1 00:00:00,334 --> 00:00:04,104 - Five, four, three, two, one. 2 00:00:04,104 --> 00:00:10,110 [upbeat exciting music] 3 00:00:16,617 --> 00:00:18,685 [aircraft whistles] 4 00:00:22,789 --> 00:00:25,259 - Hey, what's up, everybody? 5 00:00:25,259 --> 00:00:29,997 Welcome, welcome, welcome back to NASA in Silicon Valley Live. 6 00:00:29,997 --> 00:00:33,116 If this is your first time with the show, 7 00:00:33,116 --> 00:00:34,334 NASA in Silicon Valley Live 8 00:00:34,334 --> 00:00:37,638 is a conversational show out of NASA's Ames Research Center 9 00:00:37,638 --> 00:00:40,057 where we talk about all the nerdy NASA news 10 00:00:40,057 --> 00:00:41,675 you need to know about. 11 00:00:41,675 --> 00:00:43,977 I am your host today, Abby Tabor, 12 00:00:43,977 --> 00:00:45,245 and I have with me 13 00:00:45,245 --> 00:00:48,949 the extraordinary Danielle Carmichael. 14 00:00:48,949 --> 00:00:49,950 - Hi, everybody, 15 00:00:49,950 --> 00:00:52,619 I am your cohost, Danielle Carmichael, 16 00:00:52,619 --> 00:00:54,221 and it is great to be back. 17 00:00:54,221 --> 00:00:57,191 If you don't know, we are simultaneously live 18 00:00:57,191 --> 00:01:01,528 on Twitch, YouTube, Facebook, and Periscope. 19 00:01:01,528 --> 00:01:03,163 But if you want to participate in the chat 20 00:01:03,163 --> 00:01:05,032 and ask our guests some questions, 21 00:01:05,032 --> 00:01:06,433 there's only one place to do that, 22 00:01:06,433 --> 00:01:11,738 and that's www.twitch.tv/nasa. 23 00:01:11,738 --> 00:01:14,174 - Okay, so speaking of NASA news, 24 00:01:14,174 --> 00:01:16,944 we have a really big announcement to make today. 25 00:01:16,944 --> 00:01:18,312 Are you guys ready? 26 00:01:18,312 --> 00:01:19,346 Are you ready? - Yeah! 27 00:01:19,346 --> 00:01:21,648 - Okay, so the news is that we are 28 00:01:21,648 --> 00:01:24,017 returning astronauts to the moon, 29 00:01:24,017 --> 00:01:25,202 and this is really exciting, 30 00:01:25,202 --> 00:01:27,554 so we have for you today two of our experts 31 00:01:27,554 --> 00:01:28,889 who are gonna talk about some of the plans 32 00:01:28,889 --> 00:01:32,326 that NASA has for returning to the moon. 33 00:01:32,326 --> 00:01:35,796 So let me introduce you to Tony and Kimberly. 34 00:01:35,796 --> 00:01:38,532 So why don't you two tell the audience 35 00:01:38,532 --> 00:01:40,300 who you are, a little bit about yourselves? 36 00:01:40,300 --> 00:01:41,301 Kimberly? 37 00:01:41,301 --> 00:01:42,970 - I'm Kimberly Ennico Smith. 38 00:01:42,970 --> 00:01:45,405 I'm a research astrophysicist here 39 00:01:45,405 --> 00:01:47,841 at NASA Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, 40 00:01:47,841 --> 00:01:49,877 and I work on space missions. 41 00:01:49,877 --> 00:01:52,312 - Fabulous, thanks. 42 00:01:52,312 --> 00:01:53,480 - I'm Tony Colaprete. 43 00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:54,748 I'm also here at NASA Ames Research Center. 44 00:01:56,250 --> 00:02:00,354 I'm a planetary scientist and work on space instruments, 45 00:02:00,354 --> 00:02:02,856 space missions, things like that. 46 00:02:02,856 --> 00:02:03,891 - All right. - Mm-hmm. 47 00:02:03,891 --> 00:02:06,026 - I work on instruments too, so all things space. 48 00:02:06,026 --> 00:02:07,628 - We do a lot of similar stuff. 49 00:02:07,628 --> 00:02:09,613 - Yeah, we spend a lot of time in clean rooms... 50 00:02:09,613 --> 00:02:10,631 - Mm-hmm. - Laboratories. 51 00:02:10,631 --> 00:02:12,799 - Vibe chambers, thermal-vac chambers. 52 00:02:12,799 --> 00:02:14,618 But not inside, but... - Not inside. 53 00:02:14,618 --> 00:02:15,619 - No, no, no. 54 00:02:15,619 --> 00:02:17,204 - You don't undergo vacuum tests. 55 00:02:17,204 --> 00:02:19,406 - Not on purpose, yeah. - All right, cool. 56 00:02:19,406 --> 00:02:21,024 - So let's start with the basics 57 00:02:21,024 --> 00:02:23,477 of returning humans to the moon. 58 00:02:23,477 --> 00:02:26,763 When's this gonna happen? 59 00:02:26,763 --> 00:02:27,798 - You know, the clock, I think, 60 00:02:27,798 --> 00:02:29,716 up in front says something, right, yeah? 61 00:02:29,716 --> 00:02:30,751 - Yes, yes. 62 00:02:30,751 --> 00:02:34,988 - So quick do the math: in 1,656 days. 63 00:02:34,988 --> 00:02:37,391 - Exactly. - 8 hours, 46 minutes. 64 00:02:37,391 --> 00:02:39,560 - To be precise, all right, yeah. 65 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:41,495 - Counting in leap years. - Exactly. 66 00:02:41,495 --> 00:02:43,830 This is not the Doomsday Clock. [laughter] 67 00:02:43,830 --> 00:02:46,533 This new clock of ours is counting down the days 68 00:02:46,533 --> 00:02:48,302 until the year 2024, 69 00:02:48,302 --> 00:02:53,173 which is when the first woman and the next person, 70 00:02:53,173 --> 00:02:54,341 perhaps it's a man, 71 00:02:54,341 --> 00:02:56,543 perhaps a woman, will set foot on the moon, right? 72 00:02:56,543 --> 00:02:57,578 - That's right. - That's right. 73 00:02:57,578 --> 00:02:59,680 - It'll be a historic moment. 74 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:00,848 - Exactly. - Yeah. 75 00:03:00,848 --> 00:03:02,249 - So let's talk about this mission, 76 00:03:02,249 --> 00:03:05,886 let everyone know what it's called, to start us off. 77 00:03:05,886 --> 00:03:07,788 - Well, we're calling it Artemis. 78 00:03:07,788 --> 00:03:09,590 - Right, right, right, but who is she? 79 00:03:09,590 --> 00:03:12,459 - So who--like, why Artemis? 80 00:03:12,459 --> 00:03:15,062 Like, what's so significant about that name? 81 00:03:15,062 --> 00:03:18,265 - Well, if you know your Greek mythology... 82 00:03:18,265 --> 00:03:19,266 - Which I do. 83 00:03:19,266 --> 00:03:20,501 - Not your Latin mythology, 84 00:03:20,501 --> 00:03:23,070 'cause we are solely talking Greek mythology. 85 00:03:23,070 --> 00:03:26,039 Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo. 86 00:03:26,039 --> 00:03:28,175 - That is appropriate. - Perfect. 87 00:03:28,175 --> 00:03:31,078 - Yeah, you see the connection? Very smart, huh? 88 00:03:31,078 --> 00:03:33,380 - For those who know about the Apollo program, 89 00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:35,399 that's when we did send the first humans 90 00:03:35,399 --> 00:03:37,117 to set foot on the moon. 91 00:03:37,117 --> 00:03:38,118 - Right. - Exactly. 92 00:03:38,118 --> 00:03:40,387 - So the next are going onto the Artemis mission. 93 00:03:40,387 --> 00:03:42,789 - And I might add that when I was in fifth grade, 94 00:03:42,789 --> 00:03:46,193 we did Greek mythology and my goddess was Artemis. 95 00:03:46,193 --> 00:03:47,194 - No way. 96 00:03:47,194 --> 00:03:48,962 - I'm pretty sure that played into 97 00:03:48,962 --> 00:03:51,265 the choice of the name for the mission. 98 00:03:51,265 --> 00:03:53,267 - Abby, it was your destiny. 99 00:03:53,267 --> 00:03:55,068 - It was. - That's right. That's right. 100 00:03:55,068 --> 00:03:58,405 - Very excited for this. So why the moon? 101 00:03:58,405 --> 00:04:00,574 What is so exciting for a couple of scientists 102 00:04:00,574 --> 00:04:02,376 about going back to the moon? 103 00:04:02,376 --> 00:04:04,711 - Oh, boy, where to start? 104 00:04:04,711 --> 00:04:07,814 The moon is a spectacular place. 105 00:04:07,814 --> 00:04:09,917 It's our nearest neighbor 106 00:04:09,917 --> 00:04:13,654 It's a treasure trove of science, of exploration. 107 00:04:13,654 --> 00:04:15,923 It's a place where we can learn about 108 00:04:15,923 --> 00:04:18,425 the history of the Earth and our solar system. 109 00:04:18,425 --> 00:04:21,461 It's also really a launching pad in terms 110 00:04:21,461 --> 00:04:23,797 of our exploration beyond Earth. 111 00:04:23,797 --> 00:04:28,202 There's resources there we can utilize to explore, 112 00:04:28,202 --> 00:04:30,737 but there's also just the opportunity 113 00:04:30,737 --> 00:04:34,608 to test our abilities, our technologies, 114 00:04:34,608 --> 00:04:37,261 our processes for extended missions 115 00:04:37,261 --> 00:04:39,446 beyond the moon to Mars, for example. 116 00:04:39,446 --> 00:04:42,749 That's the ultimate destination, beyond the moon right now 117 00:04:42,749 --> 00:04:45,786 but even beyond that to asteroids and other places. 118 00:04:45,786 --> 00:04:46,787 - Wow. 119 00:04:46,787 --> 00:04:48,989 So it's a huge sandbox, if you will, 120 00:04:48,989 --> 00:04:52,793 to really learn in and demonstrate 121 00:04:52,793 --> 00:04:54,294 what we can do to explore. 122 00:04:54,294 --> 00:04:55,629 - Yeah, yeah. - Well said. 123 00:04:55,629 --> 00:04:59,466 - Yeah, and also, looking at just the moon itself, 124 00:04:59,466 --> 00:05:01,368 we know a lot about it, 125 00:05:01,368 --> 00:05:06,773 but we've not really visited a fraction of the surface 126 00:05:06,773 --> 00:05:08,642 or even the environment of the moon, 127 00:05:08,642 --> 00:05:11,645 so there's a lot of mystery still yet to be uncovered 128 00:05:11,645 --> 00:05:13,847 just on the surface and underneath the surface. 129 00:05:13,847 --> 00:05:16,116 - Okay. - And, yeah, absolutely. 130 00:05:16,116 --> 00:05:19,186 - And, you know, we mentioned the Apollo program. 131 00:05:19,186 --> 00:05:20,287 We've been there robotically. 132 00:05:20,287 --> 00:05:23,957 We have a robot spacecraft orbiting it now. 133 00:05:23,957 --> 00:05:25,959 But we've only barely scratched the surface 134 00:05:25,959 --> 00:05:29,329 in terms of the amount of area we've explored on the moon. 135 00:05:29,329 --> 00:05:30,697 There's so much more to learn. 136 00:05:30,697 --> 00:05:32,199 - I imagine. Awesome. All right. 137 00:05:32,199 --> 00:05:34,051 So you are anxiously anticipating... 138 00:05:34,051 --> 00:05:39,139 - Very. - 1,656 days from now. 139 00:05:39,139 --> 00:05:40,140 [laughter] 140 00:05:40,140 --> 00:05:42,075 You'll be watching that clock closely, I guess. 141 00:05:42,075 --> 00:05:43,560 - Yes. - All right, so tell us a little 142 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:47,781 bit more specifically where are we sending astronauts in 2024? 143 00:05:47,781 --> 00:05:50,617 - Well, this is what I was gonna actually just say was, 144 00:05:50,617 --> 00:05:52,536 what's really, really exciting is, 145 00:05:52,536 --> 00:05:54,621 we are going where we've never been before 146 00:05:54,621 --> 00:05:56,323 and that's to one of the poles of the moon 147 00:05:56,323 --> 00:05:59,109 and very specifically the south pole of the moon, 148 00:05:59,109 --> 00:06:01,094 which is my favorite pole. - It is? 149 00:06:01,094 --> 00:06:02,262 - If you have to have a favorite pole, 150 00:06:02,262 --> 00:06:03,363 that's my favorite pole. - Well, who doesn't? 151 00:06:03,363 --> 00:06:05,132 [laughs] - Yeah, right, exactly. 152 00:06:05,132 --> 00:06:08,335 And it's an incredible place, 153 00:06:08,335 --> 00:06:10,470 and we can talk about that as we go, 154 00:06:10,470 --> 00:06:15,626 but it's full of spectacular topography, 155 00:06:15,626 --> 00:06:18,078 moving shadows, extreme temperatures. 156 00:06:18,078 --> 00:06:19,763 It's unlike anywhere we've ever 157 00:06:19,763 --> 00:06:21,748 visited before in the solar system. 158 00:06:21,748 --> 00:06:23,317 - And we are gonna talk all about that later on. 159 00:06:23,317 --> 00:06:24,651 I'm excited for that. 160 00:06:24,651 --> 00:06:26,520 But you mentioned resources. 161 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:29,389 Now, there is water there, isn't there? 162 00:06:29,389 --> 00:06:30,657 - Uh, yes. 163 00:06:30,657 --> 00:06:34,294 - Yes, you confirm the true statement. 164 00:06:34,294 --> 00:06:35,963 Okay, so why is that so important? 165 00:06:35,963 --> 00:06:38,265 Obviously, I know, humans need water to survive, 166 00:06:38,265 --> 00:06:41,201 but what do you see us using that for? 167 00:06:41,201 --> 00:06:44,505 Lots of other purposes, right? - Yeah. 168 00:06:44,505 --> 00:06:46,607 Well, water is key in the-- 169 00:06:46,607 --> 00:06:50,511 well, water, it's so important for two different reasons. 170 00:06:50,511 --> 00:06:53,297 One, it's incredibly scientifically interesting, 171 00:06:53,297 --> 00:06:54,748 and understanding the water 172 00:06:54,748 --> 00:06:57,584 that we now know exists on the moon is really important 173 00:06:57,584 --> 00:07:00,220 to understanding the processes that have acted on the moon 174 00:07:00,220 --> 00:07:02,523 and the Earth over the last several billion years. 175 00:07:02,523 --> 00:07:03,524 - Oh, wow. - Yeah. 176 00:07:03,524 --> 00:07:05,592 And I like to think of the ice at the poles 177 00:07:05,592 --> 00:07:07,594 as almost like ice cores here on Earth. 178 00:07:07,594 --> 00:07:08,996 If we can examine that water ice, 179 00:07:08,996 --> 00:07:10,163 we can actually look back 180 00:07:10,163 --> 00:07:13,233 into the history of the solar system. 181 00:07:13,233 --> 00:07:17,237 But also just as important, it is a valuable resource, 182 00:07:17,237 --> 00:07:20,591 and as we probably all know, 183 00:07:20,591 --> 00:07:24,077 water contains two hydrogen and an oxygen atom. 184 00:07:24,077 --> 00:07:25,212 - Mm-hmm. - Right. 185 00:07:25,212 --> 00:07:27,948 - And hydrogen and oxygen are exactly 186 00:07:27,948 --> 00:07:30,317 the ingredients that go into rocket fuel. 187 00:07:30,317 --> 00:07:32,736 And rather than spending lots of rocket fuel 188 00:07:32,736 --> 00:07:34,588 to bring rocket fuel into space, 189 00:07:34,588 --> 00:07:36,423 which is what we do now... - Right. 190 00:07:36,423 --> 00:07:38,892 - It'd be great if we could actually find a resource 191 00:07:38,892 --> 00:07:42,796 and produce rocket fuel outside the gravity well of Earth. 192 00:07:42,796 --> 00:07:44,965 That would not only make things more affordable. 193 00:07:44,965 --> 00:07:48,335 It actually could be enabling of new architectures 194 00:07:48,335 --> 00:07:50,838 for exploring Mars and beyond. - Yeah, wow. 195 00:07:50,838 --> 00:07:54,675 - And then the oxygen itself is what we breathe. 196 00:07:54,675 --> 00:07:55,709 - Yeah. - Of course, yeah. 197 00:07:55,709 --> 00:07:58,912 - And the techniques and the approach 198 00:07:58,912 --> 00:08:02,449 to how we excavate water on the moon 199 00:08:02,449 --> 00:08:05,219 is applicable to even doing it on Mars, 200 00:08:05,219 --> 00:08:07,221 so if you're looking for 201 00:08:07,221 --> 00:08:10,858 long-term human presence on other worlds 202 00:08:10,858 --> 00:08:14,061 and truly becoming an interplanetary species, 203 00:08:14,061 --> 00:08:16,230 we can be creating the oxygen that we breathe 204 00:08:16,230 --> 00:08:18,498 in the habitats in which we're living in off world. 205 00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:22,269 - Wow, it's amazing that we're actually talking about 206 00:08:22,269 --> 00:08:24,338 that, you know, as a future reality, 207 00:08:24,338 --> 00:08:26,473 not just a plot line to a story. 208 00:08:26,473 --> 00:08:27,474 - That's so exciting. - Yeah. 209 00:08:27,474 --> 00:08:29,409 - So I actually have a couple of shout-outs. 210 00:08:29,409 --> 00:08:31,495 So Super Snail says 211 00:08:31,495 --> 00:08:33,463 that the Earth-and-moon shirt is awesome. 212 00:08:33,463 --> 00:08:34,481 - [claps] Nice. 213 00:08:34,481 --> 00:08:36,850 - And also SPACETV.NET said, 214 00:08:36,850 --> 00:08:38,919 "It's great to see Tony and Kimberly again." 215 00:08:38,919 --> 00:08:41,088 - Yay! - We have fans. 216 00:08:41,088 --> 00:08:44,024 - Longtime fans. - Got some fans. 217 00:08:44,024 --> 00:08:45,459 - Outstanding. - Wow. 218 00:08:45,459 --> 00:08:47,227 - All right. - [laughs] 219 00:08:47,227 --> 00:08:49,596 - Do you have any questions yet, Danielle, or should we... 220 00:08:49,596 --> 00:08:51,431 - I do. 221 00:08:51,431 --> 00:08:55,269 So Moon--moamstripes wants to know, 222 00:08:55,269 --> 00:08:57,871 like, "What's the end long-term goal 223 00:08:57,871 --> 00:09:00,007 of the Artemis mission?" 224 00:09:00,007 --> 00:09:02,226 Because we've been talking it up, but... 225 00:09:02,226 --> 00:09:03,577 - Yeah, that's a great question. You wanna take that? 226 00:09:03,577 --> 00:09:04,578 - Oh, yeah. 227 00:09:04,578 --> 00:09:08,131 So Artemis is a term to describe a whole series 228 00:09:08,131 --> 00:09:10,551 of missions to the lunar surface 229 00:09:10,551 --> 00:09:14,905 and using an orbital tugboat interplanetary spaceship 230 00:09:14,905 --> 00:09:15,923 called the Gateway. 231 00:09:15,923 --> 00:09:18,225 It's a big architecture, but in the long-term, 232 00:09:18,225 --> 00:09:21,228 opening it up with many partners along on this journey, 233 00:09:21,228 --> 00:09:26,433 we have a sustainable presence on the moon where we are, 234 00:09:26,433 --> 00:09:28,218 you know, providing the infrastructure 235 00:09:28,218 --> 00:09:30,404 for us to stay there, 236 00:09:30,404 --> 00:09:34,041 for building materials to creating the rocket fuel 237 00:09:34,041 --> 00:09:38,462 to exploring areas that we've never been before, you know, 238 00:09:38,462 --> 00:09:41,381 actually going into the depths of craters 239 00:09:41,381 --> 00:09:43,150 that we haven't explored yet 240 00:09:43,150 --> 00:09:44,651 and pieces of the moon we don't see, 241 00:09:44,651 --> 00:09:47,020 so that long-term presence on the moon, 242 00:09:47,020 --> 00:09:48,856 but while we're using those techniques, 243 00:09:48,856 --> 00:09:51,625 those become applicable forward to that next step. 244 00:09:51,625 --> 00:09:54,928 You know, we're living off Earth on another world 245 00:09:54,928 --> 00:09:56,864 in a harsh environment 246 00:09:56,864 --> 00:09:58,465 and learning to deal with those challenges 247 00:09:58,465 --> 00:09:59,933 and solving those challenges. 248 00:09:59,933 --> 00:10:02,903 And once we've got that under our belt and we've understood 249 00:10:02,903 --> 00:10:05,889 our neighborhood background-- our backyard, 250 00:10:05,889 --> 00:10:08,108 we can take that easily to Mars. 251 00:10:08,108 --> 00:10:09,443 - Yeah. - So cool. 252 00:10:09,443 --> 00:10:10,944 I see lots of other great questions, 253 00:10:10,944 --> 00:10:12,813 but I know that some of them we're going to answer 254 00:10:12,813 --> 00:10:15,482 in the next few minutes, so let's keep going. 255 00:10:15,482 --> 00:10:18,952 I just want to touch back on the water a little bit. 256 00:10:18,952 --> 00:10:20,954 How much are we actually talking about? 257 00:10:20,954 --> 00:10:22,823 I know you two have worked together 258 00:10:22,823 --> 00:10:25,959 on a past mission that found some water 259 00:10:25,959 --> 00:10:27,194 on the south pole of the moon. - Yeah. 260 00:10:27,194 --> 00:10:28,562 - Can you tell us a little bit about that? 261 00:10:28,562 --> 00:10:31,565 - That was launched ten years ago yesterday. 262 00:10:31,565 --> 00:10:33,200 - Yesterday! - Yay! 263 00:10:33,200 --> 00:10:34,835 - Happy anniversary! - Happy ten years. 264 00:10:34,835 --> 00:10:36,737 - Thank you. [laughter] 265 00:10:36,737 --> 00:10:39,640 And the mission we launched with, LRO, 266 00:10:39,640 --> 00:10:41,341 the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, 267 00:10:41,341 --> 00:10:43,443 is still in orbit around the moon, 268 00:10:43,443 --> 00:10:45,312 still collecting data 269 00:10:45,312 --> 00:10:47,414 and making fantastic maps of the lunar surface, 270 00:10:47,414 --> 00:10:49,850 which actually is really enabling of Artemis. 271 00:10:49,850 --> 00:10:52,719 It's what's making it able to go forward. 272 00:10:52,719 --> 00:10:55,189 - Awesome, yeah. - Yeah, so the... 273 00:10:55,189 --> 00:10:57,591 Yeah, Kim and I were both part of the LCROSS mission, 274 00:10:57,591 --> 00:11:01,144 which was a mission that crashed a spent upper stage of a rocket 275 00:11:01,144 --> 00:11:03,430 into a permanently shadowed crater 276 00:11:03,430 --> 00:11:04,431 at the south pole of the moon, 277 00:11:04,431 --> 00:11:08,068 and the purpose was to understand the nature 278 00:11:08,068 --> 00:11:10,537 of hydrogen we had measured there prior 279 00:11:10,537 --> 00:11:13,907 with a different mission and saw an excess of this hydrogen. 280 00:11:13,907 --> 00:11:15,692 We didn't know if the hydrogen was water 281 00:11:15,692 --> 00:11:17,044 or just solo protons, 282 00:11:17,044 --> 00:11:19,913 which is hydrogen atoms trapped in the soil or what. 283 00:11:19,913 --> 00:11:24,151 And our job was to actually understand it to see 284 00:11:24,151 --> 00:11:26,653 if it could potentially be a resource, 285 00:11:26,653 --> 00:11:28,922 so it was a very targeted mission. 286 00:11:28,922 --> 00:11:29,973 - See what that water-- 287 00:11:29,973 --> 00:11:31,992 - So I actually want to back up a little bit. 288 00:11:31,992 --> 00:11:35,929 Like, what is a permanently shadowed crater? 289 00:11:35,929 --> 00:11:38,098 - Good question. 290 00:11:38,098 --> 00:11:40,501 - Doesn't everybody know what a permanent shadowed crater--no. 291 00:11:40,501 --> 00:11:42,402 - Well, with the tilt of the moon 292 00:11:42,402 --> 00:11:45,055 and the illumination of the sun, 293 00:11:45,055 --> 00:11:47,591 there are places at both poles of the moon 294 00:11:47,591 --> 00:11:49,409 where the extreme topography, 295 00:11:49,409 --> 00:11:51,512 the rims of the craters of the moon, 296 00:11:51,512 --> 00:11:54,081 the sun does not get above those rims. 297 00:11:54,081 --> 00:11:57,684 So the basins of those craters are in permanent shadow, 298 00:11:57,684 --> 00:11:58,886 and they have been in permanent shadow 299 00:11:58,886 --> 00:12:00,954 for, you know, 4 billion years. 300 00:12:00,954 --> 00:12:01,955 - Wow. 301 00:12:01,955 --> 00:12:06,493 - And being in the shadow, if you're out on a hot day 302 00:12:06,493 --> 00:12:08,695 and you go underneath the shadow of a tree, 303 00:12:08,695 --> 00:12:11,331 you'll notice that things get a little cooler. 304 00:12:11,331 --> 00:12:12,449 Well, and if you're in 305 00:12:12,449 --> 00:12:14,101 a permanently shadowed place on the moon, 306 00:12:14,101 --> 00:12:16,236 things get really, really cold. - Really cold. 307 00:12:16,236 --> 00:12:18,956 - So what was interesting, 308 00:12:18,956 --> 00:12:21,008 Tony was mentioning this orbiter mission 309 00:12:21,008 --> 00:12:22,409 that had found hydrogen. 310 00:12:22,409 --> 00:12:24,745 It was concentrated at the poles, 311 00:12:24,745 --> 00:12:26,230 and there was a correlation 312 00:12:26,230 --> 00:12:27,814 with the permanently shadowed craters. 313 00:12:27,814 --> 00:12:29,766 So there was this connection 314 00:12:29,766 --> 00:12:31,418 between lots of amounts of hydrogen 315 00:12:31,418 --> 00:12:34,454 in very cold places that had never seen sunlight. 316 00:12:34,454 --> 00:12:37,724 - And, actually, it was theorized 317 00:12:37,724 --> 00:12:40,494 that these craters would have cold bottoms 318 00:12:40,494 --> 00:12:43,580 and could hold water as early as 1961... 319 00:12:43,580 --> 00:12:44,598 - Oh, really? 320 00:12:44,598 --> 00:12:46,533 - When we first were really understanding the topography, 321 00:12:46,533 --> 00:12:48,502 even before the Apollo program 322 00:12:48,502 --> 00:12:50,838 really got, you know, off and running. 323 00:12:50,838 --> 00:12:56,376 And so it wasn't, though, until ten years ago 324 00:12:56,376 --> 00:12:58,846 we verified the form of that hydrogen 325 00:12:58,846 --> 00:13:00,397 in one of these cold craters as water ice. 326 00:13:00,397 --> 00:13:01,398 - Wow. - Okay. 327 00:13:01,398 --> 00:13:02,399 - So let's review. 328 00:13:02,399 --> 00:13:05,586 Now, that was LCROSS, which is the Lunar Crater... 329 00:13:05,586 --> 00:13:08,472 - Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite. 330 00:13:08,472 --> 00:13:09,489 - Yes, all right, okay. - Okay. 331 00:13:09,489 --> 00:13:12,392 - And we hit a crater at the lunar south pole. 332 00:13:12,392 --> 00:13:14,294 That's why the south pole is Tony's favorite. 333 00:13:14,294 --> 00:13:15,746 - Yeah, yeah. - Right, right, okay. 334 00:13:15,746 --> 00:13:17,698 - And where the future astronauts will be landing. 335 00:13:17,698 --> 00:13:19,199 - Exactly. - Right, okay. 336 00:13:19,199 --> 00:13:22,503 And you remember how much water LCROSS saw? 337 00:13:22,503 --> 00:13:25,038 - Yeah, so LCROSS was a point measurement, right. 338 00:13:25,038 --> 00:13:28,575 It made a crater about 35 meters across, 339 00:13:28,575 --> 00:13:31,478 half a football field or so across. 340 00:13:31,478 --> 00:13:33,380 And so, yeah, pretty big hole. 341 00:13:33,380 --> 00:13:34,948 - We'll never see it. It's in the dark. 342 00:13:34,948 --> 00:13:37,584 - Yeah. We took pictures of it. 343 00:13:37,584 --> 00:13:38,785 - I know. - We saw it. 344 00:13:38,785 --> 00:13:40,971 - We saw it with a thermal camera. 345 00:13:40,971 --> 00:13:45,225 But it brought ejecta up into sunlight 346 00:13:45,225 --> 00:13:47,010 so we could examine it, and as Kim said-- 347 00:13:47,010 --> 00:13:49,596 - Threw the soil up when it smashed into the surface. 348 00:13:49,596 --> 00:13:51,732 - Out of the shadow until it eventually reaches sunlight, 349 00:13:51,732 --> 00:13:53,400 and I always like to think about that. 350 00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,970 That soil hadn't seen sunlight in billions of years. 351 00:13:56,970 --> 00:13:58,455 - That's crazy. - Yeah. 352 00:13:58,455 --> 00:14:01,625 In just the dirt we threw up into the cloud-- 353 00:14:01,625 --> 00:14:05,529 or into the sun, sorry--we saw about 152 gallons of water. 354 00:14:05,529 --> 00:14:06,597 - Okay. - Okay. 355 00:14:06,597 --> 00:14:10,450 - And if you take that measurement 356 00:14:10,450 --> 00:14:12,970 and all the other measurements we have of hydrogen 357 00:14:12,970 --> 00:14:17,124 at the poles and make some assumptions about 358 00:14:17,124 --> 00:14:19,243 how it's distributed with depth, 359 00:14:19,243 --> 00:14:22,129 we're talking 10 million, potentially 360 00:14:22,129 --> 00:14:27,417 up to 100 million tons, metric tons, of water ice. 361 00:14:27,417 --> 00:14:28,785 - That's a lot of water ice. 362 00:14:28,785 --> 00:14:30,237 - It's a lot. - I think so. 363 00:14:30,237 --> 00:14:31,622 - It would make a big ice cube. 364 00:14:31,622 --> 00:14:33,457 I think Kim and I were talking beforehand, 365 00:14:33,457 --> 00:14:35,526 and it was about a hundred-- - 30. 366 00:14:35,526 --> 00:14:38,779 130 meters. - 130-meter-on-a-side ice cube. 367 00:14:38,779 --> 00:14:41,682 - Yeah, like a football stadium, 368 00:14:41,682 --> 00:14:43,800 football stadium sized-- - Ice cube for the 10 million. 369 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:44,835 Yeah. - Yeah. 370 00:14:44,835 --> 00:14:46,520 - Important science there. - Oh, it is. 371 00:14:46,520 --> 00:14:47,821 - How big of an ice cube is that? 372 00:14:47,821 --> 00:14:49,139 - The ice cube. 373 00:14:49,139 --> 00:14:50,791 And, yeah, to be clear, none of this 374 00:14:50,791 --> 00:14:52,059 is flowing liquid water. 375 00:14:52,059 --> 00:14:54,361 This is crystals of-- - All ice. 376 00:14:54,361 --> 00:14:58,165 And the temperatures are about minus 200 377 00:14:58,165 --> 00:15:02,419 to minus 240 or so below zero centigrade. 378 00:15:02,419 --> 00:15:04,454 - And this was the first time we've sampled 379 00:15:04,454 --> 00:15:06,607 the bottom of a permanently shadowed crater. 380 00:15:06,607 --> 00:15:08,609 I mean, since then, this experiment 381 00:15:08,609 --> 00:15:12,312 hasn't been repeated, and not only did we find water, 382 00:15:12,312 --> 00:15:13,580 but there was a bunch of other things 383 00:15:13,580 --> 00:15:15,566 that were excavated as well. 384 00:15:15,566 --> 00:15:20,571 We found gold, mercury, argon, carbon monoxide, 385 00:15:20,571 --> 00:15:22,723 and so it's opening up these questions 386 00:15:22,723 --> 00:15:26,143 when we're gonna have humans and robots going to the poles, 387 00:15:26,143 --> 00:15:29,429 the south pole of the moon, we're gonna get the boots 388 00:15:29,429 --> 00:15:32,099 on ground, the wheels on ground and really understand 389 00:15:32,099 --> 00:15:35,002 what's there because we've never been there before. 390 00:15:35,002 --> 00:15:37,538 We just have this, you know, simple impactor experiment 391 00:15:37,538 --> 00:15:39,706 that opened more questions than it answered. 392 00:15:39,706 --> 00:15:41,341 But it answered one particular one: 393 00:15:41,341 --> 00:15:43,610 the hydrogen is definitely in the form of water ice 394 00:15:43,610 --> 00:15:45,863 and enough such that there is 395 00:15:45,863 --> 00:15:48,632 the resources to enable the exploration. 396 00:15:48,632 --> 00:15:49,633 - How exciting. 397 00:15:49,633 --> 00:15:51,652 - Yeah, another way to put in perspective is, 398 00:15:51,652 --> 00:15:56,106 LCROSS is about 5% by weight water in the dirt, 399 00:15:56,106 --> 00:15:57,624 regular lunar dirt. 400 00:15:57,624 --> 00:16:00,427 For comparison, that's about what you have in the Sahara. 401 00:16:00,427 --> 00:16:01,428 - Oh, okay. 402 00:16:01,428 --> 00:16:02,429 - Yeah, to give you a feel for it. 403 00:16:02,429 --> 00:16:03,647 - So the wettest places on the moon 404 00:16:03,647 --> 00:16:05,649 is as wet as the driest places on Earth. 405 00:16:05,649 --> 00:16:06,750 - Okay. 406 00:16:06,750 --> 00:16:07,951 - That's something. It's the moon. 407 00:16:07,951 --> 00:16:09,553 - We're making a comparison to the Earth, yeah. 408 00:16:09,553 --> 00:16:10,554 - But if you think about it, 409 00:16:10,554 --> 00:16:11,972 that's the engineering challenge ahead 410 00:16:11,972 --> 00:16:13,624 that we will solve to excavate it 411 00:16:13,624 --> 00:16:16,560 'cause we know it's there and we can extract-- 412 00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:19,146 you know, water has been extracted from very dry places. 413 00:16:19,146 --> 00:16:20,948 - Yes, yeah, that can be done. 414 00:16:20,948 --> 00:16:22,332 - It can be. - And we will do it. 415 00:16:22,332 --> 00:16:23,767 How exciting, awesome. 416 00:16:23,767 --> 00:16:26,904 So I want to know then what's next. 417 00:16:26,904 --> 00:16:28,805 Okay, we know that people will get there. 418 00:16:28,805 --> 00:16:31,074 We're gonna send people there. Let's talk about how. 419 00:16:31,074 --> 00:16:34,261 So what's the rockets going to take people 420 00:16:34,261 --> 00:16:37,664 on the Artemis missions to the moon? 421 00:16:37,664 --> 00:16:39,049 Who wants to take that? 422 00:16:39,049 --> 00:16:41,718 - Space Launch System. - That's it, the SLS? 423 00:16:41,718 --> 00:16:43,820 Yeah, we have an animation, I think, of it too. 424 00:16:43,820 --> 00:16:44,988 - That's right, yes. 425 00:16:44,988 --> 00:16:48,892 - There it is, largest rocket ever built. 426 00:16:51,061 --> 00:16:53,981 And it's to bring humans 427 00:16:53,981 --> 00:16:57,484 not only to the moon but actually beyond too. 428 00:16:57,484 --> 00:17:01,438 It carries them in a capsule that's on the very tip of that 429 00:17:01,438 --> 00:17:05,142 that just went past the frame called the Orion capsule, 430 00:17:05,142 --> 00:17:07,644 very small capsule up there. 431 00:17:07,644 --> 00:17:10,747 But that capsule, you'll see in a little bit here-- 432 00:17:10,747 --> 00:17:12,266 - Yeah, yeah, we have an animation for that 433 00:17:12,266 --> 00:17:13,700 after the SLS. 434 00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:14,935 - It is very powerful. 435 00:17:14,935 --> 00:17:18,288 In fact, it's designed to take an incredible amount 436 00:17:18,288 --> 00:17:21,425 of material to, you know, deep space. 437 00:17:21,425 --> 00:17:24,077 So it is servicing the moon and Mars 438 00:17:24,077 --> 00:17:25,863 and also elsewhere. 439 00:17:25,863 --> 00:17:28,665 I mean, it also has amazing commercial spin-offs as well 440 00:17:28,665 --> 00:17:30,551 'cause you can actually put up replacements 441 00:17:30,551 --> 00:17:33,971 of, say, the GPS satellites in a single SLS launch rocket. 442 00:17:33,971 --> 00:17:36,056 It has a huge capacity, 443 00:17:36,056 --> 00:17:38,091 and it could transform the way 444 00:17:38,091 --> 00:17:40,761 we do other types of things in the agency, 445 00:17:40,761 --> 00:17:43,931 so it's one of many uses of a large rocket 446 00:17:43,931 --> 00:17:46,266 that, you know, can be utilized. 447 00:17:46,266 --> 00:17:47,584 - Oh, awesome. - That's pretty awesome. 448 00:17:47,584 --> 00:17:48,585 - It is. 449 00:17:48,585 --> 00:17:51,205 - Danielle, you jump in whenever you have to 450 00:17:51,205 --> 00:17:52,456 with a question, but otherwise, 451 00:17:52,456 --> 00:17:53,957 we're gonna keep talking about-- 452 00:17:53,957 --> 00:17:57,978 so that was SLS, the rocket, 453 00:17:57,978 --> 00:17:59,062 and Tony pointed out the capsule, yeah. 454 00:17:59,062 --> 00:18:01,465 So let's see the Orion capsule animation, 455 00:18:01,465 --> 00:18:02,850 and tell us a little bit about-- 456 00:18:02,850 --> 00:18:04,885 - So Orion is-- there it is-- 457 00:18:04,885 --> 00:18:06,787 the capsule that will bring the astronauts 458 00:18:06,787 --> 00:18:08,155 wherever they're gonna go, 459 00:18:08,155 --> 00:18:10,974 and this, indeed, can go not just to the moon 460 00:18:10,974 --> 00:18:14,127 but also beyond to Mars. 461 00:18:14,127 --> 00:18:17,548 And after, you know, a lot of analysis and study, 462 00:18:17,548 --> 00:18:20,133 it was eventually concluded that 463 00:18:20,133 --> 00:18:23,370 the Apollo shape, the blunt nose reentry system 464 00:18:23,370 --> 00:18:27,140 that Apollo used, is still the best way to go forward. 465 00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:28,342 - I love that. 466 00:18:28,342 --> 00:18:31,228 - However, look how roomy--if you're looking at this video, 467 00:18:31,228 --> 00:18:32,563 look how roomy this one is 468 00:18:32,563 --> 00:18:34,581 compared to the Apollo capsule. 469 00:18:34,581 --> 00:18:35,616 - Is it really? Yeah? 470 00:18:35,616 --> 00:18:37,551 - Has anyone seen the Apollo 11 documentary 471 00:18:37,551 --> 00:18:38,769 that's out in the movie theaters? 472 00:18:38,769 --> 00:18:40,888 You get a feel for how tight Apollo is. 473 00:18:40,888 --> 00:18:42,806 - It sits four, 474 00:18:42,806 --> 00:18:46,210 and it's a lot more powerful in every single way, 475 00:18:46,210 --> 00:18:52,649 from information systems, guidance, payload, everything. 476 00:18:52,649 --> 00:18:55,802 And it's meant to be able to carry humans 477 00:18:55,802 --> 00:18:59,089 a longer distance way beyond the moon. 478 00:18:59,089 --> 00:19:02,926 So it really is Apollo on steroids, I like to say, yeah. 479 00:19:02,926 --> 00:19:05,495 - That's awesome. I love that it has kept 480 00:19:05,495 --> 00:19:07,114 some of the same design as Apollo. 481 00:19:07,114 --> 00:19:10,434 Way to go, Apollo engineers. You knew what you were doing. 482 00:19:10,434 --> 00:19:11,852 - They solved some pretty tough challenges 483 00:19:11,852 --> 00:19:14,221 and then made it happen, so we know we can do this. 484 00:19:14,221 --> 00:19:18,008 - So I actually have a question from Digital-donger 485 00:19:18,008 --> 00:19:19,176 who wants to know, 486 00:19:19,176 --> 00:19:21,778 "Are you using specifically any Apollo-era research 487 00:19:21,778 --> 00:19:25,465 or tech on the quest to return back to the moon?" 488 00:19:25,465 --> 00:19:28,619 - Well, the shape that I just mentioned 489 00:19:28,619 --> 00:19:31,104 really was derived originally through the Apollo program. 490 00:19:31,104 --> 00:19:34,992 The shape of that capsule is very critical 491 00:19:34,992 --> 00:19:37,611 to enabling the reentry. 492 00:19:37,611 --> 00:19:40,664 And this capsule is meant to reenter, parachute, 493 00:19:40,664 --> 00:19:43,033 and splash down in the ocean 494 00:19:43,033 --> 00:19:45,519 just like the Apollo program did. 495 00:19:45,519 --> 00:19:48,255 - And speaking of reentry, here at NASA Ames, 496 00:19:48,255 --> 00:19:52,442 we develop and test the thermal reentry materials. 497 00:19:52,442 --> 00:19:53,961 And for the Apollo program, 498 00:19:53,961 --> 00:19:56,880 there's a chemical compound called Avcoat. 499 00:19:56,880 --> 00:19:58,031 - Use it for heat shields, right? 500 00:19:58,031 --> 00:19:59,049 - The heat shields, for the heat shields, 501 00:19:59,049 --> 00:20:00,501 for that reentry through the atmosphere, 502 00:20:00,501 --> 00:20:01,635 and they would ablate, 503 00:20:01,635 --> 00:20:03,887 so they would absorb the heat and then, you know, 504 00:20:03,887 --> 00:20:07,374 protect the capsule so it could safely return. 505 00:20:07,374 --> 00:20:11,612 To preparation for Orion, the engineers looked at Avcoat 506 00:20:11,612 --> 00:20:16,016 and modified chemistry of that and did a lot of the testing, 507 00:20:16,016 --> 00:20:17,501 so there is a direct connection 508 00:20:17,501 --> 00:20:20,604 even with materials that were used during Apollo. 509 00:20:20,604 --> 00:20:22,005 - That's pretty cool. 510 00:20:22,005 --> 00:20:25,325 - And just modified for the shape of the capsule 511 00:20:25,325 --> 00:20:29,830 and to support even reentry from further destinations. 512 00:20:29,830 --> 00:20:31,398 Say you're coming back from an asteroid 513 00:20:31,398 --> 00:20:33,050 or say you're coming back from Mars orbit 514 00:20:33,050 --> 00:20:34,551 or something like that. 515 00:20:34,551 --> 00:20:36,987 - Speeds can be higher, so... - Speeds can be different. 516 00:20:36,987 --> 00:20:40,541 So it's smarter all around. 517 00:20:40,541 --> 00:20:41,758 - I love that, excellent. 518 00:20:41,758 --> 00:20:43,493 And I love these Apollo connections, 519 00:20:43,493 --> 00:20:44,745 but then on the flip side, 520 00:20:44,745 --> 00:20:50,184 how is the Artemis program different from Apollo? 521 00:20:50,184 --> 00:20:52,219 - Why don't you take this? - Sure. 522 00:20:52,219 --> 00:20:54,755 Well, an element that I mentioned briefly-- 523 00:20:54,755 --> 00:20:56,907 sorry about the spoilers... [laughter] 524 00:20:56,907 --> 00:21:01,311 Is actually one of the cooler parts of the Artemis program. 525 00:21:01,311 --> 00:21:03,881 It's this object called the Gateway. 526 00:21:03,881 --> 00:21:09,553 And the Gateway is our first interplanetary spaceship 527 00:21:09,553 --> 00:21:12,556 and this is something that NASA has never really built before 528 00:21:12,556 --> 00:21:15,242 and that's why, in a sense, it's exciting. 529 00:21:15,242 --> 00:21:20,581 I mean, this space module, sometimes we call it spaceship, 530 00:21:20,581 --> 00:21:23,901 will be in lunar orbit, and it will provide the way 531 00:21:23,901 --> 00:21:27,538 to access all different parts of the moon. 532 00:21:27,538 --> 00:21:30,974 It's also going to be crewed 533 00:21:30,974 --> 00:21:35,179 but not 100% of the time, so it has to be autonomous, 534 00:21:35,179 --> 00:21:36,880 so it will have a lot of autonomy in it. 535 00:21:36,880 --> 00:21:41,485 And it also would be providing a way to be a space laboratory, 536 00:21:41,485 --> 00:21:43,604 so we can put experiments on board 537 00:21:43,604 --> 00:21:47,824 for understanding biology outside our magnetosphere. 538 00:21:47,824 --> 00:21:51,228 It also can dock with all the different commercial 539 00:21:51,228 --> 00:21:53,981 and international partners. 540 00:21:53,981 --> 00:21:55,666 It has an open architecture. 541 00:21:55,666 --> 00:21:58,185 The port designs are gonna be available for anyone 542 00:21:58,185 --> 00:22:00,470 who wants to build things that connect to it. 543 00:22:00,470 --> 00:22:02,372 The Apollo will connect--Apollo-- 544 00:22:02,372 --> 00:22:04,741 [laughter] Orion will connect to it. 545 00:22:04,741 --> 00:22:08,345 Landers will connect to it, service modules, 546 00:22:08,345 --> 00:22:10,647 but it has the ability to change its orbit, 547 00:22:10,647 --> 00:22:14,468 so it can also become this interplanetary tugboat, 548 00:22:14,468 --> 00:22:15,619 'cause it can move things around 549 00:22:15,619 --> 00:22:16,737 and first enable travel. 550 00:22:16,737 --> 00:22:17,738 I mean, it's the transportation backbone 551 00:22:17,738 --> 00:22:20,757 for Mars exploration. 552 00:22:20,757 --> 00:22:21,808 - Oh, wow, okay. 553 00:22:21,808 --> 00:22:22,893 And, again, this is Gateway, right? 554 00:22:22,893 --> 00:22:24,862 - This is Gateway. It's called Gateway. 555 00:22:24,862 --> 00:22:29,833 And we're going to-- this spaceship will-- 556 00:22:29,833 --> 00:22:32,052 Oh, and we have an animation showing of this orbit 557 00:22:32,052 --> 00:22:34,071 in which the Gateway for the lunar exploration 558 00:22:34,071 --> 00:22:37,107 will have really is enabling. 559 00:22:37,107 --> 00:22:40,344 And this is the part of the Artemis program that's very-- 560 00:22:40,344 --> 00:22:41,895 this is--Apollo didn't do this. 561 00:22:41,895 --> 00:22:45,098 Apollo took everything with them and everything came back. 562 00:22:45,098 --> 00:22:49,753 So Artemis is building up a sustainable presence, 563 00:22:49,753 --> 00:22:53,373 and this Gateway is key to that. 564 00:22:53,373 --> 00:22:54,875 - Yeah, and one part that I'd like to emphasize 565 00:22:54,875 --> 00:22:57,344 that Kim mentioned that is really different from Apollo 566 00:22:57,344 --> 00:23:00,447 is this open architecture aspect is, 567 00:23:00,447 --> 00:23:02,165 NASA's not doing this alone, 568 00:23:02,165 --> 00:23:05,252 and it's even beyond what we did 569 00:23:05,252 --> 00:23:06,870 for the International Space Station, 570 00:23:06,870 --> 00:23:10,174 where we had lots of other government agencies involved. 571 00:23:10,174 --> 00:23:12,025 There is a huge involvement 572 00:23:12,025 --> 00:23:14,561 from the private commercial sector 573 00:23:14,561 --> 00:23:17,114 that's involved in all parts of this. 574 00:23:17,114 --> 00:23:22,169 So this Artemis program and lunar exploration going forward 575 00:23:22,169 --> 00:23:24,188 has got a commercial element, 576 00:23:24,188 --> 00:23:26,390 a private sector commercial element-- 577 00:23:26,390 --> 00:23:28,792 a lot of people call it new space-- 578 00:23:28,792 --> 00:23:31,728 Part of it that didn't exist during Apollo. 579 00:23:31,728 --> 00:23:37,751 So we are really, I think, at the dawn of a new age 580 00:23:37,751 --> 00:23:42,206 of exploration in space beyond LEO. 581 00:23:42,206 --> 00:23:44,391 - Low Earth orbit. - Low Earth orbit, sorry. 582 00:23:44,391 --> 00:23:45,392 - Going further out, yeah. 583 00:23:45,392 --> 00:23:47,361 - And also, as Tony was saying about, 584 00:23:47,361 --> 00:23:48,779 it's sort of a space economy. 585 00:23:48,779 --> 00:23:51,315 You have a lot of partners. 586 00:23:51,315 --> 00:23:53,684 We're on the verge of-- you know, if you were 587 00:23:53,684 --> 00:23:55,452 to go back in time and ask the Wright Brothers 588 00:23:55,452 --> 00:23:58,071 to look at modern-day today and see that, oh, I can fly 589 00:23:58,071 --> 00:23:59,573 from place to place on this planet 590 00:23:59,573 --> 00:24:02,075 using an airplane that they did theirs... 591 00:24:02,075 --> 00:24:04,261 Or go back and talk to Alexander Graham Bell, 592 00:24:04,261 --> 00:24:05,946 who invented the telephone, and we all look 593 00:24:05,946 --> 00:24:08,365 at using our smartphones to communicate. 594 00:24:08,365 --> 00:24:11,885 We have no clue what the future of space will be 595 00:24:11,885 --> 00:24:14,137 when we involve the commercial aspect of it. 596 00:24:14,137 --> 00:24:15,255 - Yep. - Oh, wow. 597 00:24:15,255 --> 00:24:17,324 - It is really unbounded future. 598 00:24:17,324 --> 00:24:18,325 - Wow. - Yes. 599 00:24:18,325 --> 00:24:20,194 - That's monumental. - Yeah. 600 00:24:20,194 --> 00:24:21,195 - How exciting. 601 00:24:21,195 --> 00:24:22,296 - This is why it's different than Apollo. 602 00:24:22,296 --> 00:24:25,132 - Right, you ask a simple question and you get... 603 00:24:25,132 --> 00:24:27,134 - A pretty profound answer. 604 00:24:27,134 --> 00:24:28,368 - And from the science point of view, 605 00:24:28,368 --> 00:24:29,720 Tony and I are real excited about the science, 606 00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:31,889 but it has a lot of--it's much bigger than the science too. 607 00:24:31,889 --> 00:24:34,007 - And it'll enable a lot of that science and we'll be able 608 00:24:34,007 --> 00:24:36,493 to do things we could never have done before, yeah, yeah. 609 00:24:36,493 --> 00:24:38,629 - Wow, okay. - How long? How long? 610 00:24:38,629 --> 00:24:40,998 [laughter] - 1,656 days. 611 00:24:40,998 --> 00:24:44,468 - Well, let's move into our rapid-fire section, 612 00:24:44,468 --> 00:24:47,471 so I'm not gonna give any usernames, 613 00:24:47,471 --> 00:24:50,924 but I'm just gonna go ahead and just spit out some questions. 614 00:24:50,924 --> 00:24:52,726 - Rapidly fire questions. 615 00:24:52,726 --> 00:24:53,744 - And we have to rapidly answer? 616 00:24:53,744 --> 00:24:54,761 - Yes. 617 00:24:54,761 --> 00:24:56,947 - First one: what is the long-term effect 618 00:24:56,947 --> 00:24:59,449 of the human body on the moon? 619 00:24:59,449 --> 00:25:00,484 - Ooh. 620 00:25:00,484 --> 00:25:02,169 - Long-term effect of the human body on the moon 621 00:25:02,169 --> 00:25:04,605 or the environment on the human body? 622 00:25:04,605 --> 00:25:07,324 - Oh, I understand environment on the human body. 623 00:25:07,324 --> 00:25:08,625 - So it goes both ways, though, 624 00:25:08,625 --> 00:25:10,561 and that's actually a really interesting question 625 00:25:10,561 --> 00:25:12,829 from a science standpoint, in particular, 626 00:25:12,829 --> 00:25:16,049 These cold areas in the craters 627 00:25:16,049 --> 00:25:17,901 are what are called cold traps. 628 00:25:17,901 --> 00:25:19,069 They're so cold, 629 00:25:19,069 --> 00:25:21,638 any molecules that get in there freeze out. 630 00:25:21,638 --> 00:25:25,008 So every time we've gone to the moon and the astronauts 631 00:25:25,008 --> 00:25:28,779 vented water or vented other things or outgassed-- 632 00:25:28,779 --> 00:25:32,382 outgassed to means subliming off of equipment-- 633 00:25:32,382 --> 00:25:35,052 those molecules, some of those molecules 634 00:25:35,052 --> 00:25:37,838 very likely found their ways to the poles of the moon 635 00:25:37,838 --> 00:25:40,591 and froze out and they're there now forever 636 00:25:40,591 --> 00:25:44,044 until a meteorite might release them. 637 00:25:44,044 --> 00:25:49,349 Once we go exploring, not just we NASA but the world, 638 00:25:49,349 --> 00:25:51,802 we will bring more and more of these volatiles 639 00:25:51,802 --> 00:25:53,353 and other materials to the moon 640 00:25:53,353 --> 00:25:54,938 that will be trapped in the cold trap, 641 00:25:54,938 --> 00:25:56,807 so if you're trying to understand 642 00:25:56,807 --> 00:25:59,710 some pristine environments to understand the history, 643 00:25:59,710 --> 00:26:02,112 the last 3 billion years, 644 00:26:02,112 --> 00:26:03,680 you want to do it in a way that you can 645 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:05,883 understand what contaminants you've brought there yourself. 646 00:26:05,883 --> 00:26:07,034 - Yes. - Okay. 647 00:26:07,034 --> 00:26:11,355 - And we actually-- we, NASA Ames, 648 00:26:11,355 --> 00:26:14,691 flew a mission not long ago called LADEE, 649 00:26:14,691 --> 00:26:17,361 the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer, 650 00:26:17,361 --> 00:26:19,813 and its principal purpose was actually to understand 651 00:26:19,813 --> 00:26:21,915 the lunar atmosphere, the exosphere, 652 00:26:21,915 --> 00:26:25,068 in its pristine state with the anticipation 653 00:26:25,068 --> 00:26:26,336 that more and more countries 654 00:26:26,336 --> 00:26:29,306 and commercial peoples would be going to the moon. 655 00:26:29,306 --> 00:26:30,908 And so we wanted to get kind of a background 656 00:26:30,908 --> 00:26:32,993 before we started impacting the moon. 657 00:26:32,993 --> 00:26:35,712 - Right, yeah, yeah, yeah, the baseline before we touched it. 658 00:26:35,712 --> 00:26:37,531 - Right, right. - Yeah, interesting. 659 00:26:37,531 --> 00:26:39,917 - From a impact on the human body, 660 00:26:39,917 --> 00:26:42,252 radiation is one of the principal concerns, 661 00:26:42,252 --> 00:26:45,105 and there is a lot of very clever solutions 662 00:26:45,105 --> 00:26:47,641 being looked at in terms of shielding. 663 00:26:47,641 --> 00:26:50,227 And we talk about water as a resource. 664 00:26:50,227 --> 00:26:53,881 There's lots of other resources at the moon, 665 00:26:53,881 --> 00:26:54,982 especially at the poles, 666 00:26:54,982 --> 00:26:58,836 including lighting for solar power but also the dirt itself. 667 00:26:58,836 --> 00:27:01,054 The regolith can be an excellent insulator. 668 00:27:01,054 --> 00:27:02,055 - Oh, okay. 669 00:27:02,055 --> 00:27:04,758 So as Kimberly was talking about, 670 00:27:04,758 --> 00:27:07,528 living off the land involves using whatever you have, 671 00:27:07,528 --> 00:27:10,781 whatever you have on hand, to make your situation better. 672 00:27:10,781 --> 00:27:11,782 Yeah. - Excellent. 673 00:27:11,782 --> 00:27:12,783 - Okay, next question: 674 00:27:12,783 --> 00:27:15,969 how many launches until the first base is set up? 675 00:27:15,969 --> 00:27:17,905 - Hmm. 676 00:27:17,905 --> 00:27:19,039 - That's a good question. 677 00:27:19,039 --> 00:27:21,608 - Well, we're not concerned about a base. 678 00:27:21,608 --> 00:27:23,627 So there's two faces to the Artemis. 679 00:27:23,627 --> 00:27:26,663 The one is the return of the first humans, 680 00:27:26,663 --> 00:27:28,882 and that's the 2024 milestone, 681 00:27:28,882 --> 00:27:31,235 and then there's a later milestone in 2028 682 00:27:31,235 --> 00:27:34,288 where we have a more established presence there. 683 00:27:34,288 --> 00:27:38,058 Prior to the first humans going on the moon, 684 00:27:38,058 --> 00:27:40,744 we'll have the first launch of Artemis, Artemis 1, 685 00:27:40,744 --> 00:27:42,246 which will not have humans on board, 686 00:27:42,246 --> 00:27:44,381 but it will carry space satellites 687 00:27:44,381 --> 00:27:45,716 and robots and the like. 688 00:27:45,716 --> 00:27:47,351 Some will go to deep space, 689 00:27:47,351 --> 00:27:50,270 A second Artemis mission will actually go to the moon 690 00:27:50,270 --> 00:27:52,155 or an orbit around the moon. 691 00:27:52,155 --> 00:27:54,975 It's on that third launch of the SLS that 692 00:27:54,975 --> 00:27:58,579 we would be carrying humans, and that's the 2024 milestone. 693 00:27:58,579 --> 00:28:01,832 So we should see a sequence of incremental steps 694 00:28:01,832 --> 00:28:04,251 towards proving out the new launch system 695 00:28:04,251 --> 00:28:05,869 and the new capabilities. 696 00:28:05,869 --> 00:28:07,988 In addition, the first module of the Gateway, 697 00:28:07,988 --> 00:28:10,691 which is the solar propulsion element, 698 00:28:10,691 --> 00:28:13,560 which is a really cool technology advancement, 699 00:28:13,560 --> 00:28:17,147 we've never seen an engine like this on a spaceship before. 700 00:28:17,147 --> 00:28:19,349 That's going to be launched by a commercial rocket, 701 00:28:19,349 --> 00:28:20,918 and so that's--you know, we're gonna be having 702 00:28:20,918 --> 00:28:22,536 all these different types of infrastructures 703 00:28:22,536 --> 00:28:25,005 getting us--all part of the Artemis program. 704 00:28:25,005 --> 00:28:28,041 - And that really brings up an important point. 705 00:28:28,041 --> 00:28:30,611 It's not a "it will be done done by this date." 706 00:28:30,611 --> 00:28:34,081 It will be continuous development and build up 707 00:28:34,081 --> 00:28:37,484 to reach an eventual sustained presence. 708 00:28:37,484 --> 00:28:40,921 And so the exact date when it becomes a base 709 00:28:40,921 --> 00:28:43,106 or whatever you want to call it is-- 710 00:28:43,106 --> 00:28:44,608 - Moon Village. - Moon Village. 711 00:28:44,608 --> 00:28:46,493 - Moon City. - Moon Town. 712 00:28:46,493 --> 00:28:47,511 We'll call it Moon Town. [laughter] 713 00:28:47,511 --> 00:28:49,830 - A community. - A community on the moon. 714 00:28:49,830 --> 00:28:51,698 When that exactly happens is kind of ill-defined 715 00:28:51,698 --> 00:28:56,036 because it's really building up of capabilities over time. 716 00:28:56,036 --> 00:28:59,423 There will be longer and longer stays as they move 717 00:28:59,423 --> 00:29:03,577 through these various phases, as Kimberly mentioned, 718 00:29:03,577 --> 00:29:05,362 for the astronauts on the surface, so... 719 00:29:05,362 --> 00:29:09,299 - Okay, so we have time for two short questions, I hope. 720 00:29:09,299 --> 00:29:11,552 So how long is this Gateway gonna be 721 00:29:11,552 --> 00:29:13,387 inhabited by astronauts when it's finished? 722 00:29:13,387 --> 00:29:16,924 - That's a good question. I mean, it's variable. 723 00:29:16,924 --> 00:29:19,543 The key point is that that spaceship 724 00:29:19,543 --> 00:29:21,795 needs to be able to operate without humans 725 00:29:21,795 --> 00:29:24,748 because there will periods in which humans aren't on board. 726 00:29:24,748 --> 00:29:27,301 So don't know the exact fraction of it, 727 00:29:27,301 --> 00:29:28,735 but it's gonna have two modes: 728 00:29:28,735 --> 00:29:30,304 when the humans are onboard and when they're not. 729 00:29:30,304 --> 00:29:34,575 - Yeah, I've heard numbers up to 30 days at a time, 730 00:29:34,575 --> 00:29:36,593 so they're not gonna be up there for a year 731 00:29:36,593 --> 00:29:37,928 like we do on the Space Station. 732 00:29:37,928 --> 00:29:39,763 They'll go up there 733 00:29:39,763 --> 00:29:41,982 and then come back in a month or two, 734 00:29:41,982 --> 00:29:44,868 and so that's to Kimberly's point is, a lot of the time, 735 00:29:44,868 --> 00:29:47,704 you'll have to have robots running the house. 736 00:29:47,704 --> 00:29:50,607 - Okay, so last question: 737 00:29:50,607 --> 00:29:51,975 someone wants to know, like, 738 00:29:51,975 --> 00:29:53,861 what's the coolest thing about Gateway? 739 00:29:53,861 --> 00:29:55,929 - [chuckles] 740 00:29:55,929 --> 00:29:56,947 - I've heard you vote 741 00:29:56,947 --> 00:30:02,269 for this power propulsion element before. 742 00:30:02,269 --> 00:30:06,940 - I call it the tugboat, its electric propulsion system, 743 00:30:06,940 --> 00:30:09,610 and it's at a power level we've never built before. 744 00:30:09,610 --> 00:30:11,428 - Really? - And what's neat is, 745 00:30:11,428 --> 00:30:13,714 it allows it to change its orbit around the moon, 746 00:30:13,714 --> 00:30:14,748 so it is really a spaceship. 747 00:30:14,748 --> 00:30:16,550 It's not just going in an orbit. 748 00:30:16,550 --> 00:30:17,551 It can actually steer 749 00:30:17,551 --> 00:30:22,122 this entire Space Station-sized kind of thing in space. 750 00:30:22,122 --> 00:30:23,640 - Okay. 751 00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:26,009 - And then, ultimately, it's the kind of engine 752 00:30:26,009 --> 00:30:27,961 that's gonna be used to bring us to Mars 753 00:30:27,961 --> 00:30:31,798 and to asteroids and to wherever else, so... 754 00:30:31,798 --> 00:30:35,919 You know, it's a slow ride, slow acceleration. 755 00:30:35,919 --> 00:30:40,324 In acceleration, it's slow, but it's powerful. 756 00:30:40,324 --> 00:30:42,526 It allows you to get to the kinds of velocities 757 00:30:42,526 --> 00:30:43,627 with a lot of mass 758 00:30:43,627 --> 00:30:45,796 that you need to do interplanetary travel. 759 00:30:45,796 --> 00:30:47,764 - And I like the open architecture, 760 00:30:47,764 --> 00:30:50,384 'cause I don't think all the engineers 761 00:30:50,384 --> 00:30:53,136 have figured out all the wonderful uses of Gateway. 762 00:30:53,136 --> 00:30:54,304 - Mm-hmm, not yet. 763 00:30:54,304 --> 00:30:55,889 - 'Cause it's a little-- I mean, it's gonna be 764 00:30:55,889 --> 00:30:57,441 designed for a certain purpose and will achieve 765 00:30:57,441 --> 00:31:01,428 those purposes, allowing the docking of multiple vehicles 766 00:31:01,428 --> 00:31:03,814 from different countries and companies, 767 00:31:03,814 --> 00:31:07,784 allowing astronauts to stay for periods of days, months, 768 00:31:07,784 --> 00:31:09,770 being in constant communication with the Earth, 769 00:31:09,770 --> 00:31:12,723 being in communication with the surface of the moon, 770 00:31:12,723 --> 00:31:13,824 being able to deliver things 771 00:31:13,824 --> 00:31:16,610 to the surface of the moon at different latitudes. 772 00:31:16,610 --> 00:31:18,829 It is very versatile. 773 00:31:18,829 --> 00:31:20,380 But it could also be a test-bed 774 00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:23,133 for testing other types of vehicles 775 00:31:23,133 --> 00:31:26,053 that actually might be made in space someday 776 00:31:26,053 --> 00:31:27,337 and then launch them from there. 777 00:31:27,337 --> 00:31:30,541 I mean, it has a lifetime that will keep giving. 778 00:31:30,541 --> 00:31:33,827 We're only thinking about how to, 779 00:31:33,827 --> 00:31:36,363 you know, do that first step, 780 00:31:36,363 --> 00:31:38,649 the first step in the return to the moon, 781 00:31:38,649 --> 00:31:41,134 the forward to the moon part, 782 00:31:41,134 --> 00:31:42,786 but there's a lot more that it can give. 783 00:31:42,786 --> 00:31:43,904 - Yeah. - Yeah, yeah. 784 00:31:43,904 --> 00:31:46,707 You both keep mentioning learning at the moon 785 00:31:46,707 --> 00:31:48,275 and then we'll go on and, you know, 786 00:31:48,275 --> 00:31:49,626 SLS could take us to Mars. 787 00:31:49,626 --> 00:31:52,062 Let's talk really quickly a little bit about Mars. 788 00:31:52,062 --> 00:31:54,047 What are some favorite fun facts 789 00:31:54,047 --> 00:31:56,099 about Mars that you can share with us? 790 00:31:56,099 --> 00:31:58,018 - Okay, well, we have a picture of Mars 791 00:31:58,018 --> 00:32:01,121 to cue people in on what Mars looks like. 792 00:32:01,121 --> 00:32:04,174 It's the fourth planet around the sun. 793 00:32:04,174 --> 00:32:05,792 It's a red planet. 794 00:32:05,792 --> 00:32:07,911 The red is primarily due to iron 795 00:32:07,911 --> 00:32:12,065 in the rocks on the surface of Mars. 796 00:32:12,065 --> 00:32:14,651 Mars has polar caps. 797 00:32:14,651 --> 00:32:16,520 It has--you know, it's one of the other bodies 798 00:32:16,520 --> 00:32:21,124 besides the Earth that has frozen ice. 799 00:32:21,124 --> 00:32:24,394 It's water ice and carbon dioxide ice at the poles. 800 00:32:24,394 --> 00:32:27,130 - Cool. 801 00:32:27,130 --> 00:32:28,932 - It has an atmosphere, 802 00:32:28,932 --> 00:32:30,717 but its atmosphere is different than Earth's. 803 00:32:30,717 --> 00:32:32,569 It's primarily made of carbon dioxide, 804 00:32:32,569 --> 00:32:35,889 whereas our atmosphere is nitrogen-based. 805 00:32:35,889 --> 00:32:39,560 And if you-- Earth is the third planet, 806 00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:40,961 and Mars is the fourth planet. 807 00:32:40,961 --> 00:32:43,564 We're both circling around the sun. 808 00:32:43,564 --> 00:32:47,434 If you imagine racetracks, cars on a racetrack. 809 00:32:47,434 --> 00:32:50,821 So our closest distance the Earth and Mars 810 00:32:50,821 --> 00:32:54,808 is about 34 million miles, and that happens every 26 months. 811 00:32:54,808 --> 00:32:57,244 Otherwise, we're doing laps. 812 00:32:57,244 --> 00:32:58,595 - Right, they're moving at different speeds 813 00:32:58,595 --> 00:32:59,596 around the racetrack, right? 814 00:32:59,596 --> 00:33:00,848 - Different speeds around the racetrack. 815 00:33:00,848 --> 00:33:03,951 So this is a reason why, when we launch our, you know, 816 00:33:03,951 --> 00:33:06,904 robots to Mars and, in the future, 817 00:33:06,904 --> 00:33:11,341 the crewed missions to Mars, taking advantage of the close-- 818 00:33:11,341 --> 00:33:15,712 that 26-month period of alignment. 819 00:33:15,712 --> 00:33:16,964 Helps shorten the distance, 820 00:33:16,964 --> 00:33:19,149 'cause even at that shortest distance, 821 00:33:19,149 --> 00:33:21,552 the trip is still about six to nine months. 822 00:33:21,552 --> 00:33:22,886 Still a long way to get to Mars. 823 00:33:22,886 --> 00:33:23,921 - You want to take advantage of that. 824 00:33:23,921 --> 00:33:25,572 [laughter] - Yeah, yeah. 825 00:33:25,572 --> 00:33:26,790 - Excellent, all right. 826 00:33:26,790 --> 00:33:29,142 And the moon, you say, is gonna help us practice 827 00:33:29,142 --> 00:33:30,878 for what we might do when we reach Mars, right? 828 00:33:30,878 --> 00:33:32,913 - Yeah, everything-- 829 00:33:32,913 --> 00:33:36,133 So much of what we will be doing on the moon 830 00:33:36,133 --> 00:33:40,621 is extensible to Mars, and everything from the kinds 831 00:33:40,621 --> 00:33:43,373 of tools we use to the procedures 832 00:33:43,373 --> 00:33:46,176 and processes and the technologies, 833 00:33:46,176 --> 00:33:50,697 learning to really work and build and construct 834 00:33:50,697 --> 00:33:54,117 in different environments that the moon and Mars, 835 00:33:54,117 --> 00:33:57,487 everything from gravity to little to no atmosphere, 836 00:33:57,487 --> 00:34:00,140 et cetera, is really important. 837 00:34:00,140 --> 00:34:02,259 And bringing it back to water. 838 00:34:02,259 --> 00:34:04,611 As Kimberly mentioned, Mars has got water. 839 00:34:04,611 --> 00:34:05,612 We've known that for a while. 840 00:34:05,612 --> 00:34:09,550 It's got a lot more water than the moon, 841 00:34:09,550 --> 00:34:11,602 but that is one of the key connections 842 00:34:11,602 --> 00:34:13,287 between the moon and Mars. 843 00:34:13,287 --> 00:34:17,324 As we learn to utilize water on the moon, 844 00:34:17,324 --> 00:34:21,028 everything from locating it, excavating it, 845 00:34:21,028 --> 00:34:24,781 processing it, all of that can be carried over and applied 846 00:34:24,781 --> 00:34:27,501 to how we do that on Mars, which we want to do. 847 00:34:27,501 --> 00:34:29,002 We want to... [clears throat] 848 00:34:29,002 --> 00:34:30,954 excuse me--live off the land at Mars too. 849 00:34:30,954 --> 00:34:32,489 We don't want to bring everything with us 850 00:34:32,489 --> 00:34:34,308 to Mars eventually. 851 00:34:34,308 --> 00:34:37,277 We will, of course, the first few times, but you can't. 852 00:34:37,277 --> 00:34:39,146 It's too far away. - All right. 853 00:34:39,146 --> 00:34:41,548 - Let's just say I was mentioning earlier is, 854 00:34:41,548 --> 00:34:44,134 once we're really comfortable with this whole approach 855 00:34:44,134 --> 00:34:47,187 on excavating the water and processing the water 856 00:34:47,187 --> 00:34:48,972 and transferring it to rocket fuel 857 00:34:48,972 --> 00:34:51,658 or oxygen or other utilizations, 858 00:34:51,658 --> 00:34:53,694 'cause water can be used in many different ways, 859 00:34:53,694 --> 00:34:58,599 that's a totally applicable system for Mars, 860 00:34:58,599 --> 00:34:59,883 you know, directly. 861 00:34:59,883 --> 00:35:03,220 And also most likely there'll be wonderful spin-offs 862 00:35:03,220 --> 00:35:05,122 that can be used back here on Earth. 863 00:35:05,122 --> 00:35:07,407 I mean, anything to do with things in a closed system 864 00:35:07,407 --> 00:35:10,827 is usually very power conscious, 865 00:35:10,827 --> 00:35:12,462 You're not using a lot of energy. 866 00:35:12,462 --> 00:35:15,499 - Recycling a lot of stuff. - Recycling a lot of things. 867 00:35:15,499 --> 00:35:17,918 We'll have, you know, very improved technology 868 00:35:17,918 --> 00:35:19,837 that who knows what we're gonna discover. 869 00:35:19,837 --> 00:35:21,188 - Actually, I have a question from the chat. 870 00:35:21,188 --> 00:35:23,524 Looks like King Gold Boy Gamer wants to know, 871 00:35:23,524 --> 00:35:25,676 like, when we actually gonna go to Mars? 872 00:35:25,676 --> 00:35:26,827 - Mm. 873 00:35:28,428 --> 00:35:30,781 - I don't know if you guys know the precise date. 874 00:35:30,781 --> 00:35:34,868 - I don't know the precise date off the top of my head. 875 00:35:34,868 --> 00:35:40,407 But it would be, you know, a couple decades beyond. 876 00:35:40,407 --> 00:35:41,525 - It's still a ways out, 877 00:35:41,525 --> 00:35:43,177 so first we're going to the moon. 878 00:35:43,177 --> 00:35:44,328 We're gonna practice. 879 00:35:44,328 --> 00:35:45,796 We're gonna learn to excavate water 880 00:35:45,796 --> 00:35:48,465 and process it and all of that. 881 00:35:48,465 --> 00:35:50,934 - And also the most fragile part 882 00:35:50,934 --> 00:35:54,454 in this whole amazing exploration adventure 883 00:35:54,454 --> 00:35:56,139 is the human body. 884 00:35:56,139 --> 00:35:58,475 The human body, outside the magnetosphere, 885 00:35:58,475 --> 00:36:01,528 you know, we've had only 24 individuals 886 00:36:01,528 --> 00:36:03,547 who have been outside of that. 887 00:36:03,547 --> 00:36:04,965 We are now gonna have the ability 888 00:36:04,965 --> 00:36:06,650 to really study biology 889 00:36:06,650 --> 00:36:08,702 and how the human body is reacting to this. 890 00:36:08,702 --> 00:36:10,921 This will make us totally prepared 891 00:36:10,921 --> 00:36:12,773 for that long trip to Mars, 892 00:36:12,773 --> 00:36:14,808 'cause a mission to the moon is three days, 893 00:36:14,808 --> 00:36:18,378 and you're on the surface for weeks, months, come back. 894 00:36:18,378 --> 00:36:20,214 But you're close to home. 895 00:36:20,214 --> 00:36:21,231 When you go to Mars, 896 00:36:21,231 --> 00:36:24,168 we're talking a two-year and how is the bod--you know, 897 00:36:24,168 --> 00:36:26,019 it's like six months, nine months to get there. 898 00:36:26,019 --> 00:36:28,288 You're gonna be there for a few months, and then you come back. 899 00:36:28,288 --> 00:36:30,090 You want to take advantage of the close by 900 00:36:30,090 --> 00:36:32,743 so you're gonna be on sort of a two-year timescale. 901 00:36:32,743 --> 00:36:33,744 - Right, right. 902 00:36:33,744 --> 00:36:36,180 - Just think about it, you know, 903 00:36:36,180 --> 00:36:40,300 what we're going to learn to protect the human body 904 00:36:40,300 --> 00:36:43,904 and, you know, enable all the infrastructure 905 00:36:43,904 --> 00:36:46,273 to allow the human body to survive and thrive, 906 00:36:46,273 --> 00:36:48,158 we will solve that by being on the moon. 907 00:36:48,158 --> 00:36:49,393 - Yeah. - Cool. 908 00:36:49,393 --> 00:36:52,412 - So tell me quickly, so I wanna know, 909 00:36:52,412 --> 00:36:53,497 what's coming up then? 910 00:36:53,497 --> 00:36:57,284 You know, what's in the news coming up next in the process? 911 00:36:57,284 --> 00:37:03,273 So human landers will be built by NASA, by partners? 912 00:37:03,273 --> 00:37:06,026 What do you guys know about that? 913 00:37:06,026 --> 00:37:08,178 - I believe there was a bid that went out on the street 914 00:37:08,178 --> 00:37:11,832 for companies to provide lunar landers. 915 00:37:11,832 --> 00:37:14,451 and--docking with the Gateway or not. 916 00:37:14,451 --> 00:37:17,971 It's a different type of architecture it can use. 917 00:37:17,971 --> 00:37:19,156 But yeah. 918 00:37:19,156 --> 00:37:23,126 - Yeah, and there's a variety of landers being pursued 919 00:37:23,126 --> 00:37:26,964 with the commercial sector with NASA, and there are 920 00:37:26,964 --> 00:37:32,402 smaller landers being built now and we've actually-- 921 00:37:32,402 --> 00:37:35,088 NASA just recently selected three 922 00:37:35,088 --> 00:37:38,292 to be carrying NASA payloads. 923 00:37:38,292 --> 00:37:40,377 - So instruments and things before people go. 924 00:37:40,377 --> 00:37:42,279 - Exactly. - And it would land next year. 925 00:37:42,279 --> 00:37:44,414 - Next year already? - As soon as next year. 926 00:37:44,414 --> 00:37:46,383 - Whoa. - And a couple-- 927 00:37:46,383 --> 00:37:49,553 in the summer of '21, so 2021. 928 00:37:49,553 --> 00:37:50,904 And what's really neat is, 929 00:37:50,904 --> 00:37:56,610 these companies are providing NASA a delivery service. 930 00:37:56,610 --> 00:38:01,064 It's not NASA telling them we need a lander like this. 931 00:38:01,064 --> 00:38:02,916 It's, they're building a lander that provides a service 932 00:38:02,916 --> 00:38:07,538 and selling that service then to NASA. 933 00:38:07,538 --> 00:38:09,590 Here's an example of one on the screen 934 00:38:09,590 --> 00:38:12,192 of one of these small commercial landers. 935 00:38:12,192 --> 00:38:14,845 And these companies then have plans to increase 936 00:38:14,845 --> 00:38:17,831 the scale and the scope of these landers 937 00:38:17,831 --> 00:38:20,684 so they can carry more and more to the surface. 938 00:38:20,684 --> 00:38:23,704 So the human landers are, as Kimberly said, 939 00:38:23,704 --> 00:38:26,540 right now being discussed with commercial companies 940 00:38:26,540 --> 00:38:31,512 as to who is gonna participate and build them going forward. 941 00:38:31,512 --> 00:38:33,163 And it's really kind of exciting because, 942 00:38:33,163 --> 00:38:35,749 again, this is a totally new paradigm. 943 00:38:35,749 --> 00:38:39,403 NASA has always built the landers 944 00:38:39,403 --> 00:38:42,239 with commercial companies, but they've done it 945 00:38:42,239 --> 00:38:46,543 in a very much requirement-driven process. 946 00:38:46,543 --> 00:38:49,379 "We need you to build this for us," right? 947 00:38:49,379 --> 00:38:50,380 This is very different. 948 00:38:50,380 --> 00:38:52,449 This is, "I'm buying my airline ticket 949 00:38:52,449 --> 00:38:54,535 "to fly across the country. 950 00:38:54,535 --> 00:38:56,820 I'm not telling you how to build your airplane," right? 951 00:38:56,820 --> 00:38:58,222 - You get me there somehow. 952 00:38:58,222 --> 00:39:00,524 - Exactly, and that's what we're doing now. 953 00:39:00,524 --> 00:39:04,895 - And other folks can pay to use the services, 954 00:39:04,895 --> 00:39:10,517 so it opens up the accessibility of the moon too. 955 00:39:10,517 --> 00:39:13,854 - Okay, okay. Anybody can see--oh, sorry. 956 00:39:13,854 --> 00:39:14,888 Do you have a question? - No, it's okay. 957 00:39:14,888 --> 00:39:16,540 I have a question from the chat. 958 00:39:16,540 --> 00:39:20,010 SPACETV.NET wants to know, "Are any of these vehicles 959 00:39:20,010 --> 00:39:22,646 gonna be like the lunar roving vehicle?" 960 00:39:22,646 --> 00:39:25,032 - Yeah, there's actually commercial rovers 961 00:39:25,032 --> 00:39:26,517 actually being discussed too, 962 00:39:26,517 --> 00:39:30,654 so NASA's working on some rovers as well, but-- 963 00:39:30,654 --> 00:39:32,339 - And rovers come in all shapes and sizes. 964 00:39:32,339 --> 00:39:33,807 - Exactly, yep. 965 00:39:33,807 --> 00:39:38,562 Robotic but also for the humans beyond 2024, 966 00:39:38,562 --> 00:39:42,015 there's definitely plans for large, even pressurized rovers 967 00:39:42,015 --> 00:39:43,367 that they would go in, 968 00:39:43,367 --> 00:39:46,370 so way beyond what we did in the Apollo era. 969 00:39:46,370 --> 00:39:48,338 - Think of the Martian, remember? 970 00:39:48,338 --> 00:39:49,923 He's in the pressurized-- 971 00:39:49,923 --> 00:39:51,942 - But some of these commercial landers, the ones going in 972 00:39:51,942 --> 00:39:56,180 the next year and a half or so, are carrying very small rovers, 973 00:39:56,180 --> 00:39:59,900 5-kilogram, 10-kilogram rovers, and eventually, 974 00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:02,536 those rovers will be also providing a service, 975 00:40:02,536 --> 00:40:05,355 so the landers provide landing service, 976 00:40:05,355 --> 00:40:08,609 and commercial rovers can provide a roving service. 977 00:40:08,609 --> 00:40:12,813 So I can put my instrument on a rover that we can buy 978 00:40:12,813 --> 00:40:15,716 space on rather than NASA having to build all of that. 979 00:40:15,716 --> 00:40:17,601 - Okay, now, speaking of your instrument, 980 00:40:17,601 --> 00:40:20,220 I know that you have a lunar-- - Very good segue. 981 00:40:20,220 --> 00:40:21,605 [laughter] 982 00:40:21,605 --> 00:40:23,590 - That was perfect. Thanks, Tony. 983 00:40:23,590 --> 00:40:26,059 Did you bring it today? - Well, I brought part of it. 984 00:40:26,059 --> 00:40:27,094 - All right, can you show us 985 00:40:27,094 --> 00:40:29,313 and tell us what it's gonna do up there? 986 00:40:29,313 --> 00:40:30,864 - If I don't drop it. 987 00:40:30,864 --> 00:40:33,283 - So something like this is flying to the moon 988 00:40:33,283 --> 00:40:35,169 in the next year or two? 989 00:40:35,169 --> 00:40:39,273 - Yeah, so this was selected to fly on one of the three landers 990 00:40:39,273 --> 00:40:43,010 that is going to the moon in the next couple of years 991 00:40:43,010 --> 00:40:45,896 and this is-- it's called NIRVSS. 992 00:40:45,896 --> 00:40:46,930 - NIRVSS. 993 00:40:46,930 --> 00:40:48,465 - It's a terrible acronym, I know. 994 00:40:48,465 --> 00:40:49,516 - It is, of course, an acronym. 995 00:40:49,516 --> 00:40:51,568 - It's an acronym. - What does it stand for? 996 00:40:51,568 --> 00:40:55,122 - Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System. 997 00:40:55,122 --> 00:40:56,823 And what it does is, it finds water. 998 00:40:56,823 --> 00:40:59,643 That its principal purpose is to find volatiles 999 00:40:59,643 --> 00:41:01,295 but especially water. 1000 00:41:01,295 --> 00:41:03,213 So it's a prospecting instrument. 1001 00:41:03,213 --> 00:41:05,148 If you think about when we look 1002 00:41:05,148 --> 00:41:07,734 for minerals and resources on Earth, you prospect. 1003 00:41:07,734 --> 00:41:08,752 You go and look. 1004 00:41:08,752 --> 00:41:10,037 This is what this instrument is meant to do. 1005 00:41:10,037 --> 00:41:11,104 - Yeah. - Yeah. 1006 00:41:11,104 --> 00:41:12,656 - Sniffing out where the water is. 1007 00:41:12,656 --> 00:41:15,676 - Exactly, and this is an engineering unit. 1008 00:41:15,676 --> 00:41:19,963 This is a unit that we used to develop the technology, 1009 00:41:19,963 --> 00:41:21,431 make sure we can make the measurements 1010 00:41:21,431 --> 00:41:24,101 and meet the goals we want to meet 1011 00:41:24,101 --> 00:41:26,170 and then we then test it 1012 00:41:26,170 --> 00:41:27,971 in the similar environments it's gonna see. 1013 00:41:27,971 --> 00:41:29,306 For example, has to survive 1014 00:41:29,306 --> 00:41:33,443 launch, landing, vacuum, radiation, et cetera. 1015 00:41:33,443 --> 00:41:35,062 - And we test all that, yeah. - And we test all that, 1016 00:41:35,062 --> 00:41:36,530 make sure it works and you see it's just 1017 00:41:36,530 --> 00:41:37,781 got a bunch of eyes on it. 1018 00:41:37,781 --> 00:41:40,834 - Yeah, I was just gonna ask, what all is going on there? 1019 00:41:40,834 --> 00:41:44,705 - Yeah, so what it's meant to-- 1020 00:41:44,705 --> 00:41:46,673 an important aspect of this is, 1021 00:41:46,673 --> 00:41:48,275 it needs to work both in sunlight 1022 00:41:48,275 --> 00:41:49,293 and in darkness. 1023 00:41:49,293 --> 00:41:52,663 Just like Kimberly was saying, these are dark craters. 1024 00:41:52,663 --> 00:41:55,115 - Yeah, 'cause there's that correlation, but we--yeah. 1025 00:41:55,115 --> 00:41:56,200 - We have to go down there, 1026 00:41:56,200 --> 00:42:00,020 and we have to look at the scales we're gonna work at. 1027 00:42:00,020 --> 00:42:02,723 - 'Cause the data from orbit is giving us hundreds of meter 1028 00:42:02,723 --> 00:42:05,375 kind of footprints of where the border is, 1029 00:42:05,375 --> 00:42:07,327 This is gonna give us human scale, 1030 00:42:07,327 --> 00:42:09,746 you know, things on the meter, and that's an unknown. 1031 00:42:09,746 --> 00:42:11,865 You know, so we do need to-- - Exactly. 1032 00:42:11,865 --> 00:42:13,250 - That's exciting. 1033 00:42:13,250 --> 00:42:17,070 - So real quick, this little guy right here-- 1034 00:42:17,070 --> 00:42:19,356 Can you get the nice blue shine of it there? 1035 00:42:19,356 --> 00:42:21,592 This is an infrared lamp. - Oh, yeah. 1036 00:42:21,592 --> 00:42:23,227 - And the intent of this 1037 00:42:23,227 --> 00:42:26,180 is to actually provide infrared light 1038 00:42:26,180 --> 00:42:28,866 for the other instruments so it can see in the dark. 1039 00:42:28,866 --> 00:42:31,134 Likewise, all of these things over here, 1040 00:42:31,134 --> 00:42:34,705 these little guys, those are LEDs of various colors. 1041 00:42:34,705 --> 00:42:36,974 So they provide illumination 1042 00:42:36,974 --> 00:42:39,643 from the ultraviolet to the near infrared, 1043 00:42:39,643 --> 00:42:41,845 for a camera system, which is right here. 1044 00:42:41,845 --> 00:42:44,598 This is a lens to the camera system, this black thing. 1045 00:42:44,598 --> 00:42:48,302 This allows us to image the area at very high resolution, 1046 00:42:48,302 --> 00:42:50,771 understand the chemical makeup, the mineralogy, 1047 00:42:50,771 --> 00:42:53,724 the morphology, and things like that. 1048 00:42:53,724 --> 00:42:55,742 And the last thing are the four sensors right underneath 1049 00:42:55,742 --> 00:42:57,611 the camera, these four right here. 1050 00:42:57,611 --> 00:42:59,496 This is really hard to do. It's like doing it in a mirror. 1051 00:42:59,496 --> 00:43:02,399 Those four there, those are thermal sensors. 1052 00:43:02,399 --> 00:43:05,185 It's a thermal radiometer, and what that does 1053 00:43:05,185 --> 00:43:07,604 is allows us to measure temperatures 1054 00:43:07,604 --> 00:43:09,389 of the scene we're looking at, 'cause we're interested 1055 00:43:09,389 --> 00:43:12,392 in not only understanding if water is there, 1056 00:43:12,392 --> 00:43:14,094 but we want to understand 1057 00:43:14,094 --> 00:43:15,812 the environment we are finding water 1058 00:43:15,812 --> 00:43:17,748 or not finding water, because ultimately, 1059 00:43:17,748 --> 00:43:20,767 we will use this data to build what is called a resource map. 1060 00:43:20,767 --> 00:43:22,619 On Earth, we call them a mineral map. 1061 00:43:22,619 --> 00:43:26,590 That's what the United States Geological Survey provides 1062 00:43:26,590 --> 00:43:29,510 to a company that's interested in finding minerals. 1063 00:43:29,510 --> 00:43:31,528 And we're gonna do this on the moon, 1064 00:43:31,528 --> 00:43:35,282 basically build these maps and understand their location. 1065 00:43:35,282 --> 00:43:36,633 This is one instrument of several 1066 00:43:36,633 --> 00:43:38,652 that is dedicated to do this kind of work. 1067 00:43:38,652 --> 00:43:40,487 - Oh, yeah, yeah, all working in tandem, 1068 00:43:40,487 --> 00:43:42,990 and they'll piece together a map together maybe. 1069 00:43:42,990 --> 00:43:46,510 - Yep, exactly. - I see. That makes sense. 1070 00:43:46,510 --> 00:43:48,695 - And I'm trying to convince Tony that the next iteration 1071 00:43:48,695 --> 00:43:51,131 of this has to be handheld by the astronauts 1072 00:43:51,131 --> 00:43:53,183 so we can have the astronauts go and look at it 1073 00:43:53,183 --> 00:43:56,637 and they're like, "Okay, time to go. That's our resource." 1074 00:43:56,637 --> 00:43:59,690 - Sold. Let's do it. 1075 00:43:59,690 --> 00:44:01,775 Let's do it. [laughter] 1076 00:44:01,775 --> 00:44:02,993 - It's on. 1077 00:44:02,993 --> 00:44:04,628 All right, do you have a question right now? 1078 00:44:04,628 --> 00:44:05,646 - Actually, I do. 1079 00:44:05,646 --> 00:44:08,315 So Garchos want to know 1080 00:44:08,315 --> 00:44:11,385 how is NASA gonna protect these rovers from lunar dust? 1081 00:44:11,385 --> 00:44:12,719 - Mm. 1082 00:44:12,719 --> 00:44:15,339 - Yeah, lunar dust is a unique beast. 1083 00:44:15,339 --> 00:44:16,356 - It is a beast. - Yes. 1084 00:44:16,356 --> 00:44:19,326 - And it really is unique in that it's only generated 1085 00:44:19,326 --> 00:44:20,844 because of the environment on the moon. 1086 00:44:20,844 --> 00:44:23,363 They generate through the impact processes. 1087 00:44:23,363 --> 00:44:25,382 And so the dust-- and it's never eroded. 1088 00:44:25,382 --> 00:44:28,051 There's no air. - There's no wind to make-- 1089 00:44:28,051 --> 00:44:31,655 or water, flowing liquid water, to smooth things out, 1090 00:44:31,655 --> 00:44:33,624 so it's jagged and... 1091 00:44:33,624 --> 00:44:35,459 - It's jagged. It locks in place. 1092 00:44:35,459 --> 00:44:36,543 - It's like glass. 1093 00:44:36,543 --> 00:44:39,012 - And the Apollo astronauts, you know, complained about, 1094 00:44:39,012 --> 00:44:40,297 you know, it got into their lungs, 1095 00:44:40,297 --> 00:44:41,748 and it scratched their suits. 1096 00:44:41,748 --> 00:44:43,550 The suits were all ripped to shreds. 1097 00:44:43,550 --> 00:44:46,537 - Wow. - So it is--it is a beast. 1098 00:44:46,537 --> 00:44:48,071 It is a beast, and the way you protect-- 1099 00:44:48,071 --> 00:44:49,690 there's a lot of ways you can protect it, 1100 00:44:49,690 --> 00:44:52,075 everything from electrostatic barriers they're working on, 1101 00:44:52,075 --> 00:44:56,763 so one nice thing about a lot of the lunar dust is, 1102 00:44:56,763 --> 00:44:58,549 it has a magnetic property to it. 1103 00:44:58,549 --> 00:45:02,553 It's got some ferric iron in it, nanophase iron, 1104 00:45:02,553 --> 00:45:06,256 and so you can repulse it with electric fields. 1105 00:45:06,256 --> 00:45:08,408 You can also develop-- - Force fields! 1106 00:45:08,408 --> 00:45:09,476 Force fields! - It's like "Star Trek"! 1107 00:45:09,476 --> 00:45:12,980 [laughter] 1108 00:45:12,980 --> 00:45:16,183 - And also a number of other mechanical gasket materials, 1109 00:45:16,183 --> 00:45:19,002 basically, things that go between bearings on wheels 1110 00:45:19,002 --> 00:45:23,090 and whatnot that make it very difficult for the dust 1111 00:45:23,090 --> 00:45:26,493 to get to the bearings, the delicate parts. 1112 00:45:26,493 --> 00:45:29,062 These are kind of torturous paths it has to follow. 1113 00:45:29,062 --> 00:45:30,631 - And we're fortunate that there's been 1114 00:45:30,631 --> 00:45:33,333 a couple of lunar simulants that have been made 1115 00:45:33,333 --> 00:45:35,269 modeled on the regolith that was brought 1116 00:45:35,269 --> 00:45:39,523 by the Apollo astronauts, and so companies and engineers 1117 00:45:39,523 --> 00:45:42,042 who are looking at wheel design and rover design, 1118 00:45:42,042 --> 00:45:48,081 they can test out their designs as best as possible. 1119 00:45:48,081 --> 00:45:49,783 I mean, obviously, it's not a one-to-one connection. 1120 00:45:49,783 --> 00:45:51,051 In fact, one of the big mysteries 1121 00:45:51,051 --> 00:45:56,123 about the permanently shadowed regions 1122 00:45:56,123 --> 00:45:59,176 when our LCROSS experiment that we did a decade ago, 1123 00:45:59,176 --> 00:46:02,613 finding water in Cabeus, it revealed that perhaps 1124 00:46:02,613 --> 00:46:04,648 the regolith in those permanently shadowed craters 1125 00:46:04,648 --> 00:46:06,550 are actually different than the regolith 1126 00:46:06,550 --> 00:46:08,335 that was found on the Apollo sites. 1127 00:46:08,335 --> 00:46:09,753 - Oh, it's different across the surface. 1128 00:46:09,753 --> 00:46:11,455 - So there's going to be some learning to be done. 1129 00:46:11,455 --> 00:46:13,790 So the engineers will do the best knowledge they have now, 1130 00:46:13,790 --> 00:46:17,127 using a simulant designing the reels and the excavation. 1131 00:46:17,127 --> 00:46:19,513 We're gonna have challenges with drills and scoops 1132 00:46:19,513 --> 00:46:21,198 and all that, the same thing that they would-- 1133 00:46:21,198 --> 00:46:22,633 the beast that is the dust. - Yes. 1134 00:46:22,633 --> 00:46:24,117 - But we'll overcome those, 1135 00:46:24,117 --> 00:46:26,520 but we're gonna have to get there on the scene 1136 00:46:26,520 --> 00:46:29,873 at the south pole in the polar regions and go, 1137 00:46:29,873 --> 00:46:31,909 "Hmm, that dust is different." - Yeah. 1138 00:46:31,909 --> 00:46:33,177 - "That's what we're gonna do next time." 1139 00:46:33,177 --> 00:46:34,411 - All right. - Who knows? 1140 00:46:34,411 --> 00:46:38,832 - So that question foreshadowed my favorite section of the day. 1141 00:46:38,832 --> 00:46:41,685 You guys described the south pole as explored territory, 1142 00:46:41,685 --> 00:46:43,921 and you keep referencing that it's really extreme, 1143 00:46:43,921 --> 00:46:46,773 it's gonna be tough, so let's go through 1144 00:46:46,773 --> 00:46:49,309 some of those specific challenges and-- 1145 00:46:49,309 --> 00:46:50,661 - I mean, it's like, you know, 1146 00:46:50,661 --> 00:46:52,980 wanting to go in the deepest mines on Earth. 1147 00:46:52,980 --> 00:46:54,631 - Oh, really? - And the deepest-- 1148 00:46:54,631 --> 00:46:56,900 You know, the deepest undersea exploration. 1149 00:46:56,900 --> 00:46:57,901 You know, it is-- 1150 00:46:57,901 --> 00:46:59,803 - Because it's so different from what we're used to? 1151 00:46:59,803 --> 00:47:01,371 Or is it really deep in that sense? 1152 00:47:01,371 --> 00:47:04,291 - It's really deep, so the topography is extreme. 1153 00:47:04,291 --> 00:47:07,644 It's completely unlike a lot of the topography 1154 00:47:07,644 --> 00:47:09,396 we saw with Apollo, lower latitudes. 1155 00:47:09,396 --> 00:47:11,415 - They landed in flat areas. - Okay, right. 1156 00:47:11,415 --> 00:47:12,816 - You know, nice, pristine, kind of-- 1157 00:47:12,816 --> 00:47:14,434 - That's what I picture the moon as. 1158 00:47:14,434 --> 00:47:16,520 - And we'll be landing, perhaps, 1159 00:47:16,520 --> 00:47:19,840 in areas that are ridges that are sitting atop a crater 1160 00:47:19,840 --> 00:47:23,510 that looks down into a six-kilometer hole. 1161 00:47:23,510 --> 00:47:25,579 - Six kilometers? That's like three miles or-- 1162 00:47:25,579 --> 00:47:28,215 - Yeah, exactly, about three miles down, 1163 00:47:28,215 --> 00:47:31,718 and they'll be standing on the edge of these vistas 1164 00:47:31,718 --> 00:47:35,239 overlooking mountains that are many miles high. 1165 00:47:35,239 --> 00:47:37,925 - Wow. - Into craters that are 1166 00:47:37,925 --> 00:47:42,112 ten miles across and three miles deep and-- 1167 00:47:42,112 --> 00:47:43,514 - I never knew it was that extreme. 1168 00:47:43,514 --> 00:47:45,098 - And then the lighting conditions, 1169 00:47:45,098 --> 00:47:46,967 because of the low angle of the sun, 1170 00:47:46,967 --> 00:47:49,553 you can have shadows that are being cast 1171 00:47:49,553 --> 00:47:53,123 from a ridge of a crater that is hundreds of kilometers away. 1172 00:47:53,123 --> 00:47:54,808 - Really? - And the shadows will be 1173 00:47:54,808 --> 00:47:57,978 sweeping across you over timescales of hours. 1174 00:47:57,978 --> 00:48:00,180 And as we mentioned earlier, when you're in shadow, 1175 00:48:00,180 --> 00:48:02,866 your temperature drops, and so you're gonna be exper-- 1176 00:48:02,866 --> 00:48:05,285 Of course you're in a suit... - Suit, yeah. 1177 00:48:05,285 --> 00:48:08,172 That's keeping you regulated, but if you think about it, 1178 00:48:08,172 --> 00:48:09,990 the whole lighting condition, 1179 00:48:09,990 --> 00:48:12,643 the whole dealing with the swing of temperatures 1180 00:48:12,643 --> 00:48:15,045 is gonna stress out your system, so-- 1181 00:48:15,045 --> 00:48:17,364 - Mm-hmm, yeah, your equipment and machinery and everything. 1182 00:48:17,364 --> 00:48:19,249 - Your equipment, yeah. - And there are areas-- 1183 00:48:19,249 --> 00:48:21,185 There's areas where there's permanent shadow darkness, 1184 00:48:21,185 --> 00:48:23,387 this point of darkness, but there's also areas that have, 1185 00:48:23,387 --> 00:48:25,305 what I like to say, persistent sunlight. 1186 00:48:25,305 --> 00:48:26,306 - Mm-hmm. 1187 00:48:26,306 --> 00:48:27,374 - So there are some of these peaks, 1188 00:48:27,374 --> 00:48:29,009 'cause they're so extreme, 1189 00:48:29,009 --> 00:48:32,262 that no matter what time of year it is, 1190 00:48:32,262 --> 00:48:35,632 it has very often sunlight at it. 1191 00:48:35,632 --> 00:48:37,251 So it's often at the rims 1192 00:48:37,251 --> 00:48:40,087 or crests of some of these ridges near these craters, 1193 00:48:40,087 --> 00:48:41,505 and so those are very attractive 1194 00:48:41,505 --> 00:48:43,457 for the reasons Kim said is you won't be getting 1195 00:48:43,457 --> 00:48:45,843 these deep shadows sweeping across you all that often, 1196 00:48:45,843 --> 00:48:47,628 and when they do, 1197 00:48:47,628 --> 00:48:50,581 it might just be for five, six, seven days, 1198 00:48:50,581 --> 00:48:53,634 as opposed to, you know, three months, 1199 00:48:53,634 --> 00:48:56,570 something like that, so-- so these are, uh-- 1200 00:48:56,570 --> 00:48:58,589 - And they're great places to put your power station 1201 00:48:58,589 --> 00:48:59,873 - Exactly. - For your solar power. 1202 00:48:59,873 --> 00:49:01,575 - And have some of your infrastructure. 1203 00:49:01,575 --> 00:49:04,378 Again, it's sort of, you know, if you're gonna explore 1204 00:49:04,378 --> 00:49:06,797 and you're learning about where you're exploring, 1205 00:49:06,797 --> 00:49:09,032 take advantage of the gifts 1206 00:49:09,032 --> 00:49:10,534 that were given to you by nature. 1207 00:49:10,534 --> 00:49:11,635 - Exactly. - Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. 1208 00:49:11,635 --> 00:49:14,371 - And also, be aware of the dangers, you know? 1209 00:49:14,371 --> 00:49:15,672 - Yeah, of course. 1210 00:49:15,672 --> 00:49:17,891 - So you keep talking about those--the poles. 1211 00:49:17,891 --> 00:49:20,410 We actually have this really cool ani--or video 1212 00:49:20,410 --> 00:49:23,664 showing some light cycles at the moon's south pole. 1213 00:49:23,664 --> 00:49:25,883 - That's exactly right. - Yeah. 1214 00:49:25,883 --> 00:49:27,534 - So can you tell us what we're seeing? 1215 00:49:27,534 --> 00:49:30,420 This is night falling or-- 1216 00:49:30,420 --> 00:49:33,640 - We started at a low latitude, 1217 00:49:33,640 --> 00:49:35,409 looking at the moon as we see the moon, 1218 00:49:35,409 --> 00:49:38,178 and what you saw was the sun moving 1219 00:49:38,178 --> 00:49:39,580 across the face of the moon. 1220 00:49:39,580 --> 00:49:42,249 There is no dark side of the moon. 1221 00:49:42,249 --> 00:49:45,369 Every side of the moon gets sunlight at some point. 1222 00:49:45,369 --> 00:49:48,205 - You get 14 days of sunlight, 14 days of darkness. 1223 00:49:48,205 --> 00:49:49,506 - We just don't see that far side. 1224 00:49:49,506 --> 00:49:50,691 - We just don't see that 1225 00:49:50,691 --> 00:49:52,292 'cause we always see the near side. 1226 00:49:52,292 --> 00:49:55,896 Now this--what's done is the movie's swung down, 1227 00:49:55,896 --> 00:49:57,598 so you're looking at the south pole of the moon 1228 00:49:57,598 --> 00:49:58,682 with that crater, 1229 00:49:58,682 --> 00:50:00,467 nice circular one right in the middle. 1230 00:50:00,467 --> 00:50:01,835 That's Shackleton crater. 1231 00:50:01,835 --> 00:50:04,738 It's almost exactly at the south pole of the moon. 1232 00:50:04,738 --> 00:50:09,259 It is about 15 miles across and about 4 miles deep. 1233 00:50:09,259 --> 00:50:11,195 And what you see are these shadows 1234 00:50:11,195 --> 00:50:12,863 that are sweeping across, 1235 00:50:12,863 --> 00:50:14,414 and it's because, again, as Kim-- 1236 00:50:14,414 --> 00:50:16,650 Kimberly explained earlier, 1237 00:50:16,650 --> 00:50:19,286 the tilt of the moon on its axis is very small, 1238 00:50:19,286 --> 00:50:23,257 so the sun's always just hugging the horizon, 1239 00:50:23,257 --> 00:50:25,142 creating these shadows. - Okay. 1240 00:50:25,142 --> 00:50:27,928 - And you can see in some of these craters, 1241 00:50:27,928 --> 00:50:29,897 like the big-- Shackleton itself 1242 00:50:29,897 --> 00:50:31,982 and the larger ones just above it, 1243 00:50:31,982 --> 00:50:34,334 the floors of those craters never get sunlight. 1244 00:50:34,334 --> 00:50:35,586 They are in permanent shadow. 1245 00:50:35,586 --> 00:50:36,620 - They just stay dark. 1246 00:50:36,620 --> 00:50:38,572 You can just stare at a piece of the-- 1247 00:50:38,572 --> 00:50:40,440 you know, pick out a point in the video 1248 00:50:40,440 --> 00:50:42,459 and look at it and you can see 1249 00:50:42,459 --> 00:50:44,161 over the course of the shadow pattern 1250 00:50:44,161 --> 00:50:45,863 what gets light or not. - Yeah. 1251 00:50:45,863 --> 00:50:47,931 - And then you also saw there were these rims 1252 00:50:47,931 --> 00:50:50,751 of the craters that got sunlight all the time, 1253 00:50:50,751 --> 00:50:52,486 or most of the time they stayed light. 1254 00:50:52,486 --> 00:50:54,087 - Yeah, yeah, yeah. - So extreme. 1255 00:50:54,087 --> 00:50:55,722 So lighting conditions are extreme. 1256 00:50:55,722 --> 00:50:56,924 Topography is extreme. 1257 00:50:56,924 --> 00:50:58,609 Temperatures are extreme. 1258 00:50:58,609 --> 00:51:01,512 The dust we sort of know what it's made of, but maybe not. 1259 00:51:01,512 --> 00:51:04,081 - Right. We'll see when we get there. 1260 00:51:04,081 --> 00:51:06,433 - Yeah, but it could have some other benefits too. 1261 00:51:06,433 --> 00:51:08,585 We just have to-- we haven't explored it. 1262 00:51:08,585 --> 00:51:09,586 - Mm-hmm. 1263 00:51:09,586 --> 00:51:12,022 - And we haven't explored it with robots yet either, so-- 1264 00:51:12,022 --> 00:51:13,207 and humans. 1265 00:51:13,207 --> 00:51:14,875 - Need to get somebody's boots on the ground. 1266 00:51:14,875 --> 00:51:16,894 - And in general we see this increase of hydrogen 1267 00:51:16,894 --> 00:51:19,613 at the poles, and we've seen increase 1268 00:51:19,613 --> 00:51:23,100 of hydration in the soils, meaning hydroxo, OH, 1269 00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:26,587 or water molecules bound to the soils, even in sunlight. 1270 00:51:26,587 --> 00:51:27,921 - Oh, really? - Yeah. 1271 00:51:27,921 --> 00:51:30,374 - And in increased amounts towards the poles. 1272 00:51:30,374 --> 00:51:32,376 So just the composition 1273 00:51:32,376 --> 00:51:34,828 even in the sunlight areas is gonna be different 1274 00:51:34,828 --> 00:51:36,797 from anything we've ever seen before. 1275 00:51:36,797 --> 00:51:39,516 - And that's gonna just make the modelers go crazy, 1276 00:51:39,516 --> 00:51:42,152 'cause we're gonna have a lot Tony's types of instruments, 1277 00:51:42,152 --> 00:51:44,221 you know, looking for the water on these scales, 1278 00:51:44,221 --> 00:51:45,672 and then we're gonna try to piece together 1279 00:51:45,672 --> 00:51:47,107 quite a complex puzzle. - Yeah. 1280 00:51:47,107 --> 00:51:49,643 - But it's a nice--it's an interesting puzzle to have. 1281 00:51:49,643 --> 00:51:52,896 I mean, we wouldn't be talking about water cycle on the moon. 1282 00:51:52,896 --> 00:51:54,615 It's only been ten years. 1283 00:51:54,615 --> 00:51:57,317 You know, ten years is not a long time, 1284 00:51:57,317 --> 00:51:59,052 but it's long enough, like, to realize 1285 00:51:59,052 --> 00:52:01,338 that, you know, this moon is a place that we have 1286 00:52:01,338 --> 00:52:02,840 full of things that we don't know what's going on. 1287 00:52:02,840 --> 00:52:04,174 - Mm-hmm. - So... 1288 00:52:04,174 --> 00:52:05,893 - It's more active than I ever pictured. 1289 00:52:05,893 --> 00:52:07,094 - It is. It's very active. 1290 00:52:07,094 --> 00:52:09,046 - And more extreme. - Especially at the poles. 1291 00:52:09,046 --> 00:52:10,347 Couldn't have picked a better place to go. 1292 00:52:10,347 --> 00:52:11,765 - Exciting. - Yeah. 1293 00:52:11,765 --> 00:52:15,402 - You know, speaking of that, you guys, don't forget, 1294 00:52:15,402 --> 00:52:17,321 if you do have any questions, 1295 00:52:17,321 --> 00:52:19,423 please type them into the Twitch chat. 1296 00:52:19,423 --> 00:52:24,628 It's www.twitch.tv/nasa. 1297 00:52:24,628 --> 00:52:27,714 So we're gonna move into our rapid fire section. 1298 00:52:27,714 --> 00:52:32,135 So Jesta578 wants to know about the NIRVSS instrument. 1299 00:52:32,135 --> 00:52:35,756 Is it ultrasound, IR and visual? 1300 00:52:35,756 --> 00:52:38,041 - Uh, it is a little bit of everything. 1301 00:52:38,041 --> 00:52:41,361 So I always like to say we go in with our eyes wide open 1302 00:52:41,361 --> 00:52:43,130 for all the reasons Kim just said, 1303 00:52:43,130 --> 00:52:45,616 because you don't exactly know what you're gonna see. 1304 00:52:45,616 --> 00:52:50,087 So it is actually combination of near infrared, 1305 00:52:50,087 --> 00:52:51,622 and for you geeks out there, 1306 00:52:51,622 --> 00:52:54,992 that's between about 1.2 and 4 microns. 1307 00:52:54,992 --> 00:53:00,030 Thermal infrared, that's between about 8 and 25 microns. 1308 00:53:00,030 --> 00:53:01,682 And ultraviolet visible, 1309 00:53:01,682 --> 00:53:08,388 which would run about .35 to .94 microns. 1310 00:53:08,388 --> 00:53:11,175 - Okay, so it's everything-- - It's ultraviolet-- 1311 00:53:11,175 --> 00:53:13,460 Colors that are below what we can see 1312 00:53:13,460 --> 00:53:15,829 in terms of our visual spectrum 1313 00:53:15,829 --> 00:53:18,866 and energies beyond what we can see 1314 00:53:18,866 --> 00:53:20,951 into the thermal infrared. 1315 00:53:20,951 --> 00:53:22,719 And then what Tony had mentioned 1316 00:53:22,719 --> 00:53:25,439 is that this is the front end with the cameras, 1317 00:53:25,439 --> 00:53:29,209 but the infrared is gonna be connected to a spectrometer 1318 00:53:29,209 --> 00:53:30,594 on the back end. - Okay. 1319 00:53:30,594 --> 00:53:31,979 - 'Cause it's from the spectrometer 1320 00:53:31,979 --> 00:53:33,747 spreading the light out into different wavelengths, 1321 00:53:33,747 --> 00:53:35,566 and it's over the infrared that you're gonna see 1322 00:53:35,566 --> 00:53:37,534 the water signature or the hydroxo signature 1323 00:53:37,534 --> 00:53:39,086 and the minerals. - Yeah. 1324 00:53:39,086 --> 00:53:41,738 - And so this is a very-- it's a compact instrument 1325 00:53:41,738 --> 00:53:43,607 with both cameras and thermal sensors 1326 00:53:43,607 --> 00:53:45,676 to get the temperature, plus the spectrometer 1327 00:53:45,676 --> 00:53:47,611 to get the amount-- - The composition-- 1328 00:53:47,611 --> 00:53:50,030 - Composition that things are made out of. 1329 00:53:50,030 --> 00:53:51,048 - All right. - Good question. 1330 00:53:51,048 --> 00:53:54,852 - So let's see, Dudeisdudette wants to know, 1331 00:53:54,852 --> 00:53:57,354 is there a sample return plan for lunar water? 1332 00:53:57,354 --> 00:54:00,774 - Hmm. - Yeah, that's--absolutely. 1333 00:54:00,774 --> 00:54:02,743 They do want to return-- 1334 00:54:02,743 --> 00:54:04,728 - Yeah, but the question is, will it happen? 1335 00:54:04,728 --> 00:54:07,648 It will happen with the humans going in 2024, 1336 00:54:07,648 --> 00:54:08,866 because they're gonna bring samples back. 1337 00:54:08,866 --> 00:54:11,151 No worry, we're gonna be so excited for that. 1338 00:54:11,151 --> 00:54:12,836 Question is will we get a rover 1339 00:54:12,836 --> 00:54:14,805 to get us a sample returned before the humans? 1340 00:54:14,805 --> 00:54:17,224 Don't know yet. That would be awesome too. 1341 00:54:17,224 --> 00:54:18,892 - Okay. - Yeah. 1342 00:54:18,892 --> 00:54:20,377 - But we're certainly gonna get something. 1343 00:54:20,377 --> 00:54:22,029 - We're gonna get something, and specifically, 1344 00:54:22,029 --> 00:54:25,349 there's a lot of discussion about cryogenic sampling, 1345 00:54:25,349 --> 00:54:26,800 'cause when you sample something 1346 00:54:26,800 --> 00:54:30,070 that's at minus 230 degrees below centigrade, 1347 00:54:30,070 --> 00:54:32,923 uh, there's a lot of debate right now 1348 00:54:32,923 --> 00:54:34,725 whether or not you need to keep it that cold. 1349 00:54:34,725 --> 00:54:35,792 - Yeah. - Or do you just need 1350 00:54:35,792 --> 00:54:37,761 to seal it and make sure you don't lose-- 1351 00:54:37,761 --> 00:54:40,914 as it sublimes, as it warms, and the ice is sublime-- 1352 00:54:40,914 --> 00:54:42,549 - Yeah, I was on a mission concept 1353 00:54:42,549 --> 00:54:45,369 for sampling off a comet, and we had that same debate. 1354 00:54:45,369 --> 00:54:46,770 'Cause we're gonna bring it back to the Earth. 1355 00:54:46,770 --> 00:54:48,639 The question is, do you keep it in cryostorage 1356 00:54:48,639 --> 00:54:51,875 or do you allow it to come up to room temperature? 1357 00:54:51,875 --> 00:54:53,744 But then you've lost some information. 1358 00:54:53,744 --> 00:54:55,512 But you're right, they're gonna have to solve that issue. 1359 00:54:55,512 --> 00:54:56,880 I never thought about that. You're right. 1360 00:54:56,880 --> 00:54:58,632 If we're gonna bring back our water samples from the moon, 1361 00:54:58,632 --> 00:54:59,850 we're gonna have to have some sort of-- 1362 00:54:59,850 --> 00:55:01,151 - Keep it cold. - We need a couple quarts of-- 1363 00:55:01,151 --> 00:55:02,769 - Definitely, yeah, need a good chiller. 1364 00:55:02,769 --> 00:55:04,972 - Here's a good one. Can I jump in with a question? 1365 00:55:04,972 --> 00:55:07,774 - Go for it, Abby. - From Terminus1961. 1366 00:55:07,774 --> 00:55:10,694 How do you communicate with a probe down in the crater? 1367 00:55:10,694 --> 00:55:12,663 What are the challenges? 1368 00:55:12,663 --> 00:55:15,482 - So this is kind of a really interesting point. 1369 00:55:15,482 --> 00:55:17,267 A dark crater does not mean 1370 00:55:17,267 --> 00:55:19,553 we can't see into the crater from Earth. 1371 00:55:19,553 --> 00:55:20,854 - Ah, good point. 1372 00:55:20,854 --> 00:55:22,756 - So in one instance, 1373 00:55:22,756 --> 00:55:25,025 you can use what's called direct-to-Earth communication. 1374 00:55:25,025 --> 00:55:27,261 That's where-- it's what we did to Apollo. 1375 00:55:27,261 --> 00:55:28,896 - Or in this case, it's direct-to-Gateway. 1376 00:55:28,896 --> 00:55:31,532 - Or Earth. Or Earth. - Or Earth, that's true. 1377 00:55:31,532 --> 00:55:32,850 Or Earth, depending on the geometry, yes. 1378 00:55:32,850 --> 00:55:33,851 - Exactly, right, right. 1379 00:55:33,851 --> 00:55:36,270 So in some instances, yes, you can see Earth 1380 00:55:36,270 --> 00:55:38,288 from a PSR, from the floor 1381 00:55:38,288 --> 00:55:40,140 of a permanently shadowed region or crater. 1382 00:55:40,140 --> 00:55:41,592 Other instances, you'll be able 1383 00:55:41,592 --> 00:55:43,076 to look up overhead and see Gateway. 1384 00:55:43,076 --> 00:55:44,378 - Yeah. - So you can relay. 1385 00:55:44,378 --> 00:55:47,531 You can look straight up and talk to a relay satellite 1386 00:55:47,531 --> 00:55:49,283 or Gateway. - Okay. 1387 00:55:49,283 --> 00:55:51,602 - But they've also talked about having repeaters. 1388 00:55:51,602 --> 00:55:54,738 So some of these commercial service providers 1389 00:55:54,738 --> 00:55:57,157 aren't just talking about providing landed services 1390 00:55:57,157 --> 00:55:59,877 that can take you to the moon, 1391 00:55:59,877 --> 00:56:02,062 but they're also talking about setting up infrastructure 1392 00:56:02,062 --> 00:56:03,280 on the moon, like telecom. 1393 00:56:03,280 --> 00:56:06,867 - A telephone, telecoms. - WiFi. So a lot of the-- 1394 00:56:06,867 --> 00:56:08,135 - You can have WiFi on the moon. 1395 00:56:08,135 --> 00:56:11,154 - The commercial landers that are going actually will 1396 00:56:11,154 --> 00:56:13,874 communicate with the small rovers and whatnot with WiFi. 1397 00:56:13,874 --> 00:56:16,877 And they're actually talking about both communication, 1398 00:56:16,877 --> 00:56:19,162 power, all kinds of relay systems, 1399 00:56:19,162 --> 00:56:20,631 building infrastructure to actually assist 1400 00:56:20,631 --> 00:56:23,367 in the exploration and science and build that. 1401 00:56:23,367 --> 00:56:24,685 - That's cool, yeah. - Mm-hmm. 1402 00:56:24,685 --> 00:56:27,070 - We've been talking about all these challenges, 1403 00:56:27,070 --> 00:56:29,640 and you guys sound confident that we're gonna figure it out, 1404 00:56:29,640 --> 00:56:31,175 but we're gonna need a lot of help, right? 1405 00:56:31,175 --> 00:56:32,759 So there might be people listening 1406 00:56:32,759 --> 00:56:34,294 who want to get in on that. 1407 00:56:34,294 --> 00:56:36,547 So do you guys have an answer 1408 00:56:36,547 --> 00:56:40,067 for what's a good way to prepare to help NASA 1409 00:56:40,067 --> 00:56:41,869 tackle these challenges down the road? 1410 00:56:41,869 --> 00:56:44,905 - One thing is it's important to note 1411 00:56:44,905 --> 00:56:46,590 that this isn't going back 1412 00:56:46,590 --> 00:56:49,776 to put a new footprint on the moon and then come home. 1413 00:56:49,776 --> 00:56:53,664 It really is to be a sustained presence 1414 00:56:53,664 --> 00:56:57,301 that is with an open architecture, 1415 00:56:57,301 --> 00:56:58,652 as Kimberly described. 1416 00:56:58,652 --> 00:57:00,921 So it's involving everybody from the commercial side 1417 00:57:00,921 --> 00:57:05,209 to industry, governments, foreign NASA agencies, 1418 00:57:05,209 --> 00:57:06,944 all NASA agencies. 1419 00:57:06,944 --> 00:57:10,314 So I really do think we're 1420 00:57:10,314 --> 00:57:13,534 at a dawn of a new age of exploration, 1421 00:57:13,534 --> 00:57:17,371 and so the opportunities are gonna be incredible and vast 1422 00:57:17,371 --> 00:57:19,857 in terms of being able to participate, 1423 00:57:19,857 --> 00:57:23,677 not only within a government agency to get into space, 1424 00:57:23,677 --> 00:57:26,163 but you could now go work at a company 1425 00:57:26,163 --> 00:57:28,048 and get into space. - Yeah. 1426 00:57:28,048 --> 00:57:30,684 - And eventually, I do not doubt that 1427 00:57:30,684 --> 00:57:33,337 there won't only be NASA astronauts. 1428 00:57:33,337 --> 00:57:35,722 There will be corporate astronauts. 1429 00:57:35,722 --> 00:57:36,857 - Interesting. 1430 00:57:36,857 --> 00:57:38,475 - We're gonna need people who know how to build things 1431 00:57:38,475 --> 00:57:40,327 and fix things and improve things. 1432 00:57:40,327 --> 00:57:42,179 - Exactly, yeah. - Yeah, yeah. 1433 00:57:42,179 --> 00:57:44,147 - And keep an infrastructure going. 1434 00:57:44,147 --> 00:57:47,084 - So basically saying you can do anything and help-- 1435 00:57:47,084 --> 00:57:51,171 - Just everything from business to engineering to science-- 1436 00:57:51,171 --> 00:57:53,490 - Yeah. - To medicine, to you know-- 1437 00:57:53,490 --> 00:57:56,360 - Even to philosophy and the law. 1438 00:57:56,360 --> 00:57:58,762 I mean, this opens up an entire new area 1439 00:57:58,762 --> 00:58:04,301 of international law, interplanetary law 1440 00:58:04,301 --> 00:58:08,205 that we haven't even begun to scratch really. 1441 00:58:08,205 --> 00:58:09,573 - And it's the basis of becoming 1442 00:58:09,573 --> 00:58:11,325 a spacefaring civilization. 1443 00:58:11,325 --> 00:58:13,043 - Yeah. - That's what's next. 1444 00:58:13,043 --> 00:58:14,561 - Yep, we're there. - Exciting. 1445 00:58:14,561 --> 00:58:16,597 We're there, all right. 1446 00:58:16,597 --> 00:58:18,899 Well, that is all the time we have for today. 1447 00:58:18,899 --> 00:58:21,568 So a huge thanks to you guys, our guests, 1448 00:58:21,568 --> 00:58:23,387 and to everyone who joined us in the Twitch chat 1449 00:58:23,387 --> 00:58:25,022 with your amazing questions. 1450 00:58:25,022 --> 00:58:28,058 We will be back on Thursday, July 18, 1451 00:58:28,058 --> 00:58:29,927 when we talk about 50th anniversary 1452 00:58:29,927 --> 00:58:31,812 of the Apollo moon landing. 1453 00:58:31,812 --> 00:58:35,966 And then tune in the next day, Friday, July 19, 1454 00:58:35,966 --> 00:58:37,951 for a special live broadcast 1455 00:58:37,951 --> 00:58:39,770 from NASA Centers across the country 1456 00:58:39,770 --> 00:58:43,807 celebrating the Apollo 50th as we go forward to the moon. 1457 00:58:43,807 --> 00:58:49,346 So more info on that, go to www.nasa.gov/apollo50, 1458 00:58:49,346 --> 00:58:51,231 and we will see you next time. 1459 00:58:51,231 --> 00:58:53,016 Thanks for watching. 1460 00:58:53,016 --> 00:58:58,021 [gentle music]