>> I'M KELLY FALCONE-HALL.
I'M THE PRESIDENT AND CEO
OF THE WESTERN RESERVE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY-- OKAY--
AND IT'S MY PRIVILEGE
TO WELCOME YOU HERE
THIS EVENING.
WE'RE REALLY DELIGHTED
THAT YOU'VE CHOSEN TO CELEBRATE,
UM, THIS GREAT OCCASION WITH US.
UM, WE ARE CRAZY
ABOUT ANNIVERSARIES,
AS YOU CAN IMAGINE,
AT THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
AND I JUST WANT TO ACKNOWLEDGE,
UH, DIRECTOR FREE
AND NASA LEADERSHIP, AND THANK
THE OHIO AEROSPACE INSTITUTE.
[ APPLAUSE ]
THANK YOU TO YOU AND YOUR TEAMS,
UM, FOR BRINGING THIS AMAZING
EVENT TO THE CRAWFORD
AUTO-AVIATION MUSEUM.
UH, WE'RE SO HAPPY
TO HAVE YOU HERE, AND, UM,
I-I JUST WOULD LIKE TO ADD,
UM, THAT IN THE EVENT
OF AN EMERGENCY, I HAVE BEEN
ASKED TO REMIND YOU TO BE,
UH, MINDFUL OF OUR EXITS.
SO, HAVE I DONE MY JOB THERE?
ALL RIGHT.
WITHOUT FURTHER ADIEU,
I WOULD LIKE TO, UH, TURN
THE PROGRAM OVER TO MIKE HILE.
THANK YOU.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> GOOD EVENING, EVERYONE.
WHOA.
UH, ON BEHALF OF THE OHIO
AEROSPACE INSTITUTE,
IT IS MY PRIVILEGE AND HONOR
TO WELCOME ALL OF YOU
TO THE SECOND NASA GLENN
EVENING WITH THE STARS.
THIS EVENT IS DESIGNED TO BRING
FORWARD THE ENTIRE COMMUNITY--
TO BRING FORWARD TO THE ENTIRE
COMMUNITY A NEW UNDERSTANDING
OF THE CUTTING-EDGE RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
TAKING PLACE EVERY DAY
AT THE NASA GLENN
RESEARCH CENTER.
THE DEDICATED MEN AND WOMEN
OF NASA GLENN CREATE
BREAKTHROUGHS IN TECHNOLOGY
THAT AFFECT EACH AND EVERY ONE
OF US IN OUR DAILY LIVES,
AND WILL ENABLE HUMAN BEINGS
NOT ONLY TO BE BETTER STEWARDS
OF OUR OWN PLANET,
BUT TO CONTINUE OUR EXPLORATION
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
AND THE UNIVERSE.
TO CARRY OUT THIS GREAT WORK,
NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
NEEDS CONTINUED SUPPORT
FROM THE COMMUNITY.
THAT SUPPORT IS DEMONSTRATED
BY THE MANY GENEROUS SPONSORS
OF THIS EVENING'S EVENTS
WHO ARE ACKNOWLEDGED
ON THE SCREEN AS WE SPEAK,
AND ARE ALSO LISTED ON THE BACK
OF THIS EVENING'S PROGRAM.
THANK YOU, SPONSORS,
FOR YOUR COMMITMENT
TO SUPPORTING NASA GLENN
RESEARCH CENTER,
AND FOR GETTING THE MESSAGE OUT
TO THIS COMMUNITY ABOUT
THIS TREMENDOUS RESEARCH ASSET
TO OUR COMMUNITY AND THE NATION.
PLEASE GIVE OUR SPONSORS
A ROUND OF APPLAUSE.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL
THAT THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH
CENTER HAVE THE SUPPORT
OF OUR DEDICATED
PUBLIC OFFICIALS.
WE ARE FORTUNATE TO HAVE
ELECTED OFFICIALS AT THE LOCAL,
STATE, AND NATIONAL LEVEL
WHO CARE DEEPLY ABOUT
NASA GLENN'S FUTURE.
I WOULD LIKE
TO ACKNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATIVES
OF SENATOR SHERROD BROWN,
SENATOR ROB PORTMAN,
ATTENDEES REPRESENTING
CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATIVES
MARCIA FUDGE, BOB GIBBS,
BILL JOHNSON, AND DAVID JOYCE,
STATE SENATOR SANDRA WILLIAMS,
STATE REPRESENTATIVES
TERRY BOOSE, STEPHANIE HOWSE,
SEAN O'BRIEN, KENT SMITH,
AND MARTIN SWEENEY.
I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO EXTEND
A SPECIAL WELCOME TO OHIO STATE
REPRESENTATIVES RICK PERALES,
WHO IS CHAIRMAN
OF THE OHIO AEROSPACE
AND AVIATION COMMITTEE,
AND IS-WHO'S DOING
SUCH GREAT WORK IN SUPPORT
OF AEROSPACE AND AVIATION
IN THE STATE OF OHIO,
AND WE'D ALSO LIKE TO WELCOME
THE MAYORS OF BROOK PARK,
THE HOME OF NASA GLENN,
TOM COYNE, MAYOR OF PEPPER PIKE,
RICHARD BAIN, THE MAYOR
OF BEDFORD, STAN KOCI.
PLEASE GIVE ALL OF OUR PUBLIC
OFFICIALS A WARM WELCOME.
[ APPLAUSE ]
THE OHIO AEROSPACE INSTITUTE
PLACES TREMENDOUS VALUE
ON OUR STRONG PARTNERSHIP WITH
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
A PARTNERSHIP THAT REACHES BACK
FOR MORE THAN 26 YEARS.
TONIGHT, I CONGRATULATE
CENTER DIRECTOR JIM FREE,
PREVIOUS CENTER DIRECTORS HERE,
AND THE ENTIRE NASA GLENN TEAM
FOR THE OUTSTANDING WORK
THAT THEY DO.
WE AT OAI ARE PROUD TO BE PART
OF THE NASA GLENN COMMUNITY.
NOW, IT'S MY HONOR
AND GREAT PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE
A VALUED COLLEAGUE
AND ANOTHER STRONG SUPPORTER
OF NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
AND THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
IN THE STATE OF OHIO.
LADIES AND GENTLEMAN,
LET ME INTRODUCE
DR. CARLOS GRODSINSKY,
CHAIRMAN OF THE OHIO
AEROSPACE AND AVIATION COUNCIL
AND CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER
OF ZIN TECHNOLOGIES.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, MIKE.
UM, I'M HERE TO PROVIDE--
AGAIN, MY NAME
IS CARLOS GRODSINSKY,
AND I'M THE CHAIR OF THE OHIO
AEROSPACE AND AVIATION COUNCIL,
AND I'M HERE TO GIVE YOU
A COUPLE REMARKS
OF-OF OUR COUNCIL.
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK
NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
FOR INVITING ME
AND THE OHIO AEROSPACE INSTITUTE
FOR INVITING ME TO BRIEFLY SPEAK
ABOUT THE OHIO AEROSPACE
AND AVIATION COUNCIL.
AS A CHAIRMAN
OF THE STATE-ENDORSED COUNCIL,
I WANT TO EMPHASIZE HOW PROUD
WE ARE TO HAVE NASA GRC
AS A MEMBER AND A KEY ASSET
TO OUR STATE.
I JOIN YOU, GRC, AND OAI
IN COMMEMORATING THIS HUNDREDTH
ANNIVERSARY OF THE NATIONAL
AD-ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FOR AERONAUTICS FROM WHICH
NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
WAS BORN.
THE OAAC WORKS DIRECTLY
WITH BOTH THE STATE LEGISLATURE
UNDER THE OHIO
AEROSPACE AND AVIATION
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE,
RICK PERALES' COMMITTEE
AT THE STATE LEGISLATURE,
AND OUR REGIONAL AND STATE
UNIVERSITY MEMBERS TO ADVOCATE
FOR AND IDENTIFY KEY ASSETS
AND RESOURCES CRITICAL
TO OHIO'S AEROSPACE
AND AVIATION INDUSTRY.
WE ARE FOCUSED ON NASA GRC
AND ITS UNIQUE EXPERTISE
AND FACILITY ASSETS AS WELL
AS ITS MANY CONTRIBUTIONS
TO THE STATE'S AND NATION'S
AEROSPACE INDUSTRY.
YOU WILL BE HEARING ABOUT THESE
SHORTLY FROM OUR ESTEEMED,
UH, SPEAKERS FROM NASA GLENN.
OUR MISSION
IS TO PROMOTE AND SUPPORT
THE FEDERAL AEROSPACE FACILITIES
WITHIN THE STATE AND, IN ORDER
TO RETAIN OUR CURRENT POSITION
AND TO GENERATE
FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
IN THE AEROSPACE SECTOR.
NASA GRC LEADERSHIP
RULES AND-- ROLES IN POWER
PROPULSION, MATERIALS,
ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS,
AND PHYSICAL LIFE SCIENCE
RESEARCH ARE INVALUABLE ASSETS
THAT DRIVE BOTH NORTHEAST OHIO
AND OUR STATE'S TOP 10 AEROSPACE
SUPPLY CHAIN POSITION.
WE ARE ALSO WORKING TO SUPPORT
THESE NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
AND TARGETING JOB GROWTH
OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH THE OAAC,
OAATC, RICK PERALES' COMMITTEE,
AND THE OHIO RESEARCH NETWORK,
WHICH NASA GRC
IS A KEY CONTRIBUTOR TO.
IN ORDER TO POSITION OHIO
FOR JOB GROWTH WITHIN THESE
NEW, EMERGING AEROSPACE MARKETS,
AND CONTINUE TO BE A KEY PLAYER,
IT IS IMPERATIVE
THAT WE ALIGN OUR STAKEHOLDERS
AND COME TOGETHER WITH ONE VOICE
TO SHARE COMMON GOALS
AND PROVIDE A FOCUSED SUPPORT.
THIS ALIGNMENT AND ONE VOICE
WILL HELP OUR STATE
AND FEDERAL REPRESENTATION
TO FULLY UNDERSTAND
THE COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
REGARDING NASA GLENN'S
SPECIFIC INTERESTS.
THE STAKEHOLDER INSTITUTIONS
WITHIN OHIO, OBVIOUSLY
NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
WRIGHT-PATTERSON DOWN SOUTH
IN DAYTON, AND THE AIR FORCE
RESEARCH LAB, OUR HIGHER
EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS,
UM, THE TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE,
THE LEGISLATURE, OUR COUNCIL,
UM, JOBS OHIO, THE OHIO FEDERAL
MILITARY JOBS COMMISSION,
AND IT'S OHIO RESEARCH NETWORK,
AND THE MANY REGIONAL ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS.
THESE ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDE
THE FRAMEWORK AND INFRASTRUCTURE
TO SUPPORT AND ADVOCATE
FOR OUR STATE'S AEROSPACE
SUPPLY BASE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY
COMMERCIALIZATION.
AS SUCH, WE HAVE BEEN WORKING
EXTENSIVELY TO ALIGN GOALS
AND OBJECTIVES AND TO GENERATE
A PIPELINE OF NEW OPPORTUNITIES.
WE ARE WORKING CLOSELY
WITH GLENN AND-AND STARTED
THIS OHIO SPACE,
UH, SUB-COMMITTEE WITH OAC
TO SPECIFICALLY ADDRESS
KEY TECHNOLOGIES
AND OPPORTUNITIES
THAT WILL HELP OUR STATE.
I THANK YOU FOR THIS TIME
TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT
THE COUNCIL, AND I NOW
WOULD LIKE TO INTRODUCE
NASA GLENN CENTER DIRECTOR
JIM FREE. THANK YOU.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> ALL RIGHT,
GOOD EVENING, EVERYBODY.
WOW, WHAT A GREAT NIGHT.
I GOTTA TELL YOU,
COMING IN HERE TONIGHT,
I WAS JUST BLOWN AWAY
WALKING IN, SEEING THE FOLKS
THAT ARE HERE AND, UH--
AND THIS VENUE THAT WE'RE IN.
UH, I DO WANT TO START BY--
BECAUSE I THINK WE HAVE
ABOUT 30 SECONDS OF IT LEFT, UM,
TO THIS EVENING OF THE STARS,
AND, UH, I OPENED MY EMAIL TODAY
AND I THOUGHT, "I CAN SHARE
THE FIRST STAR THAT WE'RE
TALKING ABOUT TONIGHT."
LITERALLY RIGHT NOW,
FROM 7:55 TO 7:59,
THE SPACE STATION'S FLYING
OVER CLEVELAND.
NOW, THAT WAS
A LOGISTICAL NIGHTMARE,
GETTING THAT PLANNED OUT.
UM, BUT I-I JUST--
I-I SAW THAT TODAY,
AND I THOUGHT WHAT A GREAT, UH--
WHAT A GREAT OPENING
TO THIS INCREDIBLE EVENT,
THIS EVENING WITH THE STARS,
WHERE WE'RE CELEBRATING
THIS HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY
COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS,
AND REALLY OUR-OUR CENTURY
OF DREAMING BIG.
UH, I DO WANT TO THANK
A FEW FOLKS, AND I'M GONNA
TELL-- YOU-YOU ALL KNOW
THESE SCRIPTS ARE HARD
FOR ME TO FOLLOW.
I DO, YOU KNOW,
FIRST WANT TO THANK
OHIO AEROSPACE INSTITUTE,
UH, CEO, UH, AND PRESIDENT
MIKE HILE, AND EXECUTIVE
VICE PRESIDENT ANN HAYWARD.
UM, ONCE AGAIN, STEPPING UP
TO OFFER THE SUPPORT
TO THIS EVENT,
THEIR INSTITUTION, AND ALL
THE GENEROUS, UH, SPONSORS
THAT ARE HERE TONIGHT.
OUR PARTNERSHIP WITH OAI
CONTINUES TO GROW
STRONGER WITH EACH YEAR.
I HOPE IT CONTINUES TO GROW.
MIKE, YOU AND I
HAVE TALKED ABOUT THAT,
AND WE REALLY SOLIDIFIED
NORTHEAST OHIO'S PRESENCE
IN AEROSPACE, AND, UH, THAT'S
REPRESENTED BY-- OF COURSE,
I'M BIASED-- NASA GLENN,
BUT OUR PARTNERS WITH ZIN,
CARLOS, AND, UH--
AND, UH, OAI AND MIKE.
I ALSO WANT A BIG-BIG THANK YOU
TO-TO KELLY FALCONE-HALL.
KELLY'S DOWN THE ROW FROM ME,
AND WE'RE LOOKING AT HER
LIKE, "I KNOW HER
FROM SOMEWHERE."
AND SHE CAME UP TO ME,
AND SHE'S LIKE, "YOU LOOK
REALLY FAMILIAR TO ME.
ARE YOU IN
LEADERSHIP CLEVELAND?"
NOW, THIS IS A CLASS,
WE'VE HAD TWO SESSIONS,
AND THERE'S 65 PEOPLE,
SO WE'RE IN
THE SAME CLASS TOGETHER
AND WE HAD TO COME HERE
TO MEET.
SO, THANK YOU SO MUCH,
KELLY, FOR OPENING YOUR DOORS
HERE TONIGHT FOR US.
A GREAT VENUE.
I'VE HEARD NOTHING BUT
POSITIVE THINGS ABOUT THIS,
AND IT TAKES ME BACK
TO WHEN I WAS A KID
COMING DOWN WITH MY MOM.
I ALSO WANT TO THANK
[ INDISTINCT ].
I DON'T KNOW IF SHE'S HERE,
IF SHE WAS ABLE TO MAKE IT.
SUE IS THE DIRECTOR OF THE, UH,
LOUIS STOKES VA
MEDICAL CENTER WHERE
MANY OF YOU PARKED TONIGHT.
SHE PROVIDED FREE PARKING
WITH US AS A GOOD
FEDERAL COLLABORATOR.
SO THANK YOU VERY MUCH, SUE.
I ALSO WANT TO THANK
KIRSTEN ALLEN BOGAN.
I SEE KIRSTEN RIGHT THERE.
FOR BEING HERE TONIGHT.
AS THE CUSTODIAN
OF OUR NASA GLENN
VISITOR CENTER,
KIRSTEN AND HER TEAM HAVE
REALLY OPENED THE DOOR NOW
FOR MANY YEARS, UH,
ALLOWING THE PUBLIC,
MORE OF THE PUBLIC, TO SEE
THOSE NASA RELATED ACTIVITIES
TO INSPIRE THAT NEXT GENERATION.
SHE'S OPENED THE DOORS
FOR ORION'S FIRST TEST LAST YEAR
WHERE THE CROWD REALLY SAW,
UM, A TREMENDOUS RETURN
FROM A GREAT JOURNEY
FOR EXPLORATION FLIGHT
TEST ONE.
I DO WANT TO SECOND MIKE'S
THANK YOU TO ALL
OUR ELECTED OFFICIALS
AND THEIR REPRESENTATIVES
HERE TONIGHT,
ESPECIALLY RICK PERALES
WHO HAS BEEN SUCH A GOOD FRIEND
TO US HERE AT NASA.
AND SPEAKING OF NASA,
I HAVE TO THANK A COUPLE
OF PEOPLE ASSOCIATED
WITH THE AGENCY.
FIRST, GREG ROBINSON WHO WAS
A DEPUTY HERE, UH, FOR
A COUPLE YEARS.
THIS WAS HIS IDEA,
SO THIS IS THE SECOND ANNUAL,
AND GREG MADE THE TRIP
BACK TONIGHT, AND I REALLY
WANT TO THANK GREG
FOR HIS INSPIRATION
IN DOING THIS.
[ APPLAUSE ]
AND-AND THE FINAL THANK YOU
I REALLY WANT TO GIVE IS TO
ALL THE FOLKS FROM NASA,
CERTAINLY THE STARS
WHO YOU'LL MEET TONIGHT,
BUT THE STARS WHO PUT
THEIR HEART AND SOUL INTO
ORGANIZING THIS EVENT
AND EXECUTING IT.
THIS DOES NOT COME WITHOUT
A LOT OF LOGISTICS,
WITHOUT A LOT OF HEARTACHE,
AND LAST MINUTE THINGS
THROWN UP IN THE AIR,
SO I DO WANT TO THANK
THE FOLKS FROM NASA
WHO HELPED US WITH THIS.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> SO TONIGHT YOU'LL HEAR
A LITTLE BIT ABOUT OUR PAST
BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, HEAR ABOUT
THE RESEARCH WE'RE CONDUCTING
AND TECHNOLOGIES WE'RE
DEVELOPING TODAY
AND IN THE FUTURE,
THOSE CHALLENGES THAT GO
ALONG WITH IT, TOO.
SO TO KICK OFF
THIS EVENING'S PROGRAM,
IT'S MY PLEASURE TO INTRODUCE
SOMEONE WHO MANY OF US
KNOW WELL.
HE SERVED THIS NATION
FOR MORE THAN 30 YEARS,
FIRST IN UNIFORM AS
A NAVAL AVIATOR AND A MARINE.
I THINK I HAVE TO ADD THAT
EVEN THOUGH IT'S NOT IN HERE.
YOU'LL PROBABLY FIND OUT.
UM, FACING DANGER IN THE AIR
AND AERIAL COMBAT OVER VIETNAM
AND LATER AS A TEST PILOT.
HE BECAME AN ASTRONAUT
IN 1980.
HE FLEW ON BOARD
THE SPACE SHUTTLE
ORBITING EARTH ON FOUR MISSIONS
BETWEEN 1986 AND 1994,
COMMANDING TWO OF THE MISSIONS
AND PILOTING TWO OF THE OTHERS.
HIS MOST NOTABLE FLIGHTS
WERE THE SPACE SHUTTLE
DISCOVERY ON STS31,
FROM WHICH HE DEPLOYED
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
25 YEARS AGO THIS PAST APRIL.
THE OTHER WAS SPACE SHUTTLE
DISCOVERY STS60,
WAS THE FIRST JOINT
US-RUSSIAN SHUTTLE MISSION,
WHICH INCLUDED A COSMONAUT
AS A MEMBER OF THE CREW.
HE LEFT NASA IN 1994
AND RETURNED 15 YEARS LATER,
AND IN 2009 AS
OUR ADMINISTRATOR.
SINCE THEN, HE HAS TIRELESSLY
REMINDED US OF THE IMPORTANCE
OF OUR NATION'S LEADERSHIP
IN SPACE, WHILE HELPING
REALLY PAINT THAT VISION
FOR OUR FUTURE EXPLORATION
ENDEAVORS ON EARTH
AND IN SPACE.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
NASA ADMINISTRATOR
AND RETIRED MARINE CORPS GENERAL
AND ASTRONAUT CHARLIE BOLDEN.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> GOOD EVENING.
I'M CHARLIE BOLDEN.
WELCOME TO THE SECOND ANNUAL
EVENING WITH THE STARS PROGRAM.
TONIGHT IS A SPECIAL NIGHT,
A NIGHT WHEN WE HAVE
THE OPPORTUNITY TO COME TOGETHER
WITH YOU TO SHARE THE LATEST
ABOUT THE CUTTING EDGE
TECHNOLOGIES NASA'S
GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
IS DEVELOPING TO SUSTAIN
OUR LEADERSHIP IN SPACE.
AS YOU MAY KNOW, NASA GLENN
IS ONE OF OUR AGENCY'S
OLDEST AND MOST ACCOMPLISHED
RESEARCH CENTERS.
SERVING THE COUNTRY'S
AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
EXPLORATION RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS
SINCE 1941.
WHILE REMAINING A PREMIERE
AERONAUTIC CENTER,
THE TECHNOLOGIES THE CENTER
IS ALSO ADVANCING TODAY
IN SUPPORT OF SPACE EXPLORATION
WILL HELP OUR NATION TAKE
THE NEXT STEP TOWARD
A NEW ERA OF LIVING
AND WORKING OFF EARTH.
EVEN NOW, MAJOR COMPONENTS
OF OUR NEXT CREW RATED
SPACECRAFT ORION
ARE BEING READIED FOR SHIPMENT
TO NORTHEAST OHIO
WHERE THEY WILL UNDERGO TESTING
IN NASA GLENN'S SPACE
POWER FACILITY AT
PLUMBROOK STATION.
THE FUTURE OF SPACE TRAVEL
IS UPON US.
THE PRESENTERS YOU WILL
HEAR FROM TONIGHT ARE HELPING
WRITE THE NEXT CHAPTER
OF THIS STORY.
YOU'LL HEAR ABOUT
MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH
THAT'S UNLOCKING THE MYSTERIES
OF HOW FLUIDS AND FLAME
BEHAVE IN SPACE.
YOU'LL HEAR ABOUT
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPUSLION,
A GLENN SPECIALTY SINCE
THE 1950S, WHICH PROVIDES
AN EFFICIENT AND INEXPENSIVE
MEANS OF TRAVELING
GREAT DISTANCES IN SPACE.
AND YOU'LL HEAR ABOUT
LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS,
THE LIFELINE FOR
DEEP SPACE MISSIONS
AS WELL AS THE FUTURE ASTRONAUTS
WHO WILL NEED TO PHONE HOME
ACROSS VAST DISTANCES.
EACH ARE CRUCIAL ELEMENTS
TO A SUCCESSFUL JOURNEY TO MARS
AND BEYOND.
THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT
AND ADVANCEMENT
OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES
IS DEPENDENT UPON THE KNOWLEDGE
AND EXPERTISE OF THE MEN
AND WOMEN AT NASA GLENN.
NASA IS YOUR SPACE AGENCY.
NASA GLENN IS YOUR CENTER.
YOUR CONTINUED SUPPORT
AND PARTNERSHIP IS CRITICAL
TO OUR SUSTAINED
MISSION SUCCESS.
YOUR PRESENCE HERE TONIGHT
TELLS ME YOU'RE INTERESTED
AND ENGAGED IN THE WORK WE DO
AND, LIKE US, SHARE A DESIRE
TO UNDERSTAND THE UNIVERSE
AROUND US AND MAKE LIFE BETTER
HERE ON EARTH.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR JOINING US, AND ENJOY
THE EVENING'S PROGRAM.
GOOD NIGHT.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> AS CHARLIE SAID,
TONIGHT REALLY IS
A SPECIAL EVENING, AND I THINK
YOU'LL AGREE, THIS VENUE
IS A SPECIAL PLACE.
AS I MENTIONED, I REMEMBER
COMING HERE WITH MY MOM
AND WHAT A GEM THIS IS TO HAVE
IN OUR BACKYARD, AND TONIGHT
WE'RE HERE TO CELEBRATE
THE GEM WE HAVE
IN NASA GLENN.
THE CLEVELAND HISTORY CENTER
AT THE WESTERN RESERVE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY,
HOME OF THIS, THE CRAWFORD AUTO
AVIATION MUSEUM, IS NAMED
FOR FREDERICK COOLIDGE CRAWFORD,
CLEVELAND INDUSTRIALIST,
BUSINESSMAN, AND PRESIDENT
OF THOMPSON PRODUCTS,
KNOWN LATER AS TRW.
FOR THOSE OF YOU ARE UNAWARE
OF MR. CRAWFORD'S CONNECTION
TO NASA GLENN HISTORY,
LET ME JUST SAY THAT IF NOT
FOR HIM AND THE CLEVELAND
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE,
WE LITERALLY WOULD NOT
BE HERE TONIGHT CELEBRATING
THE TECHNOLOGICAL
ACCOMPLISHMENTS THAT YOU'LL
HEAR ABOUT.
IN THE EARLY '40s WHEN
THE NACA WAS DECIDING
THE LOCATION OF THE NEXT
RESEARCH LAB, THE CLEVELAND
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
AND MOST NOTICEABLY
MR. CRAWFORD, WERE INSTRUMENTAL
IN TIPPING THE SCALES
IN CLEVELAND'S FAVOR.
AT THE TIME, MR. CRAWFORD
AND HIS COMPANY WERE INVOLVED
IN ORGANIZING THE NATIONAL
AIR RACES RIGHT THERE
ON THAT WALL.
THEY ALSO SPONSORED
THE THOMPSON TROPHY,
WHICH I WAS TOLD IS NOW
OUT AT THE AIRFORCE ACADEMY.
BESTOWED UPON THE WINNER
OF THE AIR RACE TAKING PLACE
OVER THE VENUE THAT ONCE
INCLUDED THE PROPERTY
OF TODAY'S CLEVELAND HOPKINS
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
AND NASA GLENN.
THIS COMBINED WITH
THIS COMPANY'S
INCREASED PRESENCE
IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY
MEANT HE WAS NO STRANGER
TO THE NACA IN ITS WORK
AND ITS LEADERSHIP.
CLEVELAND WAS AN INDUSTRIAL
AND EDUCATION CENTER
AT THE TIME.
THE CITY BOASTED
A SKILLED WORKFORCE,
OUTSTANDING EDUCATION
INSTITUTION, AND SHIPPING
AND RAIL TRANSPORTATION HUBS,
ALL CRITICAL TO THE OPERATION
OF THAT FEDERAL RESEARCH LAB.
DESPITE THE BENEFITS
THE CLEVELAND HAD TO OFFER
THE FIRST TIME, THE CENTER
WENT OUT TO NASA AMES.
WE LOVE NASA AMES,
BUT IT WENT THERE FIRST.
AS NACA CONSIDERED THE SIGHTING
OF ITS THIRD RESEARCH LAB,
ALL SIGNS POINTED TO CHICAGO,
BUT MR. CRAWFORD NOT WANTING
CLEVELAND TO MISS
THAT OPPORTUNITY AGAIN
WENT TO WORK.
EXERCISING HIS BUSINESS SAAVY
AND RALLYING THE FORCES
OF THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AGAIN
AND OTHER BUSINESS
AND POLITICAL LEADERS,
THE CITY OF CLEVELAND PRESENTED
THE NACA WITH AN OFFER
THAT INCLUDED A 50% DISCOUNT
ON THE COST OF ELECTRICITY.
IT PROVED TO BE AN OFFER
TOO GOOD TO PASS UP.
WE'D BE LOOKING FOR THAT NOW
IF ANYBODY'S HERE.
THE DEAL WAS SEALED
AND CLEVELAND BECAME THE HOME
OF WHAT WOULD BECOME NASA GLENN.
NEARLY 75 YEARS AGO,
MR. CRAWFORD PROVED HIMSELF
TO BE A VISIONARY.
HE UNDERSTOOD THE IMPORTANCE
OF THE WORK OF THE THEN AIRCRAFT
ENGINE RESEARCH LABORATORY
WOULD UNDERTAKE, AND THE PROMISE
OF THE FUTURE THAT IT HELD.
WITH WORLD WAR II ONGOING,
THE LAB WAS A HOTBED OF RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT THAT EVENTUALLY
LED TO THAT ALLIED VICTORY.
DURING THE WAR YEARS
AND IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING,
A LINE OF MILITARY, INDUSTRIAL,
AND POLITICAL LEADERS VISITED
NASA GLENN REGULARLY TO LEARN
ABOUT THIS INCREDIBLE WORK.
THEY CONTINUED TO COME TO US
TO THIS DAY, BUT TONIGHT
WE COME TO YOU IN THE MUSEUM
THAT MR. CRAWFORD BUILT.
HIS VISION THEN, JUST AS
OUR PRESENTERS WHO YOU'LL MEET
MOMENTARILY ARE THE STARS
FOR THIS EVENING, AND THEY HAVE
THE VISION NOW, WHICH YOU'LL
HEAR ABOUT.
IT'S A VISION THAT BUILDS
ON THOSE PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS
WITH NEW ONES IN ORDER
TO TAKE US FARTHER
THAN WE'VE EVER BEEN BEFORE.
TONIGHT WE HAVE THREE NOTABLE
NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
ENGINEERS WORKING IN A FIELD
THAT IS INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT
TO THE FUTURE
OF DEEP EXPLORATION OF SPACE,
AND THE JOURNEY TO MARS,
AND WELL BEYOND THAT.
HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE SEEN
THE MOVIE "THE MARTIAN"
OR READ THE BOOK?
WELL, THE RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGIES FIGURED HERE
ARE PROMINENTLY
INTO THAT STORYLINE.
I HAVEN'T SEEN THE MOVIE YET.
I ADMIT IT.
I READ THE BOOK, OKAY?
AND I HAVE KIDS.
THEY TAKE UP TIME.
IF YOU HAVEN'T READ THE BOOK
OR SEEN THE MOVIE,
I THINK YOU'LL HAVE
A BETTER APPRECIATION
FOR ITS CONTENT WHEN YOU DO.
MARS IS EVERYWHERE NOW.
A BLOCKBUSTER MOVIE,
TALK OF FUTURE ROUND TRIP
AND SOME ONE WAY MISSIONS,
TALK OF COLONIZATION,
THEN THERE'S NASA'S RECENT
ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE FINDING
OF WATER ON THE SURFACE OF MARS.
TRULY INCREDIBLE.
NASA'S ORION SPACECRAFT
FIGURES PROMINENTLY
INTO OUR JOURNEY TO MARS,
AND THAT JOURNEY PASSES
RIGHT THROUGH NORTHEAST OHIO.
WITH THE TESTING
OF THE EUROPEAN SERVICE MODULE
SET TO BEGIN
OVER THE NEXT FEW MONTHS
AT OUR PLUM BROOK FACILITY
IN SANDUSKY
AND OUR MEN AND WOMEN
WHO ARE WORKING EVERY DAY
ON THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
OF THAT SERVICE MODULE.
THE FUTURE WILL SOON BE UPON US
AND OUR PRESENTERS ARE EACH
DOING THEIR PART TO MAKE
THAT FUTURE A REALITY FOR US.
SO, TONIGHT WE'LL BE HEARING
FROM DR. BRIAN MOTIL
ABOUT MICROGRAVITY.
THE STUDY OF MICROGRAVITY
IS SO IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING
OF HOW TO LIVE IN SPACE.
MICROGRAVITY AFFECTS
THE BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDS
AND FLAMES IN SPACE.
WHEN YOU CONSIDER THAT
THE WATER CONTENT OF
AN ADULT HUMAN IS 60%,
YOU COME TO REALIZE WHAT
A LACK OF GRAVITY CAN HAVE
ON THAT BODY.
HOWEVER, WE'RE NOT ENTIRELY SURE
WHAT THOSE CONSEQUENCES ARE
OVER A LONG DURATION OF TIME,
BUT RIGHT NOW SCOTT KELLY,
NAVY CAPTAIN, JUST FLEW OVER US.
HE'S SPENDING A YEAR IN SPACE
ON THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION
TO HELP US DEFINE WHAT
THOSE CONSEQUENCES MAY BE.
THIS WILL HELP IN DETERMINING
WAYS TO REDUCE THE RISK
TO FUTURE ASTRONAUTS WHO TRAVEL
BEYOND EARTH'S ORBIT.
THE STUDY OF FLAMES IN SPACE
IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT
BECAUSE UP TO THIS POINT,
WE DON'T KNOW HOW
LARGE, UH, SCALE FIRE
BEHAVES IN SPACE
OR THE CONFINES OF A SPACECRAFT.
BRIAN WILL TAKE US THROUGH
THE EVOLUTION OF GLENN'S
MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH
AND SHARE WITH US SOME
OF THE MOST RECENT FINDINGS
OF THAT IMPORTANT WORK.
WE'LL ALSO HEAR FROM
DR. DAVE MANZELLA ABOUT
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION.
NASA GLENN HAS BEEN THE LEAD,
AS CHARLIE SAID,
FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
SINCE THE 50S.
OUR FIRST ION ENGINE WAS BUILT
IN THE LATE 1950S.
SINCE THEN, THERE HAVE BEEN
MANY SUCCESSFUL TESTS
OF THAT ION PROPULSION
AND GROUND TESTING
OF TECHNOLOGIES
IN OUR LABORATORIES
AND WORLD CLASS FACILITIES
AS WELL AS THE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL
DEEP SPACE 1 MISSION,
WHICH VALIDATED
OUR NSTAR PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY,
PAVING THE WAY
FOR THE DAWN MISSION.
THE SUCCESS
OF THE DAWN SPACECRAFT'S
ARRIVAL AT CERES
PROVES THE ION PROPULSION
CAN BE EFFECTIVE METHOD
FOR DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION.
THEY WILL SHARE WITH US
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
IN SCP RESEARCH
AND DISCUSS FUTURE USES
FOR THE TECHNOLOGY
BOTH COMMERCIALLY
AND FOR THE JOURNEY TO MARS.
DR. DANIEL RAIBLE WILL DISCUSS
SPACE COMMUNICATIONS.
NEXT YEAR, MARS WILL BE
46.8 MILLION MILES AWAY
FROM EARTH.
AS CHARLIE SAID, THAT'S
A LONG WAY BETWEEN CELL TOWERS
AND PHONING HOME.
SO HOW ARE THE FUTURE ASTRONAUTS
GOING TO COMMUNICATE
BACK HERE WITH EARTH?
HOW WILL THAT COMMUNICATION
TAKE PLACE WITHOUT DELAYS,
DISRUPTIONS, OR DISCONNECTIONS
OVER THE VASTNESS OF SPACE?
DANIEL WILL PROVIDE INSIGHT
TO THIS AND OTHER CHALLENGES
THAT FACE COMMUNICATION
REQUIREMENTS
ON THE FUTURE SPACECRAFT
THAT WE FLY,
AND HE'LL ANSWER THE QUESTION,
"CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW?"
THAT'S A BAD ONE.
[ LAUGHTER ]
SO WITH THAT,
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
IT IS MY PLEASURE
TO WELCOME OUR FIRST PRESENTER
TO THE STAGE.
[ APPLAUSE ]
[ MUSIC ]
>> IN 1957, SAME YEAR THAT
SPUTNIK 1 ORBITED OUR PLANET,
USHERING IN A RACE TO SPACE
BETWEEN THE TWO SUPERPOWERS,
ROBERT SEIGEL OF NASA LEWIS,
NOW GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
CONCEIVED OF
A DROP TOWER EXPERIMENT
TO STUDY HOW FOODS
WOULD BEHAVE IN SPACE
FOR THE FIRST TIME.
THIS EXPERIMENT EXPOSED
TO FULL EFFECT
OF A FORCE OFTEN MASKED
BY GRAVITY,
BUT CRITICAL
TO DESIGNING SPACECRAFT,
SURFACE TENSION,
OR CAPILLARY FORCE.
INTERESTINGLY,
ONE OF HIS MAIN CONCLUSIONS
PUBLISHED IN 1961
WAS SHOWN TO BE INCORRECT
DECADES LATER,
BUT I'LL COME BACK TO THAT.
RECOGNIZING HOW IMPORTANT IT WAS
TO UNDERSTAND HOW FOODS
WOULD BEHAVE IN SPACE,
NASA LEWIS INVESTIGATORS
QUICKLY DESIGNED THE FIRST
FLUID SPACECRAFT EXPERIMENT,
AND WITHIN FIVE YEARS
COMMANDER SCOTT CARPENTER
FLEW IT ON AN EARLY
MERCURY MISSION MA07
TO SEE HOW FLUID
WOULD REDISTRIBUTE
IN A SMALL BAFFLED TANK.
AFTER THAT,
THINGS REALLY TOOK OFF
FOR MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH
IN CLEVELAND.
WE CONVERTED THIS 100 FOOT HIGH
FUEL DISTILLATION FACILITY
INTO A 2.2 SECOND DROP TOWER.
THAT'S ABOUT AS FAR
AS AN EXPERIMENT CAN
FREEFALL THROUGH AIR
BEFORE THE EFFECTS OF DRAG
SLOW ITS ACCELERATION.
EVEN THEN, WE NEED TO USE
A DRAG SHIELD
TO MINIMIZE THESE EFFECTS.
THE 2.2 SECOND DROP TOWER
WAS CONSIDERED
THE GATEWAY TO SPACE FOR
MANY OF THE EARLY EXPERIMENTS
FLYING ON THE SHUTTLE
AND EVEN THE SPACE STATION,
BECAUSE MANY IN CONCEPTS WERE
FIRST EXPLORED AND TESTED HERE.
NOT LONG AFTER THAT,
CONSTRUCTION BEGAN ON
AN UNDERGROUND 5.2 SECOND
DROP TOWER CALLED
THE ZERO-G FACILITY.
BY 1966, THIS PREMIERE FACILITY,
THE LARGEST OF ITS KIND
IN THE WORLD,
WAS AND STILL IS OPERATIONAL.
THE EXPERIMENT FALLS
FOR 430 FEET,
OR ABOUT THE HEIGHT
OF OUR TERMINAL TOWER
IN DOWNTOWN,
THROUGH A 20 FOOT DIAMETER
VACUUM TUBE
TO ELIMINATE AIR DRAG.
TRAVELING OVER
100 MILES PER HOUR,
THIS 2,500 POUND PACKAGE
IS STOPPED IN ABOUT 15 FEET
BY EXPANDED
POLYSTYRENE PACKING.
IN THE 1980S A DIVISION
WAS FORMED AT OUR CENTER
DEDICATED TO CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENTS IN MICROGRAVITY,
AND WE BEGAN
OPERATING A LEARJET
TO ALLOW OUR RESEARCHERS TO FLY
ALONG WITH THEIR EXPERIMENTS
WHILE EXPERIENCING ABOUT
20 SECONDS OF LOW GRAVITY,
DURING ONE OF THESE PARABOLIC
TRAJECTORIES.
WE ALSO FLEW
OUR FIRST EXPERIMENT
IN A SPACE SHUTTLE,
WHICH HAPPEN TO BE PILOTED
BY OUR CURRENT ADMINISTRATOR
CHARLIE BOLDEN.
BY THE 1990S,
WE WERE IN OUR HEYDAY,
BUILDING A TELESCIENCE
SUPPORT CENTER TO PROVIDE
AROUND THE CLOCK
OPERATION SUPPORT FOR ALL
OF OUR SPACE FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS
AND WE ALSO REFURBISHED
A DC9 AIRCRAFT TO HANDLE
THE HIGH VOLUME OF EXPERIMENTS
PREPARING FOR SPACE FLIGHT.
TODAY, NASA GLENN OPERATES
THE FLUIDS AND COMBUSTION
FACILITY ON THE SPACE STATION,
AND WE COLLECT ALL
OF THE ACCELEROMETER DATA
TO CHARACTERIZE
THE MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT.
WE MANAGE ALL NASA
EXPERIMENTS AND COMBUSTION,
FLUID PHYSICS,
AND COMPLEX FOODS,
AND WE HAVE CONDUCTED
OVER 150 EXPERIMENTS
ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE,
RUSSIAN MIR,
AND SOUNDING ROCKETS
AND WE'VE NEARLY--
AND WE'VE COMPLETED NEARLY
50 EXPERIMENTS TO DATE ON
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
SO, LET'S TAKE
A BRIEF LOOK AT A FEW
OF OUR RECENT EXPERIMENTS.
THE UNITED STATES-STATES ALONE
CONSUMES ABOUT
20 MILLION BARRELS PER DAY
OF LIQUID FUEL.
DROPLET EXPERIMENTS PROVIDE
AN IDEALIZED GEOMETRY
OR TEXTBOOK CASE
TO STUDY THE CHEMICAL KINETICS
OF LIQUID FUELS.
HOWEVER, PRIOR TO
THE FLAME EXTINGUISHMENT
EXPERIMENT, OR FLEX,
FIRST FLOWN IN 2009,
WE LACKED THE IMPORTANT
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
TO FULLY BENCHMARK
THE LEADING THEORIES
AND MODELS USED IN--
FOR COMBUSTOR DESIGN
AND SIMULATION.
THIS IS BECAUSE
IT'S NOT POSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN
THE PERFECT DROPLET SHAPE
THROUGHOUT A BURN
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY.
SO, HERE YOU'LL SEE
A DROPLET BEING SUSPENDED
BETWEEN TWO NEEDLES
WITH IGNITER RINGS
ON EITHER SIDE.
ONCE IGNITED,
THE EXPERIMENT PROCEEDED
AS EXPECTED,
BURNING UNTIL EXTINCTION.
WELL, MAYBE.
AS THE PROCESS QUICKLY COOLED,
YOU SEE A VAPOR
FUEL CLOUD FORMING
AND SUDDENLY--
WHAT JUST HAPPENED?
IT TOOK, UH, NASA SCIENTISTS
NEARLY A YEAR
TO CONVINCE THEMSELVES.
WHAT THEY JUST SAW
WAS LONG CONSIDERED IMPOSSIBLE.
WHAT THEY OBSERVED WAS A DROPLET
THAT HAD CONTINUED TO BURN
BUT AT A VERY COOL TEMPERATURE,
ABOUT HALF THE TEMPERATURE
OF A HOT FLAME.
IT THEN REIGNITED
BACK TO A HOT FLAME
TO CONSUME THE REMAINING FUEL.
THIS LOW TEMPERATURE CHEMISTRY
IS KNOWN TO CAUSE ENGINE KNOCK
AND LIMITS EFFICIENCY,
BUT ONLY LAST
FOR A FRACTION OF A SECOND
AND IS VERY DIFFICULT,
IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE,
TO OBSERVE ON EARTH.
ENGINE DESIGN'S
LIKE STANDUP COMEDY:
TIMING IS EVERYTHING.
AN EFFICIENT ENGINE REQUIRES
EXACT CHEMISTRY TO BE PRESENT
AT PRECISELY THE RIGHT TIME.
THE RESULTS OF THIS EXPERIMENT
ARE BEING FACTORED
INTO IMPORTANT,
NEW AUTOIGNITION
CONCEPT ENGINES.
AND IN 2012, THIS WORK,
NOW CALLED COOL FLAMES
WON THE TOP DISCOVERY AWARD
FOR ISS RESEARCH.
THE SECOND EXPERIMENT
I'D LIKE TO HIGHLIGHT
INVOLVES SOME
VERY BASIC RESEARCH
ON LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS.
LIQUID CRYSTALS WERE DISCOVERED
LONG AGO AS A MATERIAL
THAT EXHIBITS PROPERTIES
SOMEWHERE BETWEEN A SOLID
AND A LIQUID STATE.
IT TOOK NEARLY 40 YEARS
BEFORE CONCLUSIVE EXPERIMENTS
VALIDATED THE THEORY,
AND THEN NEARLY ANOTHER 40 YEARS
BEFORE THE TECHNOLOGY
INNOVATIONS
STARTED TO IMPACT
OUR DAILY LIVES.
TODAY, THE LC WORLD MARKET
IS OVER $150 BILLION PER YEAR,
WITH NEW USES AND DEVELOPMENTS
BEING DISCOVERED
ON AN ONGOING BASIS.
THE OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS
OF SMECTIC ISLANDS IN SPACE
EXPERIMENT WAS INSTALLED
BY COSMONAUT GENNADY PADALKA
ON THE ISS THIS SUMMER
AND IS JUST NOW
COMPLETING OPERATIONS
AS THE FIRST TO STUDY
HOW THE COMPLEX INTERFACES
IN LIQUID CRYSTALS EVOLVE
WHEN FREELY SUSPENDED.
THIS VIDEO SHOWS
ONE OF THE EXCITING
ONGOING STUDIES.
ON YOUR LEFT IS A FULL VIEW
OF A THIN FILM BUBBLE
WITH LIQUID CRYSTAL ISLANDS
FREELY FLOATING AROUND.
ON THE RIGHT IS A CLOSE-UP VIEW.
OVER TIME, WE OBSERVE
HOW THE CRYSTALS CONVERGE
AND COARSEN
UNDER VERY SPECIFIC,
CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
NEVER OBSERVED
ON THIS SCALE BEFORE.
THIS IS CRITICAL
TO OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF HOW SMALL DEFECTS
CAN FORM AND GROW,
STILL A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE
FOR LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS.
SMALL IMPROVEMENTS IN MATERIALS
OR REDUCTIONS IN DEFECTS
TRANSLATE TO SIGNIFICANT
COST SAVINGS FOR THE INDUSTRY.
AS I MENTIONED EARLIER,
THE VERY FIRST
MICROGRAVITY EXPERIMENT
LOOKED AT HOW FLUIDS
BEHAVED IN SPACE.
WITHOUT THE STRONG
MASKING EFFECTS OF GRAVITY,
CAPILLARY FORCES CAN DOMINATE
AND OFTEN LEAD
TO STRANGE FLUID BEHAVIOR
NOT SEEN ON EARTH.
CONTROLLING FLUIDS IN SPACE
IS IMPORTANT
TO LIFE SUPPORT, PROPULSION,
AND THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS.
CAPILLARY FLOW EXPERIMENT,
OR CFE, HAS BEEN
ONE OF OUR LONGEST RUNNING
AND MOST SUCCESSFUL
EXPERIMENTS TO DATE.
OPERATED BY MANY ASTRONAUTS
AS A SERIES OF STUDIES
ON HOW GEOMETRIES
AFFECT CAPILLARY FLOWS.
HERE'S AN EXAMPLE
OF A PERFORATED VEIN
THAT CAN BE USED
TO WHIP THE FLUID UP OR DOWN
SIMPLY BY CHANGING THE GAP
BETWEEN THE VEIN AND THE WALL.
FOR EXAMPLE, THIS IS IMPORTANT
FOR POSITIONING
THE LAST REMAINING FUEL
IN A TANK JUST PRIOR
TO FIRING THE ENGINES,
AS SHOWN IN THIS SIMULATION.
ANOTHER SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE
WE ENCOUNTER IN SPACE
IS SEPARATING BUBBLES
FROM THE LIQUID.
THIS PLAGUES MANY
OF OUR SYSTEMS.
HOWEVER, THROUGH PROPER
USE AND UNDERSTANDING
OF CAPILLARY FORCES,
SEPARATION'S
NOT REALLY THAT HARD.
SO BACK TO ROBERT SIEGEL'S
INCORRECT CONCLUSION
ABOUT CAPILLARY FLOWS.
SIEGEL CONCLUDED
THE CAPILLARY RISE IN A TUBE
WOULD NOT AUTO-EJECT THE LIQUID
FROM THE END OF THE TUBE.
WE DON'T-- HERE WE HAVE
REPRODUCED HIS EXPERIMENT
WITH A STRAIGHT TUBE,
AND WE CAN SEE HOW HE CAME
TO THIS CONCLUSION.
HOWEVER, HAD HE USED
A NOZZLE SHAPE
AT THE END OF THE TUBE,
HIS RESULTS WOULD HAVE BEEN
VERY DIFFERENT.
IN FACT, WE CAN EVEN
CONTROL AND PROJECT--
PREDICT THE INJECTION
BY CHANGING THE GEOMETRY.
NASA GLENN MICROGRAVITY
RESEARCH PROGRAM HAS PRODUCED
MANY EXCITING RESULTS
OVER THE YEARS,
WITH MUCH MORE TO COME.
WE HAVE PUBLISHED
IN THE MOST PRESTIGIOUS JOURNALS
AND INCORPORATED FINDINGS
INTO SOLUTIONS FOR BOTH
EARTH-BASED APPLICATIONS
AS WELL AS SPACECRAFT DESIGN.
IN FACT, WE'VE EVEN BROADENED
OUR SCOPE OF APPLICATION
TO ISSUES SUCH AS
ASTRONAUT HEALTH AND FITNESS.
FOR EXAMPLE, OUR WORK HAS LED
TO IMPROVING EXERCISE EQUIPMENT,
THE TYPES OF EXERCISE,
AND HOW IT AFFECTS DIFFERENT
PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN SPACE.
IN PARTICULAR, THE RESISTIVE
EXERCISE SHOWN HERE
CONTRIBUTES TO OUR RESEARCH
IN THE EFFECTS
OF THE REDISTRIBUTION
OF CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
AS WELL AS IN BONE
AND MUSCLE LOSS.
NASA HAS ALSO UNDERTAKEN
TWO INITIATIVES TO MAKE
THESE VALUABLE RESOURCES
AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE.
IN 2011, NASA SELECTED CASIS,
THE NONPROFIT CENTER
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE IN SPACE,
TO MANAGE THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION
NATIONAL LABORATORY.
CASIS PROVIDES SEED MONEY
TO HELP FUND
PROMISING RESEARCH PROJECTS
FOR PRIVATE INDUSTRY,
AS WELL AS PROVIDING THEM
DIRECT ACCESS TO LAUNCH
AND OPERATE MAYBE EVEN
ONE OF YOUR EXPERIMENTS
ON THE SPACE STATION.
IN ADDITION, YOU CAN GO
TO OUR NEW INFORMATICS WEBSITE
AS AN AC-- TO ACCESS DATA FROM
PAST AND CURRENT EXPERIMENTS.
OUR HOPE IS THAT MANY
NEW INSIGHTS WILL RESULT
FROM THIS DATABASE
FOR MANY YEARS TO COME,
EVEN AFTER NASA MOVES BEYOND
THE SPACE STATION ERA.
I'D LIKE TO THANK THOSE
WHO HELPED CONTRIBUTE
TO THIS PRESENTATION,
AND I'D LIKE TO THANK YOU
FOR YOUR INTEREST
IN MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH.
[ APPLAUSE ]
[ MUSIC ]
>> TONIGHT I WOULD LIKE
TO TALK TO YOU
ABOUT SPACE PROPULSION.
SPECIFICALLY
A TYPE OF PROPULSION CALLED
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION.
BUT BEFORE I DO,
I WANT TO TALK A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT GETTING TO SPACE.
IN THE MORE THAN 50 YEARS
SINCE OHIOAN JOHN GLENN
BECAME THE FIRST
AMERICAN ASTRONAUT
TO ORBIT THE EARTH,
WE'VE GRADUALLY EVOLVED
TO A STATE WHERE WE TAKE
ACCESS TO SPACE FOR GRANTED.
THIS IS IN PART DUE
TO THE MANY SUCCESSES
WE HAVE HAD IN SPACE
DURING THIS TIME.
FOR EXAMPLE, SINCE THE YEAR 2000
WE HAVE HAD
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
ORBITING THE EARTH
WITH CREW ONBOARD CONTINUOUSLY.
IN OUR DAY-TO-DAY LIVES
WE RELY ON A SPACE-BASED
INFRASTRUCTURE
FOR THINGS LIKE GOOGLE MAPS
ON OUR CELL PHONES,
SATELLITE RADIO IN OUR CARS,
AND DIRECT TV IN OUR HOMES.
AND OUR POPULAR CULTURE
IS INFUSED WITH SCIENCE FICTION,
WITH TELEVISION SHOWS
LIKE "STAR TREK"
AND MOVIES LIKE "STAR WARS."
TAKING ALL THIS INTO ACCOUNT,
YOU CAN APPRECIATE
WHY WE TAKE ACCESS TO SPACE
FOR GRANTED.
HOWEVER,
FOR THE NEXT FEW MINUTES,
I'M GOING TO REMIND YOU
HOW HARD IT IS
TO GET TO SPACE
AND ORBIT THE EARTH
LIKE JOHN GLENN
FIRST DID IN 1962
AND WHY SOLAR ELECTRIC
PROPULSION MATTERS.
ORBITING THE EARTH
TAKES MORE THAN
LAUNCHING A ROCKET
UP ABOVE THE UPPER REACHES
OF OUR ATMOSPHERE.
ORBITING THE EARTH
REQUIRES GOING FAST ENOUGH
TO OVERCOME THE PULL
OF THE EARTH'S GRAVITY.
SO IT'S ABOUT BOTH
ALTITUDE AND VELOCITY.
IF YOUR VELOCITY IS TOO LOW,
YOU LOSE ALTITUDE
AND CRASH BACK TO EARTH.
IF YOUR VELOCITY IS TOO HIGH,
YOU ESCAPE THE EARTH'S ORBIT
AND GO OFF INTO DEEP SPACE.
HOWEVER, IF YOUR VELOCITY
IS JUST RIGHT,
IT BALANCES WITH GRAVITY,
AND YOU ACHIEVE EARTH ORBIT.
AS AN ASIDE,
THAT IS ALSO THE REASON
WHY ORBITING ASTRONAUTS
APPEAR WEIGHTLESS.
IT ISN'T A LACK OF GRAVITY
IN OUTER SPACE
THAT MAKES THEM WEIGHTLESS.
IT'S THEIR FORWARD MOMENTUM
WHILE IN ORBIT BALANCES WITH
AND EFFECTIVELY CANCELS OUT
THE EARTH'S GRAVITY.
SO HOW FAST DO YOU HAVE TO GO
TO ACHIEVE EARTH ORBIT?
AT AN ALTITUDE
OF ABOUT 250 MILES,
WHICH IS THE ORBITAL ALTITUDE
OF THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION,
YOU NEED TO BE TRAVELING
AT 17,500 MILES PER HOUR.
WELL, HOW FAST IS THAT?
IT'S MORE THAN 30 TIMES FASTER
THAN A COMMERCIAL JET AIRLINER.
IT'S ALSO MORE THAN
12 TIMES FASTER
THAN THE NOW-RETIRED
SUPERSONIC CONCORDE,
WHICH COULD TRAVEL
FROM NEW YORK TO PARIS
IN UNDER THREE HOURS.
INCREDIBLY,
17,500 MILES PER HOUR
IS MORE THAN 8 TIMES FASTER
THAN A SPEEDING BULLET.
TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA
OF HOW FAST
17,500 MILES AN HOUR IS,
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
CIRCLES THE EARTH
ONCE EVERY 90 MINUTES,
AND AS A RESULT,
IT COVERS THE DISTANCE
FROM NEW YORK TO PARIS
IN ONLY 13 MINUTES.
TO SHOW YOU WHAT
THAT LOOKS LIKE FROM SPACE,
HERE'S SOME REAL-TIME VIDEO
OF THE ISS IN ORBIT.
SO GETTING TO SPACE
IS A LOT HARDER
THAN JUST GOING STRAIGHT UP
200 OR 250 MILES
AND INTO ORBIT.
TO GET TO ORBIT TAKES A ROCKET.
ROCKETS, OR WHAT WE CALL
LAUNCH VEHICLES,
ARE SOME OF THE MOST
POWERFUL MACHINES
THE HUMAN RACE
HAS EVER CONSTRUCTED.
THEY PRODUCE MILLIONS
OF POUNDS OF THRUST
AND CAN ACCELERATE
MANY, MANY TONS OF PAYLOAD
TO ORBITAL VELOCITIES
AND INTO SPACE.
SO WITH THAT BACKGROUND,
HERE'S VIDEO SHOWING THE LAUNCH
OF NASA'S LAST
HUMAN-RATED LAUNCH VEHICLE,
THE NOW-RETIRED SPACE SHUTTLE,
A SYSTEM THAT WAS CAPABLE
OF PUTTING AS MUCH AS 30 TONS
AND EIGHT ASTRONAUTS
INTO ORBIT AT A TIME.
[ INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER]
AT LIFT-OFF,
THE SPACE SHUTTLE CONSUMED
OVER 5 1/2 TONS OF PROPELLANT
EVERY SINGLE SECOND.
AND REMARKABLY,
OUR LAUNCH VEHICLES
ARE GENERALLY SINGLE USE,
DISPOSABLE ITEMS.
THE NET EFFECT IS A COST
ON THE ORDER OF
$10,000 PER POUND
TO LAUNCH PAYLOADS INTO SPACE.
WHILE THAT MAY SEEM
PROHIBITIVELY EXPENSIVE,
LAST YEAR THERE WERE
MORE THAN 92 SPACE LAUNCHES,
THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF LAUNCHES
IN A SINGLE YEAR
IN OVER TWO DECADES.
AND ALL OF US CONTRIBUTE
TO PAY THIS PRICE,
BECAUSE OUR CURRENT WAY OF LIFE
IS MORE RELIANT
ON IN-SPACE ASSETS
THAN AT ANY TIME IN HISTORY.
THINGS LIKE WEATHER PREDICTIONS,
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, GPS,
AND EVEN ATMS ALL RELY
ON ORBITING SPACECRAFT.
THAT'S WHY IT SHOULDN'T
COME AS A SURPRISE TO ANYONE
THAT LAST YEAR GLOBAL SPACE
WAS A $330 BILLION INDUSTRY.
SO HOW DOES THE NET--
GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
AND SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
FIT INTO THIS PICTURE?
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
IS A TECHNOLOGY THAT IMPACTS
THE ECONOMICS OF SPACE,
AS CURRENTLY MUCH OF WHAT
WE SEND INTO ORBIT
IS PROPELLANT THAT WE USE
ONCE WE GET INTO ORBIT.
UNLIKE A CAR,
WHERE THE GASOLINE
IN YOUR FUEL TANK
IS LESS THAN 5%
OF THE MASS OF YOUR CAR,
ROCKETS ARE TYPICALLY
MORE THAN 85% FUEL.
AND EVEN SPACECRAFT
THAT HAVE ALREADY REACHED
LOW EARTH ORBIT
MAY STILL BE 60% FUEL.
THAT IS BECAUSE ALL THE ENERGY
WE USE TO PROPEL OUR SPACECRAFT
IS CONTAINED WITHIN
THE CHEMICAL BONDS
OF THE ROCKET FUEL.
TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA
OF WHAT IT TAKES TO LAUNCH
RELATIVELY SMALL PAYLOADS
INTO DEEP SPACE,
CONSIDER THE 1,000-POUND
NASA NEW HORIZONS SPACECRAFT
THAT RECENTLY FLEW BY PLUTO.
THIS SPACECRAFT
ULTIMATELY BECAME
THE FASTEST SPACECRAFT
EVER LAUNCHED.
BUT TO ACHIEVE THAT,
THIS 1,000-POUND SPACECRAFT
STARTED OUT SITTING ON
A 1.3 MILLION-POUND
ATLAS V LAUNCH VEHICLE,
A MASS RATIO
OF MORE THAN 1,000 TO 1.
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
BREAKS THAT PARADIGM
BY ADDING ELECTRICITY
GENERATED FROM SUNLIGHT
TO ROCKET FUEL
TO ACHIEVE FUEL ECONOMIES
UP TO TEN TIMES GREATER
THAN OTHERWISE POSSIBLE.
THAT CAN REDUCE
THE AMOUNT OF FUEL WE NEED
FOR SPACE MISSIONS
BY AS MUCH AS 90%.
THIS ALLOWS US TO REDUCE
THE SIZE OF OUR SPACECRAFT
AND MORE IMPORTANTLY
REDUCE THE SIZE
OF OUR LAUNCH VEHICLES,
ULTIMATELY MAKING
SPACE MISSIONS
MUCH MORE AFFORDABLE.
SO HOW DOES IT WORK?
UNTIL THERE'S
SOME BREAKTHROUGH IN PHYSICS,
ALL SPACE PROPULSION
BASICALLY WORKS BY THROWING
ONBOARD PROPELLANT OVERBOARD.
BECAUSE OF SOMETHING CALLED
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM,
IF WE THROW SOMETHING
OVERBOARD IN ONE DIRECTION,
WE MOVE IN
THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION
IN AN AMOUNT PROPORTIONAL
TO THE MASS THROWN OVERBOARD
AND HOW FAST IT WAS THROWN.
SO IF WE THROW A BIG MASS SLOWLY
OR A SMALL MASS QUICKLY,
WE MOVE OUR SPACECRAFT
AN EQUIVALENT AMOUNT.
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
USES ONLY SMALL AMOUNTS
OF PROPELLANT EXHAUSTED
AT VERY HIGH VELOCITIES
TO DRAMATICALLY REDUCE
THE AMOUNT OF PROPELLANT NEEDED.
THE BEST WE CAN DO
WHEN RELYING ON THE ENERGY
CONTAINED IN OUR PROPELLANTS
IS ACHIEVED WHEN WE COMBINE
HYDROGEN WITH OXYGEN.
THAT COMBINATION OF PROPELLANTS
PROVIDES A MAXIMUM
GAS EXIT VELOCITY
OF JUST LESS THAN
10,000 MILES PER HOUR.
AND YOU CAN THINK OF VELOCITY
LIKE MILES PER GALLON.
THE HIGHER THAT VELOCITY,
THE MORE YOU GET OUT
OF EVERY POUND OF PROPELLANT.
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION,
BY TAKING ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT
USING A PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ARRAY
FOLDED UP FOR LAUNCH
AND THEN DEPLOYED IN SPACE
AND COMBINING IT
WITH A PROPELLANT,
GENERALLY A HEAVY GAS
CALLED XENON,
WE CAN GET EXIT VELOCITIES OF
90,000 MILES PER HOUR OR MORE.
THAT MEANS SOLAR ELECTRIC
PROPULSION PROVIDES
MORE THAN TEN TIMES
THE FUEL ECONOMY OF CONVENTIONAL
CHEMICAL PROPULSION.
SO WHAT'S THE CATCH?
YOU NEED A SOLAR ARRAY
TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY,
AND THE AMOUNT OF THRUST
YOU GENERATE
IS DIRECTLY TIED
TO THE AMOUNT OF POWER
YOU PRODUCE.
AND FOR MODERN SPACECRAFT,
THAT THRUST IS VERY LOW.
TO DATE THAT HASN'T STOPPED
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
FROM BEING WIDELY USED.
HERE IS A GRAPHIC
OF THE NUMBER OF SPACECRAFT
UTILIZING SOLAR
ELECTRIC PROPULSION
IN GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT.
BACK IN 1985 THERE WERE
ONLY A HANDFUL
OF THESE SPACECRAFT
USING THIS TYPE OF PROPULSION.
TODAY THERE ARE
OVER 200 SPACECRAFT
USING SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION,
AND MORE THAN HALF OF
ALL THE SATELLITES IN THIS ORBIT
USE SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION.
NASA GLENN WAS EITHER
DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INVOLVED
IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF ALL THESE SYSTEMS
THAT OPERATE AT POWER LEVELS
OF 1 TO 5 KILOWATTS,
POWER LEVELS BETWEEN THOSE
OF YOUR MICROWAVE OVEN
AND AN ELECTRIC CLOTHES DRYER.
SO AT THESE POWER LEVELS,
HOW LOW IS THE THRUST?
AT 5 KILOWATTS,
THE AMOUNT OF FORCE GENERATED
IS EQUAL TO ABOUT 30 GRAMS,
OR THE WEIGHT
OF SIX NICKELS IN YOUR HAND.
AS A RESULT, THESE APPLICATIONS
ARE MOSTLY FOR STATION KEEPING
OR MAINTAINING A SATELLITE
IN A SPECIFIC ORBIT
FOR 15 YEARS OR MORE.
BUT THERE HAVE BEEN MISSIONS
THAT HAVE USED
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
IN DEEP SPACE,
DESPITE THE LOW THRUST,
SIMPLY BY OPERATING
THEIR SYSTEMS
FOR VERY LONG TIMES.
A GREAT EXAMPLE OF THIS
IS THE NASA DAWN
SCIENCE MISSION.
LAUNCHED IN SEPTEMBER, 2007,
ITS ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM,
DEVELOPED RIGHT HERE
IN CLEVELAND
AT THE GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
HAS OPERATED
AT 2 KILOWATTS OR LESS,
GENERATING THRUSTS ON THE ORDER
OF 10 GRAMS OR LESS,
FOR OVER 47,000 HOURS
OR 5.5 YEARS.
DURING THAT TIME,
IT'S CONSUMED OVER 850 POUNDS
OF XENON PROPELLANT
TO PUSH A 1,000-POUND SPACECRAFT
INTO ORBIT AROUND
A MAIN BELT ASTEROID
CALLED VESTA IN 2011
AND THEN JUST THIS YEAR
TO ORBIT A PROTOPLANET
CALLED CERES.
THE DAWN MISSION,
WHICH COLLECTED DATA
AT VESTA AND CERES,
TO INVESTIGATE THE EARLIEST
ORIGINS OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
WAS CONDUCTED FOR BETWEEN
$400 AND $500 MILLION.
AND IT UTILIZED THE SMALLEST,
LEAST EXPENSIVE LAUNCH VEHICLE
IN THE NASA FLEET.
UTILIZING CHEMICAL PROPULSION,
THIS MISSION WOULD HAVE REQUIRED
20,000 POUNDS OF ROCKET FUEL.
THAT WOULD HAVE ADDED
MORE THAN $200 MILLION
TO THE COST OF MISSION
IN LAUNCH VEHICLE COSTS ALONE.
CURRENTLY NASA GLENN
IS IN THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING
A SOLAR ELECTRIC
PROPULSION SYSTEM
25 TIMES MORE POWERFUL
THAN THE SYSTEM USED ON DAWN.
THIS HIGHER POWER SYSTEM
WILL PRODUCE ENOUGH THRUST
TO ALLOW US
TO MORE QUICKLY DELIVER
MUCH HEAVIER PAYLOADS,
INCLUDING THOSE
THAT MIGHT ULTIMATELY
BE NEEDED TO SUPPORT
HUMAN MISSIONS TO MARS.
THE FIRST SPACE DEMONSTRATION
OF THIS TECHNOLOGY IS EXPECTED
BY THE END OF THE DECADE
AS PART OF THE NASA
ASTEROID REDIRECT MISSION.
THIS MISSION IS AN OPPORTUNITY
TO SHOW HOW HIGH POWER
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
CAN PROPEL A LARGE SPACECRAFT
TO A DEEP SPACE ASTEROID,
AND HOW THAT SAME VEHICLE
CAN THEN RETURN
A LARGE PIECE OF THIS ASTEROID
WITH A MASS OF 20 TONS OR MORE
USING ONLY A FEW THOUSAND POUNDS
OF XENON PROPELLANT.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE
OF SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
IS SEEN AS ONE MORE STEP
ON THE JOURNEY TO HUMANS
AFFORDABLY EXPLORING
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
AND MOVING BEYOND
THE CONFINES OF EARTH.
THANK YOU.
[ MUSIC ]
>> YOU AND I ARE LIVING
IN A VERY SPECIAL TIME.
THE AGE OF SOLAR SYSTEM
EXPLORATION.
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
IS A COMPLEX MASTERPIECE
OF WHICH WE KNEW SO LITTLE FROM
OUR GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS.
BUT WITHIN THE SPAN
OF A SINGLE LIFETIME,
NASA HAS SENT SPACECRAFT
TO EVERY PLANET
AND SEVERAL MOONS.
OUR FIRST EYES TO SET UPON
UNDISCOVERED LANDS.
BEFORE WE ENDEAVORED
ON THIS JOURNEY,
EVERYTHING WE KNEW OF PLUTO
COULD HAVE FIT
ON A SINGLE FILE CARD.
AND NOW WE DOWNLINK NEW DATA
EVERY DAY.
WE FIRST TELEVISED PICTURES
OF OUR EARTH FROM SPACE
IN 1960.
SOON AFTER,
WE WERE TOGETHER CELEBRATING
OUR FIRST AMERICAN ORBITS.
VENTURING OUTSIDE
TO LEARN TO SPACEWALK.
PUSHING FORTHER
TOWARDS OUR MOON.
WATCHING THE EARTH RISE UP
OVER THE MOON'S HORIZON.
WE LEARNED TO COEXIST PEACEFULLY
AND WORK TOGETHER IN SPACE,
WHILE ALSO TAKING THE TIME
TO REVEL IN THE SIMPLE
JOY OF IT ALL.
LOOK HOW FAR WE'VE COME,
YOU AND I,
IN OUR SHORT HISTORY
OF SPACE EXPLORATION.
ALL WITHIN A SINGLE LIFETIME,
ALL BROADCAST
RIGHT TO OUR HOMES.
WE VENTURE INTO
THE VERY CENTER OF OUR SYSTEM
TO OBSERVE SOLAR FLARES
PEELING OFF THE SUN
IN THREE DIMENSIONS.
WE WATCH SUNSETS
FROM THE HILLS OF MARS.
WE MONITOR STORMS EVEN LARGER
THAN THE EARTH ITSELF
ON JUPITER.
WE GAZE AT THE WANDERING
RINGS OF SATURN
AND PONDER THE VAST UNKNOWN
AS VOYAGER 1
ENTERS INTERSTELLAR SPACE
AFTER 35 YEARS.
BY REACHING FOR
THESE NEW HEIGHTS,
WE ARE LOOKING AT DATA
NO ONE HAS SEEN BEFORE
FROM REGIONS
NO ONE HAS BEEN BEFORE.
SPACE OFFERS
THE ULTIMATE PERSPECTIVE.
IT IS IN OUR NATURE TO EXPLORE,
AND THE REWARD
FOR THIS EXPLORATION
IS WE LEARN MORE ABOUT OURSELVES
AND OUR SURROUNDINGS.
SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
OFFERS US A CONDUIT FOR
BRINGING THIS VALUABLE KNOWLEDGE
TO THE GROUND.
IT IMPROVES OUR EVERYDAY LIVES
BY PROVIDING US WITH INFORMATION
TO MAKE BETTER DECISIONS
ABOUT OUR PLANET.
WHAT WE LEARN FROM SPACE
TELLS US MORE OF OUR OWN WORLD
AND MORE IMPORTANTLY
WHAT IT HAS IN STORE FOR US
IN THE FUTURE,
SO WE CAN RESPOND APPROPRIATELY
AND SHARE IT
WITH FUTURE GENERATIONS.
IF THE LAST COUPLE CENTURIES
FOCUSED ON TRANSPORTING
ENERGY AND PEOPLE,
THEN THIS CENTURY
IS ABOUT MOVING INFORMATION.
NASA CURRENTLY COMMUNICATES
WITH OVER 100 SPACECRAFT,
PLACING INCREASING DEMANDS
ON LEGACY SYSTEMS
TO KEEP UP WITH
ALL THE GENERATED DATA.
THE SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
AND NAVIGATION PROGRAM
KNOWN AS SCAN
WAS FOUNDED TO OPERATE
AND EVOLVE NASA'S NETWORKS
AROUND THE WORLD
FOR FUTURE SCIENCE
AND EXPLORATION NEEDS.
CERTAIN MISSIONS REQUIRE
MAXIMUM CONNECTIVITY
WITH THE EARTH.
AND SO THEY COMMUNICATE
THROUGH A SERIES
OF RELAY SATELLITES
CIRCLING THE PLANET
KNOWN AS THE TRACKING
AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE SYSTEM
OR TDRSS.
THE LARGEST CUSTOMER FOR TDRSS
IS THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION,
WHERE IT IS IMPERATIVE
TO REMAIN IN CONSTANT CONTACT
WITH OUR ASTRONAUTS
AND COSMONAUTS ONBOARD.
INTERPLANETARY MISSIONS UTILIZE
SCAN'S DEEP SPACE NETWORK
OR DSN.
DSN IS A SERIES OF TERMINALS
FEATURING THE VERY LARGEST
OF NASA'S ANTENNAS
TO REACH FAR OUT INTO
THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND.
THE NAVIGATIONAL ASSISTANCE
PROVIDED BY THE DSN IS SO GOOD
WE CAN PLACE MULTIPLE SPACECRAFT
WITHIN PROXIMITY OF EACH OTHER,
SUCH AS WITH THE MARS
SCIENCE LABORATORY
ENTRY DESCENT AND LANDING.
THIS EVENT WAS MONITORED
BY ORBITING SPACECRAFT
AND TRANSMITTED
BACK TO THE EARTH
ONCE THE ROVER WAS
SAFELY ON THE SURFACE.
THE ORBITERS CONTINUED
TO MONITOR THE PROGRESS
OF THE ROVER,
AND TOGETHER THEY FORM
A COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK AT MARS
TO WORK THESE SIGNALS
BACK TOWARDS EARTH.
NOW DESPITE THESE ADVANCES,
WE ARE ACTUALLY LEAVING
UP TO 95% OF OUR DATA
ONBOARD OUR SPACECRAFT,
NEVER TO BE RECOVERED.
IMAGINE AND REMOTE SENSING
CAPABILITIES
HAVE FAR OUTPACED OUR ABILITY
TO TRANSMIT THEIR DATA
BACK TOWARDS EARTH.
THE FUNDAMENTAL REASON
WE EXPLORE, INFORMATION,
IS BEING LIMITED BY
THE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
UTILIZED TODAY.
OUR UNIVERSE IS DYNAMIC,
AND ONE HAS TO WONDER,
WHAT ARE WE GIVING UP?
WHAT IS IN THE DATA
BETWEEN THE IMAGES?
WHAT ALL ARE WE MISSING,
AND HOW CAN WE DO BETTER?
HERE ON EARTH,
FIBEROPTIC TECHNOLOGIES
HAVE ENABLED SIGNIFICANTLY
FASTER DATA RATES.
AND ALTHOUGH IT'S NOT PRACTICAL
TO RUN AN OPTICAL FIBER
ALL THE WAY BACK FROM MARS,
SPACE LASER
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
CAN ENABLE SIMILAR
PERFORMANCE IN SPACE.
THE CURRENT RENAISSANCE OF
LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
CAN OFFER UP TO 100 TIMES
THE DATA RATE
AND A FRACTION OF THE MASS
OF RADIO FREQUENCY BASED
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS.
THE PROOF OF THIS
WAS THE LUNAR LASER
COMMUNICATIONS DEMONSTRATION,
WHERE A SPACECRAFT
ORBITING THE MOON
ACQUIRED A LASER BEACON
FROM EARTH
AND WAS ABLE TO TRANSMIT
AT A RATE SIX TIMES FASTER
AT 25 LESS MASS
THAN THE RF SYSTEM.
THROUGH THIS LASER LINK,
WE WERE ABLE
TO COMMUNICATE VIDEO
AND SEND PICTURES
OF THE MONA LISA TO THE MOON
AND RETURN THEM
BACK TO THE EARTH
ALL ERROR FREE.
AT THESE RATES,
WE CAN COMMUNICATE 30 CHANNELS
OF HIGH DEFINITION VIDEO
SIMULTANEOUSLY,
AND THE CURRENT
LASER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
OFFER AN EVEN FURTHER
INCREASE IN PERFORMANCE.
THE NEXT STEP IS TO TAKE
LASER COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
AND EVOLVE IT
INTO AN OPERATIONAL SYSTEM
FOR MISSIONS TO UTILIZE.
THE GLENN RESEARCH CENTER'S
INTEGRATED RADIO AND OPTICAL
COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT,
KNOWN AS IROC,
AIMS TO DO EXACTLY THAT.
IROC LEVELS THE ROBUSTNESS
OF THE EXISTING
RADIO FREQUENCY NETWORK
AND COMBINES THAT
WITH THE EMERGING
HIGH SPEED LASER COMMUNICATIONS
INTO A SINGLE PACKAGE
TO REMOVE THE BOTTLENECK
IN RETURNING INFORMATION
BACK TO EARTH.
IROC'S COMBINATION
OF OPERATIONAL
WITH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
IS VERY ANALOGOUS
TO THE AMERICAN
COMBINED STEAM AND SAIL SHIPS
WHEN BOILERS WERE FIRST
BEING INTRODUCED IN THE 1800S.
AT THE FRONT OF THE IROC SYSTEM
IS A COMBINATION
OF AN OPTICAL TELESCOPE
AND AN RF ANTENNA
CALLED A TELETENNA.
YOU ARE LOOKING AT
A PROTOTYPE TELETENNA
FOR LABORATORY TESTING,
WHICH ALIGNS A LASER BEAM
DOWN THE CENTER
OF THE RF PATTERN.
THE FLIGHT MODEL TELETENNA
IS MADE OUT OF
VERY LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS,
INCLUDING A GOLD-PLATED
MOLYBDENUM MESH
FOR THE RF SYSTEM PROVIDED BY
NORTHROP GRUMMAN ASTRO
AND LIGHTWEIGHT
COMPOSITE MIRRORS PROVIDED BY
VANGUARD SPACE TECHNOLOGY
AND GRC
FOR THE LASER SYSTEM.
THE FULL TELETENNA SPANS
3 METERS IN DIAMETER.
AND ATTACHES TO
A COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT,
VIBRATION ISOLATION PLATFORM
FOR STABILIZATION.
AND THIS IS PROVIDED BY
APPLIED TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATES
THROUGH A SMALL BUSINESS
INNOVATION RESEARCH CONTRACT,
OR SBIR.
NOW AS ANYONE
WHO'S GIVEN A PRESENTATION
WITH A LASER POINTER
CAN TELL YOU,
AIMING A BEAM VERY ACCURATELY
CAN BE CHALLENGING,
AND THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE
FOR SPACE COMMUNICATIONS.
OVER LARGE DISTANCES,
THE BEAM MAY EXPAND
TO ABOUT THE SIZE OF TEXAS.
AND THIS MAY SEEM LARGE,
BUT FROM MARS THIS IS STILL
ESSENTIALLY TRYING TO PLACE
A POINT ONTO A POINT.
PRECISE POINTING
OF OUR TELETENNA REQUIRES
NEW TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT.
SO GRC IS WORKING WITH
THE OPTICAL PHYSICS CORPORATION
THROUGH ANOTHER SBIR
TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY
OF SMALL, LIGHTWEIGHT
STAR TRACKERS
FOR DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION
THE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT
OF STAR TRACKING
GOES ALL THE WAY BACK
TO THE BEGINNINGS
OF MARITIME NAVIGATION.
AND HERE IT'S COMBINED
WITH MODERN OPTICS
AND ELECTRONICS
FOR IMPROVED FIDELITY
IN SPACE.
AN IROC EQUIPPED CRAFT
USES THIS MODERN TECHNOLOGY
TO FIRST ACQUIRE IMAGES
OF THE STARS.
IT TAKES THOSE IMAGES
AND FUSES THEM TOGETHER
TO FORM PATTERNS.
THESE PATTERNS ARE THEN COMPARED
WITH AN ONLINE
STARFIELD DATABASE,
FIRST TO DETERMINE
EXACTLY WHERE
THE SPACECRAFT IS POINTED,
AND THEN TO DETERMINE
WHERE TO PROJECT
THE COMMUNICATIONS BEAM
TO ILLUMINATE
THE GROUND TERMINAL
BACK ON EARTH.
PRECISE ACTUATION OF THIS BEAM
IS ACCOMPLISHED
THROUGH MECHANICAL MEANS
IN A SYSTEM BEING BUILT
BY BALCONES TECHNOLOGY
AS WELL AS A SERIES OF SMALL
FINE-POINTING MIRRORS.
THE SPACECRAFT DATA
IS PLACED UPON A LASER BEAM
IN A PROCESS CALLED MODULATION.
WHICH IS PERFORMED BY IROC'S
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO, OR SDR.
THE SDR HAS HERITAGE
IN GLENN RESEARCH CENTER'S
SCAN TEST BED PROJECT,
WHICH IS CURRENTLY FLYING ON
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
THE SDR TEAM IS DEVELOPING
THE OPTICAL FUNCTIONALITY
TO SUPPORT VARYING
MISSION PARAMETERS
TO PROTOTYPE A RADIO CAPABLE
OF SOFTWARE RECONFIGURATION
BASED ON
THE HARRIS CORPORATION PLATFORM
TO EVOLVE DURING THE MISSION
AS NEW TECHNOLOGY
AND REQUIREMENTS ARE DEVELOPED.
THE OUTPUT OF THIS OPTICAL SDR
PLACES THE SPACECRAFT DATA
ONTO THE LASER BEAM,
WHICH TRANSMITS THE SIGNAL
ACROSS THE IROC LABORATORY
USING SMALL TELESCOPES
TO BE EVALUATED
FOR BOTH BEAM QUALITY
AND DATA INTEGRITY.
IROC IS ALSO HELPING
TO TRANSITION NASA
FROM HAVING A SERIES
OF INDIVIDUAL
POINT-TO-POINT LINKS
TO REALIZING A TRUE
SOLAR SYSTEM INTERNET
THROUGH THE ADVANCEMENT
OF NETWORK PROTOCOLS
TOLERANT TO DELAY, DISRUPTION,
AND DISCONNECTIONS
THAT ARE INHERENT
IN ALL SPACE COMMUNICATIONS.
THESE PROTOCOLS
ARE PROTOTYPED IN THE LABORATORY
AND EVALUATED
TO OPTIMIZE PARAMETERS
SUCH AS EFFICIENCY,
RELIABILITY, SECURITY,
QUALITY OF SERVICE,
AND INTEROPERABILITY
WITH OUR SPACE FARING PARTNERS.
DATA TRAFFIC IS GENERATED
BY AN INSTRUMENTED ROBOT
IN THE LABORATORY
AND SENT ACROSS THE PROTOTYPE
IROC COMMUNICATIONS LINK
IN THE LABORATORY USING
ORBITAL PREDICTED CONNECTIONS
TO EVALUATE THE DELAY-TOLERANT
NETWORKING PROTOCOL'S ABILITY
TO SUCCESSFULLY ROUTE
THIS INFORMATION
BACK TO THE EARTH
GROUND TERMINALS
IN THE MOST EFFICIENT MANNER.
A VERSION OF DTN IS USED
ON THE ISS
AND WILL CONTINUE
IN FUTURE MISSIONS.
OVER 93% OF AMERICANS
WITNESSED NEIL ARMSTRONG
PLACE OUR FIRST STEPS
UPON THE MOON,
AS DOWNLINKED THROUGH
THE AUSTRALIAN TRACKING STATION.
AND THEN WE LEFT.
>> [ INDISTINCT ]
THREE, TWO, ONE, IGNITION.
>> WE'RE ON OUR WAY, HOUSTON.
>> VECTOR GOOD.
[ INDISTINCT ]
>> WHETHER YOU WERE
IN THE CONTROL ROOM BACK THEN
PIONEERING THROUGH
BOTH TRAGEDY AND TRIUMPH,
OR WORKING A CONSOLE
IN SPACE OPERATIONS TODAY,
OR AT HOME WATCHING THE DISPLAY,
WAITING FOR THE SIGNAL.
THE EXPERIENCE IS THE SAME.
NOTHING CHANGES.
WATCHING, WAITING FOR
THE TELEMETRY TO ARRIVE,
TO TELL US THE SYSTEM IS OKAY
SO WE CAN ONCE MORE
EXPLORE THE UNKNOWN.
IT IS OUR CHARGE
TO PUT IN PLACE UNBRIDLED
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
WHICH WILL ALLOW ALL OF US
TO SHARE IN THE FIRST
HUMAN PRESENCE ON MARS.
TUNE IN AND JOIN US
ON OUR NEXT JOURNEY
THROUGHOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY
TO LEARN SO MUCH MORE
AND LAY THE FOUNDATION
FOR THE NEXT GENERATION
OF DISCOVERIES.
I WOULD LIKE TO RECOGNIZE
THE NASA COMMUNICATION TEAMS,
INDUSTRIAL
AND ACADEMIC PARTNERS,
WHO STRIVE TO MAKE
ALL THIS POSSIBLE.
AND I REALLY WANT TO EMPHASIZE
THAT IT TAKES ALL KINDS
OF PEOPLE TO PULL IT OFF,
FROM SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS,
TECHNICIANS, OPERATORS,
FACILITIES, MANAGEMENT,
RESOURCE ANALYSTS, SAFETY,
LEGAL, AND OF COURSE,
OUTREACH TO BRING
THESE VERY MESSAGES TO YOU.
THANK YOU ALL.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> WOW, THAT WAS
ABSOLUTELY INCREDIBLE.
I WOULD LIKE TO ASK US
TO GIVE ONE MORE
ROUND OF APPLAUSE
TO DR. BRIAN MOTIL,
DR. DAVE MANZELLA,
AND DR. DANIEL RAIBLE.
[ APPLAUSE ]
AND I'LL BE HONEST WITH YOU,
THOSE ARE THE STARS
WHEN WE SAY
EVENING WITH THE STARS,
THOSE THREE,
AND THE 3,200 PEOPLE THAT WORK
AT NASA GLENN EVERY DAY.
TONIGHT YOU'VE BEEN GIVEN
A GLIMPSE INTO THAT WORK
THAT GOES ON IN NASA GLENN
BEHIND THE CURTAIN, SO TO SPEAK,
THAT WILL MAKE THE JOURNEY
TO MARS SAFER
FOR THOSE BRAVE ASTRONAUTS
WHO'LL BE TRAVELING
THAT LONG DISTANCE
AWAY FROM HOME.
WHAT I'LL SAY IS THAT ISS
THAT'S FLYING TODAY,
YOU HEARD IT, ISS,
WE ARE DOING EXPLORATION TODAY.
AND IT STARTS ON ISS
WELL BEFORE WE GO TO MARS.
THERE IS A HUMAN SIDE
TO THE WORK AT NASA.
YOU'VE SEEN THAT TONIGHT.
IT'S NOT ALWAYS EVIDENT
WHEN YOU SEE A LAUNCH
OR VIEW PICTURES TRANSMITTED
FROM THE SURFACE OF MARS
OR LEARN ABOUT THE MOST RECENT
DISCOVERY IN SPACE.
BUT I CAN ASSURE YOU,
OUR ACCOMPLISHMENTS
AND THOSE OF THIS NATION
ARE THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
OF PEOPLE LIKE BRIAN,
DANIEL, AND DAVE.
AND PEOPLE ARE REALLY
OUR MOST VALUABLE RESOURCE.
AS A MATTER OF FACT,
PEOPLE HAVE BEEN THE HEART
OF NASA GLENN
FROM THE VERY FIRST DAY
WHEN GROUND WAS BROKEN
ON THAT COLD JANUARY 23RD
IN 1941.
AND NOW IT'S MY DISTINCT HONOR
TO UNVEIL FOR YOU
THE LOGO OF NASA GLENN'S
75TH ANNIVERSARY YEAR.
[ MUSIC ]
FOR 75 YEARS,
NASA JOHN H. GLENN
RESEARCH CENTER IN CLEVELAND
HAS BEEN MEETING
THE AERONAUTICS RESEARCH NEEDS
OF THIS NATION
AND OF THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY.
NASA GLENN BEGAN LIFE
IN 1941
AS THE AIRCRAFT ENGINE
RESEARCH LABORATORY
CHARGED WITH DEVELOPING
THOSE AERONAUTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
THAT WOULD GIVE
THE UNITED STATES
A TACTICAL ADVANTAGE IN BATTLE.
THIS WORK LED DIRECTLY
TO OUR VICTORY IN WORLD WAR II.
SINCE THEN, NASA GLENN
HAS BUILT A PORTFOLIO
OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES
THAT HAVE ALLOWED OUR NATION
TO EXPLORE, DISCOVER,
AND INNOVATE NOT ONLY ON EARTH,
BUT IN SPACE.
THE CENTER'S WORLD-CLASS
TEST FACILITIES,
LARGE AEROPROPULSION
WIND TUNNELS
INCLUDING THE WORLD'S
MOST CAPABLE
ICING RESEARCH TUNNEL,
FOUR DIFFERENT MULTI-MISSION
RESEARCH AIRCRAFT,
AND MORE THAN 100 RESEARCH
AND ENGINEERING LABORATORIES
HAVE POSITIONED NASA GLENN
AS A PREMIERE CENTER
FOR AEROSPACE TESTING
AND TECHNOLOGY MATURATION.
WE'VE MET THE RESEARCH, FLIGHT,
AND TECHNOLOGY NEEDS
OF THE NATION
AND AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
THROUGH TODAY,
AND WE'RE READY TO MOVE ON
FOR THOSE NEXT 75 YEARS.
THOSE PEOPLE
ARE WHAT MAKE THAT DIFFERENCE.
I INVITE YOU
IN THIS ROOM
AND THOSE THAT YOU TOUCH
BEYOND THIS ROOM
TO JOIN US IN THE COMING YEAR
TO HELP CELEBRATE
OUR LAST 75 YEARS
AND THIS MAJOR MILESTONE
IN OUR CENTER'S HISTORY.
WE'VE PLACED A SIGN-UP SHEET
ON THE TABLE NEAR THE ELEVATOR
ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE ROOM
THERE FOR YOU TO GET
MORE INFORMATION.
WE'VE ALSO PLACED SOME
SAVE-THE-DATE CARDS
ON THE TABLE,
AND THE CARDS LIST
SOME OF OUR IMPORTANT DATES
COMING UP IN 2016
AT BOTH OUR CAMPUSES,
BOTH LEWIS FIELD
AND PLUM BROOK STATION.
THE DATES ARE MAY 21ST AND 22ND
AT LEWIS FIELD
FOR OUR OPEN HOUSE
AND JUNE 11TH AND 12TH
AT PLUM BROOK STATION
IN SANDUSKY.
PLEASE TAKE A CARD,
LET YOUR FAMILIES
AND FRIENDS KNOW THAT
WE'D LOVE TO SEE YOU ALL THERE.
WE DON'T GET
THIS OPPORTUNITY OFTEN
TO SHOW OFF,
AND WE REALLY WANT TO.
I DO WANT TO LEAVE YOU
WITH ONE SPECIAL MESSAGE
FROM SOMEONE WHO YOU ALSO KNOW.
HE'S A RETIRED
U.S. MARINE CORPS COLONEL,
A DECORATED NAVAL AVIATOR.
HE'S ONE OF THE ORIGINAL
MERCURY 7 ASTRONAUTS,
THE FIRST AMERICAN
TO ORBIT THE EARTH,
AND ALSO THE OLDEST HUMAN
EVER TO VENTURE INTO SPACE.
HE'S A RETIRED SENATOR,
LIFELONG OHIOAN, FAMILY MAN,
AND THE NAMESAKE OF OUR CENTER.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
SENATOR JOHN GLENN.
[ APPLAUSE ]
I MAY NOT BE THE FIRST,
BUT I'LL JOIN THOSE
WHO'VE ALREADY SAID
HAPPY ANNIVERSARY.
AND I WISH YOU THE VERY BEST,
FOR GREAT CELEBRATIONS.
AND I WAS, UH,
WHEN I WAS GOING UP
ON OUR FIRST ORBITAL FLIGHT,
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT
I'VE ALWAYS GOT A KICK OUT OF
IS SCOTT CARPENTER'S REMARK
THERE RIGHT AT THE LAST,
JUST AS I WAS
GETTING READY TO LAUNCH
WAS "GODSPEED."
SO AT GLENN THAT'S BECOME
SORT OF A--
A, UH, THING WE'VE HAD
REPEATED A NUMBER OF TIMES.
SO TO ALL OF YOU THERE,
I WISH THE SAME THING.
GODSPEED AND HAPPY ANNIVERSARY,
AND HOPE WE CAN SEE
ALL OF YOU THEN.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> I GOTTA SAY,
IT'S ABSOLUTELY CRAZY
TO INTRODUCE JOHN GLENN.
I'LL TELL YOU.
NASA IS A GREAT ASSET
TO THIS AGENCY,
INSPIRATIONAL,
AND ALSO IN WHERE WE TAKE
THE HUMAN RACE.
NASA GLENN IS IN YOUR BACKYARD
RIGHT HERE IN CLEVELAND, OHIO.
WE'VE BUILT GREAT AMERICANS
IN THIS STATE LIKE SENATOR GLENN
AND THE FOLKS
WHO I HAVE THE PLEASURE
OF REPRESENTING AT OUR CENTER.
THIS DOES CONCLUDE
THIS INCREDIBLE
EVENING'S PROGRAM.
THANK YOU AGAIN SO MUCH
FOR YOUR TIME IN BEING HERE,
FOR THE EFFORT
OF OUR PRESENTERS,
FOR OUR WHOLE TEAM
IN PUTTING THIS TOGETHER.
PLEASE ENJOY CAKE AND COFFEE
IN THE RECEPTION AREA.
AND HAVE A GOOD NIGHT
AND A SAFE DRIVE HOME.
[ APPLAUSE ]