>> ON BEHALF OF
THE OHIO AEROSPACE INSTITUTE
SIXTH ANNUAL NASA GLENN
"EVENING WITH THE STARS".
THIS EVENT IS DESIGNED
TO BRING FORWARD
TO THE ENTIRE COMMUNITY
A NEW UNDERSTANDING
OF THE CUTTING-EDGE RESEARCH
AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
TAKING PLACE EVERYDAY AT
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER.
THESE DEDICATED MEN AND WOMEN
CREATE BREAKTHROUGHS
IN TECHNOLOGY
THAT AFFECT EACH OTHER
AND EVERY ONE OF US
IN OUR DAILY LIVES AND
WILL ENABLE HUMAN BEINGS
NOT ONLY TO BE BETTER STEWARDS
OF OUR OWN PLANET,
BUT TO EXPLORE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
AND OUR UNIVERSE.
TO CARRY OUT THIS GREAT WORK,
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
CONTINUED --
NEEDS CONTINUED SUPPORT
FROM OUR COMMUNITY.
THIS SUPPORT IS DEMONSTRATED BY
THE MANY GENEROUS SPONSORS
OF THIS EVENING'S EVENT,
WHOSE LOGOS YOU SAW
DISPLAYED THIS EVENING
AND WHO ARE ALSO LISTED
IN THIS EVENING'S PROGRAM.
TO OUR SPONSORS,
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COMMITMENT
TO SUPPORTING
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
AND GETTING THE MESSAGE OUT
TO THE COMMUNITY ABOUT
THIS TREMENDOUS RESEARCH ASSET
TO OUR COMMUNITY AND OUR NATION.
PLEASE GIVE ALL OF OUR SPONSORS
A ROUND OF APPLAUSE.
[APPLAUSE]
AT THE SAME TIME,
I WANT TO GIVE THANKS TO
THE NASA PLANNING COMMITTEE
FOR PICKING THIS FINE FACILITY,
THE HISTORY MUSEUM,
AND WHAT A GREAT VENUE FOR
ALL OF US TO GET TOGETHER AT.
IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT THAT
NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
HAVE SUPPORT FROM
OUR DEDICATED PUBLIC OFFICIALS.
WE ARE FORTUNATE
TO HAVE ELECTED OFFICIALS
AT THE LOCAL, STATE,
AND NATIONAL LEVEL
WHO CARE DEEPLY ABOUT
THE CENTER'S FUTURE.
THANK YOU
TO OUR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
FOR TAKING TIME
TO BE WITH US THIS EVENING.
UNITED STATES CONGRESSMAN
TIM ROSS;
OHIO HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE
MEMBERS BRIDE ROSE SWEENEY,
KENT SMITH, DIANE GRENDELL,
MICHAEL SKINDELL;
OHIO DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION
DIRECTOR JACK MARCHBANKS;
OHIO SENIOR ADVISOR
FOR AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE,
RETIRED COLONEL
JOSEPH ZIES, JR.;
AND CUYAHOGA COUNTY COUNCILWOMAN
CHERYL STEVENS.
PLEASE JOIN ME
IN GIVING OUR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
A WARM WELCOME.
[APPLAUSE]
THANK YOU.
OHIO AEROSPACE INSTITUTE
PLAYS A TREMENDOUS VALUE
ON PARTNERSHIP WITH
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
A PARTNERSHIP THAT HAS EXTENDED
FOR MORE THAN 30 YEARS.
TONIGHT, I CONGRATULATE
CENTER DIRECTOR
DR. JANET KAVANDI
AND HER ENTIRE TEAM
FOR THE OUTSTANDING WORK
THAT THEY DO.
WE ARE PROUD TO BE PART OF
THE NASA GLENN COMMUNITY.
OUR NASA COLLEAGUES REPRESENT
SO MUCH OF WHAT IS TRULY GREAT
ABOUT OUR NATION, COURAGE,
DEDICATION, PERSEVERANCE,
BRILLIANT IDEAS AND SOLUTIONS.
IN A FEW MOMENTS,
YOU WILL HEAR FROM
SOME OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS OF
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
WORKING EVERYDAY
TO BETTER LIFE ON EARTH
AND ENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF THE UNIVERSE.
AND NOW, IT'S MY GREAT PLEASURE
TO INTRODUCE DR. JANET KAVANDI,
DIRECTOR OF
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
WHO HAS LOGGED MORE THAN
33 DAYS IN SPACE
TRAVELING MORE THAN
13.1 MILLION MILES
AND 535 EARTH ORBITS,
AND WHOSE OUTSTANDING LEADERSHIP
CONTINUES TO TAKE
GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
TO NEW HEIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,
DR. KAVANDI.
[APPLAUSE]
>> GOOD EVENING, EVERYONE,
AND WELCOME TO OUR
"EVENING WITH THE STARS".
THIS IS OUR FIRST TIME HERE
IN THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF
NATURAL HISTORY
AND I CAN'T THINK OF
A MORE APPROPRIATE PLACE
FOR OUR DISCUSSION ABOUT
HOW NASA GLENN
IS POWERING THE FUTURE
OF FLIGHT INNOVATION
AND SPACE EXPLORATION
AS WE'RE READY TO EMBARK ON
THE NEXT ERA OF HUMANKIND.
BEFORE WE GET STARTED TONIGHT,
I MUST ALSO THANK SONIA WINNER
AND HER ENTIRE STAFF HERE
AT THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM.
WE TRULY APPRECIATE YOU
OPENING YOUR DOORS TO US
AND FOR YOUR SUPPORT
IN HELPING US TO ORGANIZE
AND PLAN THIS EVENT.
SO, ONE MORE TIME,
PLEASE GIVE THEM
A ROUND OF APPLAUSE.
[APPLAUSE]
I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO RECOGNIZE
JOHN SANKOVICH AND JOHN COTMAN
AND THEIR TEAM AT THE --
THE OHIO AEROSPACE INSTITUTE.
NONE OF THIS WOULD BE POSSIBLE
WITHOUT THEIR SUPPORT
AND THEIR COORDINATION.
SO, OHIO IS A LEADER
IN AEROSPACE AND IT'S DUE,
IN GREAT PART,
TO THEIR COLLABORATION
AND OUR PARTNERSHIP WITH OAI.
AND I MUST ALSO THANK
OUR NASA GLENN STAFFERS
WHO HAVE GONE ABOVE AND BEYOND
TO ENSURE THAT THIS EVENT
IS FRESH AND ENGAGING
YEAR AFTER YEAR.
YOUR DEDICATION ON BEHALF OF
THE CENTER IS TRULY APPRECIATED.
AND FINALLY,
I WANT TO GIVE A SHOUTOUT
TO NASA GLENN'S
FORMER CENTER DIRECTOR
MR. JIM FREE WHO REALLY LOVES
A LOT OF ATTENTION.
SO, I'D LOVE FOR HIM
TO STAND UP AND BE RECOGNIZED.
[APPLAUSE]
I OWED HIM FOR THAT SO,
IT'S A GOOD ONE.
"EVENING WITH THE STARS"
IS ALWAYS SPECIAL FOR NASA GLENN
AS IT AFFORDS US THE OPPORTUNITY
TO INFORM OUR KEY STAKEHOLDERS
AND PARTNERS
IN THE CLEVELAND AREA
ABOUT THE WORK THAT WE'RE DOING.
TODAY, NASA IS EMBARKING
ON ARTEMIS,
WHICH IS AMERICA'S NEXT ERA
OF SPACE EXPLORATION.
NAMES AFTER
APOLLO'S TWIN SISTER,
ARTEMIS WILL SEE THE FIRST WOMAN
AND THE NEXT MAN STEP FOOT
ON THE MOON BY THE YEAR 2024.
IT WILL REAFFIRM
THE UNITED STATES
IS THE GLOBAL LEADER
IN SPACE EXPLORATION
WHILE ALSO SERVING
AS A PROVING GROUND
FOR THE TECHNOLOGIES
THAT WE NEED TO GET TO MARS.
BEFORE WE GET ON
TO TONIGHT'S PRESENTATIONS
ON HOW GLENN IS CONTRIBUTING TO
OUR COLLECTIVE FUTURE,
I WANT TO INTRODUCE A KEY MEMBER
OF OUR NASA LEADERSHIP TEAM
CHARGED WITH LEADING US
INTO THE NEXT PHASE
OF HUMAN EXPLORATION
AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION
HERE ON EARTH.
MELANIE SAUNDERS BECAME
NASA'S DEPUTY ASSOCIATE
ADMINISTRATOR IN JUNE OF 2018,
FIRST SERVING
IN AN ACTING CAPACITY
BEFORE TAKING ON HER ROLE
FULLTIME THIS PAST OCTOBER.
AS ONE OF
THE SENIOR CIVIL SERVANTS
IN THE AGENCY,
HER DUTIES INCLUDE ASSISTING
ADMINISTRATOR BRIDENSTINE
AND OTHER SENIOR LEADERS
IN IMPLEMENTING
ALL ASPECTS OF
THE AGENCY'S FUNCTIONS, POLICY,
AND INTEGRATION OF PROGRAMS.
SHE ALSO CHAIRS
THE NASA MISSION SUPPORT COUNCIL
WHICH SERVES AS
THE SENIOR DECISION-MAKING BODY
REGARDING THE AGENCY'S
MISSION SUPPORT PORTFOLIO.
PRIOR TO MOVING TO
NASA HEADQUARTERS,
MELANIE SERVED
IN LEADERSHIP ROLES
AT NASA'S JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
IN HOUSTON,
INCLUDING ROLES AS
ACTING DEPUTY CENTER DIRECTOR
AND ASSOCIATE CENTER DIRECTOR
WHERE SHE OVERSAW A BROAD RANGE
OF HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT ACTIVITIES,
A WORKFORCE
OF NEARLY 11,000 PEOPLE,
AND AN ANNUAL BUDGET
OF APPROXIMATELY $5 BILLION.
SHE HOLDS A BACHELOR'S DEGREE
IN HISTORY FROM
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
SANTA BARBARA,
HER LAW DEGREE FROM
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS,
AND SHE IS A MEMBER OF BOTH
THE CALIFORNIA AND FLORIDA
BAR ASSOCIATIONS.
SO, PLEASE HELP ME
IN WELCOMING MELANIE
TO THE STAGE.
[APPLAUSE]
>> ALL RIGHT.
WELL, GOOD EVENING
AND THANK YOU, JANET,
FOR THAT WARM WELCOME.
SO, I AM SO FORTUNATE
TO BE HERE IN CLEVELAND
IN THIS LOVELY MUSEUM
WITH ALL OF YOU,
LOOKING FORWARD TO HEARING ABOUT
THE AMAZING RESEARCH OF OUR --
OUR COLLEAGUES AT GLENN,
ENJOYING THE LOVELY CHAMBERS --
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE WEATHER
YOU ROLLED OUT FOR US TODAY.
IT'S JUST SUPERB.
I SPENT A LOT OF TIME IN HOUSTON
AND OTHER PLACES AND
IT'S CONSIDERABLY
LESS COMFORTABLE
THAN IT IS HERE.
SO, THANKS FOR THAT.
I SEND REGARDS ON BEHALF
OF NASA ADMINISTRATOR
JIM BRIDENSTINE.
HE WOULD LOVE TO BE HERE.
THIS HAPPENS TO BE THE WEEK
THAT WE'RE PRESENTING OUR BUDGET
TO-TO THE OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT
AND BUDGET,
APPROPRIATELY ENOUGH.
AND IF YOU'VE
EVER HEARD ANYTHING
ABOUT THAT PROCESS,
YOU'LL KNOW THAT I CERTAINLY GOT
THE GOOD END OF THIS DEAL.
SO, I'M REALLY THRILLED
TO BE HERE FOR MANY REASONS,
NOT JUST THE WONDERFUL PROGRAM
THAT AWAITS US.
SO, WE'RE SO PROUD OF
OUR COLLEAGUES HERE AT GLENN.
JANET AND HER TEAM
HAVE JUST DONE AN AMAZING JOB
PUSHING THE FOREFRONT AND THE --
THE FRONTIERS IN TECHNOLOGY,
AERONAUTICS, EXPLORATION,
AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH.
SO, I'M THRILLED TO BE HERE.
I HAD A GREAT DAY
SPENDING QUALITY TIME
WITH A LOT OF MY COLLEAGUES
HERE AT GLENN,
LEARNING MORE ABOUT THEIR WORK.
SO, LOOKING FORWARD TO
HEARING MORE ABOUT IT TONIGHT.
SO, THANK YOU.
I'M SO FORTUNATE TO BE HERE.
THANKS.
[APPLAUSE]
>> THANK YOU, MELANIE.
WE'RE SO HAPPY
THAT YOU COULD BE WITH US
HERE TONIGHT.
AND AS WE'VE BEEN DISCUSSING,
ARTEMIS IS OUR NEXT GIANT LEAP
OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY.
RETURNING TO THE MOON
ISN'T GOING TO BE EASY
AND THAT IS WHY NASA
NEEDS GLENN AND OHIO.
NONE OF THIS WOULD BE POSSIBLE
WITHOUT THE EXPERTISE
AND CONTRIBUTIONS
PROVIDED BY NASA GLENN
AND THE HUNDREDS OF
OHIO-BASED AEROSPACE COMPANIES.
AND TONIGHT, YOU WILL LEARN MORE
ABOUT TWO KEY AREAS
IN WHICH GLENN IS PLAYING
A LEADING ROLE IN ARTEMIS.
A KEY PIECE OF OUR PLANS
FOR LUNAR EXPLORATION
START IN ORBIT AROUND THE MOON
WITH THE GATEWAY.
IT IS OUR AGILE ORBITING
OUTPOST, WHICH IS ESSENTIAL
FOR SURFACE EXPEDITIONS
AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH,
AND MELISSA McGUIRE IS HERE
TO DISCUSS HOW ONE OF GLEN'S
MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS, THE POWER
AND PROPULSION ELEMENT,
WILL PROVIDE OUR EXPLORER'S
WITH MORE ACCESS TO MORE PARTS
OF THE MOON THAN EVER BEFORE.
AS WE EXPLORE THE MOON'S
SURFACE AND EVENTUALLY TRAVEL
FURTHER INTO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
THERE WILL COME A POINT
WHERE CARRYING ALL
OF THE REQUIRED SUPPLIES WITH US
BECOMES COST PROHIBITIVE
AND OVERLY HAZARDOUS,
SO DIANE LINNE IS HERE
TO HELP US, UM, LEARN
ABOUT HOW NASA IS WORKING
TO DEVELOP HARDWARE AND SYSTEMS
TO EXTRACT AND CULTIVATE
LOCAL RESOURCES, WHICH CAN THEN
BE USED TO GENERATE PRODUCTS
LIKE BREATHABLE OXYGEN,
DRINKABLE WATER,
AND EVEN ROCKET PROPELLANT
IN A PRACTICE CALLED
IN-SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION.
THE TECHNOLOGIES WE'LL DISCUSS
TONIGHT WILL SUPPORT
ARTEMIS ON THE MOON,
BUT OUR HORIZON GOAL REMAINS
THE EXPLORATION OF MARS,
AND NASA GLEN WILL BE THERE TOO,
AND WHILE ALL OF THIS
IS HAPPENING AWAY
FROM THE EARTH, OUR RESEARCHERS
ARE CONTINUING TO REFINE
TECHNOLOGIES AIMED AT MAKING
TODAY'S COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT
SAFER, QUIETER,
AND MORE EFFICIENT,
WHILE PIONEERING
THE NEXT GENERATION
OF CUTTING-EDGE SUBSONIC,
SUPERSONIC,
AND HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT.
A KEY MEMBER OF NASA GLEN'S
AERONAUTICS RESEARCH TEAM,
DAVID AVANESIAN, IS GOING
TO TALK WITH US ABOUT
HOW WE'RE GOING TO USHER IN
THE NEXT MAJOR AVIATION
RENAISSANCE, ONE WHERE WE'LL BE
FLYING IN HYBRID ELECTRIC
AND EVEN ALL ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT,
AND HOW THAT WORK IS LEADING
TO TREMENDOUS ADVANCEMENTS
NOT ONLY IN AEROSPACE,
BUT IN THE ELECTRONICS
WE USE EVERY DAY.
SO, ONCE AGAIN, I THANK YOU ALL
FOR JOINING US HERE TONIGHT,
AND I HOPE YOU ARE AS EXCITED
AS I AM TO HEAR WHAT MELISSA,
DIANE, AND DAVID HAVE TO SAY,
AND WITHOUT FURTHER ADIEU,
LET'S START THE SHOW
WITH THE CONTRIBUTIONS
TAKING PLACE HERE ON EARTH
BY WELCOMING DAVID TO THE STAGE.
[ MUSIC ]
>> ON DECEMBER 17, 1903,
TWO BROTHERS FROM DAYTON, OHIO
WOULD ALTER
HUMAN HISTORY FOREVER.
ON THAT DAY,
WILBUR AND ORVILLE WRIGHT FLEW
THEIR WOODEN AND CANVAS MACHINE
OVER THE SAND DUNES
IN KITTY HAWK, NORTH CAROLINA,
BECOMING THE FIRST TO FLIGHT.
HEAVY EXPERIMENTATIONS
WITH GLIDERS, LIKE ADVANCEMENTS
IN ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES,
CONTROLS, AND AERODYNAMICS
PROVIDED A PATHWAY
FOR HEAVIER AIRCRAFTS,
LIKE THE WRIGHT BROTHERS' FLIER.
BY THE 1930s, AIRSHIPS,
WHICH HAVE DOMINATED
THE LONG DISTANCE FLIGHT,
WERE REPLACED BY FLYING BOATS
AND OTHER RUDIMENTARY AIRCRAFTS.
BY THE 1930s AND '40s,
DEVELOPMENT OF AIRCRAFT
FOR WAR EFFORT
GREATLY ACCELERATED INFUSION
OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES INTO
CIVILIAN GENERAL AVIATION.
THIS STREAM OF INNOVATION LEAD
TO THE START OF THE JET AGE,
WHICH WOULD REVOLUTIONIZE
BOTH GENERAL
AND MILITARY AVIATION.
LATER IN 20th CENTURY,
EVEN MORE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
LIKE DIGITAL ELECTRONICS,
WOULD BRING ABOUT FLY BY WIRE,
DIGITAL ENGINE CONTROLS,
GPS, AND THESE ADVANCEMENTS
EVEN CHANGED THE WAY
WE WOULD GO ABOUT
DESIGNING AIRCRAFTS.
THIS CENTURY HAS BEEN MARKED
BY TRANSITIONING TO LARGE-SCALE,
PILOTLESS DRONES,
AND FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER,
INHERENTLY UNSTABLE AIRCRAFTS,
SUCH AS HIGHLY INTEGRATED
FLYING WINGS,
HAVE BECOME A POSSIBILITY,
AND WITH ALL THESE ADVANCEMENTS
IN THE PAST 112 YEARS,
WE'RE STILL ONLY SCRATCHING
THE SURFACE OF CAPABILITY
AND PERFORMANCE,
BUT WE'RE PAYING A HEAVY PRICE
FOR THAT KIND OF INNOVATION.
WHO HERE HAS TRAVELED
BY AIR IN THE LAST SIX MONTHS?
WERE YOU SURPRISED
BY-BY THE COST
AND TIME OF YOUR TRIP?
TODAY, WE FIND OURSELVES
AT THE DOORSTEP OF YET ANOTHER
REVOLUTIONARY ADVANCEMENT
IN AVIATION HISTORY-- ELECTRIC
OR HYBRID ELECTRIC AIRCRAFTS.
NASA IS INVESTING
IN ELECTRIFIED AIRCRAFT
PROPULSION RESEARCH, OR EAP,
AS PART OF ITS PORTFOLIO
TO IMPROVE FUEL EFFICIENCY
EMMISSIONS AND NOISE LEVELS
IN COMMERCIAL
TRANSPORT AIRCRAFTS.
EAP USES ELECTRIC MOTORS
TO DRIVE SOME OR ALL
OF THE ENGINES ON AN AIRCRAFT.
THE ENERGY SOURCE FOR THIS
SYSTEM CAN BE ELECTRIC,
HYBRID, OR TURBOELECTRIC.
NASA IS WORKING ACROSS
A RANGE OF MARKETS,
FROM URBAN AIR MOBILITY
TO SUBSONIC TRANSPORT.
EACH MARKET HAS DIFFERENCES
IN VEHICLE SIZE,
RANGE, AND SPEED.
OUR STRATEGY AT NASA
IS TO WORK WITH OUR INDUSTRY
PARTNERS TO ENABLE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATE
THESE TECHNOLOGIES IN FLIGHT,
AND TRANSFER THE KNOWLEDGE
TO THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR
FOR FUTURE PRODUCTS AND MARKETS.
ONE SUCH EMERGING MARKET
IS URBAN AIR MOBILITY,
DEVELOPMENT THROUGH NASA'S
REVOLUTIONARY VERTICAL LIFT
TECHNOLOGY PROJECT.
URBAN AIR MOBILITY, OR UAM,
IS A CONCEPTUAL MARKET
THAT WOULD ENABLE
PASSENGER-CARRYING
AIR TRANSPORTATION IN
AND AROUND METROPOLITAN AREAS.
THINK OF FLYING UBERS.
THESE VEHICLES COULD USE
ALL ELECTRIC OR HYBRID ELECTRIC
PROPULSION SYSTEMS, CAPABLE
OF VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING.
THE OVERARCHING GOAL
OF NASA'S WORK IN THE SPACE
IS TO DEVELOP AND VALIDATE
TOOLS, TECHNOLOGIES,
AND CONCEPTS TO OVERCOME
KEY CHALLENGES
FOR VERTICAL LIFT VEHICLES.
A CRITICAL CHALLENGE
FOR UAM MARKET GROWTH
IS PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
THAT THESE VEHICLES CAN BE
AS SAFE AS COMMERCIAL AIR TRAVEL
OR AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORTATION.
HOWEVER, THE MOST IMMEDIATE
IMPACT FROM NASA'S WORK
FOR THE FLYING PUBLIC
IS THE REDUCTION IN COST
THROUGH FUEL BURN IMPROVEMENTS
AND LOWER AIRFARE PRICES.
TO PUT THAT IN CONTEXT,
LET'S LOOK AT SOME NUMBERS.
THE OVERALL GLOBAL FLEET
OF LARGE COMMERCIAL-COMMERCIAL
AIRCRAFTS TOTALLED OVER
25 THOUSAND IN 2017,
AND IS EXPECTED TO GROW
TO 37 THOUSAND AIRCRAFT BY 2027.
OUT OF THE 25 THOUSAND
AIRCRAFT TODAY,
NEARLY 60% OF THOSE
ARE NARROW-BODY AIRCRAFT,
SMALL REGIONAL AIRCRAFT,
BOTH JET AND TURBO PROPS.
SAVING JUST 10%
IN FUEL CONSUMPTION
ACROSS THIS FLEET WOULD YIELD
MORE THAN 5 BILLION GALLONS
OF FUEL SAVINGS PER YEAR,
AND IS FORECASTED
TO SAVE APPROXIMATELY
10 BILLION GALLONS BY 2040.
WE ALSO HAVE TO TAKE
INTO ACCOUNT THE REDUCTION
INTO CO2 EMISSIONS.
SO, HOW DO WE GET THERE?
THE LEADING CONCEPT THAT NASA'S
CURRENTLY INVESTIGATING
FOR PARTIAL TURBOELECTRIC
CONFIGURATION IS SINGLE-AISLE
TURBOELECTRIC WITH FIVE
BOUNDARY LAYER PROPULSOR
KNOWN AS STARC-ABL.
THIS CONFIGURATION IS BEING
DEVELOPED ASSUMING ENTRY
INTO SERVICE BY 2035.
IT CONSISTS OF TWO UNDER-WING
TURBO FANS WITH GENERATORS,
EXTRACTING POWER
FROM TURBO FAN SHAFTS
AND TRANSMITTING IT ELECTRICALLY
TO REAR FUSELAGE BOUNDARY
LAYER INGESTING FAN.
ONE OF THE MAIN SOURCES
OF DRAG IN ANY AIRCRAFT
IS A LAYER OF SLOW-MOVING AIR
THAT BUILDS UP OVER
THE FUSELAGE AND WINGS,
KNOWN AS BOUNDARY LAYER.
BOUNDARY LAYER CREATES
EXTRA DRAG, AND WE BELIEVE
WE CAN IMPROVE AIRCRAFT
PERFORMANCE BY EMBEDDING ENGINES
INTO THE AIRFRAME AND HAVING
THOSE ENGINES CONSUME
BOUNDARY LAYER AIR.
BY ADJUSTING BOUNDARY LAYER,
THE DRAG IS SIGNIFICANTLY
DECREASED, WHICH LEADS
TO AN OVERALL IMPROVEMENT
IN AIRCRAFT EFFICIENCY.
RESULTS INDICATE THAT THIS
TURBOELECTRIC CONCEPT HAS
AN ECONOMIC FUEL BURN REDUCTION
OF 7%, AND A MISSION FUEL BURN
REDUCTION OF 12% COMPARED
TO OTHER AIRCRAFT DESIGNS.
SEVERAL YEARS AGO, NASA
HAS DEVELOPED AN ADVANCED
AND HIGHLY INTEGRATED CONCEPT
KNOWN AS N3-X, WHICH EXPLORED
FUEL SAVINGS BY COMBINING
A BLENDED WING-BODY DESIGN
WITH FULLY TURBOELECTRIC
AND FULLY DISTRIBUTED PROPULSION
SYSTEMS BASED ON SUPERCONDUCTING
ELECTRIC MACHINES
AND POWER DISTRIBUTION.
THE FUEL BENEFITS
OF THIS CONFIGURATION
IS VERY SIGNIFICANT, ESTIMATED
AT NEARLY 70% REDUCTION COMPARED
TO CONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFTS
SUCH AS BOEING-777.
THIS CONCEPT HAS THE BEST
BENEFITS SO FAR STUDIED.
HOWEVER, IT REQUIRES THE MOST
AGGRESSIVE TECHNOLOGY
AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT.
AND LAST, BUT NOT LEAST,
NASA IS BUILDING ITS FIRST EVER
ALL-ELECTRIC X-PLANE
X-57 MAXWELL.
THIS DESIGN WILL DEMONSTRATE
AN EFFECTIVE INTERACTION
BETWEEN A WING,
THE ENGINE PROPELLERS,
AND A FLIGHT MISSION FLIGHTPATH
WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY SOLVING
A NUMBER OF CHALLENGING
TECHNICAL ISSUES FOR
ELECTRIFIED PROPULSION
IN CREW RATED AIRCRAFTS.
WHILE ELECTRIC MOTORS
ARE MORE EFFICIENT THAN
FUEL-BURNING ENGINES,
THEY PRODUCE A SIGNIFICANT
AMOUNT OF HEAT DURING OPERATION
REQUIRING AN INTEGRATED THERMAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO BE
INCORPORATED INTO THE DESIGN.
NOW, A COMMON METHOD OF SOLVING
SUCH HEAT-RELATED PROBLEMS
IS TO EMPLOY
AN EMBEDDED HEAT SINK
OR A LARGE METAL HEAT SINK
OR WATER-COOLING SYSTEM.
BUT THIS CAN CAUSE
A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN WEIGHT,
THUS REDUCING THE BENEFIT
GAINED BY ELECTRIC CONVERSION.
ONE SUCH RESEARCH EFFORT
TO CONTROL THE HEAT GENERATED
BY THESE SYSTEMS WAS PERFORMED
LATE LAST YEAR BY MY TEAM
WHERE WE DEVELOPED
A 98% EFFICIENT
13-KILLOWATT POWER SYSTEM
FOR X-57 HIGH LIFT PROPULSORS.
WEIGHING ONLY TWO POUNDS
AND COMPLETELY AIR COOLED,
THIS SYSTEM WAS FULLY QUALIFIED
ACROSS THE VARIOUS FACILITIES
AT NASA GLENN IN
TEN SHORT MONTHS.
AND WITHIN THE NEXT TWO YEARS,
OUR SYSTEM WILL BE FLYING
ON X-57 FLIGHTS,
PROVING THAT IT IS POSSIBLE
TO HAVE A LIGHTWEIGHT AIR-COOLED
SOLUTION FOR AIRCRAFTS.
IN ORDER TO QUALIFY
THE COMPONENTS IN THIS
ELECTRIFIED AIR IN AVIATION,
NASA NEEDED TO DEVELOP
CAPABILITY TO TEST AND VERIFY
THEM BEFORE INFLIGHT TESTING.
SO, WE CONVERTED OUR HYPERSONIC
TEST FACILITY, PLUM BROOK
STATION IN SANDUSKY,
TO NASA ELECTRIFIED AIRCRAFT
TEST PAD, NEAT.
CURRENTLY, THIS STATE-OF-THE-ART
FACILITY IS BEING USED
TO TEST FULL-SCALE
MEGAWATT POWERTRAINS
WITH AN EYE TOWARDS
INCORPORATING COMPONENT
TECHNOLOGIES INTO AN OVERALL
SYSTEM.
THE FACILITY CAN SUPPORT
SINGLE-AISLE AIRCRAFT GEOMETRIES
WITH PROPER CABLE LENGTHS
AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERFERENCE MITIGATION.
IT CAN SUPPLY POWER
FOR UP TO 24 MEGAWATTS,
A THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR UP TO 2 MEGAWATTS,
AND IT EVEN CONTAINS
AN ALTITUDE CHAMBER THAT CAN
SIMULATE UP TO 120,000 FEET.
ALL ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT CONCEPTS
THAT WE'VE SEEN SO FAR
RELY HEAVILY ON ADVANCEMENTS
OF COMPONENTS SUCH AS
ADVANCED MOTORS,
POWER CONVERTERS,
AND MATERIAL SCIENCE,
TO NAME A FEW.
X-57 WORK IS AN EXAMPLE OF
MUCH LARGER RESEARCH PORTFOLIO
WITHIN THE FIELD
OF POWER SYSTEMS
LED BY NASA GLENN.
OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS,
GLENN HAS PIONEERED DESIGNS
OF VARIOUS HIGH-POWER DENSITY
AND HIGH-EFFICIENT MOTORS
FOR SPACE, AERONAUTICS, MEDICAL,
AND TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS.
ALL OUR WORK HAS ALWAYS
PUSHED THE BOUNDARIES
OF WHAT'S POSSIBLE
AND OUR NEWEST MOTOR WORK
IS NO DIFFERENT.
NASA GLENN HAS A SMALL
IN-HOUSE TEAM THAT IS DEVELOPING
AT 1.4-MEGAWATT MOTOR
WITH A PERFORMANCE GOAL
OF 16 KILOWATTS PER KILOGRAM
AND EFFICIENCY GREATER THAN 98%.
THE MOTOR CONTAINS A SELF-COOLED
SUPERCONDUCTING ROTOR
WHICH HAS NEVER
BEEN DONE BEFORE,
ALLOWING THE MOTOR
TO ACHIEVE EXCEPTIONAL
SPECIFIC POWER AND EFFICIENCIES
WITHOUT INHERITING EXTERNAL
COOLING WEIGHT PENALTY
COMMONLY ATTRIBUTED TO
SUPERCONDUCTING MACHINES.
INTEGRATED ROTOR SUPERCONDUCTOR
SPINNING AT 6800 RPM,
FOUR TIMES HIGHER
THAN THE STATE-OF-THE-ART
AND WEIGHING ONLY 80 KILOGRAMS,
THIS MOTOR REVOLUTIONIZES
THE FIELD OF ADVANCED MOTORS
AND GREATLY INCREASED NUMBER
OF AIRCRAFT CONCEPTS
THAT CAN UTILIZE
HYBRID ARCHITECTURES.
ALL OUR ELECTRIC MOTOR WORK
IS ALL DIVERSE
IN SIZE APPLICATIONS
AND POWER LEVELS
AND IT'S BEYOND THE WORLD
OF AERONAUTICS.
JUST FIVE YEARS AGO,
MY TEAM DESIGNED, BUILT,
AND DELIVERED A BICONICAL MOTOR
TO THE UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE.
THIS MOTOR WAS DESIGNED TO HELP
CATALYZE ADVANCEMENTS
IN THE FIELD OF CARDIOVASCULAR
ASSIST DEVICES,
SUCH AS PACEMAKERS FOR KIDS
WHO ARE BORN WITH
A SINGLE HEART VENTRICLE.
THIS MOTOR IS TINY IN COMPARISON
TO THE ONES IN AIRCRAFT,
JUST 2 INCHES TALL,
AND IS POWERED BY A TOTAL
OF 5 WATTS.
THE SAME POWER AS USB PORTS
ON YOUR COMPUTERS.
CURRENTLY, OUR DESIGN IS
BEING USED TO DEVELOP
A CLINICAL TRIAL VERSION
AND HOPEFULLY A VIABLE DEVICE
WILL ENTER THE MARKET
WITHIN THE DECADE,
SAVING AN ESTIMATED
1500 CHILDREN PER YEAR.
ALL GREAT PROGRESS
IS ACCOMPANIED
WITH GREAT DIFFICULTY
AND MUST BE ENTERPRISED
AND OVERCOME
WITH ANSWERABLE COURAGE.
IN OUR EFFORTS, WE DON'T
UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER
OF VISION AND DIRECTION.
THESE ARE IRRESISTIBLE FORCES
ABLE TO TRANSFORM
WHAT MIGHT APPEAR TO BE
UNCONQUERABLE OBSTACLES
INTO TRAVERSABLE PATHWAYS
AND EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES.
I AM DEEPLY HUMBLED TO HAVE
AN OPPORTUNITY TO BE PART OF
THIS AMAZING JOURNEY,
A JOURNEY THAT WILL SURELY
CHANGE THE WORLD.
THANK YOU.
[ APPLAUSE ]
[ MUSIC ]
>> HOW DO YOU GET
FROM HERE TO MARS?
HOW DO YOU GET
FROM HERE TO THE MOON?
PROBABLY MORE IMPORTANT TO YOU,
HOW DO YOU GET
FROM HERE TO YOUR HOME?
WELL, TO START, THE ANSWER
TO ALL THREE IS VERY SIMILAR.
YOU NEED TO KNOW WHERE YOU ARE,
YOU NEED TO KNOW
WHERE YOU'RE GOING,
AND YOU NEED A MAP
THAT CAN CONNECT THE TWO.
NOW, IN THE CASE OF GOING HOME,
YOUR MAP WILL HAVE
ALL OF THE ROADS BETWEEN
WHERE YOU ARE
AND WHERE YOUR HOME IS
SO YOU CAN PICK YOUR PATH,
OR YOUR TRAJECTORY,
AND DRIVE YOUR WAY HOME.
IN THE CASE OF GOING TO MARS
OR TO THE MOON
OR TO ANY OF THE PLANETS
OR PLANETARY BODIES
WHERE WE'VE SENT HUMANS
OR ROBOTIC SPACECRAFT TO
OVER THE YEARS,
FINDING THAT PATH
OR THAT TRAJECTORY HAS PROVED
ALL THE MORE DIFFICULT
BECAUSE WHERE YOU ARE
AND WHERE YOU'RE GOING
ARE ALWAYS IN MOTION,
WHICH LEADS ME TO ORBITS
AND TRAJECTORIES
AND NASA'S RETURN TO THE MOON.
MERRIAM-WEBSTER
DEFINES AN ORBIT
AS THE PATH DESCRIBED
BY ONE BODY
IN ITS REVOLUTION ABOUT ANOTHER
LIKE THE EARTH
GOING AROUND THE SUN.
OR, IN THE CASE OF THIS TALK,
A SPACECRAFT GOING AROUND
A GRAVITATIONAL BODY OR TWO.
NOW, WE ENTER THE WORLD
OF ROCKET SCIENCE.
JOHANNES KEPLER, WITH THE HELP
FROM VOLUMES AND VOLUMES
OF DATA ON PLANETARY MOTION,
CAPTURED BY TYCHO BRAHE,
CALCULATED THAT THE PATHS
THESE ORBITS TOOK
IN THE PRESENCE
OF A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
FOLLOWED CONIC SHAPES
LIKE CIRCLES
OR NEARLY CIRCULAR ELLIPSES.
AND WITH THIS INFORMATION,
SCIENTISTS FIGURED OUT
HOW TO MOVE AN OBJECT,
A SPACECRAFT, FROM ONE ORBIT
TO ANOTHER.
ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS
OF THESE SCIENTISTS
IN ORBITAL MECHANICS CIRCLES
IS WALTER HOHMANN WHO CREATED
WHAT BECAME KNOWN AS
THE HOHMANN TRANSFER.
THE HOHMANN TRANSFER,
SIMPLY PUT,
IS AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT THAT
WILL ALLOW YOU TO TRANSFER
BETWEEN TWO CIRCULAR ORBITS
OF DIFFERENT RADII
IN THE SAME PLANE
ABOUT THE SAME CENTRAL BODY.
SO, REMEMBER WHEN I ASKED YOU
HOW YOU WOULD GET
FROM HERE TO MARS?
WELL, THE HOHMANN TRANSFER
FROM EARTH TO MARS,
SHOWN IN THIS ANIMATION,
WOULD TAKE YOU THERE.
NASA SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
HAVE GOTTEN REALLY CREATIVE
IN CREATING TRAJECTORIES TO SEND
ROBOTIC SPACECRAFT AROUND
AND BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
BUT FOR HUMANS,
THE FARTHEST THAT WE'VE GONE
IS TO OUR MOON 50 YEARS AGO.
IN APOLLO 11, ON JULY 16, 1969,
THREE ASTRONAUTS WERE LAUNCHED
ON A SATURN V ROCKET LEADING
TO HUMANKIND'S FIRST GIANT LEAP.
AFTER THE FIRST THREE
SATURN ROCKETS--
SATURN ENGINES BURNED,
THE APOLLO SPACECRAFT
WAS PLACED INTO A LOW
CIRCULAR EARTH PARKING ORBIT,
ROUGHLY 100 NAUTICAL MILES
IN ALTITUDE,
OR APPROXIMATELY
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN CLEVELAND
AND COLUMBUS.
AFTER FINAL CHECKOUTS,
THE SATURN V BURNED
WHAT'S CALLED
A TRANSLUNAR INJECTION BURN,
OR TLI,
THAT PLACED THEM
ON THE TRAJECTORY THAT
WOULD TAKE THEM TO THE MOON.
THERE THEY WOULD COAST
FOR THREE DAYS
BEFORE BEING CAPTURED
BY THE MOON'S GRAVITY
INTO A LOW LUNAR ORBIT.
NOW, AFTER THEY COMPLETED
THEIR SURFACE MISSION,
THE ASTRONAUTS RETURNED
TO THE WAITING
COMMAND MODULE, COLUMBIA,
TO START THEIR TRIP HOME.
THE COLUMBIA, LIKE
THE TRANSLUNAR INJECTION BURN,
BURNED A TRANS EARTH
INJECTION BURN
TO PLACE THEM ON THE TRAJECTORY
BACK TO EARTH.
NOW, HAVING TRAVELED
AN AVERAGE DISTANCE
OF 240,000 MILES
FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON,
THESE APOLLO MISSIONS
STILL STAND AS THE FARTHEST
THAT HUMANS HAVE EVER GONE
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
AND THIS IS
A SIGNIFICANT DISTANCE.
GIVEN THE DIAMETER OF THE EARTH,
ROUGHLY 30 EARTH-SIZED PLANETS
CAN FIT BETWEEN THE EARTH
AND THE MOON.
NOW, SINCE APOLLO,
THE FARTHEST WE'VE SENT HUMANS
IS TO THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION
LOCATED IN A LOW EARTH ORBIT
ROUGHLY 400 KILOMETERS
FROM THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH,
OR ABOUT 250 MILES
OR APPROXIMATELY THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN CLEVELAND
AND CINCINNATI.
NOW, BECAUSE
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
ORBITS SO CLOSE TO THE EARTH,
THE COMBINED GRAVITATIONAL PULL
OF THE EARTH--
AS WELL AS THE ATMOSPHERIC DRAG
ON THE STATION--
MEANS IT'S IN A CONSTANT STATE
OF FREEFALL AND REENTRY,
AND PERIODICALLY,
VISITING VEHICLES
WITH PROPULSION SYSTEMS
WILL GIVE THE ISS A BOOST
TO KEEP IT IN ITS ORBIT.
NOW, WITH THIS SPRING'S
ARTEMIS ANNOUNCEMENT,
NASA HAS ANNOUNCED PLANS
TO RETURN HUMANS TO
THE SURFACE OF THE MOON,
LANDING THE FIRST WOMAN
AND THE NEXT MAN
ON ITS SURFACE BY 2024.
THE CURRENT ARTEMIS PLANS
ARE A BLEND OF THOSE
APOLLO LUNAR SORTA CAMPAIGNS
AS WELL AS THE ISS
SUSTAINABILITY ELEMENTS,
AND THE FIRST KEY
SUSTAINING PIECE
OF THIS ARTEMIS PROGRAM PLAN
IS THE GATEWAY,
TO BE ASSEMBLED
IN ORBIT NEAR THE MOON.
THE GATEWAY IS A MOBILE COMMAND
AND SERVICE MODULE,
AND IT WILL PROVIDE US
WITH A PLACE TO AGGREGATE
AND ASSEMBLE THE SPACECRAFT
THAT WILL LAND ONTO THE MOON,
AS WELL AS PROVIDE US
WITH A COMMUNICATIONS RELAY
TO SUPPORT ROBOTIC
AND HUMAN MISSIONS
ANYWHERE ON THE MOON'S SURFACE,
BUT STARTING AT THE MOON'S
SOUTH POLE.
THE FIRST ELEMENT OF THE GATEWAY
IS THE POWER AND
PROPULSION ELEMENT,
MANAGED HERE IN CLEVELAND
AT NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
AND BUILT IN
A PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
WITH MAXAR TECHNOLOGIES.
NOW, SAID OUR ADMINISTRATOR,
JIM BRIDENSTINE OF THE PPE,
"IT WILL BE THE KEY COMPONENT
UPON WHICH WE WILL BUILD
OUR LUNAR GATEWAY OUTPOST,
THE CORNERSTONE
OF NASA'S SUSTAINABLE
AND REUSABLE ARTEMIS
EXPLORATION ARCHITECTURE ON
AND AROUND THE MOON."
THIS POWER AND PROPULSION
ELEMENT IS A HIGH-POWER,
FIFTY-KILOWATT CLASS,
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION
SPACECRAFT.
AND AT THAT,
IT'S ROUGHLY THREE TIMES
MORE POWERFUL
THAN CURRENT
STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGIES.
NOW, THE GATEWAY, WITH THIS PPE,
WITH BOTH POWER AND PROPULSION,
IS CAPABLE OF NOT ONLY
HOLDING PLACE IN ONE ORBIT,
BUT OF TRANSFERRING
BETWEEN ORBITS
IN SUPPORT OF THE SUSTAINABLE
LUNAR ARCHITECTURE.
FLYING THE PPE WILL PROVIDE US
WITH INVALUABLE EXPERIENCE
FOR FUTURE MISSIONS TO MARS,
AND THE CURRENT PLAN
IS THE LAUNCH THE POWER
AND PROPULSION ELEMENTS IN 2022.
THE GATEWAY WILL BE ASSEMBLED
IN A NEW TYPE OF ORBIT:
PERFECTLY BALANCED BY
THE GRAVITATIONAL PULLS
OF THE EARTH AND THE MOON
CALLED A NEAR RECTILINEAR
HALO ORBIT, OR NRHO,
A FAMILY OF WHICH YOU CAN SEE
IN THIS ANIMATION.
NOW, WHEN APOLLO
WENT TO THE MOON,
THE LOW LUNAR ORBIT IN WHICH
THE COMMAND MODULE WAITED
WAS SO PULLED BY
THE MOON'S GRAVITY THAT WOULD--
IT WAS NOT STABLE AND
WOULD NOT ALLOWED FOR
THE SPACECRAFT TO STAY FOR LONG.
BUT THE NEAR RECTILINEAR
HALO ORBIT,
BALANCING AS IT DOES
BETWEEN THE EARTH AND THE MOON,
AND GLOWING YELLOW HERE,
MEANS THAT THE POWER
AND PROPULSION ELEMENT
ONLY NEED TO PERFORM SMALL ORBIT
MAINTENANCE MANEUVERS
TO STAY PERMANENTLY.
THE GRAVITY WILL BALANCE--
OKAY, UM,
THE NEAR-RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT
IS DIFFERENT THAN
THOSE CIRCULAR ORBITS
THAT I MENTIONED
THAT KEPLER JUST GOT WORD,
LIKE THE ORBIT
THAT THE MOON TAKES
AROUND THE EARTH.
THESE THREE VIEWS HERE
SHOW YOU THAT
THE NEAR-RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT
IS AN ORBIT ABOUT THE EARTH,
BUT AT THE DISTANCE OF THE MOON,
SO IT'S TUGGED BY THE MOON,
AND THESE EARTH-MOON
INTERACTIONS
MEAN THAT FOR EVERY TWO ORBITS
THAT THE MOON MAKES
ABOUT THE EARTH, THE SPACECRAFT,
THE GATEWAY, IN THIS
NEAR-RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT,
WILL MAKE NINE
OF THESE LEAPFROGS OVER
AND UNDER THE MOON.
AND THE PERIOD OF THIS
NEAR-RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT
OR THE PERIOD
BETWEEN THESE LEAPS
IS ROUGHLY SIX AND A HALF DAYS,
WITH ONLY FOUR HOURS
OUT OF THAT ALMOST WEEK SPENT
OUT OF VIEW
OF THE MOON'S SOUTH POLE.
NOW, IF YOU VIEW IT
FROM THE EARTH,
THE NEAR-RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT
LOOKS LIKE
A LONG ELLIPTICAL ORBIT
ABOUT THE MOON, OR A HALO.
THAT'S THE NAME.
AND THIS ONE HAS THIS
CLOSEST APPROACH TO THE MOON
AT THE MOON'S NORTH POLE,
AND ITS FARTHEST APPROACH
AT THE MOON'S SOUTH POLE.
AND AS I SAID,
THIS NEAR-RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT
IS ONE OF-OF LARGE FAMILY,
AND IT WAS DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY
TO PROVIDE FOR MAXIMUM
LUNAR COVERAGE OF
THE SOUTH POLE,
AS WELL AS TO PROVIDE THAT
A SPACECRAFT IN THIS ORBIT
THE GATEWAY STAYS IN
AS MUCH DIRECT SUNLIGHT
AS POSSIBLE.
NOW, NEAR-RECTILINEAR
HALO ORBITS
ARE VERY FAVORABLE FOR
TRANSFERRING INTO AND OUT OF,
WHICH IS NICE
WHEN YOUR SPACECRAFT
IS MEANT TO BE A STAGING AREA
FOR EXPLORATION
WITH OTHER SHIPS
COMING AND GOING.
IN THIS TRAJECTORY ANIMATION
SHOWS THE PATH THAT THE ORION,
WITH THE CREW IN IT,
WOULD TAKE AS THEY DEPART EARTH,
HEAD TOWARD A POWER LUNAR FLY-BY
TO PUT THEM INTO THE GATEWAY
IN THE NRHO,
STAY IN THE NRHO
FOR ONE AND A HALF ORBITS,
BEFORE DEPARTING TO HEAD BACK TO
ANOTHER POWERED LUNAR FLY-BY
TO PUT THEM ON A TRAJECTORY
THAT WOULD TAKE THEM BACK HOME.
NOW, RECALL TO THE GATEWAY
WITH THE POWER
AND PROPULSION ELEMENT,
IS CAPABLE NOT JUST OF
HOLDING PLACE IN ONE ORBIT,
BUT ALSO OF TRANSFERRING
BETWEEN ORBITS.
THE NASA GLENN RESEARCH CENTER
POWER AND PROPULSION
ELEMENT MISSION DESIGN TEAM
HAS DESIGNED
SEVERAL TRAJECTORIES,
TAKING THE GATEWAY FARTHER
AND FARTHER FROM EARTH
TO OTHER ORBITS,
WHERE MISSION SCENARIOS
AND SCIENCE CAN BE COMPLETED.
FLYING THESE TRANSFERS
WILL ALLOW US TO GAIN
INVALUABLE EXPERIENCE
OPERATING THESE TYPES OF LARGE,
HUMAN-TENDED SYSTEMS IN SPACE,
AND ALONG THE LENGTHY TRANSFERS,
WE'RE GOING TO NEED
TO ACCOMPLISH,
IF WE'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO
SEND HUMANS TO
OUR CLOSEST NEIGHBOR,
THE RED PLANET, MARS.
NOW, THE CURRENT ARTEMIS PLANS
WILL TAKE PLACE IN
A TWO-PHASED APPROACH,
WITH THE FIRST FOCUSED ON SPEED,
LANDING ON THE MOON BY 2024,
AS WE'VE DISCUSSED,
AND THE SECOND,
TO ESTABLISH A SUSTAINED
LUNAR PRESENCE ON
AND AROUND THE MOON BY 2028,
FLYING THE GATEWAY AND
THE POWER AND PROPULSION ELEMENT
WILL ALLOW US TO ACCOMPLISH
BOTH THE FIRST
BY GIVING US A PLACE
TO AGGREGATE
AND ASSEMBLE THE SPACECRAFT
THAT WILL LAND ON THE MOON,
AS WELL AS THE SECOND
BY PROVIDING US A PLACE
TO REFURBISH AND REFUEL
THE LUNAR ELEMENTS FOR
SUBSEQUENT LUNAR MISSIONS
OR REORIENT TO FOCUS ON
OTHER AREAS ON
AND AROUND THE MOON.
THE CURRENT PLANS FOR ARTEMIS
HAVE SEVERAL ELEMENTS
THAT ARE SIMILAL--
SIMILAR TO APOLLO.
THE YEARS MAY CHANGE,
BUT THE PHYSICS
REMAINS THE SAME.
FIRST, THE CREW IS LAUNCHED
IN THE ORION SPACECRAFT
ON A SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM,
OR SLS, ROCKET, ON A TRAJECTORY
THAT WILL TAKE THEM DIRECTLY
TO THE NRHO,
WHICH YOU'VE ALREADY SEEN.
ONCE THE ORION DOCKS
WITH THE GATEWAY,
THE TWO CREW MEMBERS
WHO WILL GO TO
THE SURFACE TRANSFER
FROM THE ORION
INTO THE WAITING
LUNAR LANDER SYSTEM.
CURRENT CONCEPTS
FOR THE LUNAR LANDER SYSTEM
ARE COMPOSED OF THREE PARTS:
FIRST A TRANSFER MODULE,
THEN AN ASSET MODULE,
AND A DESCENT MODULE.
THE TRANSFER MODULE
WILL TAKE THE ENTIRE STACK
AND THE CREW
TO A LOW LUNAR PARKING ORBIT.
FROM THERE, THE DESCENT MODULE
WILL TAKE THE ASCENT MODULE
WITH THE CREW
DOWN TO THE SURFACE.
WHEN THEY'VE COMPLETED
THEIR MISSION, THE ASSET MODULE,
WILL RETURN THE CREW
BACK TO THE GATEWAY.
CURRENT PLANS HAVE
LUNAR SURFACE MISSIONS
ROUGHLY THREE TO SEVEN DAYS,
AFTER WHICH THE ASTRONAUTS
WILL RETURN TO THE GATEWAY,
TRANSFER BACK TO THE ORION,
AND MAKE THEIR WAY HOME.
IN JULY 20TH, 1969,
I WAS A TODDLER,
IN ON A BOAT ON LAKE ERIE
WITH MY PARENTS AND
SOME FAMILY FRIENDS,
AND MY MOTHER TELLS ME
SHE HANDED ME-- OR SHE--
I WAS INTERESTED IN A DRINK OF
THE POP THAT SHE WAS DRINKING,
SO WHEN SHE HANDED ME THE GLASS,
AND I PLACED IT TO MY MOUTH,
SHE HEARD A LITTLE CLINK SOUND.
SO I LITERALLY
CUT MY FIRST TOOTH
THE DAY THAT NEIL ARMSTRONG
FIRST STEPPED ON THE MOON,
AND I AM BEYOND EXCITED
ABOUT THE PROSPECT OF
RETURNING PEOPLE
TO ITS SURFACE.
MY SON AND DAUGHTER
HAVE GROWN UP WITH NASA
AS PART OF THEIR FAMILY AND
WHEN THEY LOOK UP AT THE MOON,
THEY ARE EXCITED TO DO
SOMETHING GREATER THAN
WHAT WE DID IN APOLLO.
THEY'RE EXCITED FOR ARTEMIS,
FOR THE ARTEMIS GENERATION,
AND THIS TIME,
WITH THE HELP OF THE GATEWAY
AND THE POWER
AND PROPULSION ELEMENT,
WE PLAN TO STAY,
AND WHILE WE WERE THERE,
WE'LL PREPARE FOR
THE GREATER ADVENTURE OF
SENDING PEOPLE EVEN FURTHER
FROM EARTH AND ONTO MARS.
AND WITH THAT,
I WANT TO THANK MY HUSBAND
AND MY CHILDREN FOR ALLOWING ME
TO USE A PHOTO OF THEM.
OF ALL THE MISSION DESIGNERS
WHO MADE EVERYTHING
BEHIND ME POSSIBLE AND
THE POWER AND PROPULSION ELEMENT
AND GATEWAY TEASE.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
[ APPLAUSE ]
[ MUSIC ]
>> WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON!
THIS TIME, WE'RE GOING TO STAY.
WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON
AS A PROVING GROUND
FOR LEARNING HOW TO LIVE
AND THRIVE
ON ANOTHER PLANETARY BODY,
IN PREPARATION FOR
FUTURE MISSIONS TO MARS.
NASA ADMINISTRATOR
JIM BRIDENSTINE
USES ONE WORD REPEATEDLY
WHEN DESCRIBING
HOW THE ARTEMIS PROGRAM
DIFFERS FROM THE APOLLO PROGRAM.
>> THE PRESIDENT'S
FIRST SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE
SAYS TO GO TO THE MOON,
GO SUSTAINABLY,
AND HAVE
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
LEAD A COALITION OF NATIONS
FOR A SUSTAINABLE RETURN
TO THE MOON.
BY 2028,
WE NEED SUSTAINABILITY.
WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON,
WE'RE GOING SUSTAINABLY,
WE'RE MOVING FAST.
>> SUSTAINABLE.
WE ALSO HEAR OR SEE THIS
OR SIMILAR WORDS
IN MEDIA POSTINGS
FROM SPACE ENTREPRENEURS
AND INTERNATIONAL
SPACE AGENCIES.
SUSTAINABLE, REUSABLE RESOURCES.
WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN?
BEFORE I ANSWER THAT,
LET'S TALK ABOUT
WHAT IT DOESN'T MEAN.
SO FAR, IN OUR 50-YEAR HISTORY
OF SENDING HUMANS
BEYOND EARTH ORBIT
WE HAVE BROUGHT
EVERYTHING WE NEED
FOR THE TRIP FROM HOME.
AND THE BULKIEST
AND HEAVIEST THING WE NEED
IS THE ROCKET PROPELLANT
THAT GETS US OFF EARTH
AND SAFELY BACK.
WHEN THE SATURN V
WAS SITTING ON THE LAUNCH PAD,
WE HAD BIG, POWERFUL
ROCKET ENGINES AT THE BOTTOM
AND A TINY HUMAN SPACE CAPSULE
AND LUNAR MODULE AT THE TOP.
IN-BETWEEN IS MOSTLY PROPELLANT,
OXYGEN AND KEROSENE
TO GET US OFF EARTH,
OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN
TO PUSH THEM TO THE MOON,
AND STORABLE PROPELLANTS
TO GET DOWN
TO THE LUNAR SURFACE,
BACK UP TO ORBIT,
AND BACK HOME.
AND WHILE THE PELLETS
FOR THE RETURN TRIP SEEM SMALL
COMPARED TO THE OTHER STAGES,
IT CAN HAVE A HUGE IMPACT
ON THE ENTIRE VEHICLE.
THINK OF WHAT HAPPENS
TO THE GAS MILEAGE
IN THE FAMILY MINIVAN
ON A ROAD TRIP
WHEN WE START
CLIMBING THE MOUNTAINS,
OR WORSE, WHEN WE START
CLIMBING THE MOUNTAINS
CARRYING PRECIOUS
VACATION GEAR.
IMAGINE WHAT WOULD HAPPEN
IF THE FAMILY MINIVAN
HAD TO PULL A TANKER OF GAS
OVER THOSE MOUNTAINS
IN ORDER TO REFUEL
FOR THE TRIP HOME.
AS AMUSING AS THIS IMAGE IS
BECAUSE WE ALL REALIZE
HOW UNSUSTAINABLE THIS METHOD
OF VACATIONING WOULD BE,
THIS IS EXACTLY HOW WE HAVE
EXPLORED SPACE UNTIL NOW.
SO, HOW ARE WE GOING
TO CHANGE THIS PARADIGM?
WE ARE GOING TO BUILD
A GAS STATION ON THE MOON
FOR THE ASTRONAUTS
TO REFUEL THEIR VEHICLE
FOR THE TRIP HOME.
OF COURSE, GAS STATIONS
ONLY DISPENSE THE GAS
SO WE WILL ALSO NEED
THE EQUIPMENT TO GATHER
THE RAW RESOURCES
AND A REFINERY
TO PROCESS THOSE RESOURCES
INTO ROCKET PROPELLANT.
WE CALL THIS IN SITU
RESOURCE UTILIZATION,
OR ISRU FOR SHORT.
OUR ANCESTORS CALLED IT
LIVING OFF THE LAND.
WE ESTIMATE THAT WE WILL NEED
APPROXIMATELY 12 TONS OF OXYGEN
AND HYDROGEN PROPELLANT
TO REFUEL THE LANDER,
GET IT BACK UP TO LUNAR ORBIT
SO WE CAN USE IT AGAIN
ON THE NEXT TRIP.
IF WE CAN MAKE THAT 12 TONS
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE,
WE WOULDN'T NEED
TO BRING IT FROM EARTH.
WHILE THIS SOUNDS LIKE
A HUGE SAVINGS ON ITS OWN,
BECAUSE LUNAR ASCENT IS
THE LAST PHASE OF THE MISSION,
ANY SAVINGS ARE LIKE
COMPOUNDED INTEREST
AND THAT 12 TONS NEEDED
AT THE END OF OUR TRIP
CAN ADD UP
TO MUCH LARGER SAVINGS.
IN THE PREVIOUS TALK,
YOU HEARD ABOUT
SOME OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE TRIP TO THE MOON.
LET'S FOLLOW
THAT TRIP BACKWARDS.
ASSUMING WE MAKE JUST
1 KILOGRAM OF PROPELLANT
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE,
IN ORDER TO LAND
THAT 1 KILOGRAM
FROM LOW LUNAR ORBIT
WE NEED ANOTHER 1 KILOGRAM
OF PROPELLANT AND TANKS,
WHICH WE ALSO DON'T NEED
TO BRING FROM EARTH
WHEN MAKING THE 1 KILOGRAM
ON THE SURFACE.
OUR SAVINGS ARE AT 2 KILOGRAMS.
CONTINUING BACKWARDS,
WE WOULD NEED
ANOTHER 1/2 KILOGRAM
TO GET THAT 2 KILOGRAMS
FROM GATEWAY
DOWN TO LOW LUNAR ORBIT.
SO, NOW WE HAVE SAVED
2 1/2 KILOGRAMS.
AND EVEN WITH THE VERY EFFICIENT
SLOW ROAD TRIP
THAT IS PLANNED
TO GET THE UNCREWED ELEMENTS
OUT TO GATEWAY,
WE WOULD STILL NEED
MORE THAN 6 KILOGRAMS
OF PROPELLANT
TO GET THAT 2 1/2 KILOGRAMS
FROM LOW EARTH ORBIT
UP TO GATEWAY.
ADD IT ALL TOGETHER
AND THAT 1 KILOGRAM
WE MADE ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
HAS REDUCED OUR MASS
IN LOW EARTH ORBIT
BY ALMOST 9 KILOGRAMS,
WHICH MEANS THE ABILITY
TO MAKE 12 TONS
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
CAN REDUCE OUR MASS
IN LOW EARTH ORBIT
BY OVER 100 TONS.
ALSO, BECAUSE WE CAN NOW
REUSE THE LANDER, WE REALIZE
AN ADDITIONAL 18-TON SAVINGS
IN LOW EARTH ORBIT
BECAUSE OF ALL THE PROPELLANT
WE DON'T NEED TO PUSH
A NEW LANDER OUT TO GATEWAY
ON EVERY TRIP.
ALTOGETHER,
PRODUCTION OF PROPELLANT
AND A REUSABLE LANDER
COULD RESULT IN 120 TONS LESS
AT THE START OF OUR TRIP,
A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION
FROM THE OLD WAY
OF EXPLORING SPACE.
THIS SAVES
SIGNIFICANT LAUNCH COST
AND BRINGS A VISION
OF SUSTAINED PRESENCE
ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
WITHIN OUR GRASP.
SO, LET'S TALK NOW ABOUT
SOME OF THE TECHNOLOGY NEEDED
TO MAKE ISRU A REALITY.
NASA PLANS TO LAND
NEAR THE SOUTH POLE
WHERE ORBITAL MISSIONS
SUCH AS CLEMENTINE
AND THE LUNAR
RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER
DETECTED WATER SIGNATURES
IN AND NEAR THE PERMANENTLY
SHADOWED REGIONS.
AND THE PLUME CREATED
WHEN THE LCROSS SPACECRAFT
WAS PURPOSELY CRASHED
INTO CABEUS CRATER
CONTAINED HYDROGEN COMPONENTS
EQUIVALENT TO 5% WATER
BY WEIGHT.
THIS DATA COMBINED
HAS PAINTED A PICTURE
OF SIGNIFICANT WATER RESOURCES,
SHOWN HERE IN BLUE,
THAT CAN BE HARVESTED
FOR LIFE-SUSTAINING WATER
AND AIR FOR THE ASTRONAUTS
AS WELL AS THE TONS
OF PROPELLANT
FOR THE TRIP HOME.
THE FIRST STEP
IS TO DIG UP THE ICY REGOLITH
AND DELIVER IT
TO A PROCESSING PLANT.
BUT NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
SAYS THAT FOR EVERY ACTION
THERE IS AN EQUAL
AND OPPOSITE REACTION
AND THE 1/6TH GRAVITY
ON THE MOON
MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO FIND
THE REACTION FORCE NECESSARY
FOR DIGGING AND DRIVING.
SO, WE ARE WORKING
ON NEW WAYS OF DIGGING
IN COMPACTED GRANULAR REGOLITH
AND IN HARD MATERIALS
WHERE WE MAY TAKE
MANY SMALL SCOOPS
INSTEAD OF BIG SCOOPS,
PUSH SIDEWAYS
AGAINST THE WHEELS
OF THE EXCAVATOR
INSTEAD OF IN LINE WITH THEM,
OR POSSIBLY DIG AT BOTH ENDS
TO PROVIDE THE REACTION FORCE.
WE ARE WORKING ON LIGHTWEIGHT
COMPLIANT WHEELS MADE OF WIRES
THAT REMEMBER
THEIR ORIGINAL SHAPE
TO PROVIDE TRACTION
FOR OUR EXCAVATORS.
AND WE ARE DESIGNING
MOBILITY PLATFORMS WITH
EASILY REPLACEABLE COMPONENTS
FOR PROLONGED LIFE
WHEN WE ARE SO FAR AWAY
FROM OUR FAVORITE MECHANIC.
ONCE WE HAVE GATHERED
THE RESOURCE,
WE WILL BAKE IT
TO EXTRACT THE WATER,
POSSIBLY IN SOMETHING SIMILAR
TO A TERRESTRIAL SOILA DRYER,
EXCEPT ON EARTH
THEY ARE INTERESTED
IN THE DRY DIRT,
AND ON THE MOON AND MARS
WE ARE INTERESTED IN
THE WATER THAT COMES OUT.
SO, WHILE ALL OF THIS
SOUNDS SIMPLE ENOUGH,
KIND OF, THERE ARE STILL
MANY CHALLENGES
TO GETTING TO THIS
EXCITING NATURAL RESOURCE
AND EXTRACTING
THE WATER FOR USE.
FIRST, THE WATER IS IN
PERMANENTLY SHADOWED REGIONS
WHICH ARE SURROUNDED BY SUNLIGHT
BUT REMAIN IN PERMANENT SHADOW
BECAUSE THEY ARE LOWER
THAN THE SURROUNDING TERRAIN.
TERRAIN MAPS OF THE AREA
SAY THAT THE PATH
INTO THESE REGIONS
CAN BE LONG AND STEEP
WITH MOST SLOPES
GREATER THAN 15 DEGREES,
SHOWN HERE IN GREEN,
PRESENTING SIGNIFICANT
CHALLENGES IF WE WANT
TO CONTINUALLY DRIVE IN
TO GATHER THE RESOURCE
AND DRIVE BACK OUT
TO DELIVER IT
TO THE PROCESSING PLANT.
AN ALTERNATIVE
IS TO DO MORE PROCESSING
AT THE EXCAVATION SITE,
BAKING THE WATER OUT
ON A HOT PLATE AS WE DIG IT UP.
OF COURSE, THIS IS ALSO
NOT AS EASY AS IT SOUNDS
AS WE HAVE DISCOVERED
THAT THE DIRT FLOWS
OVER THE PLATE
MUCH MORE QUICKLY IN A VACUUM
THAN IN OUR INITIAL
OPEN-AIR TESTS
AND SOME OF THE SIMULANTS
FALL OUT OF THE SCOOP
MORE EASILY THAN OTHERS
LEAVING BIG QUESTIONS
ABOUT HOW ANY OF THIS WILL WORK
IN THE REAL LUNAR ENVIRONMENT.
TO AVOID HAVING TO DIG UP
THE DIRT ALTOGETHER,
WE MAY TAKE INSPIRATION
FROM THE WORKINGS
OF A TERRESTRIAL ZAMBONI
AND CREATE A LUNAR ZAMBONI
THAT HEATS THE DIRT
WITH MICROWAVES
AND COLLECTS THE EVOLVING WATER
AS IT ROSE THROUGH THE SHADOWS.
EXTRACTING THE WATER
INSIDE THE REGION
AND STORING IT IN A TANKER
MEANS FEWER TRIPS
OUTSIDE OF THE REGION
BUT MORE POWER INSIDE
WHERE THAT SAME LACK OF SUNLIGHT
THAT'S GOOD
FOR PRESERVING THE ICE
IS BAD WHEN WANTING
TO USE SOLAR ENERGY.
THEREFORE, PROCESSING
INSIDE THE SHADOWED REGIONS
WILL LIKELY REQUIRE SOME SORT
OF BEAMED ENERGY
OR NUCLEAR POWER,
ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY BEING
DEVELOPED HERE AT THE NASA
GLENN RESEARCH CENTER.
IN ORDER TO MOVE TOWARD
OUR SUSTAINABILITY GOAL FASTER,
WE MAY START
BY PROCESSING THE REGOLITH
OUTSIDE THE SHADOWED REGIONS
WHERE WE STILL HAVE PLENTY
OF SUNLIGHT FOR SOLAR ENERGY.
THE LUNAR REGOLITH CONTAINS
OVER 40% OXYGEN BOUND UP
IN A MIX OF MINERALS
COMPRISED OF METAL OXIDES
SUCH AS IRON OXIDE
AND SILICON OXIDE.
BY PROCESSING THIS REGOLITH
AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
AND ADDING IN HYDROGEN,
WE CAN BREAK
THE IRON OXIDE BONDS
AND EXTRACT THE OXYGEN
IN THE FORM OF WATER.
BY GOING TO EVEN
HIGHER TEMPERATURES
AND INTRODUCING CARBON
IN THE FORM OF METHANE GAS,
MORE OF THE METAL OXIDE BONDS
CAN BE BROKEN
TO EXTRACT THE OXYGEN.
WHILE PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN ALONE
FROM THE REGOLITH
OUTSIDE THE SHADOWED REGIONS
DOES NOT GET US ALL THE WAY
TO OUR SUSTAINABILITY GOALS,
10 OF THAT 12 TONS OF PROPELLANT
I SAID WE NEEDED FOR
THE TRIP HOME IS OXYGEN,
SO IT IS A GOOD START.
AFTER ESTABLISHING A FOOTHOLD
ON THE EDGE OF THE COUNTRY,
OUR PIONEER ANCESTORS
BEGAN PUSHING WESTWARD,
WE CAN IMAGINE.
BECAUSE WE'RE
A BUNCH OF ENGINEERS,
WE ACTUALLY DID THE MATH.
WHAT WOULD HAVE HAPPENED
IF THEIR COVERED WAGONS
FILLED WITH THE POSSESSIONS
AND TOOLS NEEDED TO SURVIVE
IN THE WILDERNESS
INSTEAD NEEDED TO CARRY
THE FOOD, WATER, AND AIR FOR
THE MULES PULLING THE WAGON.
ASSUMING SIX MULES CAN PULL
A 2,000 POUND WAGON
25 MILES A DAY
AND THOSE SAME SIX MULES
REQUIRE 85 POUNDS A DAY
OF FOOD, WATER, AND AIR,
THEN OUR ANCESTORS
NEVER WOULD HAVE MADE
THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS.
THERE ARE MANY MORE PARTS
WE ARE WORKING ON
TO COMPLETE OUR COMBINATION
MINE REFINERY AND GAS STATION
FOR THE MOON AND MARS.
WHEN WE ARE DONE,
WE WILL HAVE DISCOVERED,
OR PERHAPS REDISCOVERED,
A NEW AND BETTER WAY
OF EXPLORING BEYOND
THE BOUNDS OF EARTH.
THANK YOU.
[ APPLAUSE ]
>> SO, WHAT DID YOU THINK?
PRETTY COOL, HUH?
THESE GUYS DID A GREAT JOB.
SO, THANKS AGAIN TO DAVID,
MELISSA, AND DIANE.
[ APPLAUSE ]
YOU GUYS DID A WONDERFUL JOB.
IT'S NERVE WRACKING;
I AM GLAD I'M NOT DOING IT.
THEY DID A WONDERFUL JOB.
THESE PRESENTATIONS
ARE JUST A SMALL GLIMPSE
OF ALL THE INCREDIBLE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT BEING CONDUCTED
BY OUR EXPERT STAFF
AT THE GLENN RESEARCH CENTER,
ALL OF WHOM ARE DEDICATED
TO POWERING THE FUTURE
OF FLIGHT INNOVATION
AND SPACE EXPLORATION.
SO, THIS WILL CONCLUDE
TONIGHT'S PROGRAM.
PLEASE JOIN US FOR DESSERT
IN THE RECEPTION AREA
AND WE INVITE YOU TO ENGAGE
WITH TONIGHT'S PRESENTERS.
OTHER SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS
ARE ALSO HERE TONIGHT
AND MEMBERS OF
THE GLENN LEADERSHIP TEAM.
THERE IS ALSO
A SPECIAL PLANETARIUM SHOW
THAT STARTS AT 9:15,
SO IF YOU'RE
INTO PLANETARIUM SHOWS,
YOU WILL REALLY ENJOY THAT.
SO, THANK YOU ONCE AGAIN
FOR JOINING US HERE TONIGHT
AT OUR "EVENING WITH THE STARS".
WE HOPE YOU HAVE
A VERY SAFE TRIP HOME.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR COMING.
GOOD NIGHT.
[ APPLAUSE ]