT IS AND 498 00:18:51,063 --> 00:18:52,664 LOOKING FOR A VERY TINY DIP IN 499 00:18:52,664 --> 00:18:55,267 THE LIGHT CALLED A TRANSIT THAT 500 00:18:55,267 --> 00:18:56,401 HAPPENS AS THE SYSTEM IS 501 00:18:56,401 --> 00:18:58,737 PERFECTLY EYELINED BETWEEN THE 502 00:18:58,737 --> 00:19:00,973 OBSERVER AND THE SUN, THE STAR. 503 00:19:00,973 --> 00:19:03,275 YOU SEE A TINY DIP LIGHT IN THE 504 00:19:03,275 --> 00:19:04,343 STAR CALLED THE TRANSIT. 505 00:19:04,343 --> 00:19:05,577 THE PLANET GOES AROUND AND YOU 506 00:19:05,577 --> 00:19:06,979 DON'T SEE ANYTHING AND THE NEXT 507 00:19:06,979 --> 00:19:09,581 TIME IT COMES AROUND YOU SEE 508 00:19:09,581 --> 00:19:13,652 ANOTHER TRANSIT AND THAT TELLS 509 00:19:13,652 --> 00:19:16,855 YOU THE ORBIT OF THE PLANET AND 510 00:19:16,855 --> 00:19:18,857 YOU CAN TELL HOW FAR AWAY IT IS. 511 00:19:18,857 --> 00:19:21,026 >> YOU HAVE A TO HAVE A PRECISE 512 00:19:21,026 --> 00:19:21,894 ABILITY TO MEASURE THE LIGHT 513 00:19:21,894 --> 00:19:23,729 BECAUSE WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 514 00:19:23,729 --> 00:19:25,030 HUNDREDS OF PARTS PER MILLION 515 00:19:25,030 --> 00:19:26,398 AND ACTUALLY THE SMALLER THE 516 00:19:26,398 --> 00:19:27,432 PLANET THE SMALLER THE DIP. 517 00:19:27,432 --> 00:19:29,401 SO WE ACTUALLY GET SOME 518 00:19:29,401 --> 00:19:30,669 INFORMATION ABOUT THE SIZE OF 519 00:19:30,669 --> 00:19:31,970 THE PLANET JUST BY MEASURING THE 520 00:19:31,970 --> 00:19:33,438 DIP OR TRANSIT. 521 00:19:33,438 --> 00:19:35,340 >> EVERY ONE IS ALWAYS WONDERING 522 00:19:35,340 --> 00:19:36,708 ABOUT POTENTIAL LIFE. 523 00:19:36,708 --> 00:19:39,845 ARE WE LOOKING JUST WITHIN THE 524 00:19:39,845 --> 00:19:41,813 HABITABLE ZONES OR OTHER ONES OR 525 00:19:41,813 --> 00:19:43,782 WHERE PRECISELY ARE WE 526 00:19:43,782 --> 00:19:45,117 CONCENTRATING OUR EFFORTS? 527 00:19:45,117 --> 00:19:46,752 >> SO TESS IS BASICALLY 528 00:19:46,752 --> 00:19:48,820 SEARCHING FOR TRANSITS OF 529 00:19:48,820 --> 00:19:51,123 ANYWHERE BETWEEN LESS THAN A DAY 530 00:19:51,123 --> 00:19:51,456 LENGTH. 531 00:19:51,456 --> 00:19:53,125 SO THOSE ARE REALLY ZIPPING 532 00:19:53,125 --> 00:19:54,927 AROUND THE STAR, VERY, VERY 533 00:19:54,927 --> 00:19:55,928 CLOSE TO THE STAR. 534 00:19:55,928 --> 00:20:03,001 THEY'RE LAVA WORLDS ALL WAY 535 00:20:03,001 --> 00:20:04,536 PLANETS THAT WOULD ORBIT AROUND 536 00:20:04,536 --> 00:20:05,103 SMALL STARS. 537 00:20:05,103 --> 00:20:06,471 THEY MIGHT BE IN THE HABITABLE 538 00:20:06,471 --> 00:20:08,607 ZONE AND THAT's A SPECIAL AREA 539 00:20:08,607 --> 00:20:11,043 NEAR A STAR WHERE THE PLANET 540 00:20:11,043 --> 00:20:13,979 ISN'T TOO HOT AND ALL THE 541 00:20:13,979 --> 00:20:16,415 ATMOSPHERE WOULD BE VAPORIZED OR 542 00:20:16,415 --> 00:20:18,350 BLOWN OFF EITHER AND NOT SO FAR 543 00:20:18,350 --> 00:20:20,719 AWAY THAT ANY LIQUID WATER TO 544 00:20:20,719 --> 00:20:24,856 FREEZE ONTO THE SURFACE. 545 00:20:24,856 --> 00:20:26,892 THAT GOLDIE LOCKS ZONE, NOT TOO 546 00:20:26,892 --> 00:20:29,928 HOT AND NOT TOO COLD BUT JUST 547 00:20:29,928 --> 00:20:31,630 RIGHT FOR LIQUID WATER AND ICE 548 00:20:31,630 --> 00:20:33,865 CAPS TO BE THERE AND VAPORS. 549 00:20:33,865 --> 00:20:35,300 SO TESS WILL FIND ALL KINDS OF 550 00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:37,502 PLANETS AND SOME OF THEM WILL BE 551 00:20:37,502 --> 00:20:41,073 IN THE HA HABITABLE ZONE. 552 00:20:41,073 --> 00:20:43,408 >> NOW IT's TIME TO GET YOUR 553 00:20:43,408 --> 00:20:44,443 QUESTIONS ANSWERED. 554 00:20:44,443 --> 00:20:47,746 LET YOU KNOW USING THE #ASKNASA 555 00:20:47,746 --> 00:20:49,648 OR IF YOU'RE JUST TAOUPING IN 556 00:20:49,648 --> 00:20:51,216 THIS IS NASA SCIENCE LIVE. 557 00:20:51,216 --> 00:20:52,284 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT INTERSTELLAR 558 00:20:52,284 --> 00:20:52,584 SPACE. 559 00:20:52,584 --> 00:20:56,054 I'D LIKE TO INVITE BACK DR. AKI 560 00:20:56,054 --> 00:20:58,757 AND DR. KNICOLE WHO WERE JOINING 561 00:20:58,757 --> 00:21:01,326 US EARLIER. 562 00:21:01,326 --> 00:21:03,095 WE HAVE OUR NASA SCIENTISTS HERE 563 00:21:03,095 --> 00:21:05,430 TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. 564 00:21:05,430 --> 00:21:08,400 SO, I'M GETTING PINGED HERE. 565 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:09,601 SOMEONE IS ASKING, WHICH 566 00:21:09,601 --> 00:21:14,740 EXOPLANETS HAVE WATER? 567 00:21:14,740 --> 00:21:18,010 >> I CAN START. 568 00:21:18,010 --> 00:21:20,045 SO WE KNOW THOUSANDS OF 569 00:21:20,045 --> 00:21:20,879 EXOPLANETS SO FAR. 570 00:21:20,879 --> 00:21:23,215 SOME FROM TESS AND SOME FROM 571 00:21:23,215 --> 00:21:24,816 KEPLER AND SOME FROM OTHER 572 00:21:24,816 --> 00:21:26,251 SURVEYS AND HOW MANY HAVE WATER 573 00:21:26,251 --> 00:21:27,753 IS A GREAT QUESTION. 574 00:21:27,753 --> 00:21:29,121 WE'RE JUST STARTING TO PROBE 575 00:21:29,121 --> 00:21:31,823 THAT USING TELESCOPES LIKE THE 576 00:21:31,823 --> 00:21:33,659 HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE AND THE 577 00:21:33,659 --> 00:21:39,331 JAMES WEBB WHICH SHOULD LAUNCH 578 00:21:39,331 --> 00:21:42,968 IN A FEW YEARS WE IDENTIFIED 579 00:21:42,968 --> 00:21:48,473 WATER IN A LOT OF JUPITER SIZED 580 00:21:48,473 --> 00:21:48,807 PLANETS. 581 00:21:48,807 --> 00:21:51,610 THEY'RE ALL SKWRAOUP ITERS AND 582 00:21:51,610 --> 00:21:53,278 THOSE ARE LARGER PLANETS TOO. 583 00:21:53,278 --> 00:21:55,013 AS OUR TELESCOPES GET BETTER 584 00:21:55,013 --> 00:21:57,549 WE'LL BE DIGGING DOWN CLOSER TO 585 00:21:57,549 --> 00:21:59,418 EARTH SIZED PLANETS AND HOPING 586 00:21:59,418 --> 00:22:04,890 THOSE SMALLER PLANETS WILL GIVE 587 00:22:04,890 --> 00:22:07,993 US SOME SIGNALS? 588 00:22:07,993 --> 00:22:09,127 >> WHERE IS TESS RIGHT NOW? 589 00:22:09,127 --> 00:22:10,495 >> THAT's A GREAT QUESTION. 590 00:22:10,495 --> 00:22:15,067 OR ORBIT IS REALLY VERY ECLIP 591 00:22:15,067 --> 00:22:15,334 CAL. 592 00:22:15,334 --> 00:22:17,736 WE USE THE DSN TO BRING THE DATA 593 00:22:17,736 --> 00:22:20,172 DOWN AND WE JUST COMPLETED OUR 594 00:22:20,172 --> 00:22:22,741 NINTH OBSERVING SECTOR IN THE 595 00:22:22,741 --> 00:22:26,778 SOUTHERN PART OF THE SKY AND 596 00:22:26,778 --> 00:22:28,246 TURNED IT AROUND AS OF THE LAST 597 00:22:28,246 --> 00:22:29,181 DAY OR SO. 598 00:22:29,181 --> 00:22:32,117 SO IT IS ON ITS CLOSER PART OF 599 00:22:32,117 --> 00:22:36,321 ITS ORBIT AND IT's HIGHLY 600 00:22:36,321 --> 00:22:37,589 ELLIPTICAL BUT NEVER GETS 601 00:22:37,589 --> 00:22:39,091 FURTHER THAN THE EARTH THAN THE 602 00:22:39,091 --> 00:22:39,391 MOON. 603 00:22:39,391 --> 00:22:40,359 SO WE'RE VERY, VERY CLOSE 604 00:22:40,359 --> 00:22:42,427 >> THE WAY IT WORKS IT TAKES 605 00:22:42,427 --> 00:22:44,563 LIKE A SLIVER OF THE SKY AT ONE 606 00:22:44,563 --> 00:22:48,567 TIME AND THEN IT BUILDS LIKE A 607 00:22:48,567 --> 00:22:49,434 LARGE PROFILE. 608 00:22:49,434 --> 00:22:52,771 >> IT's GOING TO OBSERVE 85% OF 609 00:22:52,771 --> 00:22:55,374 THE SKY IN SLICES THAT WE CALL 610 00:22:55,374 --> 00:22:58,443 OBSERVING SECTORS AND STAIRS AT 611 00:22:58,443 --> 00:23:01,680 ONE SLICE FOR 27 DAYS STRAIGHT 612 00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:03,148 WITHOUT BLINKING AND SENDS THE 613 00:23:03,148 --> 00:23:04,583 DATA DOWN AND THEN IT WILL TURN 614 00:23:04,583 --> 00:23:05,751 TO THE NEXT. 615 00:23:05,751 --> 00:23:07,185 WHEN WE'RE DONE WITH THE FIRST 616 00:23:07,185 --> 00:23:09,254 YEAR IF YOU WERE TO UNFOLD THAT 617 00:23:09,254 --> 00:23:10,589 YOU WOULD SEE WE HAVE PAINTED 618 00:23:10,589 --> 00:23:15,861 THESE OBSERVING SECTORS ON THE 619 00:23:15,861 --> 00:23:17,662 SOUTHERN PART OF THE SKY. 620 00:23:17,662 --> 00:23:19,297 >> WHAT MAKES EARTH HABITABLE 621 00:23:19,297 --> 00:23:20,932 AND HOW CAN WE TELL IF THE 622 00:23:20,932 --> 00:23:27,005 PLANET COULD SUPPORT LIFE. 623 00:23:27,005 --> 00:23:28,940 >> OKAY. 624 00:23:28,940 --> 00:23:30,842 WELL, AGAIN, I WANT -- IT' 625 00:23:30,842 --> 00:23:32,377 FUNNY I AWAYS WANT TO ANSWER 626 00:23:32,377 --> 00:23:34,212 THESE QUESTIONS WITH STARTING 627 00:23:34,212 --> 00:23:36,882 OFF "WE DON'T KNOW" AND THEN SAY 628 00:23:36,882 --> 00:23:38,583 "WHAT WE DO KNOW." 629 00:23:38,583 --> 00:23:40,485 THE THING ABOUT THE EARTH, THE 630 00:23:40,485 --> 00:23:41,820 EARTHING UNIQUE IN THE SOLAR 631 00:23:41,820 --> 00:23:44,289 SYSTEM AND THE ONLY PLANET THAT 632 00:23:44,289 --> 00:23:52,631 HAS A GLOBAL BY YOS SPHERE AND 633 00:23:52,631 --> 00:23:57,903 THAT IT's CHANGING THE CHEMISTRY 634 00:23:57,903 --> 00:23:59,704 OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 635 00:23:59,704 --> 00:24:02,841 WHAT MAKES EARTH HABITABLE? 636 00:24:02,841 --> 00:24:06,044 LIQUID WATER SEEMS LIKE IT's 637 00:24:06,044 --> 00:24:06,411 REQUIRED. 638 00:24:06,411 --> 00:24:07,279 BUT AS FAR AS THE OTHER THINGS 639 00:24:07,279 --> 00:24:09,147 THAT MIGHT BE NEEDED WE DON'T 640 00:24:09,147 --> 00:24:10,115 REALLY KNOW. 641 00:24:10,115 --> 00:24:17,322 >> BUT WE KNOW IT WOULD MAKE IT 642 00:24:17,322 --> 00:24:17,756 UNINHABITABLE. 643 00:24:17,756 --> 00:24:20,992 IT'S MORE LIKE WE KNOW HOW TO 644 00:24:20,992 --> 00:24:22,027 KILL A PLANT. 645 00:24:22,027 --> 00:24:22,928 BUT FOR ALL THE OTHER THINGS 646 00:24:22,928 --> 00:24:24,496 THAT MIGHT MATTER WE WANT TO 647 00:24:24,496 --> 00:24:26,331 LEARN ABOUT THAT BY STUDYING THE 648 00:24:26,331 --> 00:24:27,999 PLANETS AROUND OTHER STARS. 649 00:24:27,999 --> 00:24:31,136 >> I'M EXCITED TO SEE WHAT TESS 650 00:24:31,136 --> 00:24:33,905 IS GOING TO EXPLORE NEXT. 651 00:24:33,905 --> 00:24:36,842 THESE SKOFRRYES ARE HELPING TO 652 00:24:36,842 --> 00:24:39,144 US UNDERSTAND HOUR PLACE IN THE 653 00:24:39,144 --> 00:24:39,611 COSMO. 654 00:24:39,611 --> 00:24:41,046 I'D LIKE TO INTRODUCE SOMEONE 655 00:24:41,046 --> 00:24:42,948 WHO KNOWS A LOT ABOUT THIS 656 00:24:42,948 --> 00:24:47,219 SUBJECT AND THAT IS DR. THOMAS 657 00:24:47,219 --> 00:24:47,586 ZURBUCHEN. 658 00:24:47,586 --> 00:24:49,287 HE'S ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR 659 00:24:49,287 --> 00:24:50,589 SCIENCE AT NASA. 660 00:24:50,589 --> 00:24:53,558 HELLO, THOMAS AND JUST A BASIC 661 00:24:53,558 --> 00:24:55,160 QUESTION EVEN FOR MY OWN 662 00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:57,362 KNOWLEDGE, WHAT DOES AN 663 00:24:57,362 --> 00:25:00,131 ASSOCIATED ADMINISTRATOR FOR 664 00:25:00,131 --> 00:25:00,732 NASA DO? 665 00:25:00,732 --> 00:25:02,200 >> I WORK TOGETHER WITH AN 666 00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:03,802 AMAZING TEAM WE RUN ALL THESE 667 00:25:03,802 --> 00:25:08,974 SCIENCE MEIGS WE JUST TALKED 668 00:25:08,974 --> 00:25:24,256 ABOUT INCLUDING IT REALLY IS 669 00:25:24,256 --> 00:25:30,996 AMAZING THE BREADTH AND TYPES OF 670 00:25:30,996 --> 00:25:31,530 EXPERIMENTS NASA IS 671 00:25:31,530 --> 00:25:33,899 >> IT REALLY IS AMAZING. 672 00:25:33,899 --> 00:25:36,167 >> I'M HOPING TO COVER A LOT. 673 00:25:36,167 --> 00:25:37,836 I KNOWOU HAVE A SPECIAL GUEST 674 00:25:37,836 --> 00:25:39,404 SO I'LL LET YOU INTRODUCE HER. 675 00:25:39,404 --> 00:25:41,940 >> THIS IS ANNA. 676 00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:42,841 ANNA HUMPHREY. 677 00:25:42,841 --> 00:25:45,777 YOU'RE A SENIOR THERE. 678 00:25:45,777 --> 00:25:46,478 >> YES. 679 00:25:46,478 --> 00:25:47,612 >> REPRESENT THE TITANS. 680 00:25:47,612 --> 00:25:49,080 A TITAN RIGHT HERE. YOU'RE HERE 681 00:25:49,080 --> 00:25:50,415 BECAUSE OF THE AMAZING WORK 682 00:25:50,415 --> 00:25:51,516 YOU'VE DONE OUTSIDE OF THE 683 00:25:51,516 --> 00:25:53,885 CLASSROOM AND YOU'RE A 684 00:25:53,885 --> 00:25:54,286 RESEARCHER. 685 00:25:54,286 --> 00:25:59,324 IN FACT YOU WON AN AWARD. 686 00:25:59,324 --> 00:26:01,793 AND YOU DID RESEARCH ON 687 00:26:01,793 --> 00:26:02,193 EXOPLANETS. 688 00:26:02,193 --> 00:26:03,895 AND JUST TELL US WHAT DID YOU 689 00:26:03,895 --> 00:26:04,195 FIND? 690 00:26:04,195 --> 00:26:06,965 >> YEAH, SO I WAS LOOKING AT 691 00:26:06,965 --> 00:26:07,999 SYSTEMS WHERE WE ALREADY FOUND 692 00:26:07,999 --> 00:26:09,935 MULTIPLE PLANETS AND THE IDEA 693 00:26:09,935 --> 00:26:11,636 WAS, IS IT POSSIBLE THAT WE'RE 694 00:26:11,636 --> 00:26:13,572 MISSING MORE PLANETS IN BETWEEN 695 00:26:13,572 --> 00:26:15,240 THE ONES THAT WE ALREADY FOUND. 696 00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:18,043 WHAT I DID I TOOK AN IMAGINARY 697 00:26:18,043 --> 00:26:21,813 PLANET AND I WANTED TO SEE IF I 698 00:26:21,813 --> 00:26:24,182 COULD SQUEEZE IT BETWEEN 2 WE 699 00:26:24,182 --> 00:26:25,383 ALREADY KNEW ABOUT WITHOUT 700 00:26:25,383 --> 00:26:30,822 DISRUPTING THE OR BITS. 701 00:26:30,822 --> 00:26:32,023 AND THAT DISRUPTION WOULD BE 702 00:26:32,023 --> 00:26:33,124 CALLED BY GRAVITY. 703 00:26:33,124 --> 00:26:34,559 THEY PULL ON EACH OTHER AS WELL. 704 00:26:34,559 --> 00:26:36,194 AND SO I WAS TRYING TO MAKE SURE 705 00:26:36,194 --> 00:26:37,963 THAT PULL WOULDN'T BE SO BIG 706 00:26:37,963 --> 00:26:40,899 THAT IT WOULD CAUSE ORBITAL 707 00:26:40,899 --> 00:26:43,401 PLANETS TO BE EJECTED FROM THE 708 00:26:43,401 --> 00:26:43,735 SYSTEM. 709 00:26:43,735 --> 00:26:46,071 >> ALL THESE PLANETARY SYSTEM IF 710 00:26:46,071 --> 00:26:47,539 YOU PUT ANOTHER ONE IN SOME 711 00:26:47,539 --> 00:26:49,207 PLACES THEY WORK FINE AND SOME 712 00:26:49,207 --> 00:26:53,078 OTHER PLACES WHAT HAPPENS? 713 00:26:53,078 --> 00:26:54,613 >> IF THE PLANET IS TOO LARGE 714 00:26:54,613 --> 00:26:56,414 THEY'LL PULL ON EACH SKPAO CAUSE 715 00:26:56,414 --> 00:26:59,250 PLANETS TO GET EJECTED FROM A 716 00:26:59,250 --> 00:27:00,085 SYSTEM OR COLLIDE. 717 00:27:00,085 --> 00:27:05,824 DO REALLY EXCITING THINGS WE 718 00:27:05,824 --> 00:27:10,895 DON'T WANT. 719 00:27:10,895 --> 00:27:18,069 >> I REMEMBER WHEN I DOING IT I 720 00:27:18,069 --> 00:27:20,138 WAS SITTING IN MY GRANDMOTHER's 721 00:27:20,138 --> 00:27:21,606 HOUSE OVER CHRISTMAS BREAK AND 722 00:27:21,606 --> 00:27:23,174 TRYING TO FIGURE OUT HOW CAN WE 723 00:27:23,174 --> 00:27:29,147 FIGURE OUT IF THERE ARE MORE 724 00:27:29,147 --> 00:27:30,849 PLANETS HERE AND THAT MOMENT 725 00:27:30,849 --> 00:27:31,549 CAME -- 726 00:27:31,549 --> 00:27:35,954 >> YOU'LL NEVER FORGET THAT. 727 00:27:35,954 --> 00:27:37,455 I NEVER FORGOT MY FIRST MOMENT. 728 00:27:37,455 --> 00:27:39,958 >> I HOPE SO TOO. 729 00:27:39,958 --> 00:27:40,959 THAT's MY GOAL. 730 00:27:40,959 --> 00:27:41,559 >> ALL RIGHT. 731 00:27:41,559 --> 00:27:43,194 THANK YOU BOTH FOR JOINING US 732 00:27:43,194 --> 00:27:44,829 AND REALLY THE SPECIAL THING. 733 00:27:44,829 --> 00:27:46,898 I'M SO GLAD THAT NASA HAS ALL 734 00:27:46,898 --> 00:27:51,136 THIS PUBLIC DATA THAT WE'RE 735 00:27:51,136 --> 00:27:56,207 DOING THAT SPECIAL PERSON LIKE 736 00:27:56,207 --> 00:27:57,175 YOU CAN USE IT. 737 00:27:57,175 --> 00:27:59,010 AND I WANT TO THANK ALL OF YOU 738 00:27:59,010 --> 00:28:00,879 FOR JOINING US TODAY WE LOVED 739 00:28:00,879 --> 00:28:02,414 TAKING YOUR QUESTIONS AND 740 00:28:02,414 --> 00:28:03,581 EXPLORING OUR COSMIC 741 00:28:03,581 --> 00:28:04,182 NEIGHBORHOOD TOGETHER. 742 00:28:04,182 --> 00:28:06,317 WE CHOSE TO DO THIS LIVE SO YOU 743 00:28:06,317 --> 00:28:08,019 COULD BECOME A PART OF THE SHOW 744 00:28:08,019 --> 00:28:09,354 AND ASK YOUR QUESTIONS THAT FUEL 745 00:28:09,354 --> 00:28:12,123 YOUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE 746 00:28:12,123 --> 00:28:12,557 UNIVERSE. 747 00:28:12,557 --> 00:28:14,793 PLEASE JOIN US NEXT MONTH WE WE 748 00:28:14,793 --> 00:28:17,028 LOOK AT OUR HOME, EARTH. 749 00:28:17,028 --> 00:28:19,431 AND IN THE MEANWHILE LEARN MORE 750 00:28:19,431 --> 00:28:26,905 BY VISITING 751 00:28:26,905 --> 00:28:31,609 WE'LL SEE YOU NEXT TIME.