1 00:00:41,908 --> 00:00:43,376 >> WHERE DO WE COME FROM? 2 00:00:43,376 --> 00:00:44,794 HOW DOES LIFE EVOLVE? 3 00:00:44,794 --> 00:00:46,863 IS THERE LIFE BEYOND EARTH? 4 00:00:46,863 --> 00:00:48,681 HI, MY NAME IS KELLIE GERARDI. 5 00:00:48,681 --> 00:00:50,884 IF YOU CONSIDERED THESE QUESTIONS BEFORE 6 00:00:50,884 --> 00:00:51,985 YOU ARE IN GOOD COMPANY. 7 00:00:51,985 --> 00:00:54,087 WHILE NO LIFE BEYOND EARTH HAS 8 00:00:54,087 --> 00:00:55,088 BEEN PHYSICALLY FOUND, A 9 00:00:55,088 --> 00:00:57,991 MULTITUDE OF RESEARCH HAS 10 00:00:57,991 --> 00:01:01,094 POINTED TO MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS 11 00:01:01,094 --> 00:01:03,596 LIKE BACTERIA ARCHAEA BEYOND EARTH. 12 00:01:03,596 --> 00:01:04,581 NASA MISSIONS SUCH AS 13 00:01:04,581 --> 00:01:05,432 PERSEVERANCE AND MARS EVEN 14 00:01:05,432 --> 00:01:07,734 MISSIONS THAT ARE EXPLAINED IN 15 00:01:07,734 --> 00:01:09,235 EXTREME PLACE ON EARTH ARE 16 00:01:09,235 --> 00:01:11,237 STARTING TO UNCOVER THE ANSWERS 17 00:01:11,237 --> 00:01:14,124 ASTROBIOLOGISTS ARE SEEKING. 18 00:01:14,124 --> 00:01:15,775 TODAY, WE ARE GOING TO SPEAK TO 19 00:01:15,775 --> 00:01:17,644 EXPLORES WHO HAVE EXTREME 20 00:01:17,644 --> 00:01:19,546 LANDSCAPE AND PROVIDE LANDSCAPE 21 00:01:19,546 --> 00:01:21,564 FOR LIFE BEYOND EARTH, BUT 22 00:01:21,564 --> 00:01:22,882 BEFORE WE HEAR FROM THEM, 23 00:01:22,882 --> 00:01:24,267 LET'S LEARN MORE ABOUT 24 00:01:24,267 --> 00:01:25,852 ASTROBIOLOGY ♪ 25 00:01:25,852 --> 00:01:26,453 ♪ 26 00:01:26,453 --> 00:01:26,953 ♪ 27 00:01:26,953 --> 00:01:27,153 ♪ 28 00:01:27,153 --> 00:01:27,287 ♪ 29 00:01:27,287 --> 00:03:01,915 ♪ 30 00:03:01,915 --> 00:03:03,249 >> I AM SO EXCITED TODAY IN 31 00:03:03,249 --> 00:03:05,451 HONOR OF HISTORY MONTH WE HAVE 32 00:03:05,451 --> 00:03:07,954 ALL FEMALE EPISODE SO I AM HERE 33 00:03:07,954 --> 00:03:10,056 WITH RESEARCH SCIENTIST AT NASA 34 00:03:10,056 --> 00:03:18,464 AMES RESEARCH CENTER AND 35 00:03:18,464 --> 00:03:18,898 DR. JACKIE GOORDIAL, 36 00:03:18,898 --> 00:03:19,499 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGIST, 37 00:03:19,499 --> 00:03:20,366 UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH 38 00:03:20,366 --> 00:03:20,900 DR. DARLENE LIM, RESEARCH 39 00:03:20,900 --> 00:03:21,668 SCIENTIST, NASA AMES. 40 00:03:21,668 --> 00:03:22,769 >> THANKS FOR HAVING US. 41 00:03:22,769 --> 00:03:23,069 >> YEAH. 42 00:03:23,069 --> 00:03:24,771 THIS IS GO GOING TO BE GREAT. 43 00:03:24,771 --> 00:03:26,372 I AM EXCITED. 44 00:03:26,372 --> 00:03:27,273 SO TOP OF COVER. 45 00:03:27,273 --> 00:03:28,575 JUST TO START WITH THE BASICS. 46 00:03:28,575 --> 00:03:29,876 CAN YOU TELL US WHAT IS ASTRO 47 00:03:29,876 --> 00:03:32,278 BIOLOGY. 48 00:03:32,278 --> 00:03:34,380 >> OK. 49 00:03:34,380 --> 00:03:36,182 WAY TO START JUST BY BREAKING 50 00:03:36,182 --> 00:03:39,185 DOWN THE WORD ASTROBIOLOGY. 51 00:03:39,185 --> 00:03:40,987 ASTRO MEANING STAR. 52 00:03:40,987 --> 00:03:44,057 BIOLOGY MEANING THE STUDY OF 53 00:03:44,057 --> 00:03:45,959 LIFE, FOR LIFE. 54 00:03:45,959 --> 00:03:48,661 ASTROBIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF 55 00:03:48,661 --> 00:03:49,662 STAR LIFE. 56 00:03:49,662 --> 00:03:51,664 THE SEARCH FOR LIFE BEYOND THE 57 00:03:51,664 --> 00:03:54,767 PLANET AND BEYOND OUR OWN SOLAR 58 00:03:54,767 --> 00:03:56,869 SYSTEM IN THE UNIVERSE AS LARGE 59 00:03:56,869 --> 00:03:59,072 BUT ASTROBIOLOGY CONCERNS ITSELF 60 00:03:59,072 --> 00:04:00,873 WITH THE ORIGIN OF LIFE ON 61 00:04:00,873 --> 00:04:01,174 EARTH. 62 00:04:01,174 --> 00:04:02,575 HOW DID LIFE START HERE IN THE 63 00:04:02,575 --> 00:04:07,513 FIRST PLACE? 64 00:04:07,513 --> 00:04:08,014 >> AMAZING. 65 00:04:08,014 --> 00:04:09,315 YOU HAVE EXPERIENCE THE FIELD 66 00:04:09,315 --> 00:04:10,817 AND ALSO FIELD RESEARCH. 67 00:04:10,817 --> 00:04:12,518 CAN YOU SHARE THOSE EXPERIENCES? 68 00:04:12,518 --> 00:04:14,020 TELL US WHAT IS A DAY LIKE IN 69 00:04:14,020 --> 00:04:17,323 THE LIFE OF ASTRO BIOLOGIST? 70 00:04:17,323 --> 00:04:19,726 DARLENE, MAYBE WE CAN START WITH 71 00:04:19,726 --> 00:04:20,126 YOU. 72 00:04:20,126 --> 00:04:21,728 >> NEVER A DULL DAY. 73 00:04:21,728 --> 00:04:23,329 IT IS ALWAYS EXCITING. 74 00:04:23,329 --> 00:04:24,631 BOTH JACKIE AVAILABLE THE 75 00:04:24,631 --> 00:04:25,832 PRIVILEGE OF DOING WORK THAT 76 00:04:25,832 --> 00:04:27,433 TAKES US ALL OVER THE WORLD AS 77 00:04:27,433 --> 00:04:28,534 WELL INTO OPTUM LABS AND 78 00:04:28,534 --> 00:04:30,336 DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WHERE WE 79 00:04:30,336 --> 00:04:31,537 HAVE TO DEAL WITH PEOPLE EVERY 80 00:04:31,537 --> 00:04:31,838 DAY. 81 00:04:31,838 --> 00:04:33,339 BUT SOME OF THE PLACES WE DO GET 82 00:04:33,339 --> 00:04:36,042 TO GO TAKE US INTO EXTREME 83 00:04:36,042 --> 00:04:37,844 ENVIRONMENTS I HAVE BEEN WORKING 84 00:04:37,844 --> 00:04:39,345 MOST RECENTLY ACTUAL IN THERE 85 00:04:39,345 --> 00:04:41,347 BIG ISLAND OF HAWAII AS WELL AS 86 00:04:41,347 --> 00:04:42,415 OUT AT SEA. 87 00:04:42,415 --> 00:04:45,118 SO THESE ARE IMAGES FROM RECENT 88 00:04:45,118 --> 00:04:46,419 PLACES WHERE WE WERE ACTUALLY 89 00:04:46,419 --> 00:04:49,422 LOOKING AT LIFE AND VOLCANIC 90 00:04:49,422 --> 00:04:50,123 SETTING. 91 00:04:50,123 --> 00:04:52,125 THIS IS VIDEO FROM A DEEP SEA 92 00:04:52,125 --> 00:04:53,926 EVENT OFF THE COAST WHERE OREGON 93 00:04:53,926 --> 00:04:55,228 AND CALIFORNIA MEET. 94 00:04:55,228 --> 00:04:57,530 HERE WE ARE REMOTELY OPERATED 95 00:04:57,530 --> 00:05:00,133 VEHICLE, A FEW KILOMETERS 96 00:05:00,133 --> 00:05:02,235 UNDERWATER COLLECT WATER AND 97 00:05:02,235 --> 00:05:03,036 ROCK SAMPLES? 98 00:05:03,036 --> 00:05:05,872 WHAT EXAMINES THE CHEMISTRY AND 99 00:05:05,872 --> 00:05:09,575 THE MICROBIAL AND LIVING WITH 100 00:05:09,575 --> 00:05:11,678 THE WATER CHEMISTRY AND WE DO 101 00:05:11,678 --> 00:05:13,579 THAT SO WE CAN UNDERSTAND LIFE 102 00:05:13,579 --> 00:05:15,281 AS IT PERTAINS TO THE 103 00:05:15,281 --> 00:05:16,282 DEVELOPMENT HERE ON EARTH AND 104 00:05:16,282 --> 00:05:18,785 HOW THAT MAY ALSO BE TAKING HOLD 105 00:05:18,785 --> 00:05:20,486 ELSEWHERE ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM 106 00:05:20,486 --> 00:05:21,387 AND BEYOND. 107 00:05:21,387 --> 00:05:24,490 SO PRETTY FUN EVERY SINGLE DAY. 108 00:05:24,490 --> 00:05:25,491 >> THAT IS AMAZING. 109 00:05:25,491 --> 00:05:27,493 LOOKS LIKE A LOT OF SCIENCE. 110 00:05:27,493 --> 00:05:28,895 JACKIE, WHAT ABOUT YOU? 111 00:05:28,895 --> 00:05:29,395 >> YEAH. 112 00:05:29,395 --> 00:05:31,898 I WANT TO FOCUS WHAT THE LAND 113 00:05:31,898 --> 00:05:34,400 SET PRIVILEGE TO GET SEE SOME OF 114 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:36,903 THE WONDERFUL EXTREME SITES ON 115 00:05:36,903 --> 00:05:38,404 OUR OWN PLANET AND A DAY IN THE 116 00:05:38,404 --> 00:05:40,006 FIELD IS VERY BUSY AND IT IS 117 00:05:40,006 --> 00:05:41,607 VERY REWARDING. 118 00:05:41,607 --> 00:05:43,076 AND SO YOU ARE LOOKING AT SOME 119 00:05:43,076 --> 00:05:44,977 PHOTOS HERE OF ONE OF THE 120 00:05:44,977 --> 00:05:48,181 FAVORITE SITES THIS IS A DRIVE 121 00:05:48,181 --> 00:05:51,184 AND IT IS THE COLDEST AND DRIEST 122 00:05:51,184 --> 00:05:53,486 PLACE THAT WE HAVE ON THE PLANET 123 00:05:53,486 --> 00:05:55,388 THAT YOU CAN SEE HERE. 124 00:05:55,388 --> 00:05:57,390 IT KIND OF LOOKS LAKE A BARREN 125 00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:01,394 DESERT WASTELAND, ALMOST. 126 00:06:01,394 --> 00:06:02,495 A CHAIN FIELD IN THE ENVIRONMENT 127 00:06:02,495 --> 00:06:03,730 IS LOOKING AT THE PHOTO HERE. 128 00:06:03,730 --> 00:06:05,631 DRILLING THROUGH PERMAFROST. 129 00:06:05,631 --> 00:06:07,333 THE COLD, FROZEN, YOU KNOW, 130 00:06:07,333 --> 00:06:09,736 ENVIRONMENT TO LOOK AWAY, SO 131 00:06:09,736 --> 00:06:11,938 MAYBE SURVIVING OR EVEN THRIVING 132 00:06:11,938 --> 00:06:14,340 IN THESE COLD AREAS OF SOILS 133 00:06:14,340 --> 00:06:16,042 THIS IS CONSIDERED TO BE REALLY 134 00:06:16,042 --> 00:06:18,845 HIGH FIDELITY ANALOG. 135 00:06:18,845 --> 00:06:20,747 MARS IS REALLY COLD AND DRY 136 00:06:20,747 --> 00:06:23,149 PLANET SO THE WORK WE DO IN THE 137 00:06:23,149 --> 00:06:24,851 ENVIRONMENTS LIKE THIS HELP US 138 00:06:24,851 --> 00:06:29,255 KNOW, YOU KNOW, HOW AND WHERE WE 139 00:06:29,255 --> 00:06:31,958 COULD LOOK FOR LIFE ON OR BODIES 140 00:06:31,958 --> 00:06:32,959 SUCH AS MARS. 141 00:06:32,959 --> 00:06:33,760 >> AMAZING. 142 00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:35,061 >> AND SPEAKING OF LIFE 143 00:06:35,061 --> 00:06:36,863 ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE, WHAT 144 00:06:36,863 --> 00:06:38,664 ARE OTHER WAYS WHICH NAS SAYS 145 00:06:38,664 --> 00:06:40,266 CURRENTLY SEARCHING FOR LIFE 146 00:06:40,266 --> 00:06:41,367 ELSEWHERE? 147 00:06:41,367 --> 00:06:44,036 >> SO, THINK, YOU CAN SORT OF 148 00:06:44,036 --> 00:06:45,638 SPIN NIGHT THREE DIFFERENT 149 00:06:45,638 --> 00:06:46,439 CATEGORIES. 150 00:06:46,439 --> 00:06:47,240 ONE OF THEM AS WE WERE TALKING 151 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:48,941 ABOUT WASS ACTUALLY LOOKING TO 152 00:06:48,941 --> 00:06:52,445 OUR PLANET AS AN EXAMPLE FOR 153 00:06:52,445 --> 00:06:54,046 WHAT COULD HAVE EXISTED IN THE 154 00:06:54,046 --> 00:06:55,848 PATH ON OTHER PLANETS SO WE WILL 155 00:06:55,848 --> 00:06:58,451 GO HIT TO ANALOG AND SEE VIDEO 156 00:06:58,451 --> 00:07:00,953 HERE AGAIN FROM ANOTHER NAN LOG 157 00:07:00,953 --> 00:07:03,589 IN HIDE LO SAN CONDUCT WORK THAT 158 00:07:03,589 --> 00:07:04,891 HELPS US LEARN ABOUT THIS PLANET 159 00:07:04,891 --> 00:07:06,492 AS WELL AS OTHERS THEN THERE ARE 160 00:07:06,492 --> 00:07:08,394 OTHER THINGS SUCH AS MISSIONS, 161 00:07:08,394 --> 00:07:11,998 1:00 SPACEFLIGHT MISSION, GROUND 162 00:07:11,998 --> 00:07:13,699 BASED MISSIONS THAT ARE ALLOWING 163 00:07:13,699 --> 00:07:16,502 US TO OBSERVE AND UNDERSTAND THE 164 00:07:16,502 --> 00:07:19,505 EXTREMITIES OF THE CHEMISTRY AND 165 00:07:19,505 --> 00:07:21,507 HABITABILITY POTENTIAL OF OTHER 166 00:07:21,507 --> 00:07:23,409 SYSTEMS THEN, THERE IS SORT OF A 167 00:07:23,409 --> 00:07:25,411 THIRD BIN GOING UP. 168 00:07:25,411 --> 00:07:26,612 THAT'S THE LABORATORY. 169 00:07:26,612 --> 00:07:28,214 THAT IS WHAT WE CAN MOVE INTO A 170 00:07:28,214 --> 00:07:30,016 CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT DO SOME 171 00:07:30,016 --> 00:07:31,818 SPECIFIC EXPERIMENTS SO WE CAN 172 00:07:31,818 --> 00:07:34,520 REALLY UNDERSTAND HOW LIFE MIGHT 173 00:07:34,520 --> 00:07:36,722 ACTUALLY RESPOND TO POTENTIAL TO 174 00:07:36,722 --> 00:07:38,424 PRO-LIFE RITE AND TAKE HOLD AND 175 00:07:38,424 --> 00:07:40,026 SO FORTH AND HOW IT MAY ACTUALLY 176 00:07:40,026 --> 00:07:42,395 SURVIVE IN THE EXTREME 177 00:07:42,395 --> 00:07:44,897 CONDITIONS OF SPACE AND BEYOND. 178 00:07:44,897 --> 00:07:46,299 >> ALL GREAT EX PEALS. 179 00:07:46,299 --> 00:07:47,500 WE KNOW SO MUCH OF THIS 180 00:07:47,500 --> 00:07:49,402 RESEARCH, ALL SPACE RESEARCH, IN 181 00:07:49,402 --> 00:07:51,304 FACT, STARTS HERE ON EARTH. 182 00:07:51,304 --> 00:07:52,505 IT IMPORTANT FOR US TO LOOK 183 00:07:52,505 --> 00:07:54,207 INWARD WHEN WE'RE LOOKING FOR 184 00:07:54,207 --> 00:07:57,910 LIFE ELSEWHERE IN THE UNIVERSE? 185 00:07:57,910 --> 00:07:58,311 >> YEAH. 186 00:07:58,311 --> 00:07:59,412 THAT IS A GREAT QUESTION. 187 00:07:59,412 --> 00:08:01,314 SO RIGHT NOW, WE KNOW OF ONE 188 00:08:01,314 --> 00:08:04,550 PLACE THAT LIFE EXISTS. 189 00:08:04,550 --> 00:08:07,053 IT IS IN OUR OWN BACKYARD. 190 00:08:07,053 --> 00:08:08,154 IT IS OUR PLANET HERE ON EARTH. 191 00:08:08,154 --> 00:08:09,856 WE KNOW LIFE HAS ORIGINATED HERE 192 00:08:09,856 --> 00:08:10,656 ON EARTH. 193 00:08:10,656 --> 00:08:12,158 THIS IS A GREAT PLACE TO START 194 00:08:12,158 --> 00:08:13,159 LOOKING. 195 00:08:13,159 --> 00:08:15,261 WE LOOK AT EARTH TO LOOK AT, 196 00:08:15,261 --> 00:08:17,363 YOU KNOW, LOOKING AT THE ORIGINS 197 00:08:17,363 --> 00:08:18,064 OF LIFE. 198 00:08:18,064 --> 00:08:20,066 LOOK AT ANALOG ENVIRONMENTS TO 199 00:08:20,066 --> 00:08:21,567 THE OWN EARLY EARTH. 200 00:08:21,567 --> 00:08:24,570 PLACE LIKE THERMAL VENTS AND 201 00:08:24,570 --> 00:08:26,472 ALSO SURFACE ENVIRONMENTS LIKE 202 00:08:26,472 --> 00:08:28,474 HOT SPRINGS AND POTENTIAL 203 00:08:28,474 --> 00:08:30,576 CANDIDATES WE ALSO LOOK TO OUR 204 00:08:30,576 --> 00:08:32,078 OWN PLANET TO UNDERSTAND THE 205 00:08:32,078 --> 00:08:33,579 LIMITS TO LIFE ON ETHER. 206 00:08:33,579 --> 00:08:34,881 WE LOOK IN COLD PLACES TO KNOW 207 00:08:34,881 --> 00:08:36,983 WHAT THE LIMITS OF LIFE ON EARTH 208 00:08:36,983 --> 00:08:37,383 IS. 209 00:08:37,383 --> 00:08:39,785 WHAT IS THE HOT LIMITS OF LIFE. 210 00:08:39,785 --> 00:08:44,457 KNOWING, THE LIFE TO HER ON THE 211 00:08:44,457 --> 00:08:45,858 OWN PLANET WILL HELP US 212 00:08:45,858 --> 00:08:47,560 CONSTRAIN WHERE AND HOW WE LIVE 213 00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:49,662 ON OTHER PLANETARY BODIES. 214 00:08:49,662 --> 00:08:52,265 >> AMAZING. 215 00:08:52,265 --> 00:08:53,866 I KNOW I AM NOT THE ONLY ONE 216 00:08:53,866 --> 00:08:54,567 WITH QUESTIONS. 217 00:08:54,567 --> 00:08:55,968 WE HAVE A LOT OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE 218 00:08:55,968 --> 00:08:57,370 QUESTIONS ANOTHER EXPERT GUESTS 219 00:08:57,370 --> 00:08:58,271 AND WANT TO HEAR THEM. 220 00:08:58,271 --> 00:09:00,072 JOIN THE CONVERSATION, ASK YOUR 221 00:09:00,072 --> 00:09:01,674 QUESTION BY WRITING IN THE 222 00:09:01,674 --> 00:09:03,075 COMMENT BOX WHEREVER YOU ARE 223 00:09:03,075 --> 00:09:06,312 WATCHING THIS OR #ASKNASA ON 224 00:09:06,312 --> 00:09:08,814 SOCIAL MEDIA SO JUMP INTO A 225 00:09:08,814 --> 00:09:09,315 VIEW. 226 00:09:09,315 --> 00:09:11,017 THE FIRST QUESTION IS FROM 227 00:09:11,017 --> 00:09:12,618 TWITTER WHO WANTS TO KNOW WHAT 228 00:09:12,618 --> 00:09:15,121 HAS BEEN YOUR COOLEST DISCOVERY 229 00:09:15,121 --> 00:09:16,522 WHAT IS A DISCOVERY THAT 230 00:09:16,522 --> 00:09:18,124 COVERAGES CAN YOU TO CONTINUE 231 00:09:18,124 --> 00:09:23,529 YOUR RESEARCH? 232 00:09:23,529 --> 00:09:28,034 VIE ONE OFF THE TIP OF MY HEAD. 233 00:09:28,034 --> 00:09:30,036 THAT COLD ENVIRONMENT IS ALSO 234 00:09:30,036 --> 00:09:32,038 THE PLACE OF MY COOLEST 235 00:09:32,038 --> 00:09:35,841 DISCOVERY WHICH IS A SITE ON OUR 236 00:09:35,841 --> 00:09:38,044 OWN PLANET, WHERE WE CANNOT SEEM 237 00:09:38,044 --> 00:09:40,646 TO DETECT ACTIVES LIFE HAPPENING 238 00:09:40,646 --> 00:09:42,715 RIGHT NOW, SO MANY OF YOU KNOW, 239 00:09:42,715 --> 00:09:45,117 MICROORGANISMS EXIST ALMOST 240 00:09:45,117 --> 00:09:46,419 EVERYWHERE ON OUR PLANET. 241 00:09:46,419 --> 00:09:48,020 WE HAVE TO TRY REALLY HARD TO 242 00:09:48,020 --> 00:09:49,622 ACTUALLY GET RID OF THEM. 243 00:09:49,622 --> 00:09:51,724 WE HAVE TO STERILIZE OUR 244 00:09:51,724 --> 00:09:53,225 BOTTLES, ET CETERA. 245 00:09:53,225 --> 00:09:55,428 AND SO, SO THAT, THAT SITE THAT 246 00:09:55,428 --> 00:09:58,331 IS REALLY COLD AND P SITE WAS, 247 00:09:58,331 --> 00:10:00,733 YOU KNOW, THE SITE OF, YOU KNOW, 248 00:10:00,733 --> 00:10:04,136 THE FIRST PERMAFROST ON EARTH. 249 00:10:04,136 --> 00:10:06,739 WE KNEW THERE WERE MICROBES 250 00:10:06,739 --> 00:10:07,740 THERE BECAUSE YOU COULD SEE THEM 251 00:10:07,740 --> 00:10:09,842 WELL THE MICROSCOPE AND SPEAK 252 00:10:09,842 --> 00:10:12,545 THROUGH THE DNA BUT WE COULD NOT 253 00:10:12,545 --> 00:10:14,246 GET ANY HINTS THEY WERE ACTUALLY 254 00:10:14,246 --> 00:10:14,847 ACTIVE. 255 00:10:14,847 --> 00:10:16,248 STEAD IT LOOKED LIKE THEY 256 00:10:16,248 --> 00:10:19,251 PREDOMINANT OR IN A STATE THAT 257 00:10:19,251 --> 00:10:21,354 WAS SIMILAR TO HIBERNATION. 258 00:10:21,354 --> 00:10:23,756 THAT DISCOVERY LED ME ON A WHOLE 259 00:10:23,756 --> 00:10:24,957 RABBIT HOLE OF OTHER 260 00:10:24,957 --> 00:10:26,359 ENVIRONMENTS WHERE 261 00:10:26,359 --> 00:10:28,361 MICROORGANISMS THAT ARE DOMINANT 262 00:10:28,361 --> 00:10:30,563 SEEM TO BE THE NORM RATHER THAN 263 00:10:30,563 --> 00:10:31,063 EXCEPTION. 264 00:10:31,063 --> 00:10:33,065 THAT IS REALLY SINCE THEN THE 265 00:10:33,065 --> 00:10:34,166 DIRECTION THAT THE RESEARCH HAS 266 00:10:34,166 --> 00:10:39,572 BEEN GOING IN. 267 00:10:39,572 --> 00:10:40,773 AMAZING. 268 00:10:40,773 --> 00:10:42,975 DO YOU WANT TO ADD ANYTHING 269 00:10:42,975 --> 00:10:43,576 FIRST OF ALL. 270 00:10:43,576 --> 00:10:48,381 YOU THINK THAT IS FANTASTIC. 271 00:10:48,381 --> 00:10:50,182 SOMETIMES THEY CAN BE GRAND AND 272 00:10:50,182 --> 00:10:51,183 BE NOTICEABLE. 273 00:10:51,183 --> 00:10:53,285 OTHER TIMES, IT IS SORT OF A 274 00:10:53,285 --> 00:10:53,986 PROGRESSION. 275 00:10:53,986 --> 00:10:54,787 S THAT SOMETHING I WANTED TO 276 00:10:54,787 --> 00:10:56,088 HIGHLIGHT FOR THE YOUNGER 277 00:10:56,088 --> 00:10:57,390 VIEWERS OUT THERE. 278 00:10:57,390 --> 00:10:59,792 THAT IS IT DOES TAKE TIME, KNOW, 279 00:10:59,792 --> 00:11:02,595 TO COME TOM THAT MOMENT, AH-HA. 280 00:11:02,595 --> 00:11:04,730 ANOTHER, MY KAY CAREER HAS GONE 281 00:11:04,730 --> 00:11:06,032 FROM STRICTLY LOOKING AT 282 00:11:06,032 --> 00:11:08,134 ASTROBIOLOGY RELATED QUESTIONS 283 00:11:08,134 --> 00:11:09,435 TO NOW MOVING TO SCIENCE 284 00:11:09,435 --> 00:11:11,237 OPERATIONS SOME THAT I WORK ON 285 00:11:11,237 --> 00:11:13,139 ARE ACTUALLY HEAVY AROUND HOW 286 00:11:13,139 --> 00:11:15,141 YOU ORGANIZE PEOPLE SO WE CAN 287 00:11:15,141 --> 00:11:17,243 ACTUALLY INFLUENCE MISSIONS IN 288 00:11:17,243 --> 00:11:17,943 REAL-TIME. 289 00:11:17,943 --> 00:11:19,345 AND SO, AND ACTUALLY IN 290 00:11:19,345 --> 00:11:20,746 CORPORATE SCIENCE INTO THOSE 291 00:11:20,746 --> 00:11:22,548 DECISION MAKINGS. 292 00:11:22,548 --> 00:11:24,050 SO THESE ARE IMAGES OF US 293 00:11:24,050 --> 00:11:26,252 WORKING IN ONE OF THOSE ANALOG 294 00:11:26,252 --> 00:11:27,753 SETTINGS AND HUMAN EXPLORATION 295 00:11:27,753 --> 00:11:30,056 ALONGSIDE AND YOU KNOW, CLOSELY 296 00:11:30,056 --> 00:11:31,357 COUPLED WITH SCIENCE. 297 00:11:31,357 --> 00:11:32,558 HE WE'RE DOING THAT IN 298 00:11:32,558 --> 00:11:33,959 ANTICIPATION OF MISSIONS SUCH AS 299 00:11:33,959 --> 00:11:35,761 ART THE MISSION COMING ON-LINE. 300 00:11:35,761 --> 00:11:37,063 THEN, OF COURSE, LOOKING FORWARD 301 00:11:37,063 --> 00:11:38,564 TO TIME WHEN WE HAVE HUMANS 302 00:11:38,564 --> 00:11:40,466 EXPLORING THE SURFACE OF MARS SO 303 00:11:40,466 --> 00:11:42,835 WE ARE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HO, 304 00:11:42,835 --> 00:11:44,837 HOW DO YOU DESIGN SYSTEMS WHERE 305 00:11:44,837 --> 00:11:46,739 YOU HAVE SITTING ON EARTH AND 306 00:11:46,739 --> 00:11:48,641 INTO THE PRACTICE OF DISCOVERY 307 00:11:48,641 --> 00:11:49,141 AND SCIENCE. 308 00:11:49,141 --> 00:11:51,343 THAT HAS BEEN ITSELF, REALLY 309 00:11:51,343 --> 00:11:53,746 INCREDIBLE THAT DOESN'T LAST FOR 310 00:11:53,746 --> 00:11:55,648 A DECADE. 311 00:11:55,648 --> 00:11:56,749 >> YEAH. 312 00:11:56,749 --> 00:11:57,850 SPEAK OF PROCESS. 313 00:11:57,850 --> 00:11:59,251 I LOVE THIS NEXT QUESTION. 314 00:11:59,251 --> 00:12:01,353 MASON ON FACEBOOK WANTS TO KNOW. 315 00:12:01,353 --> 00:12:03,989 WHAT NASA'S PROTOCOL IF THERE IS 316 00:12:03,989 --> 00:12:04,790 CONFIRMED CONTACT WITH 317 00:12:04,790 --> 00:12:06,292 INTELLIGENT LIFE. 318 00:12:06,292 --> 00:12:14,600 WHO WANTS TO TAKE THIS ONE? 319 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:15,501 >> SO WOW. 320 00:12:15,501 --> 00:12:16,902 THAT IS INTERESTING ONE. 321 00:12:16,902 --> 00:12:19,004 DO NOT SPEAK FOR NASA. 322 00:12:19,004 --> 00:12:20,406 IT IS LOOK LAY PROTOCOL I THINK 323 00:12:20,406 --> 00:12:22,208 A LOT OF DIFFERENT GROUPS HAVE 324 00:12:22,208 --> 00:12:23,709 IDEA ON WHAT THE PROTOCOLS 325 00:12:23,709 --> 00:12:25,111 SHOULD BE. 326 00:12:25,111 --> 00:12:26,812 CERTAINLY BE FRIENDLY BE A GOOD 327 00:12:26,812 --> 00:12:27,713 THING. 328 00:12:27,713 --> 00:12:32,118 YOU KNOW? 329 00:12:32,118 --> 00:12:34,120 SO THE QUESTION TOTALLY HITS THE 330 00:12:34,120 --> 00:12:36,922 NAIL RIGHT ON THE HEAD IN THAT 331 00:12:36,922 --> 00:12:38,724 THERE HAS TO BE PREP RIGS, 332 00:12:38,724 --> 00:12:39,625 READINESS ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY 333 00:12:39,625 --> 00:12:42,328 THAT, YOU KNOW, MAY PREVENT 334 00:12:42,328 --> 00:12:44,396 ITSELF IN THE FEW ARE FUTURE? 335 00:12:44,396 --> 00:12:44,897 >> YEAH. 336 00:12:44,897 --> 00:12:45,598 ABSOLUTELY. 337 00:12:45,598 --> 00:12:47,199 LATER ON IN THIS SERVICE, YOU 338 00:12:47,199 --> 00:12:48,300 ARE WATCHING. 339 00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:50,102 I WILL ASK BOTH OF THEM IF THEY 340 00:12:50,102 --> 00:12:51,504 BELIEVE THERE IS LIFE ON 341 00:12:51,504 --> 00:12:53,005 UNIVERSE SO YOU WILL WANT TO 342 00:12:53,005 --> 00:12:54,707 STAY TUNED TO HEAR THE ANSWERS 343 00:12:54,707 --> 00:12:55,107 LATER. 344 00:12:55,107 --> 00:12:57,109 NEXT A QUESTION FROM FACEBOOK. 345 00:12:57,109 --> 00:13:09,755 WHERE IS THE MOST LOO LIKELY? 346 00:13:09,755 --> 00:13:10,256 >> ACTUALLY. 347 00:13:10,256 --> 00:13:12,258 I THINK MARS IS THE PLANET NEXT 348 00:13:12,258 --> 00:13:14,460 DOOR AND VERY SIMILAR TO EARTH. 349 00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:16,662 BUT SO MARS IS A COLD, DRY 350 00:13:16,662 --> 00:13:18,664 PLANET NOW, BUT IN THE PAST, 351 00:13:18,664 --> 00:13:20,966 MARS WAS A LITTLE BIT WARMER, A 352 00:13:20,966 --> 00:13:22,668 LITTLE ABOUT IT WETTER SHALL A 353 00:13:22,668 --> 00:13:24,470 LOT MORE EARTH-LIKE THAN I THINK 354 00:13:24,470 --> 00:13:26,272 MANY PEOPLE THINK ABOUT, SO I 355 00:13:26,272 --> 00:13:28,374 WOULD SAY THAT THE PLANET NEXT 356 00:13:28,374 --> 00:13:30,476 DOOR IS ONE OF THE MOST MARS 357 00:13:30,476 --> 00:13:31,076 LIKE. 358 00:13:31,076 --> 00:13:32,077 EARTH LIKE. 359 00:13:32,077 --> 00:13:36,582 SORRY. 360 00:13:36,582 --> 00:13:37,983 >> SPEAKING OF EARTH-LIKE 361 00:13:37,983 --> 00:13:40,886 CONDITIONS, ON FACEBOOK WANTS TO 362 00:13:40,886 --> 00:13:42,955 HEAR ABOUT CONDITIONS ON 363 00:13:42,955 --> 00:13:45,057 ANTARCTICA, ANY STRIVING LIFE 364 00:13:45,057 --> 00:13:46,258 FORMS THAT EXISTING IN THOSE 365 00:13:46,258 --> 00:13:53,265 CONDITIONS? 366 00:13:53,265 --> 00:13:54,767 >> SO IN THAT DESERT IN THE 367 00:13:54,767 --> 00:13:58,170 VALLEYS, THE MICROORGANISMS ARE 368 00:13:58,170 --> 00:13:59,872 REALLY THE STAR OF THE SHOW. 369 00:13:59,872 --> 00:14:01,574 THERE IS NOT BIRDS. 370 00:14:01,574 --> 00:14:03,375 BIRDS FLY THROUGH THE AREA. 371 00:14:03,375 --> 00:14:04,810 THERE ARE NO MOSS. 372 00:14:04,810 --> 00:14:06,312 NO PLANTS. 373 00:14:06,312 --> 00:14:09,315 MICROORGANISMS ARE THE ONLY LIFE 374 00:14:09,315 --> 00:14:09,915 PRESENT. 375 00:14:09,915 --> 00:14:12,418 ONE OF THE COOLEST LIFE FORMS IN 376 00:14:12,418 --> 00:14:15,621 THIS AREA ARE ORGANISMS CALLED 377 00:14:15,621 --> 00:14:18,224 CRYPTO, SO BREAK DOWN, THE WORD 378 00:14:18,224 --> 00:14:20,726 CRYPTO MEANS HIDDEN, ENDO MEANS 379 00:14:20,726 --> 00:14:21,727 WITHIN. 380 00:14:21,727 --> 00:14:22,428 IT MEANS ROCK. 381 00:14:22,428 --> 00:14:24,730 THAT IS LIFE, THAT IS HIDDEN IN 382 00:14:24,730 --> 00:14:26,932 SPITE OF THE ROCK, YOU CANNOT 383 00:14:26,932 --> 00:14:27,533 SEE IT FROM THE OUTSIDE. 384 00:14:27,533 --> 00:14:29,835 YOU CAN WALK PAST THE ROCKS 385 00:14:29,835 --> 00:14:31,537 WOULD YOU NEVER KNOW IT IS 386 00:14:31,537 --> 00:14:32,638 TEAMING WITH LIFE. 387 00:14:32,638 --> 00:14:34,740 IF YOU STAKE HAMMER. 388 00:14:34,740 --> 00:14:35,541 CRACK IT OPEN. 389 00:14:35,541 --> 00:14:38,444 YOU WOULD SPEAK BRIGHT GREEN OF 390 00:14:38,444 --> 00:14:40,446 PHOTO SYNTHETIC ORGANISMS THAT 391 00:14:40,446 --> 00:14:42,448 ARE USING ENERGY THE SUN TO 392 00:14:42,448 --> 00:14:46,619 PHOTOSYNTHESIZE AND SUPPORT 393 00:14:46,619 --> 00:14:47,620 ENTIRE COMMUNITIES OF 394 00:14:47,620 --> 00:14:50,022 MICROORGANISMS THAT WHAT IS WHAT 395 00:14:50,022 --> 00:14:51,624 THE PHOTO IS, CRACK OPEN ONE OF 396 00:14:51,624 --> 00:14:53,626 THE ROCKS TO FIND THE LIFE THAT 397 00:14:53,626 --> 00:14:56,929 IS TEAMING INSIDE. 398 00:14:56,929 --> 00:14:57,630 >> AMAZING. 399 00:14:57,630 --> 00:14:58,931 REMEMBER YOU CAN JOIN THE 400 00:14:58,931 --> 00:15:00,332 CONVERSATION, TOO, ASK YOUR 401 00:15:00,332 --> 00:15:01,634 QUESTION BY WRITING IN THE 402 00:15:01,634 --> 00:15:03,636 COMMENT BOX WHEREVER ARE 403 00:15:03,636 --> 00:15:05,971 WATCHING OR USE THE HASHTAG ASK 404 00:15:05,971 --> 00:15:08,274 NASA ON SOCIAL MEDIA. 405 00:15:08,274 --> 00:15:11,277 WE'LL BE RIGHT BACK. 406 00:15:11,277 --> 00:15:12,578 FIRST, LET'S TAKE LOOK AT THE 407 00:15:12,578 --> 00:15:14,580 OTHER WAYS NASA EXPLORERS ARE 408 00:15:14,580 --> 00:15:16,782 VENTURING FOR SCIENCE. 409 00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:17,383 >> HI. 410 00:15:17,383 --> 00:15:20,486 I AM MORGAN, NASA SCIENTISTS. 411 00:15:20,486 --> 00:15:21,887 MORGAN. 412 00:15:21,887 --> 00:15:23,489 SHE IS PROBABLY ONE OF NASA'S 413 00:15:23,489 --> 00:15:25,791 BEST PEOPLE FOR EXPLORING OUR 414 00:15:25,791 --> 00:15:28,294 SOLAR SYSTEM'S ICY MOON. 415 00:15:28,294 --> 00:15:29,595 >> A FASCINATING PLACE. 416 00:15:29,595 --> 00:15:31,797 IT HAS LIQUID WATER OCEAN THAT 417 00:15:31,797 --> 00:15:33,299 IS ABOUT THREE TIMES THE VOLUME 418 00:15:33,299 --> 00:15:35,100 OF ALL OF EARTH'S OCEANS 419 00:15:35,100 --> 00:15:37,002 COMBINED! BIND THAT IS A LOFT 420 00:15:37,002 --> 00:15:37,503 WATER. 421 00:15:37,503 --> 00:15:39,905 WELL, IT IS NOT THE ONLY ICY 422 00:15:39,905 --> 00:15:42,975 MOON IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 423 00:15:42,975 --> 00:15:45,477 NASA IDENTIFIED IT AS ONE OF THE 424 00:15:45,477 --> 00:15:47,079 PLACES WITH KEY POTENTIAL. 425 00:15:47,079 --> 00:15:49,381 MORGAN IS COLLABORATOR ON THE 426 00:15:49,381 --> 00:15:52,484 MAPPING IMAGERY AND INSTRUMENT 427 00:15:52,484 --> 00:15:55,487 SELECTED FOR CLIP ARE THE NEXT 428 00:15:55,487 --> 00:15:57,890 MISSION TO JUPITER'S ICY MOON. 429 00:15:57,890 --> 00:15:59,591 SHE IS PREPARING FUTURE NASA 430 00:15:59,591 --> 00:16:02,094 MISSIONS ON THE SURFACE OF ALIEN 431 00:16:02,094 --> 00:16:11,136 WORLD IN 2018, MORGAN AND 432 00:16:11,136 --> 00:16:13,339 COLLEAGUE FRIENDS FIELD STUDYING 433 00:16:13,339 --> 00:16:15,040 FRESH LAVA. 434 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:16,742 THE EARTH, IT TURNS OUT, HAS A 435 00:16:16,742 --> 00:16:18,944 LOT OF ANALOG ENVIRONMENTS , 436 00:16:18,944 --> 00:16:20,746 PLACE THAT ARE SIMILAR ENOUGH TO 437 00:16:20,746 --> 00:16:22,247 SOME OF THE OTHER WORLDS, THAT 438 00:16:22,247 --> 00:16:24,750 WE CAN CONDUCT IN PETS, WE CAN 439 00:16:24,750 --> 00:16:27,152 DO SOME ANALYSIS HERE, AND NOW 440 00:16:27,152 --> 00:16:28,854 THEY ARE NOT PERFECT, OF COURSE. 441 00:16:28,854 --> 00:16:31,557 THEY ARE NOT EXACTLY IT, WE CAN 442 00:16:31,557 --> 00:16:34,460 LEARN A LOT BY TESTING IN THESE 443 00:16:34,460 --> 00:16:37,062 ENVIRONMENTS SOMEPLACE INCLUDE 444 00:16:37,062 --> 00:16:39,365 ANTARCTICA, THE ARCTIC CIRCLE, 445 00:16:39,365 --> 00:16:41,467 BUT A LOT OF OTHER PLACES TOO, 446 00:16:41,467 --> 00:16:43,836 ALASKA, GREENLAND, ICELAND. 447 00:16:43,836 --> 00:16:44,937 ANY PLACE WHERE YOU HAVE A LOT 448 00:16:44,937 --> 00:16:47,239 OF ICE. 449 00:16:47,239 --> 00:16:49,241 A LOT OF ICE. 450 00:16:49,241 --> 00:16:51,143 GENTLEMEN 23409 FOUND LIFE 451 00:16:51,143 --> 00:16:52,945 BEYOND EARTH YET. 452 00:16:52,945 --> 00:16:55,247 FIRST, INDICATE IT COULD BE 453 00:16:55,247 --> 00:16:58,150 MICROBIAL LIFE. 454 00:16:58,150 --> 00:17:00,753 MORGAN MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO BOTH 455 00:17:00,753 --> 00:17:02,454 APPRECIATE THE LIFE WE HAVE HERE 456 00:17:02,454 --> 00:17:05,691 ON EARTH AND SEE LIFE IN OUR 457 00:17:05,691 --> 00:17:07,092 SOLAR SYSTEM YET TO BE 458 00:17:07,092 --> 00:17:20,005 DISCOVERED. 459 00:17:20,005 --> 00:17:20,606 >> SUM. 460 00:17:20,606 --> 00:17:21,507 I AM WONDERING HOW DID YOU GET 461 00:17:21,507 --> 00:17:22,808 IN ARE STARTED? 462 00:17:22,808 --> 00:17:25,010 WHAT INSPIRED TO YOU PURSUE THE 463 00:17:25,010 --> 00:17:26,512 FIELD OF RESEARCH? 464 00:17:26,512 --> 00:17:29,314 DARLENE LIM, MAYBE WE CAN 465 00:17:29,314 --> 00:17:29,815 >> OK. 466 00:17:29,815 --> 00:17:30,816 THANK YOU FOR YOUR QUESTION. 467 00:17:30,816 --> 00:17:32,217 REALLY I HAVE TO SHOW MY 468 00:17:32,217 --> 00:17:33,719 GRATITUDE SO MANY OTHER WOMEN 469 00:17:33,719 --> 00:17:36,221 AND MEN MIN LIFE THAT HAVE BEEN 470 00:17:36,221 --> 00:17:37,923 GRACIOUS, GENEROUS, IN BRIDGE ME 471 00:17:37,923 --> 00:17:39,425 INTO THE WORLD, AND NOON THE 472 00:17:39,425 --> 00:17:41,026 PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITY THAT ARE 473 00:17:41,026 --> 00:17:43,395 NOW A PART OF, ALSO FOR SHARING 474 00:17:43,395 --> 00:17:44,797 THEIR KNOWLEDGE WITH ME, WHEN I 475 00:17:44,797 --> 00:17:46,899 WAS YOUNGER, THEN NURTURING MY 476 00:17:46,899 --> 00:17:48,100 CAREER AS IT WENT. 477 00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:49,501 THEN I LOOK FURTHER BACK IN 478 00:17:49,501 --> 00:17:50,102 TIME. 479 00:17:50,102 --> 00:17:51,603 HAVE A LOT OF GRATITUDE TO MY 480 00:17:51,603 --> 00:17:54,206 PARENTS WHO ARE IMMIGRANTS TO 481 00:17:54,206 --> 00:17:56,108 DAN WHO WANTED TO EMBRACE THE 482 00:17:56,108 --> 00:17:57,709 NEW COUNTRY THEY JUST COME TO. 483 00:17:57,709 --> 00:18:00,412 WE SPENT A LOT OF TIME FISHING, 484 00:18:00,412 --> 00:18:02,815 CAMPING EXPLORING OUTDOORS, AND 485 00:18:02,815 --> 00:18:04,349 YOU NEED A LOVE FOR OBSERVATION, 486 00:18:04,349 --> 00:18:07,152 FOR THE NATURAL WORLD AROUND ME. 487 00:18:07,152 --> 00:18:09,455 THEN, THAT STAYED WITH KNOW THIS 488 00:18:09,455 --> 00:18:11,457 DAY AND WHAT I MADE A CAREER OUT 489 00:18:11,457 --> 00:18:11,957 OF. 490 00:18:11,957 --> 00:18:13,759 I FEEL FORTUNATE IN THAT HAVE 491 00:18:13,759 --> 00:18:15,761 MOVED IN THAT DIRECTION AND HAVE 492 00:18:15,761 --> 00:18:21,967 THE LIGHT OF THE PACK. 493 00:18:21,967 --> 00:18:22,868 >> YEAH. 494 00:18:22,868 --> 00:18:23,135 WHAT YOU? 495 00:18:23,135 --> 00:18:23,335 YEAH. 496 00:18:23,335 --> 00:18:25,971 WOULD SAY THE PATH IN BIOLOGY IS 497 00:18:25,971 --> 00:18:27,172 SIMILAR TO DARLENE. 498 00:18:27,172 --> 00:18:28,574 I WAS REALLY, REALLY LUCKY 499 00:18:28,574 --> 00:18:30,375 ENOUGH TO HAVE GREAT MENTORS. 500 00:18:30,375 --> 00:18:31,677 I ACTUALLY DIDN'T KNOW THE FIELD 501 00:18:31,677 --> 00:18:34,279 OF ASTRO BIOLOGY EXISTED UNTIL I 502 00:18:34,279 --> 00:18:36,482 WAS UNDERGRAD DATE AND THERE 503 00:18:36,482 --> 00:18:39,084 WERE NO ASTROBIOLOGY COURSES AT 504 00:18:39,084 --> 00:18:39,685 MY SCHOOL. 505 00:18:39,685 --> 00:18:41,687 I WAS NOT UNTIL I HAPPENED TO BE 506 00:18:41,687 --> 00:18:44,456 DOING RESEARCH THAT YOU KNOW, 507 00:18:44,456 --> 00:18:47,259 MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH IN 508 00:18:47,259 --> 00:18:48,961 ENVIRONMENT THEN I HAD A MENTOR 509 00:18:48,961 --> 00:18:51,663 WHO WAS VERY INTO ASTROBIOLOGY 510 00:18:51,663 --> 00:18:53,665 AND THESE MENTORS REALLY GUIDED 511 00:18:53,665 --> 00:18:55,567 ME AND PRODUCED ME TO THIS FIELD 512 00:18:55,567 --> 00:18:57,469 AND I QUICKLY FELL IN LOVE WITH 513 00:18:57,469 --> 00:18:57,769 IT. 514 00:18:57,769 --> 00:19:00,973 TO BE IN IT EVERY SENSE. 515 00:19:00,973 --> 00:19:03,075 >> WELL, I AM SO EXCITED FOR ALL 516 00:19:03,075 --> 00:19:04,409 OF THE FOLKS WHO WILL COME 517 00:19:04,409 --> 00:19:06,011 BEHIND YOU AND REALLY EXCITING 518 00:19:06,011 --> 00:19:06,612 FIELD. 519 00:19:06,612 --> 00:19:08,013 SO BEFORE WE GET INTO EVERYONE 520 00:19:08,013 --> 00:19:10,516 ELSE'S QUESTIONS, I HAVE ABOUT O 521 00:19:10,516 --> 00:19:12,217 HAVE TO ASK, DO YOU EACH BELIEVE 522 00:19:12,217 --> 00:19:14,520 THAT LIFE EXIST ELSEWHERE IN THE 523 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:15,320 UNIVERSE? 524 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:17,122 I WILL HAVE TO PUT YOU ON THE 525 00:19:17,122 --> 00:19:17,823 SPOT. 526 00:19:17,823 --> 00:19:18,924 YEAH. 527 00:19:18,924 --> 00:19:19,324 >> YEAH. 528 00:19:19,324 --> 00:19:21,126 I THINK. 529 00:19:21,126 --> 00:19:25,531 YES. 530 00:19:25,531 --> 00:19:27,232 IT IS A LOT OF ACTIVE RIGHT NOW 531 00:19:27,232 --> 00:19:29,334 TO TRY MAKE SURE WE GO OUT ANTES 532 00:19:29,334 --> 00:19:31,637 THE HYPOTHESIS, NEAR FIELD, 533 00:19:31,637 --> 00:19:34,039 FAIRFIELD, EXCITING TIME TO BE 534 00:19:34,039 --> 00:19:37,042 INSIDE IN ASTROBIOLOGY. 535 00:19:37,042 --> 00:19:37,442 >> AMAZING. 536 00:19:37,442 --> 00:19:41,046 OK. 537 00:19:41,046 --> 00:19:41,747 >> OK. 538 00:19:41,747 --> 00:19:43,815 THE FIRST ONE IS ON FACEBOOK WHO 539 00:19:43,815 --> 00:19:45,918 ASKS: HOW MUCH OPTIMISM IS 540 00:19:45,918 --> 00:19:47,519 THERE ABOUT LIFE ON MAR 541 00:19:47,519 --> 00:19:57,129 SPECIFICALLY? 542 00:19:57,129 --> 00:19:58,130 >> THAT IS A GOOD QUESTION. 543 00:19:58,130 --> 00:19:59,831 THE FACT WE HAVE SO MANY 544 00:19:59,831 --> 00:20:01,433 MISSIONS CURRENTLY OPERATE ON 545 00:20:01,433 --> 00:20:03,635 MARS, THAT HAVE OPERATED ON 546 00:20:03,635 --> 00:20:05,637 MARS, AND DID STARTED OPERATING 547 00:20:05,637 --> 00:20:07,940 ON MARS SHOULD GIVE AS TO THE 548 00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:10,042 AMOUNT OF ENTHUSIASM, AND GIANT 549 00:20:10,042 --> 00:20:12,844 MOTIVATION THAT, YOU KNOW, IT IS 550 00:20:12,844 --> 00:20:14,146 JUST PERMEATING THROUGHOUT THE 551 00:20:14,146 --> 00:20:15,147 COMMUNITY. 552 00:20:15,147 --> 00:20:16,648 IT IS VERY EXCITING LANDSCAPE TO 553 00:20:16,648 --> 00:20:18,550 EXPLORE, A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE 554 00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:19,651 ALSO THOUGHT ABOUT THIS 555 00:20:19,651 --> 00:20:22,054 LANDSCAPE ON MARS, THROUGH THE 556 00:20:22,054 --> 00:20:24,056 LENS OF ANALOG WORK ON EAR, SOB 557 00:20:24,056 --> 00:20:25,657 THERE IS, YOU KNOW, A LOT OF 558 00:20:25,657 --> 00:20:26,959 RESEARCHING THAT HAS BEEN DONE, 559 00:20:26,959 --> 00:20:28,660 TO GET US TO THIS PARTICULAR 560 00:20:28,660 --> 00:20:29,561 MOMENT IN TIME. 561 00:20:29,561 --> 00:20:32,164 THINK WE ARE SEEING A LOT OF 562 00:20:32,164 --> 00:20:34,566 ENTHUSIASM AROUND CAPITALIZING 563 00:20:34,566 --> 00:20:36,068 ON AL THE KNOWLEDGE TO CASH IT 564 00:20:36,068 --> 00:20:37,769 THEN TRYING TO GO FORWARD WHERE 565 00:20:37,769 --> 00:20:37,970 FROM. 566 00:20:37,970 --> 00:20:38,570 YEAH. 567 00:20:38,570 --> 00:20:40,172 THINK THE ANSWER IS GOOD TIME TO 568 00:20:40,172 --> 00:20:44,776 BE IN THE FIELD. 569 00:20:44,776 --> 00:20:46,278 >> SURE. 570 00:20:46,278 --> 00:20:48,680 PATRICK WANTS TO HEAR MORE. 571 00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:50,782 DO YOU THINK WE WILL FIND LIFE 572 00:20:50,782 --> 00:21:00,092 THAT DOESN'T LIQUID WATER? 573 00:21:00,092 --> 00:21:01,093 >> THAT IS A GREAT QUESTION. 574 00:21:01,093 --> 00:21:04,196 WE HAVE ASTROBIOLOGY WHICH THERE 575 00:21:04,196 --> 00:21:06,732 ARE LIKE LAKES OF HYDROCARBONS 576 00:21:06,732 --> 00:21:08,033 COULD THERE BE LIFE ON A PLACE 577 00:21:08,033 --> 00:21:10,235 LIKE TITAN THAT USES ANOTHER 578 00:21:10,235 --> 00:21:12,137 SOLVENT, YOU KNOW, INSTEAD OF 579 00:21:12,137 --> 00:21:14,940 WATER, HYDROCARBON, YOU KNOW, 580 00:21:14,940 --> 00:21:16,041 THESE ARE QUESTIONS THAT 581 00:21:16,041 --> 00:21:18,143 ASTROBIOLOGISTS ARE ASKING IN A 582 00:21:18,143 --> 00:21:20,345 THINK, YOU OH, MANY THINGS ARE 583 00:21:20,345 --> 00:21:22,147 UPPING THEIR GAME. 584 00:21:22,147 --> 00:21:23,248 BUT AS OF RIGHT NOW. 585 00:21:23,248 --> 00:21:25,651 WE DON'T KNOW IF ANY OF THESE 586 00:21:25,651 --> 00:21:26,652 LIFE FORMS, OF COURSE. 587 00:21:26,652 --> 00:21:27,152 YEAH. 588 00:21:27,152 --> 00:21:28,654 ABSOLUTELY. 589 00:21:28,654 --> 00:21:30,555 >> WELL, ON FACEBOOK WANTS TO 590 00:21:30,555 --> 00:21:31,857 KNOW WHERE DO YOU THINKS THE 591 00:21:31,857 --> 00:21:33,158 BEST CANDIDATE FOR EXTRA 592 00:21:33,158 --> 00:21:35,460 TERRESTRIAL LIFE? 593 00:21:35,460 --> 00:21:37,362 >> I THINK WE CAN CONSIDER IT 594 00:21:37,362 --> 00:21:38,463 WITHIN THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND YOU 595 00:21:38,463 --> 00:21:39,665 ARE LOOKING TO ANSWER THE 596 00:21:39,665 --> 00:21:41,566 QUESTION FROM AN EXISTING, YOU 597 00:21:41,566 --> 00:21:44,036 KNOW, LIFE FORM PERSPECTIVE, 598 00:21:44,036 --> 00:21:45,437 THAT I WOULD GO TO GO TO THE 599 00:21:45,437 --> 00:21:46,338 OCEAN WORLDS THAT WERE EXCITED 600 00:21:46,338 --> 00:21:50,642 ABOUT, EUROPA, AS AN EXAMPLE. 601 00:21:50,642 --> 00:21:52,944 I THINK, YOU KNOW, AGAIN, WHEN 602 00:21:52,944 --> 00:21:55,247 WE BUY THE PREVIOUS QUESTION. 603 00:21:55,247 --> 00:21:56,148 THE ENTHUSIASM IN THE 604 00:21:56,148 --> 00:21:56,848 MOTIVATION. 605 00:21:56,848 --> 00:21:58,850 SO MUCH DATA BUILT UP AND WE 606 00:21:58,850 --> 00:22:00,252 HAVE OTHER FLIGHT MISSIONS THAT 607 00:22:00,252 --> 00:22:03,855 HAVE GONE FOR EXAMPLE, THERE IS 608 00:22:03,855 --> 00:22:05,891 GENERATING DATA THAT GIVES AS 609 00:22:05,891 --> 00:22:07,492 YOU BETTER SENSE OF HOW TO 610 00:22:07,492 --> 00:22:09,094 STRATEGIZE AND GET OURSELVES 611 00:22:09,094 --> 00:22:10,195 READY FOR MISSIONS THAT WILL 612 00:22:10,195 --> 00:22:12,698 TAKE US INTO, YOU OH, INTO THESE 613 00:22:12,698 --> 00:22:14,299 ENVIRONMENTS AND THEN ALLOW US 614 00:22:14,299 --> 00:22:17,903 TO INTERROGATE PROPERLY SO LOOK. 615 00:22:17,903 --> 00:22:18,303 YES. 616 00:22:18,303 --> 00:22:19,905 THERE IS LIFE THAT IS EXPECTING 617 00:22:19,905 --> 00:22:21,006 IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM RIGHT NOW 618 00:22:21,006 --> 00:22:23,008 BEYOND OUR OWN PLANET. 619 00:22:23,008 --> 00:22:24,710 >> SO I KNOW BOTH OF YOU ARE 620 00:22:24,710 --> 00:22:26,111 PROFESSIONALS AND EXPERTS IN THE 621 00:22:26,111 --> 00:22:26,611 FIELD. 622 00:22:26,611 --> 00:22:29,014 BUZZ ANYONE ON TWITTER WANTS TO 623 00:22:29,014 --> 00:22:30,515 KNOW DO YOU HAVE EXAMPLES OF A 624 00:22:30,515 --> 00:22:31,817 SCIENCE WHERE YOU MADE A 625 00:22:31,817 --> 00:22:33,418 MISTAKE, SOMETHING YOU CAN LAUGH 626 00:22:33,418 --> 00:22:44,596 ABOUT NOW? 627 00:22:44,596 --> 00:22:46,998 >> I MEAN SO MANY, I CANNOT EVEN 628 00:22:46,998 --> 00:22:47,499 COUNT. 629 00:22:47,499 --> 00:22:48,100 >> RIGHT. 630 00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:53,105 NI? 631 00:22:53,105 --> 00:22:55,907 I HAVE MADE OF MISLABELING 632 00:22:55,907 --> 00:22:57,909 SOMETHING OR MAKING RECALCULATE 633 00:22:57,909 --> 00:23:00,912 FOR FORGETTING TO KARA ZERO AND 634 00:23:00,912 --> 00:23:03,115 SCREWING UP AN EXPERIMENT. 635 00:23:03,115 --> 00:23:05,050 THERE ARE FAILS LIKE, LIKE ONE 636 00:23:05,050 --> 00:23:06,852 TIME, WE HAD FREEZER THAT BROKE 637 00:23:06,852 --> 00:23:10,255 DOWN ON LONG WEEKEND, SO NO ONE 638 00:23:10,255 --> 00:23:11,556 WAS AROUND TO HEAR THE FREEZER 639 00:23:11,556 --> 00:23:12,958 ALARMS GOING OFF. 640 00:23:12,958 --> 00:23:14,659 WE LOST PRECIOUS SAMPLES AND 641 00:23:14,659 --> 00:23:16,061 DEVASTATING AT THINK TIME. 642 00:23:16,061 --> 00:23:18,363 NOW, YOU KNOW, IT IS LAUGHABLE. 643 00:23:18,363 --> 00:23:20,265 WAS NOT A HUGE HUGE FEEL IN THE 644 00:23:20,265 --> 00:23:28,874 GRAND SCHEME OF THINGS. 645 00:23:28,874 --> 00:23:30,075 >> JUST COME BACK TO THE JOB WE 646 00:23:30,075 --> 00:23:30,475 DO. 647 00:23:30,475 --> 00:23:32,577 WE WORK IN ANALOG ENVIRONMENTS 648 00:23:32,577 --> 00:23:33,779 AND WE'RE HERE ON EARTH. 649 00:23:33,779 --> 00:23:34,880 HE WE'RE STUDYING THE EARTH, 650 00:23:34,880 --> 00:23:39,284 THEN ANTICIPATING STUDY OTHER 651 00:23:39,284 --> 00:23:40,685 SYMPTOM WHEN WE WORK ON EARTH, 652 00:23:40,685 --> 00:23:42,587 WE ARE AFFORDED THE ABILITY TO 653 00:23:42,587 --> 00:23:44,356 MAKE MISTAKES AND MISTAKES THAT 654 00:23:44,356 --> 00:23:46,558 ARE FAR MORE COSTLY AND 655 00:23:46,558 --> 00:23:48,560 IMPACTFUL IF YOU MAKE THEM IN A 656 00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:50,662 SINGULAR FLIGHT MISSION TO 657 00:23:50,662 --> 00:23:51,563 EUROPA. 658 00:23:51,563 --> 00:23:53,265 MISTAKES ARE PART OF THE JOB. 659 00:23:53,265 --> 00:23:55,367 YOU HAVE TO LIVE WITH IT. 660 00:23:55,367 --> 00:23:57,068 BACK THAT COMES ANXIETY. 661 00:23:57,068 --> 00:23:58,870 SO YOU KNOW A, AGAIN FOR ALL THE 662 00:23:58,870 --> 00:24:00,272 YOUNGER LISTENERS TROUTS. 663 00:24:00,272 --> 00:24:01,873 KNOWING YOU WILL MAKE MISTAKES. 664 00:24:01,873 --> 00:24:03,074 YOU HAVE TO MAKE MISTAKES IN 665 00:24:03,074 --> 00:24:05,710 ORDER TO LAYER ON UNDERSTAND AND 666 00:24:05,710 --> 00:24:07,312 HOW TO MOVE THROUGH THINGS 667 00:24:07,312 --> 00:24:07,913 BETTER. 668 00:24:07,913 --> 00:24:09,014 THAT IS PART OF THE PROGRAM AND 669 00:24:09,014 --> 00:24:11,116 ANXIETY MEANS THAT YOU CARE. 670 00:24:11,116 --> 00:24:12,918 YOU CARE AND INTENSELY. 671 00:24:12,918 --> 00:24:14,820 SO IT REALLY IS BAKED INTO THE 672 00:24:14,820 --> 00:24:16,421 PROFESSION, IF YOU WILT, TO MAKE 673 00:24:16,421 --> 00:24:18,223 MISTAKES AND HAVE A LITTLE 674 00:24:18,223 --> 00:24:19,724 ANXIOUSNESS ABOUT THE WHOLE 675 00:24:19,724 --> 00:24:20,125 THING. 676 00:24:20,125 --> 00:24:22,327 >> WELL, SAID. 677 00:24:22,327 --> 00:24:24,429 >> ON TWITTER WANTS TO KNOW WHAT 678 00:24:24,429 --> 00:24:26,031 PART OF THE WORLD DO YOU WORK IN 679 00:24:26,031 --> 00:24:31,436 MOST? 680 00:24:31,436 --> 00:24:33,038 >> I WORK THE MOST IN CANADA. 681 00:24:33,038 --> 00:24:34,840 SO DAN HAS A LOT OF COLD 682 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:36,541 ENVIRONMENTS, WE KNOW A LOT OF 683 00:24:36,541 --> 00:24:38,844 THINK ASTROBIOLOGY TARGETS ARE 684 00:24:38,844 --> 00:24:40,946 ALSO COLD ENVIRONMENT IS SO WORK 685 00:24:40,946 --> 00:24:44,716 IN THE CANADIAN HIGH R 686 00:24:44,716 --> 00:24:45,617 ARCHITECT. 687 00:24:45,617 --> 00:24:47,619 I THINK SORT OF WORKED ALL OVER 688 00:24:47,619 --> 00:24:51,523 THE WORLD TO BE HONEST. 689 00:24:51,523 --> 00:24:54,626 IN A USED TO WORK DURING THE 690 00:24:54,626 --> 00:24:58,930 GRADUATE PROGRAM IN THE CANADIAN 691 00:24:58,930 --> 00:24:59,631 ARCTIC. 692 00:24:59,631 --> 00:25:00,632 BUT SINCE THEN, ID THE 693 00:25:00,632 --> 00:25:01,533 OPPORTUNITY TO WORK ALL OVER 694 00:25:01,533 --> 00:25:02,834 THIS PLACE AS WELL AS UNDER 695 00:25:02,834 --> 00:25:05,570 WATER, ON WATER, ON EFFORTS, ON 696 00:25:05,570 --> 00:25:08,874 LAND, AND IT IS JOUST MANY 697 00:25:08,874 --> 00:25:10,175 DIFFERENT OPPORTUNITIES. 698 00:25:10,175 --> 00:25:11,776 STROWS FIGURE OUT WHAT IT IS YOU 699 00:25:11,776 --> 00:25:12,677 ARE INTERESTED IN. 700 00:25:12,677 --> 00:25:13,879 WHAT YOUR QUESTION IS. 701 00:25:13,879 --> 00:25:16,581 THEN GO TO THE RIGHT PLACE AND 702 00:25:16,581 --> 00:25:17,782 TAKE MAC SURE IT IS SAFE. 703 00:25:17,782 --> 00:25:18,783 CAN GET TO IT. 704 00:25:18,783 --> 00:25:21,086 THEN, WITHOUT, WITHOUT, 705 00:25:21,086 --> 00:25:22,787 COMPROMISING ANYONE'S SAFETY, 706 00:25:22,787 --> 00:25:24,189 THEN, YOU CAN MAKE DECISIONS 707 00:25:24,189 --> 00:25:24,589 FROM THERE. 708 00:25:24,589 --> 00:25:26,591 WE'RE SELECTIVE AND CAREFUL 709 00:25:26,591 --> 00:25:28,193 BILLION WHERE WE GO. 710 00:25:28,193 --> 00:25:29,494 BUT CERTAINLY LOTS OF 711 00:25:29,494 --> 00:25:30,695 INTERESTING PLACES RIGHT IN OUR 712 00:25:30,695 --> 00:25:33,198 OWN BACKYARD IF YOU WILL TO 713 00:25:33,198 --> 00:25:34,599 EXPLORE. 714 00:25:34,599 --> 00:25:35,000 >> YEAH. 715 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:35,500 YEAH. 716 00:25:35,500 --> 00:25:36,701 ABSOLUTELY. 717 00:25:36,701 --> 00:25:37,002 OK. 718 00:25:37,002 --> 00:25:39,004 OK. 719 00:25:39,004 --> 00:25:41,206 WHAT IS A REGULAR DAY AS 720 00:25:41,206 --> 00:25:45,377 ASTROBIOLOGIST LOOK LIKE? 721 00:25:45,377 --> 00:25:51,082 >> WELL, YEAH. 722 00:25:51,082 --> 00:25:53,285 GO AHEAD. 723 00:25:53,285 --> 00:25:55,787 >> WELL, FOR ME, IT TYPICALLY 724 00:25:55,787 --> 00:25:58,890 LOOKS LIKE ACTUALLY EITHER BEING 725 00:25:58,890 --> 00:26:01,493 THE COMPUTER OR BEING IN MY 726 00:26:01,493 --> 00:26:01,993 LOVE. 727 00:26:01,993 --> 00:26:06,932 SO THE WORK I DO IS, DNA OR 728 00:26:06,932 --> 00:26:08,133 MATERIAL INTERESTS ENVIRONMENTS 729 00:26:08,133 --> 00:26:10,135 AND THAT TAKES PLACE IN THE LAB, 730 00:26:10,135 --> 00:26:12,037 SO A LOT OF EXPERIMENTING THAT 731 00:26:12,037 --> 00:26:14,139 IS GOES THAN THE LAB. 732 00:26:14,139 --> 00:26:15,740 BUNS I GET THE DATA BACK. 733 00:26:15,740 --> 00:26:16,942 A LOT OF THAT IS CRUNCHING THOSE 734 00:26:16,942 --> 00:26:18,944 NUMBERS AND LOOKING AT THE DNA 735 00:26:18,944 --> 00:26:20,545 SEQUENCES ON MY COMPUTER. 736 00:26:20,545 --> 00:26:22,747 THAT IS WHERE I SPEND THE VAST 737 00:26:22,747 --> 00:26:24,249 MAJORITY OF MY TIME. 738 00:26:24,249 --> 00:26:25,450 >> YEP. 739 00:26:25,450 --> 00:26:30,855 >> YEAH. 740 00:26:30,855 --> 00:26:33,858 THAT IS MOMENT IN TIME THAT GETS 741 00:26:33,858 --> 00:26:37,562 TO THE PRESS OR PEOPLE TWEET 742 00:26:37,562 --> 00:26:40,265 ABOUT IN THE FIELD IT GARNERS 743 00:26:40,265 --> 00:26:41,066 THE MISATTENTION. 744 00:26:41,066 --> 00:26:43,068 IN FACT, YOU KNOW, ABOUT 90% OF 745 00:26:43,068 --> 00:26:44,736 OUR TIME IS OUT OF THE FIELD AND 746 00:26:44,736 --> 00:26:46,037 GETTING READY TO GO TO THE 747 00:26:46,037 --> 00:26:49,841 FIELD. 748 00:26:49,841 --> 00:26:51,843 WITH THE DATA OR WORKING WITH 749 00:26:51,843 --> 00:26:54,245 PEOPLE. 750 00:26:54,245 --> 00:26:58,049 WE'RE IN MEETINGS ALL THE TIME 751 00:26:58,049 --> 00:26:59,551 SLIGHT PERSONAL INTERACTIONS 752 00:26:59,551 --> 00:27:01,753 TRYING TO BUILD SO WE CAN TACKLE 753 00:27:01,753 --> 00:27:04,889 THESE REALLY TOUGH QUESTIONS. 754 00:27:04,889 --> 00:27:06,791 THEN THAT IS WHERE THE HARD WORK 755 00:27:06,791 --> 00:27:08,693 KIND OF HAPPENS AND PLAY OUT 756 00:27:08,693 --> 00:27:10,395 VERY MUCH LIKE GETTING READY IN 757 00:27:10,395 --> 00:27:11,696 TRAINING TO GET INTO THAT 758 00:27:11,696 --> 00:27:12,697 INTENSE MOMENT OF TIME. 759 00:27:12,697 --> 00:27:14,299 YOU REALLY DOLL HAVE ONE SHOT TO 760 00:27:14,299 --> 00:27:15,300 GET IT RIGHT. 761 00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:16,201 >> YEAH. 762 00:27:16,201 --> 00:27:18,203 SO WE HAVE 30 SECONDS LEFT BUT A 763 00:27:18,203 --> 00:27:19,704 LOT OF PEOPLE ARE ASKING AND 764 00:27:19,704 --> 00:27:21,206 WONDERFUL WHAT DO THEY DO TO 765 00:27:21,206 --> 00:27:23,508 BECOME ASTRO BIOLOGIST SO REALLY 766 00:27:23,508 --> 00:27:25,110 QUICKLY. 767 00:27:25,110 --> 00:27:26,611 JACKIE OR DARLENE, DO YOU WANT 768 00:27:26,611 --> 00:27:28,413 TO GIVE ADVISE? 769 00:27:28,413 --> 00:27:29,614 >> FOLLOW THE DREAMS. 770 00:27:29,614 --> 00:27:31,316 SO MANY WAYS TO BECOME ASTRO 771 00:27:31,316 --> 00:27:32,917 BIOLOGIST. 772 00:27:32,917 --> 00:27:34,719 IT IS SUCH INTRADISCIPLINARY 773 00:27:34,719 --> 00:27:36,221 SCIENCE SO IF YOU ARE INTERESTED 774 00:27:36,221 --> 00:27:39,124 IN CHEMISTRY, ANTHROPOLOGY, 775 00:27:39,124 --> 00:27:42,727 BIOLOGY IN WHATEVER PATH WORKS 776 00:27:42,727 --> 00:27:43,128 FOR YOU. 777 00:27:43,128 --> 00:27:44,195 >> YEAH. 778 00:27:44,195 --> 00:27:45,397 >> YOU SAID IT WELL. 779 00:27:45,397 --> 00:27:49,000 SO MANY ENTRY POINTS. 780 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:50,001 >> IT EXCITING. 781 00:27:50,001 --> 00:27:52,003 AM SURE THERE ARE GOING TO BE 782 00:27:52,003 --> 00:27:53,505 COME AND WERE INSPIRED BY BOTH 783 00:27:53,505 --> 00:27:53,805 OF. 784 00:27:53,805 --> 00:27:55,006 YOU THAT IS ALL THE TIME WE VERY 785 00:27:55,006 --> 00:27:55,407 TODAY. 786 00:27:55,407 --> 00:27:57,609 THANKS SO MUCH, JACKIE AND 787 00:27:57,609 --> 00:28:01,312 DARLENE FOR JOINING US. 788 00:28:01,312 --> 00:28:01,713 >> THANKS. 789 00:28:01,713 --> 00:28:03,114 THANK YOU TO EVERYONE JOINING US 790 00:28:03,114 --> 00:28:03,915 AT HOME. 791 00:28:03,915 --> 00:28:04,716 IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO LEARN MORE 792 00:28:04,716 --> 00:28:06,351 ABOUT THE SEARCH FOR LIFE BEYOND 793 00:28:06,351 --> 00:28:07,252 EARTH. 794 00:28:07,252 --> 00:28:09,754 VISIT ASTRO BIOLOGY AND FOLLOW 795 00:28:09,754 --> 00:28:11,956 ALONG ON SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE 796 00:28:11,956 --> 00:28:15,160 BIOLOGY ACCOUNT ON FACEBOOK AND 797 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:15,660 TWITTER. 798 00:28:15,660 --> 00:28:16,961 LEARN MORE TO VENTURE AND 799 00:28:16,961 --> 00:28:18,363 EXTREME INTERESTING LOCATION ON 800 00:28:18,363 --> 00:28:19,864 EARTH FOR THEIR WORK AND FOLLOW 801 00:28:19,864 --> 00:28:22,567 NASA ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER AND 802 00:28:22,567 --> 00:28:24,269 THRILLED WE COULD JOIN US Z WE 803 00:28:24,269 --> 00:28:26,871 TALK TO TRAILBLAZING WOMEN TO 804 00:28:26,871 --> 00:28:28,373 FIND LIFE BEYOND EARTH. 805 00:28:28,373 --> 00:28:30,375 HAPPY WOMEN'S HISTORY MONTH. 806 00:28:30,375 --> 00:28:31,676 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 807 00:28:31,676 --> 00:28:32,877 UNTIL NEXT TIME. 808 00:28:32,877 --> 00:28:33,378 ♪ 809 00:28:33,378 --> 00:28:33,878 ♪ 810 00:28:33,878 --> 00:28:34,012 ♪ 811 00:28:34,012 --> 00:28:34,145 ♪ 812 00:28:34,145 --> 00:28:44,022 ♪