1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,104 FIVE, FOUR, THREE, TWO, ONE. 2 00:00:04,104 --> 00:00:09,943 ♪ ♪ 3 00:00:11,411 --> 00:00:21,421 ♪ ♪ 4 00:00:24,224 --> 00:00:25,225 >> HI, EVERYBODY. 5 00:00:25,225 --> 00:00:30,363 WELCOME TO ANOTHER EPISODE OF 6 00:00:30,363 --> 00:00:31,564 NASA IN SILICON VALLEY LIVE. 7 00:00:31,564 --> 00:00:32,766 I AM YOUR HOST TIFFANY BLAKE. 8 00:00:32,766 --> 00:00:34,868 IF THIS IS YOUR FIRST TIME 9 00:00:34,868 --> 00:00:36,236 TUNING INTO THE SHOW, 10 00:00:36,236 --> 00:00:38,271 SILICON VALLEY LIVE IS A 11 00:00:38,271 --> 00:00:40,974 CONVERSATIONAL SHOW OUT OF NASA 12 00:00:40,974 --> 00:00:42,909 AMES RESOURCE CENTER WHERE WE 13 00:00:42,909 --> 00:00:44,244 TALK ABOUT ALL OF THE NERDY NASA 14 00:00:44,244 --> 00:00:46,146 NEWS YOU NEED TO KNOW. 15 00:00:46,146 --> 00:00:47,647 I HAVE WITH ME TODAY THE VERY 16 00:00:47,647 --> 00:00:49,382 AWESOME ABBY. 17 00:00:49,382 --> 00:00:51,751 >> YES, I AM YOUR COHOST TODAY, 18 00:00:51,751 --> 00:00:54,587 I AM ABBY TABOR. 19 00:00:54,587 --> 00:00:56,056 AND WE ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY LIVE 20 00:00:56,056 --> 00:00:58,892 RIGHT NOW ON TWITCH, YOUTUBE, 21 00:00:58,892 --> 00:01:00,193 FACEBOOK, AND PERISCOPE. 22 00:01:00,193 --> 00:01:01,127 BUT IF YOU WANT TO JOIN IN THE 23 00:01:01,127 --> 00:01:03,563 CHAT AND ASK OUR GUEST QUESTIONS 24 00:01:03,563 --> 00:01:04,330 DURING THE SHOW YOU NEED TO DO 25 00:01:04,330 --> 00:01:06,766 THAT ON TWITCH. 26 00:01:06,766 --> 00:01:09,836 GO TO www.TWITCH.TV/NASA. 27 00:01:09,836 --> 00:01:12,338 SO TODAY, WE ARE TAKING A TRIP 28 00:01:12,338 --> 00:01:14,541 DOWN MEMORY LANE AND 29 00:01:14,541 --> 00:01:16,009 TALKING ABOUT THE UPCOMING 30 00:01:16,009 --> 00:01:17,811 ANNIVERSARY OF THE APOLLO MOON 31 00:01:17,811 --> 00:01:18,144 LANDING. 32 00:01:18,144 --> 00:01:20,713 >> YES, I AM SUPER EXCITED ABOUT 33 00:01:20,713 --> 00:01:22,449 THIS. 34 00:01:22,449 --> 00:01:25,318 JULY 20TH WILL MARK THE 50TH 35 00:01:25,318 --> 00:01:26,319 ANNIVERSARY OF HUMANS TAKING 36 00:01:26,319 --> 00:01:27,921 THEIR FIRST STEPS ON THE MOON. 37 00:01:27,921 --> 00:01:29,222 ON ANOTHER WORLD, ACTUALLY IF 38 00:01:29,222 --> 00:01:30,457 YOU THINK ABOUT IT. 39 00:01:30,457 --> 00:01:34,828 SO JOINING US TODAY TO TALK 40 00:01:34,828 --> 00:01:35,562 ABOUT THIS HISTORIC ACHIEVEMENT 41 00:01:35,562 --> 00:01:37,797 OUR OUR GUESTS KIMBERLY AND 42 00:01:37,797 --> 00:01:38,832 CHAD. 43 00:01:38,832 --> 00:01:40,066 WHY DON'T YOU INTRODUCE 44 00:01:40,066 --> 00:01:42,202 YOURSELVES AND TELL THE END 45 00:01:42,202 --> 00:01:42,836 AUDIENCE ABOUT YOURSELF. 46 00:01:42,836 --> 00:01:48,174 >> THANK YOU FOR HAVING US, I AM 47 00:01:48,174 --> 00:01:48,741 KIMBERLY ENNICO SMITH. 48 00:01:48,741 --> 00:01:53,113 I AM A PHYSICIST AT NASA AMES 49 00:01:53,113 --> 00:01:53,880 CENTER IN SILICON VALLEY. 50 00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:57,150 I AM SOLVING PROBLEMS AND I WORK 51 00:01:57,150 --> 00:01:58,952 A LOT WITH INSTRUMENTS AND 52 00:01:58,952 --> 00:02:01,454 OMISSION DESIGN FOR NEW MISSIONS 53 00:02:01,454 --> 00:02:02,222 IN SPACE. 54 00:02:02,222 --> 00:02:06,693 >> AND I AM CHAD FROST, THE 55 00:02:06,693 --> 00:02:07,427 DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING 56 00:02:07,427 --> 00:02:09,295 HERE AT NASA AMES CENTER. 57 00:02:09,295 --> 00:02:10,964 AND OUR FOLKS HAVE THE MOST 58 00:02:10,964 --> 00:02:13,166 EXCELLENT ROLE OF BASICALLY 59 00:02:13,166 --> 00:02:16,269 MAKING THE IDEAS AND CONCEPTS 60 00:02:16,269 --> 00:02:16,970 AND MISSIONS THAT FOLKS LIKE 61 00:02:16,970 --> 00:02:19,272 KIMBERLY COME UP WITH COME TO 62 00:02:19,272 --> 00:02:20,206 LIFE. 63 00:02:20,206 --> 00:02:22,909 THEY HAVE THESE WONDERFUL IDEAS 64 00:02:22,909 --> 00:02:25,678 FOR SCIENCE AND WE GET TO BUILD 65 00:02:25,678 --> 00:02:26,212 THEM. 66 00:02:26,212 --> 00:02:26,613 >> AWESOME. 67 00:02:26,613 --> 00:02:29,082 >> THAT IS SO COOL. 68 00:02:29,082 --> 00:02:30,884 >> AWESOME JOBS, RIGHT? 69 00:02:30,884 --> 00:02:32,952 BEFORE WE GET INTO TALKING ABOUT 70 00:02:32,952 --> 00:02:34,721 THE APOLLO ANNIVERSARY WHICH IS 71 00:02:34,721 --> 00:02:35,622 JUST TWO DAYS AWAY. 72 00:02:35,622 --> 00:02:36,456 I WANT TO REMIND OUR AUDIENCE 73 00:02:36,456 --> 00:02:38,858 THAT WE ARE ALSO COUNTING DOWN 74 00:02:38,858 --> 00:02:41,261 TO ANOTHER IMPORTANT MILESTONE 75 00:02:41,261 --> 00:02:42,829 IN HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION. 76 00:02:42,829 --> 00:02:44,998 >> THAT IS WHAT THE CLOCK IS ALL 77 00:02:44,998 --> 00:02:45,298 ABOUT. 78 00:02:45,298 --> 00:02:48,468 SO FIVE YEARS FROM NOW NASA IS 79 00:02:48,468 --> 00:02:49,936 PLANNING ON SENDING HUMANS TO 80 00:02:49,936 --> 00:02:50,870 THE MOON AS PART OF THE ARTEMIS 81 00:02:50,870 --> 00:02:52,672 PROGRAM THAT WE WILL TALK ABOUT 82 00:02:52,672 --> 00:02:53,039 LATER ON. 83 00:02:53,039 --> 00:02:55,008 AND THE CLOCK HERE IS COUNTING 84 00:02:55,008 --> 00:02:58,912 DOWN THE DAYS, HOURS, MINUTES, 85 00:02:58,912 --> 00:03:00,446 SECONDS UNTIL 2024, WHEN THE 86 00:03:00,446 --> 00:03:01,514 FIRST WOMAN AND WHO KNOWS, THE 87 00:03:01,514 --> 00:03:04,017 NEXT MAN WILL WALK ON THE MOON'S 88 00:03:04,017 --> 00:03:05,618 SOUTH POLE, SOMEWHERE HUMANS 89 00:03:05,618 --> 00:03:06,419 HAVE NEVER BEEN BEFORE. 90 00:03:06,419 --> 00:03:07,987 WE ARE PRETTY EXCITED ABOUT 91 00:03:07,987 --> 00:03:08,288 THAT. 92 00:03:08,288 --> 00:03:09,923 WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT LATER IN 93 00:03:09,923 --> 00:03:12,959 THE SHOW, FOR NOW LET'S GET BACK 94 00:03:12,959 --> 00:03:13,326 TO APOLLO. 95 00:03:13,326 --> 00:03:15,395 >> YES, APOLLO. 96 00:03:15,395 --> 00:03:18,498 SO THE MOON LANDING, KIND OF A 97 00:03:18,498 --> 00:03:19,799 BIG DEAL, WHAT DO YOU GUYS 98 00:03:19,799 --> 00:03:20,433 THINK? 99 00:03:20,433 --> 00:03:21,434 >> IT IS REALLY EXCITING TO LOOK 100 00:03:21,434 --> 00:03:26,940 BACK ON IT RIGHT, WITH THE 101 00:03:26,940 --> 00:03:27,840 PERSPECTIVE OF 50 YEARS. 102 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:28,875 IT WAS AN AMAZING ACHIEVEMENT 103 00:03:28,875 --> 00:03:31,144 THEN, AND IT HAS NOT BEEN 104 00:03:31,144 --> 00:03:33,079 DUPLICATED. 105 00:03:33,079 --> 00:03:36,649 WE ARE COMING BACK TO IT IN 106 00:03:36,649 --> 00:03:37,850 ARTEMIS TO FINALLY SEND HUMANS 107 00:03:37,850 --> 00:03:38,351 BACK TO THE MOON. 108 00:03:38,351 --> 00:03:41,487 BUT IT IS EASY TO FORGET WHAT A 109 00:03:41,487 --> 00:03:43,089 HUGE UNDERTAKING IT WAS BACK 50 110 00:03:43,089 --> 00:03:44,791 YEARS AGO. 111 00:03:44,791 --> 00:03:46,993 SO TO GO BACK AND SORT OF DO A 112 00:03:46,993 --> 00:03:48,461 RETROSPECTIVE AND REMEMBER ALL 113 00:03:48,461 --> 00:03:50,263 OF THAT IS JUST AMAZING. 114 00:03:50,263 --> 00:03:50,930 IT IS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY. 115 00:03:50,930 --> 00:03:53,433 >> I WAS NOT EVEN A TWINKLE IN 116 00:03:53,433 --> 00:03:57,870 MY PARENT'S EYES, SO I AM AFTER 117 00:03:57,870 --> 00:03:58,304 APOLLO. 118 00:03:58,304 --> 00:03:59,572 BUT LOOKING BACK AT LEARNING 119 00:03:59,572 --> 00:04:02,609 ABOUT WHAT IT TOOK TO PUT HUMANS 120 00:04:02,609 --> 00:04:06,379 ON THE MOON -- SO JULY 20TH, 121 00:04:06,379 --> 00:04:07,814 1969, THE FIRST HUMANS LANDING 122 00:04:07,814 --> 00:04:10,116 ON THE MOON IS A CULMINATION OF 123 00:04:10,116 --> 00:04:11,117 A LOT OF WORK AND INCREDIBLE 124 00:04:11,117 --> 00:04:16,489 ENGINEERING PROMISE. 125 00:04:16,489 --> 00:04:18,491 THERE WAS A CHARGE BY THE 126 00:04:18,491 --> 00:04:19,392 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 127 00:04:19,392 --> 00:04:20,627 JOHN F. KENNEDY, HE ADDRESSED 128 00:04:20,627 --> 00:04:21,494 CONGRESS. 129 00:04:21,494 --> 00:04:24,831 AND I LOOKED THIS UP. 130 00:04:24,831 --> 00:04:26,633 MAY 25TH, 1961. 131 00:04:26,633 --> 00:04:30,136 THAT WAS 20 DAYS AFTER ALAN 132 00:04:30,136 --> 00:04:31,070 SHEPARD DID THE FORCED 133 00:04:31,070 --> 00:04:33,072 SUBORBITAL HUMAN FLIGHT. 134 00:04:33,072 --> 00:04:34,674 AND HE CHARGED THE NATION TO PUT 135 00:04:34,674 --> 00:04:37,343 A MAN ON THE MOON AND RETURN HIM 136 00:04:37,343 --> 00:04:39,812 SAFELY TO EARTH WITHIN THE 137 00:04:39,812 --> 00:04:40,480 DECADE. 138 00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:41,714 >> IT IS PRETTY AUDACIOUS. 139 00:04:41,714 --> 00:04:43,249 >> LESS THAN THREE WEEKS LATER. 140 00:04:43,249 --> 00:04:45,418 >> LET'S GO FOR THE MOON. 141 00:04:45,418 --> 00:04:46,819 HOW ABOUT THE MOON? 142 00:04:46,819 --> 00:04:48,821 >> AND THEN YOU HAVE THIS 143 00:04:48,821 --> 00:04:50,657 MERCURY PROGRAM THAT HAD ALL OF 144 00:04:50,657 --> 00:04:51,791 THESE FIRST AND THEN THE GEMINI 145 00:04:51,791 --> 00:04:54,060 THAT HAD TWO ASTRONAUTS. 146 00:04:54,060 --> 00:04:58,898 AND THERE WAS A PERIOD IN THE 147 00:04:58,898 --> 00:05:01,834 MID-'60s, 65 '66 WHERE THEY 148 00:05:01,834 --> 00:05:04,837 HAD A HUMAN WORKING OUT ALL OF 149 00:05:04,837 --> 00:05:06,506 THE DIFFERENT LEGS OF DOING 150 00:05:06,506 --> 00:05:07,674 THE APOLLO MISSION. 151 00:05:07,674 --> 00:05:10,443 TO PUT HUMANS ON THE MOON. 152 00:05:10,443 --> 00:05:10,910 >> WHAT A TIME. 153 00:05:10,910 --> 00:05:14,747 >> UNLIKE KIMBERLY I ACTUALLY 154 00:05:14,747 --> 00:05:16,849 REMEMBER THE FIRST MOON LANDING. 155 00:05:16,849 --> 00:05:18,951 I WAS A LITTLE KID, AND I 156 00:05:18,951 --> 00:05:21,220 REMEMBER DISTINCTLY HAVING MY 157 00:05:21,220 --> 00:05:21,888 LITTLE SPACE HELMET ON AND 158 00:05:21,888 --> 00:05:31,030 SITTING IN FRONT OF OUR LITTLE 159 00:05:31,030 --> 00:05:31,731 LITTLE -- TELEVISION WATCHING 160 00:05:31,731 --> 00:05:32,332 THE FIRST MOON LANDING. 161 00:05:32,332 --> 00:05:32,732 >> AMAZING. 162 00:05:32,732 --> 00:05:34,000 >> IT FORMATIVE EXPERIENCE. 163 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:35,902 PROBABLY WHY I'M HERE AS A NASA 164 00:05:35,902 --> 00:05:36,602 ENGINEER TODAY. 165 00:05:36,602 --> 00:05:39,272 BUT TO THINK BACK ON IT, IT WAS 166 00:05:39,272 --> 00:05:42,875 SUCH A HUGELY IMPACTFUL EVENT, 167 00:05:42,875 --> 00:05:43,509 RELIEF, FOR ALL HUMANITY. 168 00:05:43,509 --> 00:05:44,777 CERTAINLY FOR US HERE IN THE 169 00:05:44,777 --> 00:05:46,913 U.S., BUT IT WAS A GLOBAL EVENT 170 00:05:46,913 --> 00:05:49,415 THAT EVERYBODY THAT COULD SEE IT 171 00:05:49,415 --> 00:05:49,882 OR WATCH IT DID. 172 00:05:49,882 --> 00:05:51,851 IT WAS IN ALL OF THE PAPERS 173 00:05:51,851 --> 00:05:53,252 AROUND THE GLOBE, BECAUSE IT WAS 174 00:05:53,252 --> 00:05:54,020 SUCH A BIG DEAL. 175 00:05:54,020 --> 00:05:56,589 BUT IT TOOK A LOT OF WORK TO GET 176 00:05:56,589 --> 00:05:58,424 TO THAT POINT. 177 00:05:58,424 --> 00:06:01,260 KIMBERLY MENTIONED THIS WHOLE 178 00:06:01,260 --> 00:06:01,994 SUCCESSION OF LAUNCHES AND 179 00:06:01,994 --> 00:06:05,832 MISSIONS TO CHIP AWAY AT THE 180 00:06:05,832 --> 00:06:06,499 REALLY HARD ENGINEERING AND 181 00:06:06,499 --> 00:06:07,233 TECHNICAL PROBLEMS, WHICH WERE 182 00:06:07,233 --> 00:06:10,503 MANY, MANY, MANY TO ULTIMATELY 183 00:06:10,503 --> 00:06:11,537 GET TO THE POINT WHERE WE COULD 184 00:06:11,537 --> 00:06:14,874 LAUNCH A ROCKET BIG ENOUGH TO 185 00:06:14,874 --> 00:06:16,576 CARRY HUMANS TO THE MOON. 186 00:06:16,576 --> 00:06:18,511 AROUND THE MOON, DOWN TO THE 187 00:06:18,511 --> 00:06:22,849 SURFACE OF THE MOON, AND ALL TH. 188 00:06:22,849 --> 00:06:26,185 THAT WAS A NEARLY INSURMOUNTABLE 189 00:06:26,185 --> 00:06:27,420 STEP OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS 190 00:06:27,420 --> 00:06:30,056 THAT ENORMOUS RESOURCES FROM THE 191 00:06:30,056 --> 00:06:32,692 COUNTRY WERE PUT TOWARDS. 192 00:06:32,692 --> 00:06:34,894 >> LET'S GET INTO THE BASICS. 193 00:06:34,894 --> 00:06:38,131 SO WHO WERE THE ASTRONAUTS THAT 194 00:06:38,131 --> 00:06:40,166 ACTUALLY GOT THIS GREAT 195 00:06:40,166 --> 00:06:44,971 OPPORTUNITY TO LAND ON THE MOON? 196 00:06:44,971 --> 00:06:46,339 >> WE ARE TALKING ABOUT 197 00:06:46,339 --> 00:06:46,706 APOLLO 11. 198 00:06:46,706 --> 00:06:48,574 APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST TIME WE 199 00:06:48,574 --> 00:06:49,175 HAD HUMANS ON THE MOON. 200 00:06:49,175 --> 00:06:53,012 THERE WERE THREE ASTRONAUTS PER 201 00:06:53,012 --> 00:06:53,479 APOLLO MISSION. 202 00:06:53,479 --> 00:06:54,881 AND TO THE ONES THAT WERE ON 203 00:06:54,881 --> 00:06:56,916 THAT MISSION, WHICH WAS NOT 204 00:06:56,916 --> 00:06:57,350 PREDETERMINED. 205 00:06:57,350 --> 00:06:59,519 IT WAS ALL A PART OF THE ROTA 206 00:06:59,519 --> 00:07:00,019 THAT THEY WERE IN. 207 00:07:00,019 --> 00:07:04,557 NEIL ARMSTRONG, EDWIN ALDRIN, 208 00:07:04,557 --> 00:07:06,959 AND MICHAEL COLLINS WERE THE 209 00:07:06,959 --> 00:07:08,094 THREE GENTLEMEN WHO DID THIS 210 00:07:08,094 --> 00:07:10,563 HISTORIC FIRST LANDING ON THE 211 00:07:10,563 --> 00:07:10,897 MOON. 212 00:07:10,897 --> 00:07:12,832 MICHAEL COLLINS IS THE ONE WHO 213 00:07:12,832 --> 00:07:14,634 WAS IN THE COMMAND MODULE IN 214 00:07:14,634 --> 00:07:16,269 ORBIT AROUND THE MOON. 215 00:07:16,269 --> 00:07:17,470 YET A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE. 216 00:07:17,470 --> 00:07:19,005 THAT WAS THE DESIGN OF THE 217 00:07:19,005 --> 00:07:20,273 APOLLO PROGRAM. 218 00:07:20,273 --> 00:07:22,675 >> WHERE DID THEY LAND WHEN THEY 219 00:07:22,675 --> 00:07:23,810 REACHED THE MOON? 220 00:07:23,810 --> 00:07:25,111 >> THEY WERE ALMOST ON THE 221 00:07:25,111 --> 00:07:26,078 EQUATOR. 222 00:07:26,078 --> 00:07:27,380 WE HAD A LITTLE MODELING HERE 223 00:07:27,380 --> 00:07:27,814 THE OTHER DAY. 224 00:07:27,814 --> 00:07:29,215 WE WERE LOOKING AT THE LITTLE 225 00:07:29,215 --> 00:07:32,218 MOON MODEL GOING, WHERE WAS IT? 226 00:07:32,218 --> 00:07:34,353 OH, IT IS RIGHT ON THE EQUATOR. 227 00:07:34,353 --> 00:07:37,089 IT IS PRETTY EASY TO SPOT. 228 00:07:37,089 --> 00:07:39,091 RIGHT ON THE EDGE OF THE SEA OF 229 00:07:39,091 --> 00:07:39,625 TRANQUILITY. 230 00:07:39,625 --> 00:07:41,260 >> IT IS ONE OF THE DARK AREAS. 231 00:07:41,260 --> 00:07:43,162 IF YOU LOOK AT THE FACE IN THE 232 00:07:43,162 --> 00:07:46,866 MOON, IT IS ONE OF THE EYES. 233 00:07:46,866 --> 00:07:47,233 [LAUGHS] 234 00:07:47,233 --> 00:07:48,701 >> FUN FACT. 235 00:07:48,701 --> 00:07:50,803 >> WHAT WAS INTERESTING ON THE 236 00:07:50,803 --> 00:07:54,340 ACTUAL MOON LANDING, JULY 20TH, 237 00:07:54,340 --> 00:07:58,077 1969, THE MOON WAS A WAXING 238 00:07:58,077 --> 00:08:00,780 CRESCENT, AND WHEN THE LANDING 239 00:08:00,780 --> 00:08:02,915 OCCURRED IT WAS ABOUT 4:00 IN 240 00:08:02,915 --> 00:08:03,816 THE AFTERNOON EASTERN TIME. 241 00:08:03,816 --> 00:08:06,085 BUT WHEN IT WAS TIME TO OPEN UP 242 00:08:06,085 --> 00:08:07,453 THE LUNAR MODULE AND TAKE THE 243 00:08:07,453 --> 00:08:10,590 FIRST STEPS ON THE MOON, IT WAS 244 00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:12,592 AROUND 11:00 P.M. EASTERN TIME, 245 00:08:12,592 --> 00:08:14,760 THE SUN HAD SET AROUND 8:00. 246 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:16,429 SO IT WAS NIGHT TIME IF YOU ARE 247 00:08:16,429 --> 00:08:18,130 ON THE EASTERN SIDE OF THE U.S., 248 00:08:18,130 --> 00:08:20,800 AND YOU COULD LOOK UP AND GO, 249 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:23,102 THERE ARE TWO PEOPLE ON THE MOON 250 00:08:23,102 --> 00:08:24,136 RIGHT NOW. 251 00:08:24,136 --> 00:08:25,805 >> ISN'T IT AMAZING? 252 00:08:25,805 --> 00:08:27,974 >> WE WERE TALKING THE OTHER 253 00:08:27,974 --> 00:08:28,941 DAY, PEOPLE WENT OUT AND LOOKED 254 00:08:28,941 --> 00:08:30,910 TO SEE IF THEY COULD SEE THEM. 255 00:08:30,910 --> 00:08:33,613 AND OF COURSE THEY ARE A LITTLE 256 00:08:33,613 --> 00:08:34,614 TOO SMALL TO SEE IN A TELESCOPE. 257 00:08:34,614 --> 00:08:35,715 BUT PEOPLE DID THAT. 258 00:08:35,715 --> 00:08:37,383 THEY WERE SO EXCITED TO GO SEE. 259 00:08:37,383 --> 00:08:38,618 THERE ARE PEOPLE UP THERE RIGHT 260 00:08:38,618 --> 00:08:38,885 NOW. 261 00:08:38,885 --> 00:08:40,820 MAYBE I CAN GO OUT AND LOOKED UP 262 00:08:40,820 --> 00:08:42,989 AND SEE THEM. 263 00:08:42,989 --> 00:08:43,623 I THINK THAT IS FANTASTIC. 264 00:08:43,623 --> 00:08:44,524 >> THAT IS SO COOL. 265 00:08:44,524 --> 00:08:47,827 WE HAVE A COMMENT THAT I WANT TO 266 00:08:47,827 --> 00:08:48,528 SHARE FROM TYRANNICAL ZOMBIE. 267 00:08:48,528 --> 00:08:49,662 ALLEGE IT DID NOT KNOW THAT WE 268 00:08:49,662 --> 00:08:50,897 WERE PLANNING TO GO BACK TO THE 269 00:08:50,897 --> 00:08:51,497 MOON. 270 00:08:51,497 --> 00:08:54,033 THIS IS AWESOME AND I AM SO 271 00:08:54,033 --> 00:08:54,400 EXCITED. 272 00:08:54,400 --> 00:08:57,637 >> WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT IN A 273 00:08:57,637 --> 00:08:58,204 FEW MINUTES FOR SURE. 274 00:08:58,204 --> 00:09:01,407 >> TO GET TO THE MOON WE NEED TO 275 00:09:01,407 --> 00:09:02,575 GET TO THE MOST POWERFUL ROCKET 276 00:09:02,575 --> 00:09:04,577 THAT HAD NEVER BEEN -- UP TO NOW 277 00:09:04,577 --> 00:09:07,280 PUTTING HUMANS OR EVEN OTHER 278 00:09:07,280 --> 00:09:10,149 SPACECRAFT ORBITING AROUND THE 279 00:09:10,149 --> 00:09:11,784 EARTH, TO ACTUALLY ESCAPE THE 280 00:09:11,784 --> 00:09:12,485 EARTH'S GRAVITY AND THEN HAVE 281 00:09:12,485 --> 00:09:15,354 ENOUGH FUEL TO GO TO THE MOON 282 00:09:15,354 --> 00:09:17,790 WAS A QUARTER OF A MILLION MILES 283 00:09:17,790 --> 00:09:18,925 AWAY, A THREE DAY TRIP. 284 00:09:18,925 --> 00:09:21,627 AND THEN TO COME BACK AT, THAT 285 00:09:21,627 --> 00:09:22,128 WAS A BIG ROCKET. 286 00:09:22,128 --> 00:09:25,231 >> YEAH. 287 00:09:25,231 --> 00:09:28,634 >> THAT WAS FROM SATURN V, AND 288 00:09:28,634 --> 00:09:30,136 THEY FORGET JUST WHAT A HUGE 289 00:09:30,136 --> 00:09:35,608 ROCKET THAT WAS, THE SATURN V 290 00:09:35,608 --> 00:09:38,244 IS -- IT WAS ALMOST 400 FEET 291 00:09:38,244 --> 00:09:42,348 TALL. 292 00:09:42,348 --> 00:09:44,216 >> WHAT DOES THAT COMPARE TO? 293 00:09:44,216 --> 00:09:45,117 >> TALLER THAN THE STATUE OF 294 00:09:45,117 --> 00:09:45,718 LIBERTY. 295 00:09:45,718 --> 00:09:47,787 I THINK WE HAVE A GRAPHIC ERA. 296 00:09:47,787 --> 00:09:48,187 COMPARING. 297 00:09:48,187 --> 00:09:48,921 AND THIS IS A GRAPHIC FROM BACK 298 00:09:48,921 --> 00:09:51,424 IN THE DAY. 299 00:09:51,424 --> 00:09:53,159 IT IS HUGE. 300 00:09:53,159 --> 00:09:55,227 >> IT IS REALLY 7 MILLION POUNDS 301 00:09:55,227 --> 00:09:57,263 OF THRUST. 302 00:09:57,263 --> 00:09:59,665 AND CHAD, YOU WERE TALKING ABOUT 303 00:09:59,665 --> 00:10:00,933 SEEING A FALCON 9 LAUNCH AND YOU 304 00:10:00,933 --> 00:10:01,634 COULD FEEL IT. 305 00:10:01,634 --> 00:10:03,169 >> IS FORTUNATE TO BE AT KENNEDY 306 00:10:03,169 --> 00:10:07,673 SPACE CENTER OF FEW MONTHS AGO 307 00:10:07,673 --> 00:10:08,441 FOR A FALCON HEAVY LAUNCH. 308 00:10:08,441 --> 00:10:11,510 IT WAS A PRETTY BIG ROCKET. 309 00:10:11,510 --> 00:10:12,478 AND YOU SEE THESE ON TV. 310 00:10:12,478 --> 00:10:15,581 AND YOU'RE LIKE OKAY, THERE IS A 311 00:10:15,581 --> 00:10:17,016 LOT OF SMOKE AND LIGHT. 312 00:10:17,016 --> 00:10:17,516 AND UP IT GOES. 313 00:10:17,516 --> 00:10:21,187 AND THAT IS TRUE, BUT IT DOES 314 00:10:21,187 --> 00:10:24,857 NOT COME ACROSS ON TV, THAT YOU 315 00:10:24,857 --> 00:10:25,191 FEEL IT. 316 00:10:25,191 --> 00:10:26,158 BECAUSE YOU CAN VISCERALLY FEEL 317 00:10:26,158 --> 00:10:26,892 IT IN YOUR BODY. 318 00:10:26,892 --> 00:10:29,495 BECAUSE ALL OF THAT POWER AND 319 00:10:29,495 --> 00:10:30,830 LAUNCH IS COMING OUT TO. 320 00:10:30,830 --> 00:10:33,199 AND IT IS ROLLING TOWARDS. 321 00:10:33,199 --> 00:10:35,601 SO YES, THERE IS FIRE AND SMOKE. 322 00:10:35,601 --> 00:10:37,236 AND YOU FEEL THE LAUNCH. 323 00:10:37,236 --> 00:10:41,374 THE FALCON HEAVY IS A LOT 324 00:10:41,374 --> 00:10:42,241 SMALLER THAN THIS ROCKET. 325 00:10:42,241 --> 00:10:44,243 >> IS THE SATURN V STILL THE 326 00:10:44,243 --> 00:10:45,611 MOST POWERFUL ROCKET THAT IS 327 00:10:45,611 --> 00:10:46,379 BLOWN TILL NOW? 328 00:10:46,379 --> 00:10:48,381 >> IT IS TODAY. 329 00:10:48,381 --> 00:10:50,449 33 OF THEM WERE FLOWN THROUGHOUT 330 00:10:50,449 --> 00:10:51,450 THE TEST PROGRAM. 331 00:10:51,450 --> 00:10:52,251 >> OH, WOW. 332 00:10:52,251 --> 00:10:53,986 THAT IS IMPRESSIVE. 333 00:10:53,986 --> 00:10:58,024 WHAT WAS IN THE SATURN V ROCKET? 334 00:10:58,024 --> 00:10:59,191 THESE AMAZING SPACESHIPS? 335 00:10:59,191 --> 00:11:00,926 THESE APOLLO ENGINEERS WERE 336 00:11:00,926 --> 00:11:03,729 CREATIVE, ELEGANT, AND PRECISE. 337 00:11:03,729 --> 00:11:04,697 >> I WOULD THINK THAT YOU WOULD 338 00:11:04,697 --> 00:11:08,501 HAVE TO BE IN ORDER TO BE SO 339 00:11:08,501 --> 00:11:08,901 AMBITIOUS -- 340 00:11:08,901 --> 00:11:10,870 >> TO PULL THIS OFF. 341 00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:13,839 >> WE HAD TWO AMAZING 342 00:11:13,839 --> 00:11:16,042 SPACECRAFTS. 343 00:11:16,042 --> 00:11:19,078 WE HAD WHAT WE CALL SORT OF THE 344 00:11:19,078 --> 00:11:24,016 COMMAND MODULE, THE ORION. 345 00:11:24,016 --> 00:11:24,417 SORRY. 346 00:11:24,417 --> 00:11:26,419 >> EXCITED ABOUT ORION. 347 00:11:26,419 --> 00:11:27,653 >> THE APOLLO CAPSULE AND A 348 00:11:27,653 --> 00:11:29,822 COMMAND MODULE THAT HAD ALL OF 349 00:11:29,822 --> 00:11:30,189 THE FUEL. 350 00:11:30,189 --> 00:11:34,360 AND THEN IT WAS A STAGED ON TOP 351 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:36,562 THE LUNAR EXCURSION BOTTLE 352 00:11:36,562 --> 00:11:37,129 DURING LAUNCH. 353 00:11:37,129 --> 00:11:39,398 AND THEN IT MOVED OFF AND IT 354 00:11:39,398 --> 00:11:41,867 PURO ADDED AROUND AND ATTACHED 355 00:11:41,867 --> 00:11:42,935 ITSELF. 356 00:11:42,935 --> 00:11:44,470 AND WE HAD THIS COMBINATION OF 357 00:11:44,470 --> 00:11:48,074 TWO DIFFERENT, OR ONE COULD SAY 358 00:11:48,074 --> 00:11:48,674 THREE OR FOUR DIFFERENT 359 00:11:48,674 --> 00:11:50,676 SPACECRAFT TOGETHER GOING TO THE 360 00:11:50,676 --> 00:11:50,976 MOON. 361 00:11:50,976 --> 00:11:54,313 AND THEN WE HAD THE THREE 362 00:11:54,313 --> 00:11:55,748 ASTRONAUTS THAT ARE IN APOLLO. 363 00:11:55,748 --> 00:11:58,884 >> THE COMMAND MODULE IS CALLED 364 00:11:58,884 --> 00:12:00,486 COLUMBIA, AND THEN IT WAS TIME 365 00:12:00,486 --> 00:12:04,990 FOR THE LUNAR LANDING ON JULY 366 00:12:04,990 --> 00:12:06,392 JULY 20TH, BUZZ ALDRIN AND 367 00:12:06,392 --> 00:12:07,293 ARMSTRONG WOULD MOVE INTO THE 368 00:12:07,293 --> 00:12:10,696 LUNAR EXCURSION MODULE AND THEY 369 00:12:10,696 --> 00:12:11,397 WOULD COME APART, MICHAEL 370 00:12:11,397 --> 00:12:12,665 COLLINS WILL GO AND ORBIT AROUND 371 00:12:12,665 --> 00:12:13,232 THE MOON. 372 00:12:13,232 --> 00:12:16,802 AND I AM LEFT WITH THE LUNAR 373 00:12:16,802 --> 00:12:18,971 MODULE, WHICH NEIL ARMSTRONG 374 00:12:18,971 --> 00:12:24,577 THEN PILOTED TO THEN LAND ON THE 375 00:12:24,577 --> 00:12:26,011 MOON. 376 00:12:26,011 --> 00:12:28,013 >> YES. 377 00:12:28,013 --> 00:12:29,148 >> THE TWO ASTRONAUTS ON THE 378 00:12:29,148 --> 00:12:29,482 MOON. 379 00:12:29,482 --> 00:12:32,218 AND MICHAEL COLLINS IS ORBITING 380 00:12:32,218 --> 00:12:34,053 THE MOON, THE LONELIEST JOB IN 381 00:12:34,053 --> 00:12:34,553 THE WORLD. 382 00:12:34,553 --> 00:12:35,755 SO EXTRAORDINARY TO BE ON THE 383 00:12:35,755 --> 00:12:36,122 FAR SIDE. 384 00:12:36,122 --> 00:12:39,859 ANOTHER STORY ABOUT THAT. 385 00:12:39,859 --> 00:12:44,063 AND THEN THE TWO ASTRONAUTS 386 00:12:44,063 --> 00:12:46,866 EGRESS, AND SET FOOT ON THE MOO 387 00:12:46,866 --> 00:12:47,433 MOON. 388 00:12:47,433 --> 00:12:50,636 >> SO TELL THEM ABOUT THE DEBATE 389 00:12:50,636 --> 00:12:52,338 OVER THE FIRST WORDS SPOKEN FROM 390 00:12:52,338 --> 00:12:54,907 THE MOON THAT YOU TOLD ME ABOUT. 391 00:12:54,907 --> 00:12:57,843 >> WELL, SO, WE ALL KNOW OR WE 392 00:12:57,843 --> 00:13:01,680 MAY IF YOU ARE READING ABOUT 393 00:13:01,680 --> 00:13:03,516 HOUSTON, TRANQUILITY BASE, THE 394 00:13:03,516 --> 00:13:04,683 EAGLE HAS LANDED. 395 00:13:04,683 --> 00:13:06,051 BECAUSE THE LUNAR EXCURSION 396 00:13:06,051 --> 00:13:08,187 MODEL IS CALLED EAGLE. 397 00:13:08,187 --> 00:13:10,656 COLUMBIA ORBIT, AND THE EAGLE 398 00:13:10,656 --> 00:13:11,056 HAS LANDED. 399 00:13:11,056 --> 00:13:12,625 >> WE HAVE OFFERED THAT. 400 00:13:12,625 --> 00:13:14,160 >> IT IS PILOTED BY ARMSTRONG 401 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:17,563 AND IS ABOUT TO LAND, THERE ARE 402 00:13:17,563 --> 00:13:18,764 THESE TWO POLLS, THREE OF THE 403 00:13:18,764 --> 00:13:21,934 FOUR LEGS HAD THESE POLLS ABOUT 404 00:13:21,934 --> 00:13:24,904 FIVE LONG, AND WHEN THEY TOUCH 405 00:13:24,904 --> 00:13:27,139 THE SURFACE OF THE MOON, BUZZ 406 00:13:27,139 --> 00:13:38,184 ALDRIN CALLED OUT YOU CAN HEAR 407 00:13:38,184 --> 00:13:38,818 THIS. 408 00:13:38,818 --> 00:13:40,853 THEY ARE GOING THROUGH A 409 00:13:40,853 --> 00:13:42,021 CHECKLIST. 410 00:13:42,021 --> 00:13:44,723 AND SOMEHOW BETWEEN "CONTACT 411 00:13:44,723 --> 00:13:46,892 LIGHT," AND 20 SECONDS LATER WE 412 00:13:46,892 --> 00:13:48,394 LANDED ON THE MOON. 413 00:13:48,394 --> 00:13:50,262 AND BUZZ ALDRIN COMES BACK ON 414 00:13:50,262 --> 00:13:55,568 AND SAYS "HOUSTON, TRANQUILITY 415 00:13:55,568 --> 00:13:58,971 BASE HERE, THE EAGLE HAS 416 00:13:58,971 --> 00:14:00,172 LANDED." 417 00:14:00,172 --> 00:14:04,510 IT COULD HAVE BEEN ENGINES STOP. 418 00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:07,646 >> IT IS WHATEVER YOU WANT IN 419 00:14:07,646 --> 00:14:08,113 YOUR DEFINITION. 420 00:14:08,113 --> 00:14:10,783 >> CONTACT LIGHT IS WHEN THEY 421 00:14:10,783 --> 00:14:11,217 DID HAVE -- 422 00:14:11,217 --> 00:14:13,419 IF YOU ARE EAGLE EYES, YOU CAN 423 00:14:13,419 --> 00:14:15,020 LOOK AT THE PICTURES OF THE 424 00:14:15,020 --> 00:14:17,122 EAGLE AND LOOK TO SEE THAT THE 425 00:14:17,122 --> 00:14:18,424 POST HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN TO 426 00:14:18,424 --> 00:14:19,792 90 DEGREES AND ARE STICKING OUT, 427 00:14:19,792 --> 00:14:21,393 BECAUSE THEY DID NOT SINK INTO 428 00:14:21,393 --> 00:14:22,595 THE SURFACE WHERE THEY LANDED. 429 00:14:22,595 --> 00:14:24,663 >> I SEE. 430 00:14:24,663 --> 00:14:28,100 >> NO ONE HAD ANY IDEA HOW SOFT 431 00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:30,069 OR FLUFFY OR DEEP THE DUST ON 432 00:14:30,069 --> 00:14:31,237 THE LUNAR SURFACE MIGHT BE. 433 00:14:31,237 --> 00:14:33,239 THEY DID NOT KNOW AS WE LAND TO 434 00:14:33,239 --> 00:14:35,841 THE SPACECRAFT, IS IT GOING TO 435 00:14:35,841 --> 00:14:36,742 SINK 3 FEET INTO THE SERVICE? 436 00:14:36,742 --> 00:14:38,844 OR IS IT GOING TO BE HARD AS A 437 00:14:38,844 --> 00:14:40,779 ROCK OR SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN? 438 00:14:40,779 --> 00:14:42,348 WE DID NOT KNOW. 439 00:14:42,348 --> 00:14:45,818 SO WE HAD THESE PROBES ON THE 440 00:14:45,818 --> 00:14:46,418 LANDING TO TRY AND SEE. 441 00:14:46,418 --> 00:14:49,822 >> I MEAN, IT IS MY FAVORITE 442 00:14:49,822 --> 00:14:50,189 SPACESHIP. 443 00:14:50,189 --> 00:14:50,990 BECAUSE IT WAS DESIGNED TO EXIST 444 00:14:50,990 --> 00:14:53,692 IN A VACUUM. 445 00:14:53,692 --> 00:14:57,229 IT HAD THE THINNEST WALLS, THIN 446 00:14:57,229 --> 00:14:58,397 AS ALUMINUM FOIL, BUZZ ALDRIN 447 00:14:58,397 --> 00:15:00,833 HAS A STORY THAT YOU CAN PUT A 448 00:15:00,833 --> 00:15:02,134 PIN THROUGH IT. 449 00:15:02,134 --> 00:15:04,203 AND THAT WAS PROTECTING THE 450 00:15:04,203 --> 00:15:05,604 ASTRONAUTS FROM THE EMPTINESS OF 451 00:15:05,604 --> 00:15:05,938 SPACE. 452 00:15:05,938 --> 00:15:08,173 THAT WAS ALL BECAUSE OF THE 453 00:15:08,173 --> 00:15:08,507 WEIGHT. 454 00:15:08,507 --> 00:15:10,576 >> OF COURSE PLAYED >> HERE AT 455 00:15:10,576 --> 00:15:12,177 THE PERIOD WHERE THE ASTRONAUTS 456 00:15:12,177 --> 00:15:12,811 ARE ON THE SURFACE. 457 00:15:12,811 --> 00:15:16,015 APOLLO WAS ONLY THERE FOR 21.5 458 00:15:16,015 --> 00:15:19,051 HOURS, BUT IN TERMS OF WALKING 459 00:15:19,051 --> 00:15:21,353 AROUND, ONLY 2.5 HOURS. 460 00:15:21,353 --> 00:15:22,888 >> OH, MAN. 461 00:15:22,888 --> 00:15:24,790 >> ONLY 2.5 HOURS OUTSIDE THE 462 00:15:24,790 --> 00:15:25,858 VEHICLE. 463 00:15:25,858 --> 00:15:26,325 >> PRODUCTIVE. 464 00:15:26,325 --> 00:15:28,560 >> THEY COULD WALK 300 FEET AWAY 465 00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:29,028 FROM THE EAGLE. 466 00:15:29,028 --> 00:15:30,930 >> TAKING A BUNCH OF PICTURES, 467 00:15:30,930 --> 00:15:33,098 DID SOME EXPERIMENTS. 468 00:15:33,098 --> 00:15:34,900 >> WHAT KIND OF EXPERIMENTS? 469 00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:36,468 >> WHAT WERE THOSE? 470 00:15:36,468 --> 00:15:38,938 >> ONE IN THE MAIN ONES WAS TO 471 00:15:38,938 --> 00:15:41,307 PUT A SEISMOMETER, THEY WERE 472 00:15:41,307 --> 00:15:43,442 INTERESTED IN MOON QUAKES. 473 00:15:43,442 --> 00:15:45,010 SO HERE IN CALIFORNIA WE HAVE 474 00:15:45,010 --> 00:15:45,411 EARTHQUAKES. 475 00:15:45,411 --> 00:15:50,582 SO HE MOON QUAKE, IN THE '60s 476 00:15:50,582 --> 00:15:51,417 WE DID NOT KNOW WHAT THE MOON 477 00:15:51,417 --> 00:15:55,054 SURFERS OR INTERIOR WAS LIKE AND 478 00:15:55,054 --> 00:15:56,388 THEY DID REGISTER MOON QUAKES. 479 00:15:56,388 --> 00:15:58,624 THEY HAD AN INSTRUMENT TO 480 00:15:58,624 --> 00:16:01,360 MEASURE DUST, THEY HAD A FLAG 481 00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:04,296 THAT THEY PUT OUT TO SEE WHAT 482 00:16:04,296 --> 00:16:04,997 WAS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, AND ONE 483 00:16:04,997 --> 00:16:09,168 OF THE NEATEST INSTRUMENTS -- 484 00:16:09,168 --> 00:16:10,903 >> MY FAVORITE. 485 00:16:10,903 --> 00:16:13,005 THEY DEPLOYED A LASER RETRO 486 00:16:13,005 --> 00:16:14,873 REFLECTOR, IT WAS A CORNER 487 00:16:14,873 --> 00:16:16,041 REFLECTOR THAT HAS THIS GREAT 488 00:16:16,041 --> 00:16:17,810 PROPERTY OF IF YOU SHINE A LASER 489 00:16:17,810 --> 00:16:19,345 AT IT, IT REFLECTS THE LASER 490 00:16:19,345 --> 00:16:21,947 STRAIGHT BACK FROM WHERE IT 491 00:16:21,947 --> 00:16:22,247 CAME. 492 00:16:22,247 --> 00:16:23,582 SO THEY DEPLOYED THIS ON THE 493 00:16:23,582 --> 00:16:26,418 SURFACE OF THE MOON, AND THEY 494 00:16:26,418 --> 00:16:27,386 COULD SHINE LASERS FROM EARTH AT 495 00:16:27,386 --> 00:16:29,355 THE MOON AND THE LASER WOULD BE 496 00:16:29,355 --> 00:16:30,923 REFLECTED STRAIGHT BACK AND THEY 497 00:16:30,923 --> 00:16:32,858 COULD MEASURE HOW LONG IT TOOK 498 00:16:32,858 --> 00:16:34,460 THE LASER TO GO TO THE MOON AND 499 00:16:34,460 --> 00:16:38,597 BACK AND GET A VERY, VERY 500 00:16:38,597 --> 00:16:39,431 PRECISE RANGE MEASUREMENT. 501 00:16:39,431 --> 00:16:41,600 AND IT IS A REALLY COOL 502 00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:42,001 INSTRUMENT. 503 00:16:42,001 --> 00:16:42,901 THEY DEPLOYED OTHERS ON THE 504 00:16:42,901 --> 00:16:44,203 SURFACE OF THE MOON. 505 00:16:44,203 --> 00:16:45,671 AND THEY ARE STILL BEING USED 506 00:16:45,671 --> 00:16:45,971 TODAY. 507 00:16:45,971 --> 00:16:49,274 >> IS IMPRESSIVE. 508 00:16:49,274 --> 00:16:50,976 >> WE HAVE LEARNED THAT THE MOON 509 00:16:50,976 --> 00:16:53,746 IS RECEIVING FROM US ABOUT 510 00:16:53,746 --> 00:16:54,346 1.5 INCHES PER YEAR. 511 00:16:54,346 --> 00:16:55,547 >> IT IS GOING AWAY? 512 00:16:55,547 --> 00:16:58,217 >> IF YOU STICK AROUND LONG 513 00:16:58,217 --> 00:16:58,550 ENOUGH. 514 00:16:58,550 --> 00:17:01,387 >> AND A CONFIRMED EINSTEIN'S 515 00:17:01,387 --> 00:17:02,821 THEORY OF GENERAL RELATIVITY BY 516 00:17:02,821 --> 00:17:05,858 REFINED KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOON'S 517 00:17:05,858 --> 00:17:06,692 ORBIT AROUND THE EARTH. 518 00:17:06,692 --> 00:17:08,160 >> REALLY IMPRESSIVE. 519 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,029 NOW WE HAVE HAD HER ASTRONAUTS 520 00:17:10,029 --> 00:17:10,696 DEPLOYED AND THEY'VE TOOK 521 00:17:10,696 --> 00:17:13,365 PICTURES AND VIDEOS IMPLANTED OF 522 00:17:13,365 --> 00:17:14,400 FLAG, THEY HAD A PHONE 523 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:18,570 CONVERSATION WITH PRESIDENT 524 00:17:18,570 --> 00:17:19,071 PRESIDENT NIXON. 525 00:17:19,071 --> 00:17:19,838 AND NEIL ARMSTRONG'S FIRST WORDS 526 00:17:19,838 --> 00:17:26,378 ON THE MOON "SMALL STEP FOR MAN, 527 00:17:26,378 --> 00:17:28,080 GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND." 528 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:31,984 WE COME IN PEACE FOR ALL OF 529 00:17:31,984 --> 00:17:32,951 HUMANKIND WAS ON ON THE PLAQ. 530 00:17:32,951 --> 00:17:35,988 >> WE HAVE AN IMAGE -- 531 00:17:35,988 --> 00:17:41,927 THERE WE GO. 532 00:17:41,927 --> 00:17:43,462 >> THAT IS BUZZ ALDRIN, AND NEIL 533 00:17:43,462 --> 00:17:45,531 ARMSTRONG TAKING THAT PICTURE. 534 00:17:45,531 --> 00:17:47,032 >> YOU CAN SEE THE REFLECTION. 535 00:17:47,032 --> 00:17:50,035 >> YES, THE REFLECTION. 536 00:17:50,035 --> 00:17:52,438 SO THE OTHER THING THEY DID WAS 537 00:17:52,438 --> 00:17:54,073 COLLECT SOIL SAMPLES AND ROCK 538 00:17:54,073 --> 00:17:54,440 SAMPLES. 539 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:55,107 AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT 540 00:17:55,107 --> 00:17:57,009 ARMSTRONG DID RIGHT AS HE GOT 541 00:17:57,009 --> 00:17:58,343 OUT WAS HE TOOK A CONTINGENCY A 542 00:17:58,343 --> 00:17:59,945 SAMPLE IN CASE THEY NEEDED TO 543 00:17:59,945 --> 00:18:02,247 GET BACK TO EARTH RIGHT AWAY, HE 544 00:18:02,247 --> 00:18:04,216 HAD SOMETHING AND PUT IT IN HIS 545 00:18:04,216 --> 00:18:05,417 RIGHT THIGH POCKET AND HAD A 546 00:18:05,417 --> 00:18:05,918 SOIL SAMPLE. 547 00:18:05,918 --> 00:18:09,221 DURING THE COURSE OF 2.5 HOURS, 548 00:18:09,221 --> 00:18:10,856 THEY WERE ABLE TO COLLECT ROCKS 549 00:18:10,856 --> 00:18:12,191 AND SOILS THAT HAS TRANSFORMED 550 00:18:12,191 --> 00:18:12,624 LUNAR SCIENCE. 551 00:18:12,624 --> 00:18:13,959 >> QUITE A BIT. 552 00:18:13,959 --> 00:18:16,562 THEY PICKED UP QUITE A BIT OF 553 00:18:16,562 --> 00:18:16,929 MATERIAL. 554 00:18:16,929 --> 00:18:17,629 >> 40 POUNDS OR SO. 555 00:18:17,629 --> 00:18:21,867 >> OVER THE COURSE OF ALL OF THE 556 00:18:21,867 --> 00:18:26,238 APOLLO MISSIONS -- 557 00:18:26,238 --> 00:18:27,139 >> 800 POUNDS OVER SIX MISSIONS. 558 00:18:27,139 --> 00:18:28,340 AND THEY HAVE BEEN INSTRUMENTAL. 559 00:18:28,340 --> 00:18:30,509 SO AFTER THEY HAD GONE INTO -- I 560 00:18:30,509 --> 00:18:32,611 WILL GO BACK TO MY MODEL. 561 00:18:32,611 --> 00:18:33,812 WE HAVE COLLECTED OUR SCIENCE, 562 00:18:33,812 --> 00:18:35,080 THE GREAT THING ABOUT ENGINEERS 563 00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:40,252 IS NOW WE HAVE THE DEPART OF THE 564 00:18:40,252 --> 00:18:41,820 ESSENCE STAGE THAT HAD TO WORK 565 00:18:41,820 --> 00:18:42,888 ON THE FIRST TIME. 566 00:18:42,888 --> 00:18:44,056 I KNOW IT WILL RENDEZVOUS WITH 567 00:18:44,056 --> 00:18:46,492 MIKE COLLINS AND HE WILL HAVE 568 00:18:46,492 --> 00:18:49,128 HIS BODY REUNITED. 569 00:18:49,128 --> 00:18:50,929 THE GENTLEMEN ARE BACK IN SPACE. 570 00:18:50,929 --> 00:18:52,631 >> HEY, MIKE. 571 00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:55,000 >> NOW IT IS TIME TO COME HOME. 572 00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:56,168 SO IT GETS JETTISONED, AND WE 573 00:18:56,168 --> 00:19:02,875 WIND UP HAVING HOOPS, THE APOLLO 574 00:19:02,875 --> 00:19:04,209 CAPSULE -- FALLING APART. 575 00:19:04,209 --> 00:19:10,382 THIS GETS JETTISONED. 576 00:19:10,382 --> 00:19:11,049 AND THEY RETURN HOME RETURN 577 00:19:11,049 --> 00:19:11,350 HOME. 578 00:19:11,350 --> 00:19:13,152 >> WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT MORE 579 00:19:13,152 --> 00:19:13,452 LATER. 580 00:19:13,452 --> 00:19:14,553 I WANT TO MENTION, YOU GUYS 581 00:19:14,553 --> 00:19:19,158 ANSWERED THE QUESTION, HOW LONG 582 00:19:19,158 --> 00:19:21,660 DID THEY STAY ON THE MOON DURING 583 00:19:21,660 --> 00:19:22,227 THE APOLLO MISSIONS. 584 00:19:22,227 --> 00:19:24,496 THIS WHEN YOU SAID THEY WERE ON 585 00:19:24,496 --> 00:19:24,930 THE SURFACE -- 586 00:19:24,930 --> 00:19:27,933 >> FOR 21.5 HOURS, BUT THEIR 587 00:19:27,933 --> 00:19:30,903 ACTUAL WALKING WAS ONLY A 2.5 588 00:19:30,903 --> 00:19:31,637 HOURS PRIOR >> WHAT ABOUT THEY 589 00:19:31,637 --> 00:19:34,673 HAD TO TAKE A NAP BEFORE THEY 590 00:19:34,673 --> 00:19:35,073 COULD LEAVE? 591 00:19:35,073 --> 00:19:37,342 OR THEY HAD TO HAVE A REST 592 00:19:37,342 --> 00:19:37,676 PERIOD? 593 00:19:37,676 --> 00:19:39,278 >> I THINK THERE WAS SOME 594 00:19:39,278 --> 00:19:39,611 NAPPING. 595 00:19:39,611 --> 00:19:42,981 THEY SPENT A REALLY INTENSE TIME 596 00:19:42,981 --> 00:19:46,518 NOT ONLY GETTING TO THE MOON, 597 00:19:46,518 --> 00:19:47,819 BUT BRINGING THE LAND ARE DOWN 598 00:19:47,819 --> 00:19:49,688 FROM CORPORATE TO LAND, AS YOU 599 00:19:49,688 --> 00:19:51,557 MAY HAVE SEEN IN SOME OF THE 600 00:19:51,557 --> 00:19:54,826 MOVIES AND OTHER COVERAGE, THAT 601 00:19:54,826 --> 00:19:55,527 WAS A VERY EXCITING RIDE THAT 602 00:19:55,527 --> 00:19:56,328 DID NOT TO LAND RIGHT WHERE THEY 603 00:19:56,328 --> 00:19:59,965 THOUGHT THEY WERE GOING TO BE. 604 00:19:59,965 --> 00:20:02,367 >> OVERSHOT BY ABOUT 4 MILES. 605 00:20:02,367 --> 00:20:05,737 >> OVERSHOT AND HAD TO FIND A 606 00:20:05,737 --> 00:20:07,573 LESS BOLD RE-AREA. 607 00:20:07,573 --> 00:20:09,942 A PLACE THAT WAS SUITABLE TO 608 00:20:09,942 --> 00:20:10,309 LAND. 609 00:20:10,309 --> 00:20:12,744 AND THEY ALMOST RAN OUT OF FUEL. 610 00:20:12,744 --> 00:20:15,814 SO THEY NEEDED A LITTLE BIT OF 611 00:20:15,814 --> 00:20:17,182 DOWNTIME. 612 00:20:17,182 --> 00:20:18,917 AND THEY WERE ALSO THE INHERENT 613 00:20:18,917 --> 00:20:21,420 IN LIMITATIONS OF YOU ONLY HAVE 614 00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:22,554 SO MUCH OXYGEN IN SO MANY 615 00:20:22,554 --> 00:20:22,921 SUPPLIES. 616 00:20:22,921 --> 00:20:24,523 YOU ARE ONLY EQUIPPED TO BE 617 00:20:24,523 --> 00:20:27,459 THERE FOR THIS RELATIVELY SHORT 618 00:20:27,459 --> 00:20:27,759 TIME. 619 00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:30,596 AND THEY KNOCKED IT OUT THE VERY 620 00:20:30,596 --> 00:20:32,197 FIRST TIME ANYONE HAD DONE IT. 621 00:20:32,197 --> 00:20:34,199 THEY WERE BEING VERY 622 00:20:34,199 --> 00:20:35,133 CONSERVATIVE IN ALL REGARDS. 623 00:20:35,133 --> 00:20:35,901 >> UNDERSTANDABLY. 624 00:20:35,901 --> 00:20:37,970 >> AND LEARNING WHILE DOING SO. 625 00:20:37,970 --> 00:20:42,107 AND THEN TO FOLLOW THE APOLLO 626 00:20:42,107 --> 00:20:42,975 MISSIONS THAT WOULD FOLLOW ON 627 00:20:42,975 --> 00:20:43,742 APOLLO 11. 628 00:20:43,742 --> 00:20:45,177 YOU ARE ALWAYS BUILDING ON WHAT 629 00:20:45,177 --> 00:20:46,578 YOU ARE LEARNING FROM. 630 00:20:46,578 --> 00:20:49,181 WITH THE LATER APOLLO MISSIONS 631 00:20:49,181 --> 00:20:51,016 SPENT THREE DAYS ON THE SURFACE 632 00:20:51,016 --> 00:20:52,384 DOING EXPERIMENTS. 633 00:20:52,384 --> 00:20:53,485 HAD THE ROVER AND DID LOTS OF 634 00:20:53,485 --> 00:20:54,086 OTHER THINGS. 635 00:20:54,086 --> 00:20:56,021 >> THIS ANSWERS MY QUESTION 636 00:20:56,021 --> 00:20:58,156 WHICH WAS SERIOUSLY, THEY HAD TO 637 00:20:58,156 --> 00:20:58,924 GO TO SLEEP? 638 00:20:58,924 --> 00:21:02,327 THEY ARE ON THE MOON. 639 00:21:02,327 --> 00:21:05,430 >> THE ENGINEERS TOOK OUT THE 640 00:21:05,430 --> 00:21:06,565 SEATS IN THE APOLLO 11 LANDER. 641 00:21:06,565 --> 00:21:07,332 SO THEY WERE JUST LIKE SLEEPING 642 00:21:07,332 --> 00:21:09,701 ON THE FLOOR. 643 00:21:09,701 --> 00:21:12,404 THEY PUT A HAMMOCK IN, BUT IN 644 00:21:12,404 --> 00:21:13,138 ORDER TO SAVE WEIGHT, THEY GOT 645 00:21:13,138 --> 00:21:15,540 RID OF THE SEATS. 646 00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:18,710 >> IT IS INTERESTING TO FLY THE 647 00:21:18,710 --> 00:21:20,545 LUNAR MODULE, I HAVE SOME STICK 648 00:21:20,545 --> 00:21:25,284 TIME IN OUR SIMULATOR FOR THE 649 00:21:25,284 --> 00:21:26,151 LUNAR MODULE. 650 00:21:26,151 --> 00:21:28,287 >> WHAT? 651 00:21:28,287 --> 00:21:30,589 >> I GOT TO "LAND ON THE MOON" 652 00:21:30,589 --> 00:21:34,926 WITH RUSTY AND CHARLIE DUKE WHO 653 00:21:34,926 --> 00:21:36,428 ARE FELLOW LUNAR MODULE PILOTS. 654 00:21:36,428 --> 00:21:37,729 AND YOU ARE STANDING UP. 655 00:21:37,729 --> 00:21:38,997 YOU ARE FLYING NOTHING. 656 00:21:38,997 --> 00:21:40,699 THERE IS NO SEAT. 657 00:21:40,699 --> 00:21:41,566 YOU ARE STANDING UP, AND 658 00:21:41,566 --> 00:21:43,268 BRINGING NOTHING IN AND FLYING 659 00:21:43,268 --> 00:21:43,535 IT. 660 00:21:43,535 --> 00:21:46,905 BOTH OF THOSE GUYS ARE 661 00:21:46,905 --> 00:21:47,706 CRACKER JACK AT IT, BECAUSE THEY 662 00:21:47,706 --> 00:21:50,542 FLEW THE REAL THING. 663 00:21:50,542 --> 00:21:52,110 THEY WERE BOTH STILL VERY GOOD 664 00:21:52,110 --> 00:21:53,345 AT IT. 665 00:21:53,345 --> 00:21:54,513 MUCH BETTER THAN US. 666 00:21:54,513 --> 00:21:56,581 BUT JUST THAT EXPERIENCE OF WHAT 667 00:21:56,581 --> 00:21:58,317 IS IT REALLY LIKE TO TRY AND FLY 668 00:21:58,317 --> 00:21:59,318 AND LAND ON THE MOON? 669 00:21:59,318 --> 00:22:00,886 IT IS NOT LIKE FLYING AN 670 00:22:00,886 --> 00:22:01,353 AIRPLANE. 671 00:22:01,353 --> 00:22:02,187 IT IS NOT LIKE FLYING A 672 00:22:02,187 --> 00:22:03,021 HELICOPTER. 673 00:22:03,021 --> 00:22:04,990 IT IS A COMPLETELY UNIQUE AND 674 00:22:04,990 --> 00:22:05,991 DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE. 675 00:22:05,991 --> 00:22:07,359 >> IT HAS TO BE, RIGHT? 676 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:09,194 IT IS NOT THE EARTH. 677 00:22:09,194 --> 00:22:10,696 >> WE HAVE TO RELEARN THAT ALL 678 00:22:10,696 --> 00:22:11,296 AGAIN FOR THE PROGRAM. 679 00:22:11,296 --> 00:22:14,032 >> AND WE ARE SMARTER TOO. 680 00:22:14,032 --> 00:22:16,301 WE LEARNED SO MUCH BY SOME OF 681 00:22:16,301 --> 00:22:18,904 THE VIDEOS OF BUZZ AND NEIL 682 00:22:18,904 --> 00:22:20,205 JUMPING AROUND THE SURFACE OF 683 00:22:20,205 --> 00:22:21,573 APOLLO 11, THEY ARE TRYING OUT 684 00:22:21,573 --> 00:22:23,041 DIFFERENT STEPS, THEY ARE TRYING 685 00:22:23,041 --> 00:22:25,777 TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO WALK WITH 686 00:22:25,777 --> 00:22:26,411 THE BULKY SPACESHIPS. 687 00:22:26,411 --> 00:22:27,579 YOU SEE THEM HOPPING IN ALL OF 688 00:22:27,579 --> 00:22:27,879 THAT. 689 00:22:27,879 --> 00:22:29,681 IT IS A PART OF THE EXPERIMENT 690 00:22:29,681 --> 00:22:30,115 AS WELL. 691 00:22:30,115 --> 00:22:31,450 WE WANTED TO KNOW HOW WE COULD 692 00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:35,487 WORK AND LIVE IN THE ENVIRONMEN 693 00:22:35,487 --> 00:22:36,355 ENVIRONMENT. 694 00:22:36,355 --> 00:22:37,322 >> IS THAT WHY? 695 00:22:37,322 --> 00:22:38,457 THEY LOOK LIKE THEY ARE HAVING 696 00:22:38,457 --> 00:22:38,724 FUN. 697 00:22:38,724 --> 00:22:41,193 >> IT WAS PRETTY MUCH THE MOST 698 00:22:41,193 --> 00:22:41,893 EFFICIENT WAY TO WALK. 699 00:22:41,893 --> 00:22:44,763 >> HAVING TO ADAPT IN THE MOMENT 700 00:22:44,763 --> 00:22:45,397 AND LEARN EXACTLY, THOSE 701 00:22:45,397 --> 00:22:46,898 QUESTIONS THAT WE DID NOT KNOW. 702 00:22:46,898 --> 00:22:48,600 >> WE CAN ONLY SIMULATE SO MUCH. 703 00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:49,468 YOU HAVE TO GO THERE. 704 00:22:49,468 --> 00:22:51,737 AND THAT'S WHERE YOU WILL MAKE 705 00:22:51,737 --> 00:22:54,005 THE BIG LEAPS OF KNOWLEDGE AND 706 00:22:54,005 --> 00:22:54,439 UNDERSTANDING. 707 00:22:54,439 --> 00:22:57,576 >> MOVING IN THOSE SUITS IS 708 00:22:57,576 --> 00:22:57,909 INSANE. 709 00:22:57,909 --> 00:23:00,112 >> YOU HAVE THE BIG CHUNKY THING 710 00:23:00,112 --> 00:23:00,912 OFF OF YOUR SHOULDER. 711 00:23:00,912 --> 00:23:03,615 >> THE LUNAR MODULE IS YOUR 712 00:23:03,615 --> 00:23:04,182 FAVORITE SPACECRAFT? 713 00:23:04,182 --> 00:23:06,818 >> MY FAVORITE. 714 00:23:06,818 --> 00:23:09,755 >> I WANT YOU TO KNOW THAT 715 00:23:09,755 --> 00:23:10,355 APERTURE COMBINES AS MY 716 00:23:10,355 --> 00:23:12,224 GRANDFATHER HELPED TO DESIGN THE 717 00:23:12,224 --> 00:23:12,657 LUNAR MODULE. 718 00:23:12,657 --> 00:23:16,928 >> THAT IS SO AWESOME. 719 00:23:16,928 --> 00:23:18,230 >> THE REASON THAT THE LUNAR 720 00:23:18,230 --> 00:23:22,701 MODULE IS MY FAVORITE IS BECAUSE 721 00:23:22,701 --> 00:23:24,970 IT IS ONE OF THE FEW VEHICLES 722 00:23:24,970 --> 00:23:26,905 THAT WE HAVE EVER BELTED THAT 723 00:23:26,905 --> 00:23:28,707 WAS REALLY DESIGNED ONLY FOR THE 724 00:23:28,707 --> 00:23:30,075 SPACE ENVIRONMENT. 725 00:23:30,075 --> 00:23:32,077 HE NEVER HAS TO GO THROUGH AND 726 00:23:32,077 --> 00:23:32,544 ATMOSPHERE. 727 00:23:32,544 --> 00:23:36,982 SO IT DOES NOT LOOK LIKE AN 728 00:23:36,982 --> 00:23:38,216 ATMOSPHERIC VEHICLE. 729 00:23:38,216 --> 00:23:38,950 AND INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 730 00:23:38,950 --> 00:23:39,918 IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE, BUT THEY ARE 731 00:23:39,918 --> 00:23:41,753 NOT VERY MANY THAT ARE LIKE 732 00:23:41,753 --> 00:23:42,854 THAT. 733 00:23:42,854 --> 00:23:43,555 ALMOST EVERYTHING ELSE EITHER 734 00:23:43,555 --> 00:23:44,623 HAS TO GO UP THERE AN ATMOSPHERE 735 00:23:44,623 --> 00:23:46,558 OR HAS TO GO BACK THROUGH AN 736 00:23:46,558 --> 00:23:48,193 ATMOSPHERE, AND IT IS A VERY 737 00:23:48,193 --> 00:23:50,862 DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT TYPE OF 738 00:23:50,862 --> 00:23:51,229 VEHICLE. 739 00:23:51,229 --> 00:23:53,398 >> I CAN SEE THAT. 740 00:23:53,398 --> 00:23:55,767 SO THERE ARE PEOPLE THAT BUILD 741 00:23:55,767 --> 00:23:56,935 SPACE CRAFTS OR DESIGN THEM. 742 00:23:56,935 --> 00:23:57,369 THAT MATTERS. 743 00:23:57,369 --> 00:24:01,106 VERY COOL. 744 00:24:01,106 --> 00:24:01,740 SO ONE COOL THING ABOUT 745 00:24:01,740 --> 00:24:03,608 CELEBRATING THE ANNIVERSARY IS 746 00:24:03,608 --> 00:24:05,844 THAT WE HAVE BEEN GATHERING 747 00:24:05,844 --> 00:24:06,378 PEOPLE'S MEMORIES. 748 00:24:06,378 --> 00:24:10,081 SO I THOUGHT ABOUT WHAT IS MY 749 00:24:10,081 --> 00:24:10,882 MEMORY OF APOLLO 50TH. 750 00:24:10,882 --> 00:24:13,218 I WAS NOT BORN, BUT IT MADE ME 751 00:24:13,218 --> 00:24:16,288 THINK, MY DAD HAD THIS VIDEOTAPE 752 00:24:16,288 --> 00:24:18,723 THAT HE SAT ME AND MY SISTER 753 00:24:18,723 --> 00:24:20,091 DOWN IN FRONT OF AND POPPED IT 754 00:24:20,091 --> 00:24:21,560 ON THE VCR AND IT WAS THIS WEIRD 755 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:23,261 GRAINY BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE. 756 00:24:23,261 --> 00:24:25,964 I DID NOT KNOW WHAT IT WAS, BUT 757 00:24:25,964 --> 00:24:27,766 IT WAS THE APOLLO 11 MOON 758 00:24:27,766 --> 00:24:28,099 LANDING. 759 00:24:28,099 --> 00:24:29,768 AT THAT TIME, I DON'T KNOW IN 760 00:24:29,768 --> 00:24:30,502 ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OR SOMETHING 761 00:24:30,502 --> 00:24:32,337 AND I DID NOT GET IT, BUT I KNEW 762 00:24:32,337 --> 00:24:33,738 THAT IT MATTERED TO MY DAD WHO 763 00:24:33,738 --> 00:24:36,575 MADE US SIT AND WATCH IT. 764 00:24:36,575 --> 00:24:38,577 >> THAT IS SO COOL. 765 00:24:38,577 --> 00:24:40,145 THAT IS PROBABLY WHY YOU ARE 766 00:24:40,145 --> 00:24:42,214 HERE AT NASA TOO. 767 00:24:42,214 --> 00:24:45,650 >> NOW YOU CAN WATCH IT ON THE 768 00:24:45,650 --> 00:24:46,885 WEB. 769 00:24:46,885 --> 00:24:50,055 >> TRYING TO THINK ABOUT JUST 770 00:24:50,055 --> 00:24:51,423 BEING BACK THERE AND JUST IT WAS 771 00:24:51,423 --> 00:24:52,424 A DEFINING MOMENT IN HISTORY IN 772 00:24:52,424 --> 00:24:54,793 THAT CENTURY. 773 00:24:54,793 --> 00:24:56,127 JUST FOR THE WHOLE WORLD TUNING 774 00:24:56,127 --> 00:24:58,396 IN AND WATCHING THIS. 775 00:24:58,396 --> 00:25:01,166 >> THAT IS AMAZING, RIGHT? 776 00:25:01,166 --> 00:25:03,034 EVERYONE ACROSS THE ENTIRE GLOBE 777 00:25:03,034 --> 00:25:04,769 LOOKING UP AT THE MOON ALL AT 778 00:25:04,769 --> 00:25:05,070 ONCE. 779 00:25:05,070 --> 00:25:07,205 THAT IS JUST AMAZING, RIGHT? 780 00:25:07,205 --> 00:25:09,174 >> YOU HAVE SOME OF THOSE 781 00:25:09,174 --> 00:25:10,408 MEMORIES TO SHARE WITH US? 782 00:25:10,408 --> 00:25:12,210 >> I DO, SO WE HAVE MORE 783 00:25:12,210 --> 00:25:13,979 STORIES, AND THEY ARE ACTUALLY 784 00:25:13,979 --> 00:25:15,647 FROM YOU ALL, WE INVITED PEOPLE 785 00:25:15,647 --> 00:25:20,552 AROUND THE WORLD TO SHARE THEIR 786 00:25:20,552 --> 00:25:22,153 APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING STORIES. 787 00:25:22,153 --> 00:25:22,988 WE COLLECTED THE RESPONSES, AND 788 00:25:22,988 --> 00:25:26,892 THEY ARE A PART OF OUR NASA 789 00:25:26,892 --> 00:25:27,526 EXPLORERS PODCAST. 790 00:25:27,526 --> 00:25:30,095 AND HERE IS ONE THAT WE HAVE 791 00:25:30,095 --> 00:25:34,332 HERE FROM ELLEN IN CALISTOGA, 792 00:25:34,332 --> 00:25:34,733 CALIFORNIA. 793 00:25:34,733 --> 00:25:36,568 >> WE WERE ALL GLUED TO OUR 794 00:25:36,568 --> 00:25:38,870 TELEVISION THIS DAY. 795 00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:40,205 IT WAS A TELEVISION THAT ONLY 796 00:25:40,205 --> 00:25:40,739 GOT THREE CANDLES. 797 00:25:40,739 --> 00:25:43,341 I AM GRATEFUL THAT WE WERE ABLE 798 00:25:43,341 --> 00:25:44,309 TO WATCH. 799 00:25:44,309 --> 00:25:46,611 IT WAS QUITE FUZZY, BUT IT WAS 800 00:25:46,611 --> 00:25:47,913 SO EXCITING. 801 00:25:47,913 --> 00:25:49,781 AND ME BEING YOUNG, I 802 00:25:49,781 --> 00:25:50,515 IMMEDIATELY WENT OUTSIDE WITH A 803 00:25:50,515 --> 00:25:51,683 PAIR OF BINOCULARS TO STARE AT 804 00:25:51,683 --> 00:25:54,386 THE MOON TO SEE IF I COULD SEE 805 00:25:54,386 --> 00:25:55,153 NEIL ARMSTRONG WALKING ON THE 806 00:25:55,153 --> 00:25:56,321 MOON. 807 00:25:56,321 --> 00:25:58,890 WHEN YOU ARE YOUNG, ANYTHING IS 808 00:25:58,890 --> 00:26:00,692 POSSIBLE. 809 00:26:00,692 --> 00:26:02,594 >> SO NICE. 810 00:26:02,594 --> 00:26:03,094 THAT WAS AMAZING. 811 00:26:03,094 --> 00:26:05,697 SO IF YOU WANT TO HEAR MORE 812 00:26:05,697 --> 00:26:11,069 STORIES LIKE ELLEN'S YOU CAN GO 813 00:26:11,069 --> 00:26:11,770 TO www.NASA.gov/ApolloStories 814 00:26:11,770 --> 00:26:12,270 AND BROWSE THOSE. 815 00:26:12,270 --> 00:26:13,672 AND NOW WE HAVE A WHOLE BUNCH OF 816 00:26:13,672 --> 00:26:17,509 QUESTIONS WAITING FOR US. 817 00:26:17,509 --> 00:26:18,877 SHOULD WE JUMP TO -- 818 00:26:18,877 --> 00:26:19,878 >> WE SHOULD. 819 00:26:19,878 --> 00:26:21,546 >> OUR QUESTIONS SECTION? 820 00:26:21,546 --> 00:26:25,183 DO YOU WANT TO LEAD US OFF INTO 821 00:26:25,183 --> 00:26:26,117 RAPID FIRE QUESTION TIME? 822 00:26:26,117 --> 00:26:27,452 >> REALLY QUICKLY. 823 00:26:27,452 --> 00:26:32,791 OKAY, SO, WE HAVE HERE FROM AN 824 00:26:32,791 --> 00:26:36,861 EASTER EGG -- WHY THE MOON 825 00:26:36,861 --> 00:26:37,929 BEFORE MARS? 826 00:26:37,929 --> 00:26:40,899 >> I THINK THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 827 00:26:40,899 --> 00:26:41,299 REASONS. 828 00:26:41,299 --> 00:26:43,001 THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE WAS 829 00:26:43,001 --> 00:26:44,269 SENDING HUMANS TO MARS IS THAT 830 00:26:44,269 --> 00:26:45,470 IT IS SO MUCH FURTHER AWAY. 831 00:26:45,470 --> 00:26:48,073 IT TAKES A LOT LONGER TO GET 832 00:26:48,073 --> 00:26:53,979 THERE THEN GOING TO THE MOON. 833 00:26:53,979 --> 00:26:54,646 AND THAT DURATION INTRODUCES 834 00:26:54,646 --> 00:26:57,248 LOTS AND LOTS OF BIG PROBLEMS. 835 00:26:57,248 --> 00:27:00,418 THERE ARE A LONGER EXPOSURE TO 836 00:27:00,418 --> 00:27:00,785 RADIATION. 837 00:27:00,785 --> 00:27:04,422 LONGER EXPOSURE TO REALLY 838 00:27:04,422 --> 00:27:06,825 GRAVITY, LIVING IN BASICALLY A 839 00:27:06,825 --> 00:27:08,326 TIN CAN. 840 00:27:08,326 --> 00:27:08,927 FOR POTENTIALLY MONTHS. 841 00:27:08,927 --> 00:27:13,131 PLUS ALL OF THE TECHNICAL 842 00:27:13,131 --> 00:27:14,733 DEVICES AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE TO 843 00:27:14,733 --> 00:27:17,502 BE RELIABLE ENOUGH TO LAST THAT 844 00:27:17,502 --> 00:27:17,802 LONG. 845 00:27:17,802 --> 00:27:19,204 AND RATHER THAN JUST MAKE A GO 846 00:27:19,204 --> 00:27:21,339 OF IT AND GIVE IT YOUR BEST 847 00:27:21,339 --> 00:27:23,908 SHOT, IT IS EASIER TO PROVE ALL 848 00:27:23,908 --> 00:27:26,578 OF THAT A LITTLE BIT CLOSER TO 849 00:27:26,578 --> 00:27:26,911 HOME. 850 00:27:26,911 --> 00:27:29,214 WE HAVE A LONG PERIOD OF HAVING 851 00:27:29,214 --> 00:27:31,483 HUMANS IN EARTH ORBIT ON THE 852 00:27:31,483 --> 00:27:32,017 SPACE STATION. 853 00:27:32,017 --> 00:27:34,986 THE NEXT BIG STEP IS TO GO THAT 854 00:27:34,986 --> 00:27:36,588 MUCH FURTHER AWAY FROM US AND 855 00:27:36,588 --> 00:27:39,157 SPEND THAT MUCH MORE TIME, THAT 856 00:27:39,157 --> 00:27:40,592 TAKES US TO THE MOON. 857 00:27:40,592 --> 00:27:42,360 >> AND MARS IS A VERY DIFFERENT 858 00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:42,861 MIND-SET AS WELL. 859 00:27:42,861 --> 00:27:46,931 COMMUNICATION COULD BE 860 00:27:46,931 --> 00:27:47,732 20 MINUTES, 30 MINUTES AND VERY 861 00:27:47,732 --> 00:27:49,267 INDEPENDENT WHEN YOU ARE OUT 862 00:27:49,267 --> 00:27:51,569 THERE ON YOUR OWN DOING SPACE 863 00:27:51,569 --> 00:27:53,705 EXPLORATION. 864 00:27:53,705 --> 00:27:54,839 >> HERE IS ONE. 865 00:27:54,839 --> 00:27:56,908 HOW MUCH FUEL DID IT TAKE TO 866 00:27:56,908 --> 00:28:00,311 LIFT THE LUNAR MODULE? 867 00:28:00,311 --> 00:28:02,747 THE LEM OFF OF THE MOON? 868 00:28:02,747 --> 00:28:04,015 >> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 869 00:28:04,015 --> 00:28:08,753 I REMEMBER SEEING THE NUMBER FOR 870 00:28:08,753 --> 00:28:11,022 THE LEM CREW MODULE, AND I WANT 871 00:28:11,022 --> 00:28:17,495 TO SAY, DON'T QUOTE ME ON THIS 872 00:28:17,495 --> 00:28:18,963 BUT IT WAS A FEW HUNDRED 873 00:28:18,963 --> 00:28:19,297 GALLONS. 874 00:28:19,297 --> 00:28:22,701 IT WAS NOT A HUGE AMOUNT TO. 875 00:28:22,701 --> 00:28:25,103 BUT IT ONLY HAD THAT ONE JOB TO 876 00:28:25,103 --> 00:28:25,370 DO. 877 00:28:25,370 --> 00:28:28,073 >> AND IT HAD TO WORK THAT ONE 878 00:28:28,073 --> 00:28:28,540 TIME. 879 00:28:28,540 --> 00:28:30,942 >> I KNOW THAT THE NUMBER IS 880 00:28:30,942 --> 00:28:31,309 PUBLISHED. 881 00:28:31,309 --> 00:28:32,911 I DO NOT HAVE IT AT THE TIP OF 882 00:28:32,911 --> 00:28:35,680 MY TONGUE, BUT ALL OF THE APOLLO 883 00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:36,381 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ARE OUT 884 00:28:36,381 --> 00:28:37,048 THERE. 885 00:28:37,048 --> 00:28:39,117 YOU CAN GO ONLINE AND DOWNLOAD 886 00:28:39,117 --> 00:28:40,552 ALL OF THE APOLLO REPORTS, ALL 887 00:28:40,552 --> 00:28:43,888 OF THE EXPERIENCED REPORTS. 888 00:28:43,888 --> 00:28:44,789 LIKE ALL OF THOSE TECHNICAL 889 00:28:44,789 --> 00:28:45,890 DETAILS ARE ALL IN THERE. 890 00:28:45,890 --> 00:28:48,526 YOU CAN LIFT THEM UP. 891 00:28:48,526 --> 00:28:50,095 IT'S REALLY COOL TO BROWSE 892 00:28:50,095 --> 00:28:50,528 THROUGH IT. 893 00:28:50,528 --> 00:28:54,866 >> DOES EVERYBODY HAVE THE 894 00:28:54,866 --> 00:28:56,935 APOLLO TECHNICAL MANUAL AT HOME? 895 00:28:56,935 --> 00:28:57,302 >> I DO. 896 00:28:57,302 --> 00:28:58,903 >> FULL OF FUN FACTS. 897 00:28:58,903 --> 00:29:01,773 >> IT IS ON MY LAPTOP IN MY 898 00:29:01,773 --> 00:29:02,874 OFFICE. 899 00:29:02,874 --> 00:29:04,943 >> THERE ARE SOME EXCITED 900 00:29:04,943 --> 00:29:05,777 COMMENTS LIKE CAN'T WAIT TO 901 00:29:05,777 --> 00:29:07,846 EXPERIENCE THE SAME THING IN 902 00:29:07,846 --> 00:29:09,247 FIVE YEARS THAT SOME DID 50 903 00:29:09,247 --> 00:29:09,781 YEARS AGO. 904 00:29:09,781 --> 00:29:12,083 THAT'S RIGHT, WE ARE THE ARTEMIS 905 00:29:12,083 --> 00:29:12,484 GENERATION. 906 00:29:12,484 --> 00:29:15,720 >> WE ARE THUS ARTEMIS 907 00:29:15,720 --> 00:29:16,788 GENERATION. 908 00:29:16,788 --> 00:29:18,857 WE ARE LEARNING FROM APOLLO. 909 00:29:18,857 --> 00:29:20,658 ON THE SHOULDERS OF APOLLO. 910 00:29:20,658 --> 00:29:22,861 >> WE HAVE A QUESTION, I THINK 911 00:29:22,861 --> 00:29:24,629 BECAUSE WE TALK SO MUCH ABOUT 912 00:29:24,629 --> 00:29:25,130 THE ASTRONAUTS. 913 00:29:25,130 --> 00:29:27,932 WHAT DID IT TAKE TO BECOME AN 914 00:29:27,932 --> 00:29:28,533 ASTRONAUT? 915 00:29:28,533 --> 00:29:29,200 >> GOOD QUESTION. 916 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:30,935 >> WHAT DO THEY HAVE TO DO IN 917 00:29:30,935 --> 00:29:33,805 ORDER TO LAND ON THE MOON? 918 00:29:33,805 --> 00:29:36,641 >> EDUCATION, SKILLED, 919 00:29:36,641 --> 00:29:39,878 DETERMINATION, A LITTLE LUCK, 920 00:29:39,878 --> 00:29:40,745 RIGHT? 921 00:29:40,745 --> 00:29:43,715 THE LAST ASTRONAUT CLASS HAD 922 00:29:43,715 --> 00:29:44,215 SOMETHING LIKE -- 923 00:29:44,215 --> 00:29:51,156 >> 18,000 APPLICATIONS. 924 00:29:51,156 --> 00:29:54,526 >> I WANT TO BE AN ASTRONAUT 925 00:29:54,526 --> 00:29:57,695 WHEN I GROW UP. 926 00:29:57,695 --> 00:29:58,963 THE FUTURE ASTRONAUTS FOR 927 00:29:58,963 --> 00:29:59,798 SUSTAINED HUMANS IN SPACE, WE 928 00:29:59,798 --> 00:30:01,966 ARE GOING TO NEED ALL DIFFERENT 929 00:30:01,966 --> 00:30:02,267 TYPES. 930 00:30:02,267 --> 00:30:03,368 ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS, BUT WE 931 00:30:03,368 --> 00:30:06,638 WILL NEED PEOPLE WHO CAN KEEP 932 00:30:06,638 --> 00:30:07,605 THE MACHINES WORKING. 933 00:30:07,605 --> 00:30:08,273 YOU NEED PLUMBERS COMING IN 934 00:30:08,273 --> 00:30:10,708 EIGHT SURVEYORS COMING IN NEED 935 00:30:10,708 --> 00:30:12,744 FOLKS WHO CAN CLIMB DOWN CANYON 936 00:30:12,744 --> 00:30:14,913 WALLS, SPELUNKING YOURS. 937 00:30:14,913 --> 00:30:22,954 WE WILL NEED ALL TYPES OF -- 938 00:30:22,954 --> 00:30:23,688 YES, ALL KINDS OF SPECIALTIES. 939 00:30:23,688 --> 00:30:25,557 >> MAYBE THIS WILL BE THE LAST 940 00:30:25,557 --> 00:30:26,891 ONE, BUT WE WILL GET BACK 941 00:30:26,891 --> 00:30:28,726 TOMORROW, BUT ASKING YOU 942 00:30:28,726 --> 00:30:30,728 KIMBERLY, HOW LONG DID YOU GO TO 943 00:30:30,728 --> 00:30:33,665 COLLEGE TO GET THE KNOWLEDGE FOR 944 00:30:33,665 --> 00:30:34,165 YOUR CURRENT JOB? 945 00:30:34,165 --> 00:30:35,099 >> I STAYED IN SCHOOL FOR A VERY 946 00:30:35,099 --> 00:30:37,502 LONG TIME. 947 00:30:37,502 --> 00:30:39,571 I DID FOUR YEARS AS AN 948 00:30:39,571 --> 00:30:41,940 UNDERGRADUATE, GOT A PHYSICS 949 00:30:41,940 --> 00:30:44,375 DEGREE, A GREAT DEGREE TO LEARN 950 00:30:44,375 --> 00:30:45,109 HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS. 951 00:30:45,109 --> 00:30:46,244 THEN I DID FOUR YEARS IN GRAD 952 00:30:46,244 --> 00:30:48,179 SCHOOL AND GOT A PhD IN 953 00:30:48,179 --> 00:30:48,880 ASTROPHYSICS. 954 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:50,515 SO YES, I STAYED IN SCHOOL AND I 955 00:30:50,515 --> 00:30:53,084 REMEMBER WHEN I GOT MY FIRST 956 00:30:53,084 --> 00:30:54,919 JOB, WHICH WAS CALLED A POSTDOC 957 00:30:54,919 --> 00:30:55,687 AFTER YOUR DOCTORATE, I WENT TO 958 00:30:55,687 --> 00:30:58,089 ANOTHER UNIVERSITY AND MY DAD 959 00:30:58,089 --> 00:30:59,090 WOULD SAY, ARE YOU STILL IN 960 00:30:59,090 --> 00:31:00,491 SCHOOL? 961 00:31:00,491 --> 00:31:03,027 YOU'RE NOT GETTING PAID THIS 962 00:31:03,027 --> 00:31:03,328 TIME. 963 00:31:03,328 --> 00:31:03,928 [LAUGHTER] 964 00:31:03,928 --> 00:31:05,296 SO YES, A GOOD 18 YEARS OF 965 00:31:05,296 --> 00:31:08,833 SCHOOLING OUTSIDE OF HIGH SCHOO 966 00:31:08,833 --> 00:31:09,234 HIGH SCHOOL. 967 00:31:09,234 --> 00:31:09,734 WELL WORTH IT. 968 00:31:09,734 --> 00:31:12,070 >> IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE 969 00:31:12,070 --> 00:31:13,571 TOO, WE NEVER STOP LEARNING. 970 00:31:13,571 --> 00:31:14,906 >> NEVER STOP LEARNING. 971 00:31:14,906 --> 00:31:17,976 A JOB HERE WORKING IN THE SPACE 972 00:31:17,976 --> 00:31:18,610 PROGRAM, YOU NEVER STOP 973 00:31:18,610 --> 00:31:18,977 LEARNING. 974 00:31:18,977 --> 00:31:20,712 >> IN A GOOD WAY, OBVIOUSLY. 975 00:31:20,712 --> 00:31:22,814 BY THE TIME YOU ARE DOING YOUR 976 00:31:22,814 --> 00:31:23,982 PhD, IT IS SOMETHING YOU'RE 977 00:31:23,982 --> 00:31:26,317 PASSIONATE ABOUT. 978 00:31:26,317 --> 00:31:27,385 AND LOVING IT, RIGHT? 979 00:31:27,385 --> 00:31:29,687 >> I DO THINK SCHOOL, AT LEAST 980 00:31:29,687 --> 00:31:31,656 FOR ME, SCHOOL GOT EVEN MORE FUN 981 00:31:31,656 --> 00:31:32,523 AND EXCITING THE MORE YEARS OF 982 00:31:32,523 --> 00:31:34,325 IT I HAD. 983 00:31:34,325 --> 00:31:36,761 I THINK BACK TO LIKE MY FRESHMAN 984 00:31:36,761 --> 00:31:38,930 YEAR OF COLLEGE, AND IT WAS A 985 00:31:38,930 --> 00:31:39,364 LOT OF WORK. 986 00:31:39,364 --> 00:31:40,732 AND IT WAS REALLY CHALLENGING 987 00:31:40,732 --> 00:31:42,233 AND I DID NOT KNOW WHAT I WAS 988 00:31:42,233 --> 00:31:42,533 DOING. 989 00:31:42,533 --> 00:31:45,336 AS I SPENT MORE YEARS IN MY 990 00:31:45,336 --> 00:31:46,905 ACADEMIC CAREER, IT ACTUALLY GOT 991 00:31:46,905 --> 00:31:49,107 EASIER AND MORE FUN. 992 00:31:49,107 --> 00:31:50,208 IT STOPPED BEING CHALLENGING. 993 00:31:50,208 --> 00:31:51,709 BUT IT TOOK ON A DIFFERENT NOTE. 994 00:31:51,709 --> 00:31:54,479 SO IF YOU'RE JUST STARTING IN 995 00:31:54,479 --> 00:31:55,380 COLLEGE, OR IF YOU ARE IN 996 00:31:55,380 --> 00:31:59,717 HIGH SCHOOL, OR EVEN ELEMENTARY 997 00:31:59,717 --> 00:32:01,486 SCHOOL, IT DOES GET EASIER. 998 00:32:01,486 --> 00:32:02,520 AND I WOULD ARGUE THAT IT GETS 999 00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:03,755 MORE FUN AS YOU GO ALONG. 1000 00:32:03,755 --> 00:32:05,523 SO DON'T BE AFRAID OF SPENDING 1001 00:32:05,523 --> 00:32:07,659 LOTS OF YEARS IN SCHOOL. 1002 00:32:07,659 --> 00:32:08,493 >> THAT IS GREAT ADVICE. 1003 00:32:08,493 --> 00:32:10,628 >> THAT IS A GOOD POINT. 1004 00:32:10,628 --> 00:32:12,830 WE'LL GET BACK TO MORE QUESTIONS 1005 00:32:12,830 --> 00:32:13,131 LATER. 1006 00:32:13,131 --> 00:32:14,832 BEFORE WE MOVE ON, I JUST WANT 1007 00:32:14,832 --> 00:32:15,934 TO LET PEOPLE KNOW, I WANT TO 1008 00:32:15,934 --> 00:32:18,903 INVITE YOU TO JOIN US IN 1009 00:32:18,903 --> 00:32:20,171 CELEBRATING THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY 1010 00:32:20,171 --> 00:32:21,839 OF THE APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING 1011 00:32:21,839 --> 00:32:23,141 AND HEAR ABOUT OUR FUTURE PLANS 1012 00:32:23,141 --> 00:32:26,844 TO GO TO THE MOON AND ONTO MARS 1013 00:32:26,844 --> 00:32:30,481 BY TUNING INTO A SPECIAL TWO OUR 1014 00:32:30,481 --> 00:32:32,483 LIFE NASA TELEVISION BROADCAST 1015 00:32:32,483 --> 00:32:33,217 TOMORROW AT 10:00 A.M. PACIFIC, 1016 00:32:33,217 --> 00:32:34,152 SO TO LEARN ABOUT THE SHOW AND 1017 00:32:34,152 --> 00:32:40,058 HOW TO WATCH, YOU CAN GO TO 1018 00:32:40,058 --> 00:32:40,792 www.NASA.gov/Apollo50th AND 1019 00:32:40,792 --> 00:32:42,894 CLICK ON "EVENTS" ." 1020 00:32:42,894 --> 00:32:44,429 WILL YOU WATCH? 1021 00:32:44,429 --> 00:32:45,697 >> DEFINITELY, I WILL BE 1022 00:32:45,697 --> 00:32:46,064 WATCHING. 1023 00:32:46,064 --> 00:32:47,732 THIS STUFF IS REALLY, REALLY 1024 00:32:47,732 --> 00:32:48,099 COOL. 1025 00:32:48,099 --> 00:32:49,734 IT IS NICE TO GO BACK IN TIME 1026 00:32:49,734 --> 00:32:50,935 AND REVISIT HISTORY AND SEE THAT 1027 00:32:50,935 --> 00:32:52,603 COMING IN ON WHAT I MEAN? 1028 00:32:52,603 --> 00:32:54,939 SO LET'S DIG A LITTLE BIT DEEPER 1029 00:32:54,939 --> 00:32:57,809 INTO THE APOLLO HISTORY AND TALK 1030 00:32:57,809 --> 00:32:58,609 ABOUT ALL OF THE COOL FACTS THAT 1031 00:32:58,609 --> 00:33:01,713 YOU DON'T KNOW ABOUT IN ORDER TO 1032 00:33:01,713 --> 00:33:03,681 DO THAT, WE HAVE OUR HISTORIAN 1033 00:33:03,681 --> 00:33:04,248 HERE, JAMES. 1034 00:33:04,248 --> 00:33:06,117 >> HI, TIFFANY, HOW ARE YOU? 1035 00:33:06,117 --> 00:33:09,954 >> TELL IT TO US ABOUT YOURSELF. 1036 00:33:09,954 --> 00:33:11,923 >> I AM JAMES ANDERSON, I AM THE 1037 00:33:11,923 --> 00:33:12,724 NASA HISTORIAN WHO HAS BEEN HERE 1038 00:33:12,724 --> 00:33:15,293 FOR A COUPLE OF MONTHS RIGHT 1039 00:33:15,293 --> 00:33:17,762 HERE IN THE EXCITEMENT LEADING 1040 00:33:17,762 --> 00:33:18,596 UP TO -- 1041 00:33:18,596 --> 00:33:19,731 YEAH, EXACTLY. 1042 00:33:19,731 --> 00:33:20,732 I JUMPED RIGHT IN. 1043 00:33:20,732 --> 00:33:22,433 AND IN THE LAST FEW MONTHS, THEY 1044 00:33:22,433 --> 00:33:24,102 HAVE BEEN REALLY WONDERFUL. 1045 00:33:24,102 --> 00:33:24,936 WE HAVE HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO 1046 00:33:24,936 --> 00:33:28,906 MEET A LOT OF THE APOLLO 1047 00:33:28,906 --> 00:33:30,641 VETERANS WHO WORKED AT AMES. 1048 00:33:30,641 --> 00:33:32,143 AND JUST GETTING TO HEAR EVEN 1049 00:33:32,143 --> 00:33:34,512 MORE STORIES FROM THAT TIME, 1050 00:33:34,512 --> 00:33:38,049 MANY OF WHICH ARE NOT THE ONES 1051 00:33:38,049 --> 00:33:40,718 THAT YOU HEAR ALL THE TIME. 1052 00:33:40,718 --> 00:33:42,687 >> THE CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT. 1053 00:33:42,687 --> 00:33:45,623 WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THAT TIME 1054 00:33:45,623 --> 00:33:45,990 AT AMES? 1055 00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:50,862 >> IT HAS BEEN AN EXCITING TIME. 1056 00:33:50,862 --> 00:33:53,264 DURING THE WHOLE APOLLO PROGRAM, 1057 00:33:53,264 --> 00:33:54,866 THE SCOPE OF THE NUMBER OF 1058 00:33:54,866 --> 00:33:56,334 PEOPLE INVOLVED AT ITS PEAK, 1059 00:33:56,334 --> 00:34:00,271 THERE WERE AROUND 400,000 1060 00:34:00,271 --> 00:34:02,874 AMERICANS, MEN AND WOMEN FROM 1061 00:34:02,874 --> 00:34:05,043 DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS WORKING ON 1062 00:34:05,043 --> 00:34:06,711 THE APOLLO PROJECT. 1063 00:34:06,711 --> 00:34:09,814 AND HERE AT AMES, IT WAS ALSO A 1064 00:34:09,814 --> 00:34:11,082 TIME OF BUILDING TOO. 1065 00:34:11,082 --> 00:34:12,583 A NUMBER OF NEW FACILITIES CAME 1066 00:34:12,583 --> 00:34:14,786 ONLINE AND GOT FUNDING AT THAT 1067 00:34:14,786 --> 00:34:15,253 TIME. 1068 00:34:15,253 --> 00:34:17,822 AND A LOT OF THE RESEARCH, 1069 00:34:17,822 --> 00:34:22,026 DIRECTLY INFLUENCING THE DESIGN 1070 00:34:22,026 --> 00:34:22,393 OF APOLLO. 1071 00:34:22,393 --> 00:34:23,828 >> WOW. 1072 00:34:23,828 --> 00:34:24,929 THAT IS AMAZING. 1073 00:34:24,929 --> 00:34:28,299 400,000 PEOPLE ALL COMING 1074 00:34:28,299 --> 00:34:30,034 TOGETHER TO SOLVE THIS AMBITIOUS 1075 00:34:30,034 --> 00:34:32,403 AND REALLY GET THIS PLAN GOING. 1076 00:34:32,403 --> 00:34:36,307 THAT IS TO GET TO THE MOON. 1077 00:34:36,307 --> 00:34:37,442 THAT IS AMAZING. 1078 00:34:37,442 --> 00:34:38,876 >> IT IS INCREDIBLY HUGE EFFORT. 1079 00:34:38,876 --> 00:34:40,344 >> WHAT ARE SOME OF THE 1080 00:34:40,344 --> 00:34:42,113 FACILITIES THAT THEY WERE 1081 00:34:42,113 --> 00:34:43,347 BUILDING TO SUPPORT THE NEW 1082 00:34:43,347 --> 00:34:43,948 MISSIONS? 1083 00:34:43,948 --> 00:34:46,184 >> FUNNY THAT YOU SHOULD ASK. 1084 00:34:46,184 --> 00:34:46,818 I BROUGHT SOME HISTORICAL 1085 00:34:46,818 --> 00:34:50,922 ARTIFACTS WITH ME TODAY. 1086 00:34:50,922 --> 00:34:51,522 [LAUGHTER] 1087 00:34:51,522 --> 00:34:53,458 FROM OUR FACILITIES HERE AT 1088 00:34:53,458 --> 00:34:53,825 AMES. 1089 00:34:53,825 --> 00:34:55,059 KIMBERLY WAS SHOWING A LITTLE 1090 00:34:55,059 --> 00:34:57,695 BIT EARLIER THE MODEL OF THE 1091 00:34:57,695 --> 00:34:58,262 APOLLO COMMAND MODULE. 1092 00:34:58,262 --> 00:35:02,733 I HAVE ANOTHER MODEL OF THE 1093 00:35:02,733 --> 00:35:03,334 APOLLO COMMAND MODULE. 1094 00:35:03,334 --> 00:35:05,736 SO YOU HAVE THIS ONE HERE. 1095 00:35:05,736 --> 00:35:08,973 IT LOOKS JUST LIKE IT. 1096 00:35:08,973 --> 00:35:12,677 IT HAS THE EXACT SAME SHAPE OF 1097 00:35:12,677 --> 00:35:13,144 APOLLO. 1098 00:35:13,144 --> 00:35:14,212 THE ONE SIDE IS POINTY AND THE 1099 00:35:14,212 --> 00:35:17,181 OTHER SIDE NOT, BUT WHY IS THAT, 1100 00:35:17,181 --> 00:35:17,915 CHAD? 1101 00:35:17,915 --> 00:35:21,686 >> THIS IS ONE OF THE UNIQUE 1102 00:35:21,686 --> 00:35:23,721 CONTRIBUTIONS THAT WAS MADE NOT 1103 00:35:23,721 --> 00:35:26,491 JUST TO THE APOLLO PROGRAM, BUT 1104 00:35:26,491 --> 00:35:27,658 ALL OF THE MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 1105 00:35:27,658 --> 00:35:30,895 PROGRAMS AT THE TIME. 1106 00:35:30,895 --> 00:35:33,131 BUT RB ALLEN WAS ONE OF THE 1107 00:35:33,131 --> 00:35:34,899 ANALYSIS HERE AT THE CENTER, 1108 00:35:34,899 --> 00:35:37,135 LATER ONE OF THE CENTER'S, AND 1109 00:35:37,135 --> 00:35:40,505 HE WAS STUDYING HOW TO PROTECT 1110 00:35:40,505 --> 00:35:42,507 THE VEHICLES FROM HEAT AS THEY 1111 00:35:42,507 --> 00:35:45,610 CAME BACK INTO THE EARTH'S 1112 00:35:45,610 --> 00:35:47,278 ATMOSPHERE. 1113 00:35:47,278 --> 00:35:49,447 PREVIOUSLY ALL OF THE HIGH-SPEED 1114 00:35:49,447 --> 00:35:51,983 VEHICLES, THEY WERE VERY POINTY, 1115 00:35:51,983 --> 00:35:54,118 SORT OF LIKE THE FRONT AND HAD A 1116 00:35:54,118 --> 00:35:55,286 SHARP POINT, BECAUSE THAT WAS 1117 00:35:55,286 --> 00:35:56,888 THE LEAST AMOUNT OF DRAG COMING 1118 00:35:56,888 --> 00:35:57,989 BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, BUT 1119 00:35:57,989 --> 00:36:02,059 THEY GOT TOO HOT. 1120 00:36:02,059 --> 00:36:04,896 AND ALAN REALIZED WITH THIS VERY 1121 00:36:04,896 --> 00:36:05,596 BLUNT SHAPE IT CREATED A LOT 1122 00:36:05,596 --> 00:36:08,766 MORE DRAG AND IT WOULD SLOW THEM 1123 00:36:08,766 --> 00:36:10,701 DOWN, BUT IT ALLOWED THE HEAT 1124 00:36:10,701 --> 00:36:12,570 TO GO OUT AND AROUND AND THE 1125 00:36:12,570 --> 00:36:13,771 HEAT WOULD NOT BE TRANSFERRED 1126 00:36:13,771 --> 00:36:16,274 INTO THE SURFACE OF THE VEHICLE, 1127 00:36:16,274 --> 00:36:19,877 SO BASICALLY THE CREW MEMBERS IN 1128 00:36:19,877 --> 00:36:21,779 THE VEHICLE WOULD BE PROTECTED 1129 00:36:21,779 --> 00:36:23,681 FROM ALL THAT HEAT AS A CAME 1130 00:36:23,681 --> 00:36:25,783 BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. 1131 00:36:25,783 --> 00:36:26,851 AND OF COURSE WE ARE DOING 1132 00:36:26,851 --> 00:36:28,219 BASICALLY THE SAME CONCEPT TO 1133 00:36:28,219 --> 00:36:28,920 TODAY. 1134 00:36:28,920 --> 00:36:30,588 SO IT WAS REALLY A LASTING 1135 00:36:30,588 --> 00:36:32,323 CONTRIBUTION THAT HE MADE. 1136 00:36:32,323 --> 00:36:33,925 >> WITH ALL OF THE VEHICLES 1137 00:36:33,925 --> 00:36:36,460 RETURNING FROM THE INTERNATIONAL 1138 00:36:36,460 --> 00:36:38,095 SPACE STATION IN THE COMMERCIAL 1139 00:36:38,095 --> 00:36:41,699 CREW, THE BOEING AND THE SPACEX 1140 00:36:41,699 --> 00:36:42,900 CAPSULES FOLLOW THE SAME 1141 00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:44,835 ENGINEERING, COMMON DESIGN. 1142 00:36:44,835 --> 00:36:46,304 >> THE DESIGN ENGINEERING OF 1143 00:36:46,304 --> 00:36:46,704 SOMETHING. 1144 00:36:46,704 --> 00:36:49,674 >> HOW WOULD YOU COME UP WITH 1145 00:36:49,674 --> 00:36:50,441 THAT SHAPE? 1146 00:36:50,441 --> 00:36:54,879 >> HE WAS AN ECCENTRIC CHARACTER 1147 00:36:54,879 --> 00:36:56,447 AND IT REALLY IS -- 1148 00:36:56,447 --> 00:36:59,183 >> THE BEST IDEAS COME FROM THE 1149 00:36:59,183 --> 00:37:02,253 ACENTRIC. 1150 00:37:02,253 --> 00:37:04,188 >> IT IS AN ODD IDEA THAT CAME 1151 00:37:04,188 --> 00:37:06,691 OUT TO WORK VERY WELL. 1152 00:37:06,691 --> 00:37:09,860 AND THAT CONCEPT, THE BLUNT BODY 1153 00:37:09,860 --> 00:37:10,995 CONCEPT WAS DEVELOPED OLDER THAN 1154 00:37:10,995 --> 00:37:14,899 NASA ITSELF, IT WAS FOUNDED IN 1155 00:37:14,899 --> 00:37:18,436 1958, BUT ALAN CAME UP WITH THAT 1156 00:37:18,436 --> 00:37:22,873 IDEA HERE AT AMES IN THE '50s. 1157 00:37:22,873 --> 00:37:26,010 >> SO AMES BEFORE IT WAS NASA 1158 00:37:26,010 --> 00:37:26,310 AMES. 1159 00:37:26,310 --> 00:37:28,179 >> SOLVING A PROBLEM THAT WAS 1160 00:37:28,179 --> 00:37:30,615 GOING TO BE, NOT JUST, WAS GOING 1161 00:37:30,615 --> 00:37:32,083 TO BE USED DECADES LATER. 1162 00:37:32,083 --> 00:37:34,285 >> THAT IS INCREDIBLE TOO. 1163 00:37:34,285 --> 00:37:36,354 FORWARD THINKING. 1164 00:37:36,354 --> 00:37:39,924 >> WHAT DO YOU DO WITH THAT 1165 00:37:39,924 --> 00:37:40,224 MODEL? 1166 00:37:40,224 --> 00:37:41,826 IS IT SOLID METAL? 1167 00:37:41,826 --> 00:37:45,830 >> IT IS, AND YOU LAUNCH THEM. 1168 00:37:45,830 --> 00:37:48,266 IN ONE OF THE FACILITY IS THAT 1169 00:37:48,266 --> 00:37:50,134 WAS BUILT, CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN 1170 00:37:50,134 --> 00:37:53,537 1964 ON WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE 1171 00:37:53,537 --> 00:37:55,873 HYPER VELOCITY FREE FLIGHT 1172 00:37:55,873 --> 00:38:00,478 FACILITY, AND OPENED IN 1965, 1173 00:38:00,478 --> 00:38:02,913 AND THIS MODEL, AND I HAVE 1174 00:38:02,913 --> 00:38:06,884 ANOTHER ONE HERE, THIS FACILITY, 1175 00:38:06,884 --> 00:38:11,188 IMAGINE THE 275 FEET ALONG, 1176 00:38:11,188 --> 00:38:13,024 3.5 FEET IN DIAMETER, AND FROM 1177 00:38:13,024 --> 00:38:15,993 ONE AND YOU HAVE A REALLY HIGH 1178 00:38:15,993 --> 00:38:18,529 SPEED STREAM OF AIR AT ONE END, 1179 00:38:18,529 --> 00:38:20,731 AND AT THE OTHER, YOU HAVE A 1180 00:38:20,731 --> 00:38:21,065 CANON. 1181 00:38:21,065 --> 00:38:25,670 >> A CANON. 1182 00:38:25,670 --> 00:38:29,240 [LAUGHTER] 1183 00:38:29,240 --> 00:38:31,676 >> WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE CANON? 1184 00:38:31,676 --> 00:38:33,077 >> WELL, YOU SHOOT IT. 1185 00:38:33,077 --> 00:38:38,683 >> MAKE SENSE. 1186 00:38:38,683 --> 00:38:42,887 SPEAK WITH THESE ARE MADE HERE 1187 00:38:42,887 --> 00:38:46,123 IN AMES' MACHINE SHOPS. 1188 00:38:46,123 --> 00:38:47,091 THIS IS ANOTHER APOLLO MODEL, 1189 00:38:47,091 --> 00:38:49,293 QUITE A BIT SMALLER THAN THE 1190 00:38:49,293 --> 00:38:50,695 FIRST ONE THAT WE SAW, BUT 1191 00:38:50,695 --> 00:38:54,899 ACTUALLY THIS ONE, IT WOULD BE 1192 00:38:54,899 --> 00:38:59,437 LOADED INTO THE CANON AT ONE 1193 00:38:59,437 --> 00:39:01,339 AND, AND LAUNCHED UPSTREAM INTO 1194 00:39:01,339 --> 00:39:03,074 THE AIR SO THAT IT WAS TRAVELING 1195 00:39:03,074 --> 00:39:06,310 REALLY, REALLY FAST. 1196 00:39:06,310 --> 00:39:07,845 >> WE LOOKED THIS UP AND THE 1197 00:39:07,845 --> 00:39:10,514 FACILITY HAS A TOP SPEED FOR 1198 00:39:10,514 --> 00:39:12,650 THAT MODEL OF ABOUT 27,000 MILES 1199 00:39:12,650 --> 00:39:17,154 PER HOUR, SO IT IS REALLY MOVIN 1200 00:39:17,154 --> 00:39:17,488 MOVING. 1201 00:39:17,488 --> 00:39:18,255 >> WOW. 1202 00:39:18,255 --> 00:39:20,524 >> IN ORDER TO REPRODUCE THE 1203 00:39:20,524 --> 00:39:22,426 CONDITIONS OF A CAPSULE COMING 1204 00:39:22,426 --> 00:39:24,662 BACK INTO THE EARTH'S 1205 00:39:24,662 --> 00:39:26,364 ATMOSPHERE, OR THE ATMOSPHERE OF 1206 00:39:26,364 --> 00:39:26,797 ANOTHER WORLD. 1207 00:39:26,797 --> 00:39:28,733 >> AND TRAVELING IN THE SAME 1208 00:39:28,733 --> 00:39:30,935 POSITION AS THE MOON. 1209 00:39:30,935 --> 00:39:31,702 THIS WAS A UNIQUE PROBLEM WHEN 1210 00:39:31,702 --> 00:39:32,903 YOU ARE SENDING SOMETHING FAR 1211 00:39:32,903 --> 00:39:34,839 AWAY AND IS COMING BACK AT A 1212 00:39:34,839 --> 00:39:36,107 MUCH FASTER SPEED. 1213 00:39:36,107 --> 00:39:38,876 >> WE HAVE AN IMAGE OF WHAT THEY 1214 00:39:38,876 --> 00:39:42,513 WOULD SEE TAKING HIGH-SPEED 1215 00:39:42,513 --> 00:39:44,482 PHOTOS, TELL US WHAT THAT IS ALL 1216 00:39:44,482 --> 00:39:44,782 ABOUT. 1217 00:39:44,782 --> 00:39:47,051 >> YOU ARE LOOKING AT IN IMAGE 1218 00:39:47,051 --> 00:39:50,888 OF THE SHOCK WAVE THAT IS COMING 1219 00:39:50,888 --> 00:39:53,591 OFF OF THE TINY MODEL AS IT 1220 00:39:53,591 --> 00:39:54,959 COMES DOWN THE TUBE, SO IN THIS 1221 00:39:54,959 --> 00:39:55,926 IMAGE THE CAPSULE IS TRAVELING 1222 00:39:55,926 --> 00:39:58,996 FROM RIGHT TO LEFT AS IT COMES 1223 00:39:58,996 --> 00:40:01,065 INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, THE 1224 00:40:01,065 --> 00:40:02,666 SHOCK WAVE IS CREATED AND WE 1225 00:40:02,666 --> 00:40:04,235 TALKED EARLIER ABOUT HOW THIS 1226 00:40:04,235 --> 00:40:06,003 BLUNT SHAPE ON THE END OF THE 1227 00:40:06,003 --> 00:40:07,304 CAPSULE PROTECTS IT FROM THE 1228 00:40:07,304 --> 00:40:07,605 HEAT. 1229 00:40:07,605 --> 00:40:09,907 HERE YOU CAN SEE IT AS MAKING 1230 00:40:09,907 --> 00:40:11,475 THE LAYER, THE SHOCK WAVE IS 1231 00:40:11,475 --> 00:40:14,445 MAKING A LAYER AROUND THE 1232 00:40:14,445 --> 00:40:16,447 CAPSULE THAT IS PROTECTING IT 1233 00:40:16,447 --> 00:40:17,915 FROM THE HEAT GENERATED BY 1234 00:40:17,915 --> 00:40:19,650 FRICTION AS IT COMES INTO THE 1235 00:40:19,650 --> 00:40:20,651 ATMOSPHERE. 1236 00:40:20,651 --> 00:40:22,720 IT IS AN AMAZING PHOTO, YOU 1237 00:40:22,720 --> 00:40:26,724 CAN -- THIS WAS BACK IN THE 1238 00:40:26,724 --> 00:40:27,725 PREDIGITAL AGE. 1239 00:40:27,725 --> 00:40:29,226 SO THEY HAD CAMERAS SET UP DOWN 1240 00:40:29,226 --> 00:40:32,463 THE TUNNEL TO SNAP PICTURES AS 1241 00:40:32,463 --> 00:40:33,931 THE THING WAS FLYING DOWN IT. 1242 00:40:33,931 --> 00:40:35,733 >> AMAZING. 1243 00:40:35,733 --> 00:40:36,434 IT IS AMAZING. 1244 00:40:36,434 --> 00:40:37,868 WE HAVE A COMMENT HERE SAYING 1245 00:40:37,868 --> 00:40:39,170 AMAZING HOW FAR WE HAVE COME IN 1246 00:40:39,170 --> 00:40:42,606 SUCH A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME. 1247 00:40:42,606 --> 00:40:44,842 >> IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT, 50 1248 00:40:44,842 --> 00:40:46,043 YEARS IS NOT THAT LONG. 1249 00:40:46,043 --> 00:40:50,481 >> IT IS NOT THAT LONG. 1250 00:40:50,481 --> 00:40:52,516 >> AWESOME STREAM, NASA, 1251 00:40:52,516 --> 00:40:52,883 THANK YOU. 1252 00:40:52,883 --> 00:40:55,286 THANKS FOR WATCHING. 1253 00:40:55,286 --> 00:40:57,955 I HAD ANOTHER COMMENT TO SHARE. 1254 00:40:57,955 --> 00:41:02,893 I'M OVER THE MOON ABOUT THE 1255 00:41:02,893 --> 00:41:06,063 ARTEMIS MISSION. 1256 00:41:06,063 --> 00:41:08,399 >> SO ARE WE. 1257 00:41:08,399 --> 00:41:09,433 >> EXCELLENT, JAMES, DID YOU 1258 00:41:09,433 --> 00:41:11,702 BRING ANYTHING ELSE FOR US? 1259 00:41:11,702 --> 00:41:13,771 >> WE HAVE ANOTHER EXCITING 1260 00:41:13,771 --> 00:41:18,242 ARTIFACT HERE. 1261 00:41:18,242 --> 00:41:18,943 >> GUESS WHAT THIS IS. 1262 00:41:18,943 --> 00:41:21,245 LET ME GET OUT OF THE WAY. 1263 00:41:21,245 --> 00:41:22,880 >> JAMES IS BRINGING ALL OF THE 1264 00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:25,349 COOL STUFF. 1265 00:41:25,349 --> 00:41:26,717 >> IT IS ENCASED IN GLASS. 1266 00:41:26,717 --> 00:41:29,453 >> TELL US WHAT THAT IS. 1267 00:41:29,453 --> 00:41:34,825 >> THAT IS A GENUINE MOON ROCK. 1268 00:41:34,825 --> 00:41:37,528 THIS ONE WAS RETURNED BY APOLLO 1269 00:41:37,528 --> 00:41:43,400 15, AND WAYS UNDER 1 POUND. 1270 00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:45,102 0.3 POUNDS, AND I DON'T KNOW, I 1271 00:41:45,102 --> 00:41:46,003 GET SHIVERS EVERY TIME I SEE IT. 1272 00:41:46,003 --> 00:41:50,908 IT IS SO WEIRD JUST TO WRAP YOUR 1273 00:41:50,908 --> 00:41:52,276 MIND AROUND -- 1274 00:41:52,276 --> 00:41:54,645 >> THAT ROCK HAS BEEN A LONG 1275 00:41:54,645 --> 00:41:54,945 WAY. 1276 00:41:54,945 --> 00:41:57,014 >> 3.4 BILLION YEARS OLD. 1277 00:41:57,014 --> 00:41:59,850 >> WOW. 1278 00:41:59,850 --> 00:42:01,785 >> THAT IS KIND OF THE AGE OF 1279 00:42:01,785 --> 00:42:03,888 THE FIRST LIFE CRAWLING OUT OF 1280 00:42:03,888 --> 00:42:04,822 THE OCEAN -- 1281 00:42:04,822 --> 00:42:06,857 >> HERE ON EARTH. 1282 00:42:06,857 --> 00:42:08,492 >> THAT IS THE UNDERSTANDING. 1283 00:42:08,492 --> 00:42:10,895 THE MOON IS A TREASURE TROVE OF 1284 00:42:10,895 --> 00:42:11,495 SCIENCE. 1285 00:42:11,495 --> 00:42:14,131 IT PRESERVES ANCIENT HISTORY OF 1286 00:42:14,131 --> 00:42:15,432 THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1287 00:42:15,432 --> 00:42:18,068 AND EVEN TODAY, RESEARCHERS 1288 00:42:18,068 --> 00:42:21,739 APPLIED TO NASSAU TO LOOK AT 1289 00:42:21,739 --> 00:42:23,674 SAMPLES OF THE APOLLO MOON ROCK, 1290 00:42:23,674 --> 00:42:26,076 AND WE ARE STILL LEARNING NEW 1291 00:42:26,076 --> 00:42:26,410 THINGS. 1292 00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:28,879 >> I LOVE THAT IN A WAY IT KIND 1293 00:42:28,879 --> 00:42:30,814 OF JUST LOOKS LIKE A ROCK, 1294 00:42:30,814 --> 00:42:33,250 BECAUSE IT REMINDS ME THAT THESE 1295 00:42:33,250 --> 00:42:34,818 OBJECTS AND PLACES IN SPACE ARE 1296 00:42:34,818 --> 00:42:37,688 PART OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, JUST 1297 00:42:37,688 --> 00:42:38,489 LIKE EARTH. 1298 00:42:38,489 --> 00:42:40,090 >> I'M NOTICING THAT I DON'T 1299 00:42:40,090 --> 00:42:42,293 KNOW IF IT COMES ACROSS ON THE 1300 00:42:42,293 --> 00:42:45,362 VIDEO, BUT IT KIND OF SPARKLES. 1301 00:42:45,362 --> 00:42:47,865 >> I WAS GOING TO SAY THAT IT IS 1302 00:42:47,865 --> 00:42:48,265 SPARKLY. 1303 00:42:48,265 --> 00:42:50,534 >> AND I AM LOOKING AT THE 1304 00:42:50,534 --> 00:42:51,669 MONITOR IN THE STUDIO, AND I AM 1305 00:42:51,669 --> 00:42:53,871 NOT SURE THAT THAT REALLY COMES 1306 00:42:53,871 --> 00:42:54,204 ACROSS. 1307 00:42:54,204 --> 00:42:56,707 IT IS NOT JUST THIS GRAY LUMP, 1308 00:42:56,707 --> 00:42:58,242 THERE ARE SOME REALLY NEAT 1309 00:42:58,242 --> 00:43:00,644 THINGS GOING ON THAT KIND OF 1310 00:43:00,644 --> 00:43:01,579 BRINGS IT -- BRINGS IT TO LIFE. 1311 00:43:01,579 --> 00:43:05,015 BUT THAT IS NOT QUITE -- 1312 00:43:05,015 --> 00:43:07,651 >> FAR FROM THAT, BUT AT THE 1313 00:43:07,651 --> 00:43:10,654 TIME IN THE 1960s, WE DID NOT 1314 00:43:10,654 --> 00:43:11,822 KNOW WHETHER LIFE WAS ON OTHER 1315 00:43:11,822 --> 00:43:12,156 WORLDS. 1316 00:43:12,156 --> 00:43:15,392 AND IT IS STILL A QUEST THAT 1317 00:43:15,392 --> 00:43:17,194 NASA AND HUMANITY IS LOOKING 1318 00:43:17,194 --> 00:43:18,329 FOR. 1319 00:43:18,329 --> 00:43:18,862 ARE WE ALONE? 1320 00:43:18,862 --> 00:43:21,699 >> AND WHEN THE APOLLO SAMPLES 1321 00:43:21,699 --> 00:43:24,868 WERE RETURNED, AMES WAS 1 OF 2 1322 00:43:24,868 --> 00:43:25,936 NASA CENTERS THAT ANALYZE THE 1323 00:43:25,936 --> 00:43:28,973 SAMPLES AND LOOK FOR WHETHER OR 1324 00:43:28,973 --> 00:43:30,674 NOT THEY ACTUALLY HAD LIFE OR 1325 00:43:30,674 --> 00:43:31,108 SIGNS OF LIFE. 1326 00:43:31,108 --> 00:43:32,276 >> THAT IS SO COOL. 1327 00:43:32,276 --> 00:43:34,878 >> HOW DID THEY DO IT? 1328 00:43:34,878 --> 00:43:37,314 >> I THINK WE ACTUALLY HAVE SOME 1329 00:43:37,314 --> 00:43:37,815 FOOTAGE OF THIS. 1330 00:43:37,815 --> 00:43:41,318 >> WE DO, HERE IN THE ARCHIVES. 1331 00:43:41,318 --> 00:43:46,223 SO FROM THE ARCHIVES HERE AT 1332 00:43:46,223 --> 00:43:47,324 AMES, SOME RECENTLY REDISCOVERED 1333 00:43:47,324 --> 00:43:48,425 FOOTAGE THAT WE ARE SEEING NOW. 1334 00:43:48,425 --> 00:43:50,961 WHAT IS GOING ON HERE, KIMBERLY? 1335 00:43:50,961 --> 00:43:55,833 >> OH, THIS IS APOLLO 11 SOIL 1336 00:43:55,833 --> 00:43:56,500 SAMPLES BROUGHT TO THE AMES 1337 00:43:56,500 --> 00:44:01,338 LUNAR BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, AND 1338 00:44:01,338 --> 00:44:02,640 BEING HELD IN A STERILE GLOVE 1339 00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:03,273 BOX IN A CLEAN ROOM. 1340 00:44:03,273 --> 00:44:04,742 END. 1341 00:44:04,742 --> 00:44:06,010 NUC PETRI DISHES COMING AND WHAT 1342 00:44:06,010 --> 00:44:08,412 THEY ARE TRYING TO DO IS SEE IF 1343 00:44:08,412 --> 00:44:12,449 LIFE GROWS ON THE LUNAR SAMPLE. 1344 00:44:12,449 --> 00:44:14,284 AND THEY ARE MIMICKING 1345 00:44:14,284 --> 00:44:16,520 CONDITIONS FOR WHICH LIFE HAS 1346 00:44:16,520 --> 00:44:18,722 BEEN KNOWN TO GROW ON EARTH. 1347 00:44:18,722 --> 00:44:20,457 BACTERIA, MICROBES, AND THE 1348 00:44:20,457 --> 00:44:20,891 LIKE. 1349 00:44:20,891 --> 00:44:23,193 AND LOOKING AT IT THROUGH A 1350 00:44:23,193 --> 00:44:24,628 MICROSCOPE. 1351 00:44:24,628 --> 00:44:28,365 AND YOU KNOW, IT IS A VERY 1352 00:44:28,365 --> 00:44:29,233 DEDICATED SYSTEMATIC STUDY. 1353 00:44:29,233 --> 00:44:30,968 AND IT LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR 1354 00:44:30,968 --> 00:44:33,237 THE BEGINNING OF WHAT WE CALL 1355 00:44:33,237 --> 00:44:34,905 ASTROBIOLOGY, AT THE TIME IT WAS 1356 00:44:34,905 --> 00:44:38,275 CALLED XO BIOLOGY, THE STUDY OF 1357 00:44:38,275 --> 00:44:39,643 THE SEARCH FOR LIFE ELSEWHERE IN 1358 00:44:39,643 --> 00:44:41,378 THE UNIVERSE AND THE STUDY OF 1359 00:44:41,378 --> 00:44:43,380 THE ORIGIN OF LIFE HERE. 1360 00:44:43,380 --> 00:44:48,052 AND THE TECHNIQUE HERE, THEY 1361 00:44:48,052 --> 00:44:51,021 LEARNED THAT THE LUNAR CYCLES DO 1362 00:44:51,021 --> 00:44:54,258 NOT HAVE LIFE. 1363 00:44:54,258 --> 00:44:55,092 >> YOU HAVE TO CHECK. 1364 00:44:55,092 --> 00:44:57,895 >> LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR 1365 00:44:57,895 --> 00:44:58,362 MORE RESEARCH. 1366 00:44:58,362 --> 00:45:02,266 >> THAT TECHNIQUE AND MORE 1367 00:45:02,266 --> 00:45:04,268 TECHNIQUES FOR AMINO ACIDS AND 1368 00:45:04,268 --> 00:45:05,102 CARBON COMPOUNDS. 1369 00:45:05,102 --> 00:45:06,704 >> DO STUFF WITH LIFE, LED TO 1370 00:45:06,704 --> 00:45:09,907 THE DEVELOPMENTS THAT FLEW ON 1371 00:45:09,907 --> 00:45:14,511 VIKING THAT WENT TO MAR'S IN 1372 00:45:14,511 --> 00:45:14,812 1976. 1373 00:45:14,812 --> 00:45:17,247 AND TO SEVERAL PACKAGES THAT 1374 00:45:17,247 --> 00:45:20,250 WERE ALSO EXPLORING LIFE ON 1375 00:45:20,250 --> 00:45:21,285 OTHER PLACES IN THE SOLAR 1376 00:45:21,285 --> 00:45:21,819 SYSTEM. 1377 00:45:21,819 --> 00:45:23,687 OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SOLAR 1378 00:45:23,687 --> 00:45:25,389 SYSTEM TODAY IS WAY DIFFERENT 1379 00:45:25,389 --> 00:45:26,890 AND A MUCH MORE BEAUTIFUL 1380 00:45:26,890 --> 00:45:28,659 DIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM THEN THE 1381 00:45:28,659 --> 00:45:30,728 SCIENTISTS BACK IN THE '60s 1382 00:45:30,728 --> 00:45:31,895 COULD'VE EVER IMAGINED. 1383 00:45:31,895 --> 00:45:34,264 WE WERE SENDING THEM OUT TO 1384 00:45:34,264 --> 00:45:34,965 PLUTO, OUT THROUGH THE GIANT 1385 00:45:34,965 --> 00:45:38,702 PLANETS, THE MOONS OF THE GIANT 1386 00:45:38,702 --> 00:45:39,069 PLANETS. 1387 00:45:39,069 --> 00:45:40,671 IT IS AN AMAZING PLACE TO 1388 00:45:40,671 --> 00:45:41,004 EXPLORE. 1389 00:45:41,004 --> 00:45:42,873 >> WE ARE STILL LOOKING TODAY. 1390 00:45:42,873 --> 00:45:45,876 >> WE HAVE YET TO FIND OUR LIFE 1391 00:45:45,876 --> 00:45:50,047 ON THE PLAYER BLUE DOT, THE 1392 00:45:50,047 --> 00:45:50,581 WORLD HERE IS STILL 1393 00:45:50,581 --> 00:45:51,782 ONE-OF-A-KIND. 1394 00:45:51,782 --> 00:45:54,051 >> MORE TO COME, YOU KNOW? 1395 00:45:54,051 --> 00:45:56,220 >> ALWAYS MORE TO LOOK FORWARD 1396 00:45:56,220 --> 00:45:56,487 TO. 1397 00:45:56,487 --> 00:46:00,290 I HAVE A FEW MOON ROCK 1398 00:46:00,290 --> 00:46:00,958 QUESTIONS, MAYBE WE CAN TAKE 1399 00:46:00,958 --> 00:46:03,293 THEM AS RAPID-FIRE. 1400 00:46:03,293 --> 00:46:04,695 FIRST OF ALL, WHAT IS THE 1401 00:46:04,695 --> 00:46:06,663 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOON ROCKS 1402 00:46:06,663 --> 00:46:07,998 AND EARTH ROCKS? 1403 00:46:07,998 --> 00:46:09,299 AND ARE THEY MORE POROUS 1404 00:46:09,299 --> 00:46:12,002 COMPARED TO THE ONES ON EARTH OR 1405 00:46:12,002 --> 00:46:12,903 THE SAME? 1406 00:46:12,903 --> 00:46:14,638 >> IT IS A RANGE. 1407 00:46:14,638 --> 00:46:17,474 SHORT ANSWER, THE ROCKS ON THE 1408 00:46:17,474 --> 00:46:18,842 MOON ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THOSE 1409 00:46:18,842 --> 00:46:19,209 ON EARTH. 1410 00:46:19,209 --> 00:46:21,411 SO WE HAVE IGNEOUS THAT WERE 1411 00:46:21,411 --> 00:46:24,281 MADE IN THE VOLCANO, WE HAVE 1412 00:46:24,281 --> 00:46:24,948 METAMORPHIC WITH HIGH 1413 00:46:24,948 --> 00:46:25,682 TEMPERATURES AND HIGH PRESSURES. 1414 00:46:25,682 --> 00:46:26,817 WE HAVE NOT QUITE SEDIMENTARY 1415 00:46:26,817 --> 00:46:29,486 THAT WERE MADE ON THE EARTH WITH 1416 00:46:29,486 --> 00:46:31,688 WIND AND WATER, ON THE MOON THEY 1417 00:46:31,688 --> 00:46:32,823 ARE CALLED BRACKETS, THEY ARE 1418 00:46:32,823 --> 00:46:33,223 SHOCKED. 1419 00:46:33,223 --> 00:46:35,759 THEY ARE DIFFERENT TYPES. 1420 00:46:35,759 --> 00:46:36,894 THE MOON ON AVERAGE IS LIGHTER 1421 00:46:36,894 --> 00:46:38,662 IN TERMS OF THE ROCKS. 1422 00:46:38,662 --> 00:46:39,163 IT IS LESS DENSE. 1423 00:46:39,163 --> 00:46:47,638 THIS CAN LEAD TO ANOTHER 1424 00:46:47,638 --> 00:46:48,372 DISCUSSION OF HOW THE EARTH AND 1425 00:46:48,372 --> 00:46:48,739 MOON FORM. 1426 00:46:48,739 --> 00:46:49,506 THEY ARE SIMILAR, BUT DIFFERENT. 1427 00:46:49,506 --> 00:46:50,174 WE ARE ALL MADE OF STARDUST, 1428 00:46:50,174 --> 00:46:51,008 ESSENTIALLY AT THE END OF THE 1429 00:46:51,008 --> 00:46:52,009 DAY. 1430 00:46:52,009 --> 00:46:54,478 >> HISTORY QUESTION FOR JAMES, 1431 00:46:54,478 --> 00:46:57,347 DID THE ORIGINAL MISSION CONTROL 1432 00:46:57,347 --> 00:46:57,915 COMPUTER STILL WORK? 1433 00:46:57,915 --> 00:47:02,853 >> THE COMPUTERS THEMSELVES, THE 1434 00:47:02,853 --> 00:47:06,323 IMAGES HAVE BEEN USED TO 1435 00:47:06,323 --> 00:47:07,024 RECREATE THE MISSION CONTROL 1436 00:47:07,024 --> 00:47:09,393 ROOM IN HOUSTON. 1437 00:47:09,393 --> 00:47:12,262 I WOULD ACTUALLY HAVE TO CHECK, 1438 00:47:12,262 --> 00:47:15,399 BUT I KNOW THAT THE RECREATION 1439 00:47:15,399 --> 00:47:17,434 WAS DONE -- SOME OF THE MATERIAL 1440 00:47:17,434 --> 00:47:20,037 IN THERE IS ORIGINAL, AND OTHER 1441 00:47:20,037 --> 00:47:20,704 STUFF WAS SOURCED ON eBAY. 1442 00:47:20,704 --> 00:47:24,942 SO THE COFFEE POT, THE ASHTRAYS, 1443 00:47:24,942 --> 00:47:28,445 ALL OF THAT STUFF TO REALLY GIVE 1444 00:47:28,445 --> 00:47:30,681 THE FEEL OF WHAT MISSION CONTROL 1445 00:47:30,681 --> 00:47:33,483 WAS LIKE DURING THAT TIME. 1446 00:47:33,483 --> 00:47:34,685 AND THE FLIGHT DIRECTOR JEAN 1447 00:47:34,685 --> 00:47:36,286 KRANTZ, WHEN HE WENT IN JUST A 1448 00:47:36,286 --> 00:47:38,856 FEW WEEKS AGO AND SAW THIS 1449 00:47:38,856 --> 00:47:40,290 INSTALLATION, I THINK HE MADE 1450 00:47:40,290 --> 00:47:41,225 THAT COMMENT IT WAS SOMETHING 1451 00:47:41,225 --> 00:47:42,292 LIKE HE COULD HEAR THE VOICES OF 1452 00:47:42,292 --> 00:47:46,930 ALL THE CONTROLLERS AT THEIR 1453 00:47:46,930 --> 00:47:49,066 COMPUTER STATIONS AT THEIR 1454 00:47:49,066 --> 00:47:49,933 MONITORS THAT RECREATION WAS SO 1455 00:47:49,933 --> 00:47:54,371 SPOT ON THAT IT JUST BROUGHT 1456 00:47:54,371 --> 00:47:57,241 BACK A REALLY INTENSE MOMENT OF 1457 00:47:57,241 --> 00:47:58,442 A MEMORY OF HOW COULD YOU NOT 1458 00:47:58,442 --> 00:47:58,876 FORGET. 1459 00:47:58,876 --> 00:48:00,878 >> SO THEY GOT IT RIGHT. 1460 00:48:00,878 --> 00:48:03,614 >> HOW BEAUTIFUL. 1461 00:48:03,614 --> 00:48:05,282 EXCELLENT. 1462 00:48:05,282 --> 00:48:06,416 ONE LAST COMMENT BEFORE THE MOON 1463 00:48:06,416 --> 00:48:10,387 ROCK HAS TO GO AWAY. 1464 00:48:10,387 --> 00:48:13,991 MOON ROCK! 1465 00:48:13,991 --> 00:48:14,892 >> THAT WAS A GREAT COMMENT. 1466 00:48:14,892 --> 00:48:18,495 >> AND MORE MOON ROCKS ARE 1467 00:48:18,495 --> 00:48:19,263 COMING EVEN THOUGH WE STILL HAVE 1468 00:48:19,263 --> 00:48:21,565 A LOT OF THE STUDYING, THEY'RE 1469 00:48:21,565 --> 00:48:23,433 UP IN SAMPLES HAVE BEEN KEPT 1470 00:48:23,433 --> 00:48:26,169 IN -- HAVE NOT BEEN TOUCHED IN 1471 00:48:26,169 --> 00:48:29,006 47, 50 YEARS THAT ARE BEING 1472 00:48:29,006 --> 00:48:30,173 LOOKED AT, BECAUSE THE 1473 00:48:30,173 --> 00:48:31,074 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT TODAY IS 1474 00:48:31,074 --> 00:48:34,077 MUCH MORE ADVANCED. 1475 00:48:34,077 --> 00:48:35,245 I AM THINKING THE SCIENTISTS OF 1476 00:48:35,245 --> 00:48:36,647 THE PREVIOUS GENERATION WHO LEFT 1477 00:48:36,647 --> 00:48:39,650 THE GIFT TO US TODAY SO THAT WE 1478 00:48:39,650 --> 00:48:40,784 CAN CONTINUE OUR SEARCH OF 1479 00:48:40,784 --> 00:48:41,151 KNOWLEDGE. 1480 00:48:41,151 --> 00:48:43,987 AND WHEN WE GET EVEN DIFFERENT 1481 00:48:43,987 --> 00:48:45,122 MOON ROCKS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES 1482 00:48:45,122 --> 00:48:47,124 OF THE MOON, WE WILL BE ABLE TO 1483 00:48:47,124 --> 00:48:48,125 ANSWER SOME PRETTY TOUGH 1484 00:48:48,125 --> 00:48:49,793 QUESTIONS THAT WE HAVE NOT BEEN 1485 00:48:49,793 --> 00:48:50,294 ABLE TO ANSWER. 1486 00:48:50,294 --> 00:48:54,031 THEY GAVE US A HUGE LEAP. 1487 00:48:54,031 --> 00:48:58,035 >> TIME CAPSULE. 1488 00:48:58,035 --> 00:49:00,737 >> WE WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE AN 1489 00:49:00,737 --> 00:49:04,041 UPDATE SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE. 1490 00:49:04,041 --> 00:49:07,411 >> THANK YOU, JAMES, FOR JOINING 1491 00:49:07,411 --> 00:49:09,079 US. 1492 00:49:09,079 --> 00:49:10,414 AND LOOKING AT THE HISTORY. 1493 00:49:10,414 --> 00:49:15,585 >> WE WILL SEE YOU ANOTHER TIME. 1494 00:49:15,585 --> 00:49:18,855 >> DO NOT FORGET TO JOIN US IN 1495 00:49:18,855 --> 00:49:20,390 CELEBRATING THEIR 50TH 1496 00:49:20,390 --> 00:49:21,058 ANNIVERSARY OF THE APOLLO 11 1497 00:49:21,058 --> 00:49:22,292 LANDING AND HEAR ABOUT HER 1498 00:49:22,292 --> 00:49:24,027 FUTURE PLANS TO GO FORWARD TO 1499 00:49:24,027 --> 00:49:26,563 THE MOON AND ONTO MARS BY TUNING 1500 00:49:26,563 --> 00:49:29,700 IN TO A SPECIAL TWO OUR LIVE 1501 00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:30,634 NASA TELEVISION BROADCAST 1502 00:49:30,634 --> 00:49:33,270 TOMORROW AT 10:00 A.M. 1503 00:49:33,270 --> 00:49:34,471 LEARN MORE ABOUT THE SHOW AND 1504 00:49:34,471 --> 00:49:40,077 HOW TO WATCH BY GOING TO 1505 00:49:40,077 --> 00:49:42,612 www.NASA.gov/Apollo50th. 1506 00:49:42,612 --> 00:49:43,280 AND DON'T FORGET TO CLICK ON 1507 00:49:43,280 --> 00:49:45,949 "EVENTS." 1508 00:49:45,949 --> 00:49:50,020 >> APOLLO 50TH PAID >> DID I SAY 1509 00:49:50,020 --> 00:49:50,487 40TH? 1510 00:49:50,487 --> 00:49:50,921 I MEANT 50TH. 1511 00:49:50,921 --> 00:49:57,027 >> JUST ADD TEN. 1512 00:49:57,027 --> 00:49:59,062 >> LET'S TALK ABOUT OUR NEXT 1513 00:49:59,062 --> 00:50:01,365 GIANT LEAP. 1514 00:50:01,365 --> 00:50:01,865 >> ARTEMIS? 1515 00:50:01,865 --> 00:50:06,870 >> YES, ARTEMIS. 1516 00:50:06,870 --> 00:50:08,005 WHAT IS ARTEMIS? 1517 00:50:08,005 --> 00:50:10,007 WHY DO WE CALL IT ARTEMIS? 1518 00:50:10,007 --> 00:50:14,378 >> ARTEMIS WAS APOLLO'S TWIN 1519 00:50:14,378 --> 00:50:14,711 SISTER. 1520 00:50:14,711 --> 00:50:17,447 >> IF YOU KNOW YOUR GREEK 1521 00:50:17,447 --> 00:50:17,881 MYTHOLOGY. 1522 00:50:17,881 --> 00:50:19,616 IN LATIN IT IS DIANA, BUT IN 1523 00:50:19,616 --> 00:50:21,184 GREEK IT IS ARTEMIS. 1524 00:50:21,184 --> 00:50:23,387 >> KIMBERLY FUN FACTS. 1525 00:50:23,387 --> 00:50:25,222 >> I LIKE THE WORD. 1526 00:50:25,222 --> 00:50:25,889 THEY ARE EVOCATIVE. 1527 00:50:25,889 --> 00:50:30,594 THE GODDESS OF THE MOON. 1528 00:50:30,594 --> 00:50:31,194 IT IS VERY APPROPRIATE. 1529 00:50:31,194 --> 00:50:34,498 AND ALSO WITH THE ARTEMIS 1530 00:50:34,498 --> 00:50:35,432 CHARGE, WE WILL PLACE THE FIRST 1531 00:50:35,432 --> 00:50:41,471 WOMAN ON THE MOON WITH THE NEXT 1532 00:50:41,471 --> 00:50:43,707 CREW TO GO TO THE MOON. 1533 00:50:43,707 --> 00:50:45,776 AN AMAZING LEAP FOR WOMANKIND 1534 00:50:45,776 --> 00:50:46,209 AND HUMANKIND. 1535 00:50:46,209 --> 00:50:48,245 IT'S ABOUT TIME. 1536 00:50:48,245 --> 00:50:50,213 YOU KNOW THAT THEY ARE YOUNG 1537 00:50:50,213 --> 00:50:51,882 WOMEN OUT THERE, STUDENTS, YOUNG 1538 00:50:51,882 --> 00:50:54,484 GIRLS WHO ARE ALIKE, WATCH OUT, 1539 00:50:54,484 --> 00:50:54,785 MOON. 1540 00:50:54,785 --> 00:50:56,420 I'M COMING FOR YOU. 1541 00:50:56,420 --> 00:50:58,955 >> SINCE WE ARE HAVING ARTEMIS 1542 00:50:58,955 --> 00:51:00,657 AS A SUSTAINABLE LUNAR 1543 00:51:00,657 --> 00:51:01,324 EXPLORATION, IT IS DIFFERENT 1544 00:51:01,324 --> 00:51:02,292 THAN APOLLO. 1545 00:51:02,292 --> 00:51:04,461 IT WAS A ROAD TRIP. 1546 00:51:04,461 --> 00:51:07,397 A ROAD TRIP TO THE MOON. 1547 00:51:07,397 --> 00:51:09,199 AND A HUGE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE 1548 00:51:09,199 --> 00:51:11,201 TO ADJUST EVEN CONCEIVED GOING 1549 00:51:11,201 --> 00:51:12,502 FROM A SUBORBITAL FLIGHT TO 1550 00:51:12,502 --> 00:51:14,671 GOING TO THE MOON AND BACK IN 1551 00:51:14,671 --> 00:51:17,908 LESS THAN TEN YEARS AND TO BUILD 1552 00:51:17,908 --> 00:51:18,842 THAT WHOLE INFRASTRUCTURE WITH A 1553 00:51:18,842 --> 00:51:20,277 VERY ELEGANT BUT COMPLICATED 1554 00:51:20,277 --> 00:51:22,879 STATISTICAL SOLUTION WAS IMMENS 1555 00:51:22,879 --> 00:51:23,213 IMMENSE. 1556 00:51:23,213 --> 00:51:23,847 ARTEMIS IS DIFFERENT. 1557 00:51:23,847 --> 00:51:25,449 WE ARE NOT DOING IT ALONE. 1558 00:51:25,449 --> 00:51:26,783 NO LONGER THE REALM OF 1559 00:51:26,783 --> 00:51:28,618 GOVERNMENTS AND SUPERPOWERS. 1560 00:51:28,618 --> 00:51:30,821 IT IS A DIFFERENT ERA. 1561 00:51:30,821 --> 00:51:31,421 WE HAVE COMMERCIAL AND 1562 00:51:31,421 --> 00:51:33,723 INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS, 1563 00:51:33,723 --> 00:51:35,192 SUSTAINABLE PRESENCE, AND YOU 1564 00:51:35,192 --> 00:51:36,359 KNOW, IN THE PURSUIT OF 1565 00:51:36,359 --> 00:51:38,562 KNOWLEDGE AND IN THE PURSUIT OF 1566 00:51:38,562 --> 00:51:39,796 INNOVATION WITH OPPORTUNITIES 1567 00:51:39,796 --> 00:51:44,067 FOR ECONOMIC AND MORE SPIN-OFFS, 1568 00:51:44,067 --> 00:51:46,236 THE APOLLO PROGRAM GAVE US A LOT 1569 00:51:46,236 --> 00:51:47,838 OF SPIN-OFFS, THINGS THAT WE USE 1570 00:51:47,838 --> 00:51:50,607 TODAY AS A RESULT OF THE 1571 00:51:50,607 --> 00:51:51,408 RESEARCH AND TO THE ENGINEERING 1572 00:51:51,408 --> 00:51:52,008 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. 1573 00:51:52,008 --> 00:51:56,079 >> IT IS NOT JUST TO GO. 1574 00:51:56,079 --> 00:51:57,280 THE OBJECTIVE OF APOLLO WAS TO 1575 00:51:57,280 --> 00:51:59,950 GO TO THE MOON AND TO RETURN. 1576 00:51:59,950 --> 00:52:01,618 THAT WAS THE OBJECTIVE. 1577 00:52:01,618 --> 00:52:02,919 WITH ARTEMIS IT IS TO HAVE A 1578 00:52:02,919 --> 00:52:06,256 LONGER-TERM SUSTAINED PRESENCE, 1579 00:52:06,256 --> 00:52:08,091 AND IT IS THE PATH TO MARS. 1580 00:52:08,091 --> 00:52:10,794 >> WHICH IS THE NEXT GIANT LEAP 1581 00:52:10,794 --> 00:52:11,728 TO GO TO MARS. 1582 00:52:11,728 --> 00:52:14,131 >> AS KIMBERLY SAID, IT IS 1583 00:52:14,131 --> 00:52:14,898 FUNDAMENTALLY A DIFFERENT 1584 00:52:14,898 --> 00:52:16,800 APPROACH THAN APOLLO WAS. 1585 00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:18,468 IT IS THE SAME BASIC 1586 00:52:18,468 --> 00:52:20,103 DESTINATION, BUT WE ARE NOT 1587 00:52:20,103 --> 00:52:21,438 GOING TO LAND DIRECTLY ON THE 1588 00:52:21,438 --> 00:52:24,040 MOON, WE ARE GOING TO THE 1589 00:52:24,040 --> 00:52:25,976 GATEWAY FIRST THAT WILL BE 1590 00:52:25,976 --> 00:52:26,910 ORBITING AN ORBITING SPACE 1591 00:52:26,910 --> 00:52:27,944 STATION AROUND THE MOON, AND 1592 00:52:27,944 --> 00:52:29,980 GOING DOWN TO THE SURFACE FROM 1593 00:52:29,980 --> 00:52:32,649 GATEWAY, WE ARE GOING TO THE 1594 00:52:32,649 --> 00:52:34,784 SOUTH POLE, WHICH IS A VERY 1595 00:52:34,784 --> 00:52:36,586 DIFFERENT PLACE AND MANY 1596 00:52:36,586 --> 00:52:38,455 RESPECTS MORE CHALLENGE THEM 1597 00:52:38,455 --> 00:52:40,857 WHERE APOLLO WAS LANDING, SO 1598 00:52:40,857 --> 00:52:41,525 THERE ARE MANY FASCINATING 1599 00:52:41,525 --> 00:52:44,995 DIFFERENT THINGS THAT ARE GOING 1600 00:52:44,995 --> 00:52:46,863 INTO ARTEMIS THAT WERE NEVER 1601 00:52:46,863 --> 00:52:48,465 REALLY SOMETHING THAT WAS EVEN 1602 00:52:48,465 --> 00:52:50,200 APPROACHABLE BACK IN THE APOLLO 1603 00:52:50,200 --> 00:52:50,500 ERA. 1604 00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:52,602 IT IS A BIG STRETCH FROM WHERE 1605 00:52:52,602 --> 00:52:54,237 WE WERE ACT WITH APOLLO. 1606 00:52:54,237 --> 00:52:55,539 AND OF COURSE WE HAVE A LONGER 1607 00:52:55,539 --> 00:52:58,775 OBJECTIVE THAN TAKING WHAT WE 1608 00:52:58,775 --> 00:53:00,010 LEARNED FROM THE MOON PORTION 1609 00:53:00,010 --> 00:53:02,879 AND TAKING THAT WITH US TO MARS. 1610 00:53:02,879 --> 00:53:05,048 >> NICE SUMMARY. 1611 00:53:05,048 --> 00:53:06,683 >> THERE WERE A BUNCH OF 1612 00:53:06,683 --> 00:53:07,450 QUESTIONS THAT WE WILL GET TO 1613 00:53:07,450 --> 00:53:08,418 ABOUT THE GOALS AND WHAT IS 1614 00:53:08,418 --> 00:53:08,818 DIFFERENT. 1615 00:53:08,818 --> 00:53:11,821 AND I THINK THAT YOU JUST GAVE A 1616 00:53:11,821 --> 00:53:13,523 GOOD OVERVIEW AND GETTING US 1617 00:53:13,523 --> 00:53:13,857 STARTED. 1618 00:53:13,857 --> 00:53:16,226 >> A HUGE PART AND REALLY KIND 1619 00:53:16,226 --> 00:53:18,828 OF THE FIRST AND BIGGEST STEP 1620 00:53:18,828 --> 00:53:20,530 FOUR ARTEMIS IS HOW DO YOU 1621 00:53:20,530 --> 00:53:22,866 LAUNCH, HOW DO YOU GET THERE? 1622 00:53:22,866 --> 00:53:24,601 WE ARE TALKING ABOUT CARRYING A 1623 00:53:24,601 --> 00:53:25,068 LOT OF MATERIAL. 1624 00:53:25,068 --> 00:53:26,636 WE TALKED EARLIER ABOUT THE 1625 00:53:26,636 --> 00:53:27,103 SATURN V. 1626 00:53:27,103 --> 00:53:30,373 BUT THE BIG ROCKET FOR ARTEMIS 1627 00:53:30,373 --> 00:53:34,844 IS THE SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM SLS. 1628 00:53:34,844 --> 00:53:37,347 IF YOU THOUGHT SATURN V WAS 1629 00:53:37,347 --> 00:53:38,682 IMPRESSIVE, SLS IS EVEN MORE 1630 00:53:38,682 --> 00:53:41,418 IMPRESSIVE, YOU CAN SEE VIDEO 1631 00:53:41,418 --> 00:53:41,718 HERE. 1632 00:53:41,718 --> 00:53:45,222 >> AND ANIMATION. 1633 00:53:45,222 --> 00:53:47,424 THE ROCKETS AND THE ENGINE IS 1634 00:53:47,424 --> 00:53:48,124 ALREADY UNDER A LOT OF TESTS 1635 00:53:48,124 --> 00:53:49,259 RIGHT NOW. 1636 00:53:49,259 --> 00:53:52,195 >> AND A LOT OF THIS MATERIAL 1637 00:53:52,195 --> 00:53:53,697 THAT WE LEARN FROM DOING THE 1638 00:53:53,697 --> 00:53:54,831 SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS. 1639 00:53:54,831 --> 00:53:56,233 SO IT IS A LITTLE BIT SHORTER 1640 00:53:56,233 --> 00:53:58,668 THAN THE SATURN V. 1641 00:53:58,668 --> 00:54:01,404 322 FEET TALL, SATURN V WAS 1642 00:54:01,404 --> 00:54:01,771 360 FEET. 1643 00:54:01,771 --> 00:54:04,040 SO IT IS 41 FEET SHORTER. 1644 00:54:04,040 --> 00:54:06,476 BUT THAT IS ALSO A LOT BIGGER 1645 00:54:06,476 --> 00:54:08,311 THAN THE SPACE SHUTTLE, WHICH IS 1646 00:54:08,311 --> 00:54:10,247 ONE THAT WE ARE USED TO FLYING. 1647 00:54:10,247 --> 00:54:13,216 THE SHUTTLE IS HUGE, ONLY 1648 00:54:13,216 --> 00:54:16,820 184 FEET TALL, SO AS WE SAID 1649 00:54:16,820 --> 00:54:18,121 EARLIER, SATURN V IS TALLER THAN 1650 00:54:18,121 --> 00:54:21,291 THE STATUE OF LIBERTY AND SO IS 1651 00:54:21,291 --> 00:54:21,558 SLS. 1652 00:54:21,558 --> 00:54:22,892 >> IT IS GOING TO BE WHEN WE 1653 00:54:22,892 --> 00:54:25,262 HAVE IT FLYING, IT WILL BE THE 1654 00:54:25,262 --> 00:54:26,796 BIGGEST ROCKET EVER BUILT. 1655 00:54:26,796 --> 00:54:29,065 >> WOW. 1656 00:54:29,065 --> 00:54:29,833 >> THE CAPABILITY TO GO TO 1657 00:54:29,833 --> 00:54:31,701 SATURN AND JUPITER. 1658 00:54:31,701 --> 00:54:33,236 THIS IS A VERY CAPABLE MACHINE. 1659 00:54:33,236 --> 00:54:36,006 >> WE TALKED ABOUT HOW MUCH LESS 1660 00:54:36,006 --> 00:54:38,842 PRELUDE THE SATURN V HAD. 1661 00:54:38,842 --> 00:54:41,845 AND SLS IS OVER 1 MILLION POUNDS 1662 00:54:41,845 --> 00:54:43,013 MORE THRUST POWERFUL. 1663 00:54:43,013 --> 00:54:46,016 IT CAN DELIVER MORE CARGO TO THE 1664 00:54:46,016 --> 00:54:49,619 MOON THEN THE SHUTTLE COULD TAKE 1665 00:54:49,619 --> 00:54:50,186 TO LOWER EARTH ORBIT. 1666 00:54:50,186 --> 00:54:52,389 JUST AN ENORMOUS CAPABILITY AND 1667 00:54:52,389 --> 00:54:55,792 AS KIMBERLY NOTED, IT TAKES US 1668 00:54:55,792 --> 00:54:57,794 TO LOTS OF OTHER DESTINATIONS IN 1669 00:54:57,794 --> 00:54:58,194 THE FUTURE. 1670 00:54:58,194 --> 00:55:00,096 THIS IS A HUGE CAPABILITY. 1671 00:55:00,096 --> 00:55:00,797 A UNIQUE CAPABILITY. 1672 00:55:00,797 --> 00:55:02,899 IT IS NOT SOMETHING THAT YOU 1673 00:55:02,899 --> 00:55:04,367 NEED TO PUT SATELLITES INTO 1674 00:55:04,367 --> 00:55:05,168 ORBIT, FOR EXAMPLE. 1675 00:55:05,168 --> 00:55:06,403 >> IT IS SOMETHING MORE. 1676 00:55:06,403 --> 00:55:09,973 >> IT IS FOR THIS VERY UNIQUE 1677 00:55:09,973 --> 00:55:10,507 MISSION. 1678 00:55:10,507 --> 00:55:14,377 >> WE HAVE A COMMENT HERE, WHEN 1679 00:55:14,377 --> 00:55:15,812 THEIR ASTRONAUTS ON THE MOON, I 1680 00:55:15,812 --> 00:55:17,747 WILL STAND AND WAVED AT THE FULL 1681 00:55:17,747 --> 00:55:18,481 MOON. 1682 00:55:18,481 --> 00:55:19,082 I HOPE THEY WAVE BACK. 1683 00:55:19,082 --> 00:55:22,185 >> I'M SURE THAT THEY WILL BE 1684 00:55:22,185 --> 00:55:23,286 WAVING BACK. 1685 00:55:23,286 --> 00:55:26,756 >> ARTEMIS IF I GET MY WISH I 1686 00:55:26,756 --> 00:55:29,159 WON'T TAYLOR LAND ASTRONAUTS ON 1687 00:55:29,159 --> 00:55:30,427 THE FAR SIDE OF THE MOON. 1688 00:55:30,427 --> 00:55:31,461 WE HAVE NOT BEEN THERE YET. 1689 00:55:31,461 --> 00:55:35,565 IT WAS ONLY FOR POINTS OF THE 1690 00:55:35,565 --> 00:55:39,769 SURFACE OF THE MOON. 1691 00:55:39,769 --> 00:55:41,371 THE UNKNOWN TERRITORIES ON THE 1692 00:55:41,371 --> 00:55:41,671 MOON. 1693 00:55:41,671 --> 00:55:44,474 >> WE ALSO HAVE NOT YET BEEN TO 1694 00:55:44,474 --> 00:55:45,075 THE SOUTH POLE. 1695 00:55:45,075 --> 00:55:49,579 >> ANY OF THE POLES. 1696 00:55:49,579 --> 00:55:51,147 TO REMIND EVERYONE WHAT WE ARE 1697 00:55:51,147 --> 00:55:55,685 COUNTING DOWN HERE, THE TIME 1698 00:55:55,685 --> 00:55:57,153 UNTIL 2024 WHEN THE ARTEMIS 1699 00:55:57,153 --> 00:55:58,955 MISSION WHILE LAND PEOPLE AT THE 1700 00:55:58,955 --> 00:56:02,492 SOUTH POLE POINT OF THE MOON. 1701 00:56:02,492 --> 00:56:03,426 THERE WAS A QUESTION SUMMIT HE 1702 00:56:03,426 --> 00:56:06,896 WAS ASKING WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT 1703 00:56:06,896 --> 00:56:07,564 THE LUNAR SOUTH POLE. 1704 00:56:07,564 --> 00:56:09,199 CAN YOU TELL US QUICKLY? 1705 00:56:09,199 --> 00:56:11,868 >> IN THE LAST TEN YEARS OUR 1706 00:56:11,868 --> 00:56:12,502 UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOON, 1707 00:56:12,502 --> 00:56:13,636 FLIPPING ITSELF ON ITS HEAD AND 1708 00:56:13,636 --> 00:56:14,904 WE LEARNED THAT THERE IS MORE ON 1709 00:56:14,904 --> 00:56:16,272 THE MOON. 1710 00:56:16,272 --> 00:56:17,073 OF THE APOLLO GENERATION WE 1711 00:56:17,073 --> 00:56:18,908 THOUGHT THE MOON WAS BONE DRY, 1712 00:56:18,908 --> 00:56:19,776 TURNS OUT THERE IS WATER ALL 1713 00:56:19,776 --> 00:56:22,879 OVER THE MOON IN DIFFERENT 1714 00:56:22,879 --> 00:56:23,847 SOURCES. 1715 00:56:23,847 --> 00:56:25,749 BUT THE POLES HAVE LARGE 1716 00:56:25,749 --> 00:56:26,282 QUANTITIES OF WATER. 1717 00:56:26,282 --> 00:56:29,419 >> THIS IS NOT LIQUID WATER. 1718 00:56:29,419 --> 00:56:32,489 >> IT IS FROZEN WATER AND WATER 1719 00:56:32,489 --> 00:56:33,690 IN DIFFERENT -- 1720 00:56:33,690 --> 00:56:34,124 FROZEN WATERS. 1721 00:56:34,124 --> 00:56:36,526 >> CRYSTALS IN THE SOIL. 1722 00:56:36,526 --> 00:56:38,061 >> IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY 1723 00:56:38,061 --> 00:56:38,895 INTERESTING, BECAUSE I SHOULD 1724 00:56:38,895 --> 00:56:40,764 NOT HAVE BEEN THERE, WHY IS IT 1725 00:56:40,764 --> 00:56:41,464 THERE. 1726 00:56:41,464 --> 00:56:42,432 WE WANT TO KNOW WHY IT IS THEY 1727 00:56:42,432 --> 00:56:45,034 ARE AND WHERE IT HAS COME ABOUT 1728 00:56:45,034 --> 00:56:46,603 FROM A HUMAN EXPLORATION, IT IS 1729 00:56:46,603 --> 00:56:48,638 WATER IS H2O THAT CAN BE USED 1730 00:56:48,638 --> 00:56:50,473 FOR HYDROGEN OXYGEN FOR FUEL, 1731 00:56:50,473 --> 00:56:53,977 OXYGEN TO BREATHE, SO GOING TO 1732 00:56:53,977 --> 00:56:57,447 THE POLLS IS A STEP IN HUMAN 1733 00:56:57,447 --> 00:56:58,615 EXPLORATION USING RESOURCES 1734 00:56:58,615 --> 00:56:59,082 OFF OF THE LAND. 1735 00:56:59,082 --> 00:57:00,049 AND THE SAME TECHNIQUES YOU 1736 00:57:00,049 --> 00:57:02,085 WOULD USE TO HARVEST THE MOON 1737 00:57:02,085 --> 00:57:03,219 WATER IS SIMILAR TO WHAT WE DO 1738 00:57:03,219 --> 00:57:06,055 ON MARS, BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT 1739 00:57:06,055 --> 00:57:07,223 MARS IS A FROZEN SURFACE WATER 1740 00:57:07,223 --> 00:57:09,292 AS WELL. 1741 00:57:09,292 --> 00:57:09,959 >> PERFECT TRAINING GROUND. 1742 00:57:09,959 --> 00:57:11,494 >> THAT'S A BIG REASON TO GO TO 1743 00:57:11,494 --> 00:57:12,429 THE SOUTH POLE. 1744 00:57:12,429 --> 00:57:17,400 THE SOUTH POLE IS HARD BECAUSE, 1745 00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:19,269 IT IS IN A LOT MORE SHADOW. 1746 00:57:19,269 --> 00:57:21,871 THE SUNLIGHT IS AT A LOWER 1747 00:57:21,871 --> 00:57:22,872 ANGLE, SO YOU HAVE TO REALLY 1748 00:57:22,872 --> 00:57:24,841 THINK ABOUT HOW YOU BUILD YOUR 1749 00:57:24,841 --> 00:57:26,609 MISSION MUCH MORE CAREFULLY. 1750 00:57:26,609 --> 00:57:28,178 HOW YOU GENERATE ELECTRICITY. 1751 00:57:28,178 --> 00:57:29,279 HOW YOU STAY WARM. 1752 00:57:29,279 --> 00:57:31,815 THERE IS A WHOLE NEW SET OF 1753 00:57:31,815 --> 00:57:32,582 CHALLENGES THAT WE REALLY DID 1754 00:57:32,582 --> 00:57:34,918 NOT HAVE TO WORRY TOO MUCH ABOUT 1755 00:57:34,918 --> 00:57:37,787 IN THE APOLLO MISSION. 1756 00:57:37,787 --> 00:57:39,456 >> YOU LIKE HARD STUFF. 1757 00:57:39,456 --> 00:57:40,623 NOTHING EASY. 1758 00:57:40,623 --> 00:57:42,125 >> WE DO THINGS NOT BECAUSE THEY 1759 00:57:42,125 --> 00:57:43,393 ARE EASY, BUT BECAUSE THEY ARE 1760 00:57:43,393 --> 00:57:44,160 HARD. 1761 00:57:44,160 --> 00:57:45,962 AND THE ARTEMIS PROGRAM WILL 1762 00:57:45,962 --> 00:57:46,896 HAVE HUMANS ON THE MOON FOR 1763 00:57:46,896 --> 00:57:49,632 WEEKS AT A TIME INITIALLY, 1764 00:57:49,632 --> 00:57:50,500 CULMINATING TWO MONTHS AT A 1765 00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:51,534 TIME. 1766 00:57:51,534 --> 00:57:52,902 THAT IS ALSO DIFFERENT THAN 1767 00:57:52,902 --> 00:57:54,404 APOLLO. 1768 00:57:54,404 --> 00:57:55,138 APOLLO 11 WAS 2.5 HOURS ON THE 1769 00:57:55,138 --> 00:57:56,206 SURFACE. 1770 00:57:56,206 --> 00:57:58,575 THE 21 HOURS ON THE SURFACE AND 1771 00:57:58,575 --> 00:57:59,476 2.5 HOURS WALKING AROUND. 1772 00:57:59,476 --> 00:58:01,211 WE WANT TO SPEND UP TO THREE 1773 00:58:01,211 --> 00:58:02,745 DAYS ON THE SURFACE. 1774 00:58:02,745 --> 00:58:04,614 SO THIS IS A VERY DIFFERENT 1775 00:58:04,614 --> 00:58:06,616 APPROACH TO BEING OFF WORLD FOR 1776 00:58:06,616 --> 00:58:08,218 LONG PERIODS OF TIME COMING AND 1777 00:58:08,218 --> 00:58:09,819 HOW YOU DO THAT FOR AN 1778 00:58:09,819 --> 00:58:11,421 ENGINEERING SOLUTION, YOUR 1779 00:58:11,421 --> 00:58:12,622 POWER, YOUR FUEL, YOUR WATER 1780 00:58:12,622 --> 00:58:14,190 COMING OR AIR, YOUR ENERGY. 1781 00:58:14,190 --> 00:58:18,228 A TEMPERATURE, EXTREME 1782 00:58:18,228 --> 00:58:19,796 EXPERIENCE CAN ALL BE OVERCOME. 1783 00:58:19,796 --> 00:58:21,631 AND THE SOLUTIONS WILL BE 1784 00:58:21,631 --> 00:58:21,965 AMAZING. 1785 00:58:21,965 --> 00:58:24,767 >> YOU ANSWERED A QUESTION, WHAT 1786 00:58:24,767 --> 00:58:26,903 ARE SOME NEW DIFFICULTIES WITH 1787 00:58:26,903 --> 00:58:27,804 ARTEMIS THAT WERE NOT PRESENT 1788 00:58:27,804 --> 00:58:30,740 DURING THE APOLLO MISSIONS? 1789 00:58:30,740 --> 00:58:31,174 >> DURATION. 1790 00:58:31,174 --> 00:58:32,575 >> THAT'S ONE OF THE BIGGEST 1791 00:58:32,575 --> 00:58:33,443 ONES. 1792 00:58:33,443 --> 00:58:34,878 WE ARE SENDING HUMANS OUT THERE 1793 00:58:34,878 --> 00:58:36,279 FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME, AND 1794 00:58:36,279 --> 00:58:40,583 THEY ARE BEYOND THE SHIELDING 1795 00:58:40,583 --> 00:58:42,452 FROM RADIATION THAT IS SUPPORTED 1796 00:58:42,452 --> 00:58:43,953 BY EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE. 1797 00:58:43,953 --> 00:58:45,255 WHEN ASTRONAUTS ARE ON THE 1798 00:58:45,255 --> 00:58:46,923 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION FOR 1799 00:58:46,923 --> 00:58:49,659 LONG PERIODS OF TIME, UP TO A 1800 00:58:49,659 --> 00:58:52,262 YEAR AS RECORD, THAT IS A 1801 00:58:52,262 --> 00:58:54,030 CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT, BUT IT 1802 00:58:54,030 --> 00:58:56,666 DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME DEGREE OF 1803 00:58:56,666 --> 00:58:58,801 EXPOSURE TO RADIATION THAT GOING 1804 00:58:58,801 --> 00:59:01,471 OUT AWAY FROM EARTH HAS. 1805 00:59:01,471 --> 00:59:02,438 SO THAT IS ONE OF THE BIG 1806 00:59:02,438 --> 00:59:02,839 HURDLES. 1807 00:59:02,839 --> 00:59:04,707 >> NASA WILL NEED A LOT OF 1808 00:59:04,707 --> 00:59:06,910 DOCTORS AND BIOLOGISTS AND 1809 00:59:06,910 --> 00:59:08,011 PEOPLE WHO STUDY HUMAN 1810 00:59:08,011 --> 00:59:09,212 PHYSIOLOGY TO WORK ON MITIGATION 1811 00:59:09,212 --> 00:59:13,716 AND ALSO TO HELP WITH HOW HUMANS 1812 00:59:13,716 --> 00:59:15,585 POINT OF LONG DURATION BASED 1813 00:59:15,585 --> 00:59:17,287 EXPLORATION AND HOW THE HUMAN 1814 00:59:17,287 --> 00:59:22,158 BODY REACTS AND RECOVERS. 1815 00:59:22,158 --> 00:59:24,961 >> IT IS GOING TO HAPPEN AT MARS 1816 00:59:24,961 --> 00:59:25,228 TOO. 1817 00:59:25,228 --> 00:59:31,834 >> THIS QUESTION SOME OF YOUR 1818 00:59:31,834 --> 00:59:32,835 ANSWERS ALREADY ANSWER THE 1819 00:59:32,835 --> 00:59:35,138 QUESTION, WHAT ARE THE MAIN 1820 00:59:35,138 --> 00:59:37,707 SCIENTIFIC GOALS OF THE ARTEMIS 1821 00:59:37,707 --> 00:59:38,575 MOON MISSION, THEY ARE THINGS 1822 00:59:38,575 --> 00:59:41,411 THAT WE WANT TO FIND OUT, RIGHT, 1823 00:59:41,411 --> 00:59:42,745 THOSE ARE OUR GOALS? 1824 00:59:42,745 --> 00:59:46,015 >> SCIENTIFICALLY, SOME OF THE 1825 00:59:46,015 --> 00:59:46,683 BIGGEST UNANSWERED QUESTIONS 1826 00:59:46,683 --> 00:59:48,651 EVEN AFTER PROCESSING THE 1827 00:59:48,651 --> 00:59:49,385 WONDERFUL LUNAR SAMPLES FROM 1828 00:59:49,385 --> 00:59:52,322 APOLLO, WE STILL DO NOT KNOW 1829 00:59:52,322 --> 00:59:54,023 WHAT REALLY HAPPENED DURING THE 1830 00:59:54,023 --> 00:59:55,625 EARLY PHASES OF OUR SOLAR 1831 00:59:55,625 --> 00:59:57,260 SYSTEM, BECAUSE THE ROCK SAMPLES 1832 00:59:57,260 --> 00:59:58,661 THAT WE HAVE MIGHT HAVE A BIAS 1833 00:59:58,661 --> 00:59:59,362 IN IT. 1834 00:59:59,362 --> 01:00:01,130 THEY MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN 1835 01:00:01,130 --> 01:00:02,432 SAMPLING SOME OF THE OLDEST 1836 01:00:02,432 --> 01:00:03,566 PLACES ON THE MOON. 1837 01:00:03,566 --> 01:00:04,734 LOOKING FOR OLDER ROCKS. 1838 01:00:04,734 --> 01:00:06,436 HOW THE MOON'S INTERIOR LOOKS 1839 01:00:06,436 --> 01:00:08,538 LIKE, WE WOULD LIKE TO HAVE 1840 01:00:08,538 --> 01:00:10,440 SAMPLES OF THE MOON FROM THE 1841 01:00:10,440 --> 01:00:11,674 MANTLE, SOMETHING BELOW THE 1842 01:00:11,674 --> 01:00:12,075 CRUST. 1843 01:00:12,075 --> 01:00:13,176 THAT WILL TAKE GOING TO 1844 01:00:13,176 --> 01:00:14,143 DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE MOON 1845 01:00:14,143 --> 01:00:16,479 WHERE WE CAN GET TO THE MANTLE 1846 01:00:16,479 --> 01:00:17,180 AND UNDERSTAND HOW THAT MOON 1847 01:00:17,180 --> 01:00:20,316 FORMED AND HOW IT COOLED. 1848 01:00:20,316 --> 01:00:23,186 AND THE MOON ALSO POTENTIALLY 1849 01:00:23,186 --> 01:00:25,421 COULD TELL US WHAT HAPPENED WITH 1850 01:00:25,421 --> 01:00:25,888 THE EARLY SUN. 1851 01:00:25,888 --> 01:00:29,192 WE ARE INTERESTED IN HOW THE SUN 1852 01:00:29,192 --> 01:00:31,861 BEHAVED, AND IT COULD LOOK AT 1853 01:00:31,861 --> 01:00:33,162 SOLAR SYSTEMS WHERE WE ARE 1854 01:00:33,162 --> 01:00:34,597 LOOKING AT PLANETS AROUND OTHER 1855 01:00:34,597 --> 01:00:35,965 STARS TODAY. 1856 01:00:35,965 --> 01:00:36,933 AND MORE PLANETS AND STARS OUT 1857 01:00:36,933 --> 01:00:37,400 THERE. 1858 01:00:37,400 --> 01:00:38,635 SO THE VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE IS 1859 01:00:38,635 --> 01:00:41,037 CHANGING, WE HAVE THE SOLAR 1860 01:00:41,037 --> 01:00:42,839 SYSTEM IN THE BACKYARD, THE MOON 1861 01:00:42,839 --> 01:00:45,541 HAS THE ANSWERS TO SOME OF THESE 1862 01:00:45,541 --> 01:00:45,908 QUESTIONS. 1863 01:00:45,908 --> 01:00:46,776 THE EARLY STAGES. 1864 01:00:46,776 --> 01:00:49,245 >> THERE IS ALSO THE BASIC 1865 01:00:49,245 --> 01:00:50,246 SCIENCE AROUND HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, 1866 01:00:50,246 --> 01:00:54,350 WHICH IS AS WE SAID, HOW DOES 1867 01:00:54,350 --> 01:00:56,786 THE HUMAN BODY RESPOND TO 1868 01:00:56,786 --> 01:00:57,487 RADIATION EXPOSURE, LONG-TERM 1869 01:00:57,487 --> 01:00:58,855 DEPRIVATION OF GRAVITY. 1870 01:00:58,855 --> 01:01:02,125 ALL OF THESE THINGS. 1871 01:01:02,125 --> 01:01:02,892 THOSE ARE REALLY BASIC QUESTIONS 1872 01:01:02,892 --> 01:01:04,661 THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR OUR 1873 01:01:04,661 --> 01:01:06,829 EVENTUAL JOURNEY TO MARS, BUT 1874 01:01:06,829 --> 01:01:09,732 ALSO JUST THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE 1875 01:01:09,732 --> 01:01:12,602 THAT IS OFTEN REALLY HELPFUL IN 1876 01:01:12,602 --> 01:01:13,536 UNEXPECTED WAYS FOR IMPROVING 1877 01:01:13,536 --> 01:01:14,871 LIFE ON EARTH. 1878 01:01:14,871 --> 01:01:16,806 >> AS AN ASTROPHYSICIST, I WOULD 1879 01:01:16,806 --> 01:01:18,875 BE AMISS IF I DID NOT SAY THAT I 1880 01:01:18,875 --> 01:01:20,610 WOULD LOVE TO PUT A TELESCOPE ON 1881 01:01:20,610 --> 01:01:22,011 THE FAR SIDE OF THE MOON. 1882 01:01:22,011 --> 01:01:24,847 IT WOULD OPEN UP A DIFFERENT 1883 01:01:24,847 --> 01:01:25,815 RANGE OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC 1884 01:01:25,815 --> 01:01:26,916 SPECTRUM, BECAUSE IT SHIELDS 1885 01:01:26,916 --> 01:01:28,251 FROM THE RADIO EMISSIONS FROM 1886 01:01:28,251 --> 01:01:28,751 THE EARTH. 1887 01:01:28,751 --> 01:01:31,554 SO IT IS A NEW WINDOW INTO THE 1888 01:01:31,554 --> 01:01:32,555 UNIVERSE RIGHT IN OUR BACKYARD, 1889 01:01:32,555 --> 01:01:34,190 BECAUSE THE FAR SIDE IS FACING 1890 01:01:34,190 --> 01:01:34,724 AWAY FROM US. 1891 01:01:34,724 --> 01:01:39,028 >> WE CAN MAKE IT REALLY BIG. 1892 01:01:39,028 --> 01:01:40,697 >> COME NICE, MAYBE WE'LL GET 1893 01:01:40,697 --> 01:01:41,164 YOUR TELESCOPE. 1894 01:01:41,164 --> 01:01:42,598 >> I WILL GET MY TELESCOPE ON 1895 01:01:42,598 --> 01:01:44,133 THE FAR SIDE AND THE MOON. 1896 01:01:44,133 --> 01:01:47,637 >> SPEAKING OF HUMAN BODIES, 1897 01:01:47,637 --> 01:01:48,838 WHAT KIND OF SPACE SUIT SHOULD 1898 01:01:48,838 --> 01:01:50,273 BE USED? 1899 01:01:50,273 --> 01:01:52,608 BIG AND BULKY BUT SAFE? 1900 01:01:52,608 --> 01:01:54,777 OR SMALL, TIGHT, BUT FLEXIBLE? 1901 01:01:54,777 --> 01:01:57,013 >> THERE'S BEEN SOME EXCITING 1902 01:01:57,013 --> 01:01:58,848 WORK DONE EXACTLY IN THIS AREA. 1903 01:01:58,848 --> 01:02:00,349 AND THERE ARE A NUMBER OF 1904 01:02:00,349 --> 01:02:01,617 DIFFERENT DESIGNS THAT ARE STILL 1905 01:02:01,617 --> 01:02:02,385 BEING CONSIDERED, BUT THEY KIND 1906 01:02:02,385 --> 01:02:05,354 OF HIT BOTH ENDS OF THAT 1907 01:02:05,354 --> 01:02:07,023 SPECTRUM, SOME OF THEM LOOK LIKE 1908 01:02:07,023 --> 01:02:09,559 MORE TRADITIONAL BULKIER SUITS, 1909 01:02:09,559 --> 01:02:11,160 BECAUSE IT OFFERS A LOT OF 1910 01:02:11,160 --> 01:02:12,161 PROTECTION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. 1911 01:02:12,161 --> 01:02:14,197 TO SOME OF THEM ARE A LITTLE BIT 1912 01:02:14,197 --> 01:02:15,598 MORE STREAMLINED AND SLEEKER, 1913 01:02:15,598 --> 01:02:17,433 BECAUSE THEY ARE EASIER TO WALK 1914 01:02:17,433 --> 01:02:19,168 AROUND IN AND DO THINGS AND GET 1915 01:02:19,168 --> 01:02:21,404 STUFF DONE. 1916 01:02:21,404 --> 01:02:22,739 THEY JUST DON'T WEIGH AS MUCH. 1917 01:02:22,739 --> 01:02:23,973 BUT I THINK THAT THE JURY IS 1918 01:02:23,973 --> 01:02:26,642 STILL OUT AS TO WHICH IS THE 1919 01:02:26,642 --> 01:02:28,010 PREFERRED ONE RIGHT NOW. 1920 01:02:28,010 --> 01:02:30,880 IT IS AN AREA OF ONGOING 1921 01:02:30,880 --> 01:02:32,782 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. 1922 01:02:32,782 --> 01:02:34,751 >> THE PARTICULAR DESIGN OF ONE 1923 01:02:34,751 --> 01:02:36,619 OF THE LANDERS TO DEAL WITH 1924 01:02:36,619 --> 01:02:38,588 LUNAR DUST, IT IS A HAZARD 1925 01:02:38,588 --> 01:02:39,856 BECAUSE IT IS GLASSLIKE, THERE 1926 01:02:39,856 --> 01:02:40,723 IS NO FLOWING WATER TO SMOOTH IT 1927 01:02:40,723 --> 01:02:41,958 OUT. 1928 01:02:41,958 --> 01:02:44,193 IN ONE OF THEM HAS YOU IN YOUR 1929 01:02:44,193 --> 01:02:45,495 SPACE SUIT AND YOU LEAVE YOUR 1930 01:02:45,495 --> 01:02:49,599 SPACE SUIT ON THE OUTSIDE, UD 1931 01:02:49,599 --> 01:02:50,900 CLOAK OR SOMETHING, AND 1932 01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:53,035 THEREFORE THE DUST DOES NOT GET 1933 01:02:53,035 --> 01:02:53,770 INTO YOUR HABITAT. 1934 01:02:53,770 --> 01:02:54,470 >> NEVER COMES IN. 1935 01:02:54,470 --> 01:02:58,608 >> I THAT IDEA. 1936 01:02:58,608 --> 01:03:01,778 >> THERE IS A HATCH THAT DOCS, 1937 01:03:01,778 --> 01:03:03,780 SO THAT YOUR SUIT ALWAYS STAYS 1938 01:03:03,780 --> 01:03:06,516 ON THE OUTSIDE WHERE ALL THE 1939 01:03:06,516 --> 01:03:07,483 DIRT AND CONTAMINANTS DAY. 1940 01:03:07,483 --> 01:03:09,152 >> AND THERE IS A LOT OF WORK 1941 01:03:09,152 --> 01:03:10,419 AHEAD. 1942 01:03:10,419 --> 01:03:11,854 WHEN YOU'RE ON THE SURFACE DOING 1943 01:03:11,854 --> 01:03:13,823 THINGS, YOU WILL LEARN LIKE THE 1944 01:03:13,823 --> 01:03:14,924 APOLLO ASTRONAUTS LEARNED THAT 1945 01:03:14,924 --> 01:03:16,959 THEY WILL SKIP AND HOP TO 1946 01:03:16,959 --> 01:03:18,861 MANEUVER IN THAT BULKY THING. 1947 01:03:18,861 --> 01:03:19,862 TO THE ARTEMIS ASTRONAUTS WILL 1948 01:03:19,862 --> 01:03:22,431 FIND NEW THINGS WITH THEIR 1949 01:03:22,431 --> 01:03:23,633 SPACE SUITS AND WHAT TO CHANGE. 1950 01:03:23,633 --> 01:03:24,867 I CAN'T DRILL AS MUCH TIME I 1951 01:03:24,867 --> 01:03:27,737 CAN'T CLIMB, I CAN'T PROPEL DOWN 1952 01:03:27,737 --> 01:03:28,471 THE CRATER, THE EASY WAY THAT 1953 01:03:28,471 --> 01:03:30,106 THEY WOULD LIKE. 1954 01:03:30,106 --> 01:03:34,544 THERE WILL BE A LOT OF SUIT 1955 01:03:34,544 --> 01:03:36,212 DESIGNS FOR THE APPLICATION, WE 1956 01:03:36,212 --> 01:03:38,748 NEED THOSE SOLUTIONS AND WE NEED 1957 01:03:38,748 --> 01:03:40,149 TO LEARN THOSE AS WE EXPLORE 1958 01:03:40,149 --> 01:03:40,449 MORE. 1959 01:03:40,449 --> 01:03:46,122 >> ALWAYS LEARNING. 1960 01:03:46,122 --> 01:03:48,224 >> DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION IN 1961 01:03:48,224 --> 01:03:48,958 MIND? 1962 01:03:48,958 --> 01:03:51,127 >> I THINK I DO, WE HAVE ONE 1963 01:03:51,127 --> 01:03:54,063 HERE FOR CHAD, IT IS ABOUT THE 1964 01:03:54,063 --> 01:03:57,900 SLS, WHY ARE WE DESIGNING A NEW 1965 01:03:57,900 --> 01:03:59,802 SYSTEM TO GET TO THE MOON AND 1966 01:03:59,802 --> 01:04:02,438 NOT JUST USING THE SAME APOLLO 1967 01:04:02,438 --> 01:04:03,172 EQUIPMENT THAT THEY USED LAST 1968 01:04:03,172 --> 01:04:03,806 TIME? 1969 01:04:03,806 --> 01:04:04,807 >> IT IS A GOOD QUESTION. 1970 01:04:04,807 --> 01:04:09,378 >> DO YOU WANT TO TELL EVERYBODY 1971 01:04:09,378 --> 01:04:10,079 WHAT THE FULL SYSTEM CONSISTS 1972 01:04:10,079 --> 01:04:10,346 OF? 1973 01:04:10,346 --> 01:04:11,113 >> THAT IS THE MAIN ONE THAT WE 1974 01:04:11,113 --> 01:04:13,549 ARE TALKING ABOUT. 1975 01:04:13,549 --> 01:04:15,818 BUT THERE IS ALSO AN EQUIVALENT 1976 01:04:15,818 --> 01:04:17,019 TO ALL OF THE APOLLO VEHICLES 1977 01:04:17,019 --> 01:04:18,354 THAT KIMBERLY WAS SHOWING WITH 1978 01:04:18,354 --> 01:04:22,191 THE PROPS, THERE IS A COMMAND 1979 01:04:22,191 --> 01:04:24,360 MODULE, ORION, AN EQUIVALENT TO 1980 01:04:24,360 --> 01:04:25,962 THE SERVICE MODULE THAT THE 1981 01:04:25,962 --> 01:04:26,562 EUROPEANS ARE PROVIDING. 1982 01:04:26,562 --> 01:04:30,900 A LUNAR VEHICLE, THAT WILL BE 1983 01:04:30,900 --> 01:04:32,168 PUTTING THE HUMANS DOWN ON THE 1984 01:04:32,168 --> 01:04:32,468 MOON. 1985 01:04:32,468 --> 01:04:35,805 WHAT IS DIFFERENT FROM APOLLO'S 1986 01:04:35,805 --> 01:04:37,473 WE ALSO HAVE A GATEWAY WHICH IS 1987 01:04:37,473 --> 01:04:39,408 ORBITING SPACE STATION AROUND 1988 01:04:39,408 --> 01:04:39,775 THE MOON. 1989 01:04:39,775 --> 01:04:42,845 AND OF COURSE THE BIG ROCKETS. 1990 01:04:42,845 --> 01:04:45,014 SO THE QUESTION IS WHY DON'T WE 1991 01:04:45,014 --> 01:04:46,883 USE WHAT WE HAD IN THE APOLLO 1992 01:04:46,883 --> 01:04:50,386 ERA, IN PRINCIPLE YOU COULD USE 1993 01:04:50,386 --> 01:04:51,821 THOSE DESIGNS. 1994 01:04:51,821 --> 01:04:53,589 FOR ONE THING WE WOULD LIKE TO 1995 01:04:53,589 --> 01:04:54,857 CARRY ADDITIONAL PEOPLE. 1996 01:04:54,857 --> 01:04:56,592 AND THE APOLLO CAPSULE WAS ONLY 1997 01:04:56,592 --> 01:04:58,160 BIG ENOUGH TO CARRY THREE. 1998 01:04:58,160 --> 01:05:00,596 WE WOULD REALLY LIKE TO CARRY 1999 01:05:00,596 --> 01:05:00,997 FOUR. 2000 01:05:00,997 --> 01:05:03,900 >> WE HAVE SOME VIDEO FOOTAGE OF 2001 01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:04,800 THE ORION CAPSULE. 2002 01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:05,768 >> THEY CAN RUN THAT. 2003 01:05:05,768 --> 01:05:07,336 I WILL TALK WHILE WE GO. 2004 01:05:07,336 --> 01:05:08,738 AND YOU CAN SEE THAT IT IS A 2005 01:05:08,738 --> 01:05:10,907 PRETTY GOOD SIZE PAID ONE OF THE 2006 01:05:10,907 --> 01:05:11,941 OTHER REASONS IS THAT ALL OF 2007 01:05:11,941 --> 01:05:12,842 THOSE DESIGNS HAVE NOT BEEN 2008 01:05:12,842 --> 01:05:15,811 PRODUCED FOR 50 YEARS. 2009 01:05:15,811 --> 01:05:18,681 TO GO BACK AND TO RECOVER THE 2010 01:05:18,681 --> 01:05:20,716 DESIGN IN THE TOOLING, IT IS 2011 01:05:20,716 --> 01:05:23,152 BASICALLY AS BIG A JOB AS MAKING 2012 01:05:23,152 --> 01:05:24,520 A NEW ONE. 2013 01:05:24,520 --> 01:05:27,623 >> THERE IS A STORY ABOUT HOW 2014 01:05:27,623 --> 01:05:29,959 AMES PARTICIPATED IN THE 2015 01:05:29,959 --> 01:05:31,060 21ST CENTURY DETECTIVE STORY ON 2016 01:05:31,060 --> 01:05:38,901 THE REENTRY OF THE THERMAL 2017 01:05:38,901 --> 01:05:39,235 SYSTEM. 2018 01:05:39,235 --> 01:05:41,437 AND THEY ARE CALLED A CHEMICAL 2019 01:05:41,437 --> 01:05:42,438 SYSTEM A LA CODE. 2020 01:05:42,438 --> 01:05:45,441 AND THEY HAD TO REENTER THE 2021 01:05:45,441 --> 01:05:45,942 CHEMICAL FORMULA. 2022 01:05:45,942 --> 01:05:47,643 AND THE 21ST CENTURY VERSION OF 2023 01:05:47,643 --> 01:05:51,580 THAT IS ON THE ORION CAPSULE, SO 2024 01:05:51,580 --> 01:05:53,049 WE THANK THE APOLLO ENGINEERS 2025 01:05:53,049 --> 01:05:55,518 FOR PROVIDING THAT GROUNDWORK, 2026 01:05:55,518 --> 01:05:58,120 AND WE ARE USING THAT. 2027 01:05:58,120 --> 01:05:59,855 SPEAK OF THE LEARNING, THE 2028 01:05:59,855 --> 01:06:02,992 IDEAS, IT IS NOT TO THE ACTUAL 2029 01:06:02,992 --> 01:06:04,293 SPECIFIC DESIGNS THAT ARE 2030 01:06:04,293 --> 01:06:05,928 CARRIED ALONG IN THE RAM, AND A 2031 01:06:05,928 --> 01:06:08,030 LOT OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE 2032 01:06:08,030 --> 01:06:08,764 PROGRAM HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN IN 2033 01:06:08,764 --> 01:06:10,566 DEVELOPMENT NOW FOR MORE THAN 2034 01:06:10,566 --> 01:06:11,300 TEN YEARS. 2035 01:06:11,300 --> 01:06:13,936 SO WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM 2036 01:06:13,936 --> 01:06:15,638 SCRATCH TODAY. 2037 01:06:15,638 --> 01:06:16,806 THIS HAS BEEN IN DEVELOPMENT FOR 2038 01:06:16,806 --> 01:06:17,340 SOME TIME. 2039 01:06:17,340 --> 01:06:19,308 BUT A LOT OF TIMES IF YOU WANT 2040 01:06:19,308 --> 01:06:21,344 TO TAKE LITERALLY THE OLD DESIGN 2041 01:06:21,344 --> 01:06:24,113 AND REUSE IT, IT CAN BE JUST AS 2042 01:06:24,113 --> 01:06:26,582 MUCH WORK AS DOING A CLEAN SHEET 2043 01:06:26,582 --> 01:06:27,550 OF PAPER. 2044 01:06:27,550 --> 01:06:29,418 DURING THE NEW DESIGN, IT ALLOWS 2045 01:06:29,418 --> 01:06:33,756 YOU TO BRING ALL OF THE LATEST 2046 01:06:33,756 --> 01:06:34,924 TECHNOLOGY AND IDEAS THAT WILL 2047 01:06:34,924 --> 01:06:38,227 MAKE THINGS LIGHTER, MORE 2048 01:06:38,227 --> 01:06:38,961 COST-EFFECTIVE, AND IN MANY 2049 01:06:38,961 --> 01:06:40,029 CASES A LOT SAFER. 2050 01:06:40,029 --> 01:06:41,397 WE ARE ALWAYS LOOKING AT THOSE 2051 01:06:41,397 --> 01:06:43,733 THINGS AS WE COME UP WITH NEW 2052 01:06:43,733 --> 01:06:45,768 PIECES. 2053 01:06:45,768 --> 01:06:47,536 >> EVEN THE ORION CAPSULE THAT 2054 01:06:47,536 --> 01:06:49,972 WE ARE LOOKING AT, IT IS 2055 01:06:49,972 --> 01:06:51,807 ESSENTIALLY APOLLO ON STEROIDS, 2056 01:06:51,807 --> 01:06:54,043 THERE IS AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF 2057 01:06:54,043 --> 01:06:55,578 COMPUTING POWER THAT THE APOLLO 2058 01:06:55,578 --> 01:06:56,979 CAPSULE DID NOT HAVE. 2059 01:06:56,979 --> 01:06:59,548 AND CAN CARRY A LOT MORE 2060 01:06:59,548 --> 01:07:01,684 PAYLOAD, AND IT SUPPORTS MORE 2061 01:07:01,684 --> 01:07:02,785 ASTRONAUTS FOR LONGER DURATIONS 2062 01:07:02,785 --> 01:07:05,221 IN SPACE. 2063 01:07:05,221 --> 01:07:05,988 SO A VERY DIFFERENT DESIGN. 2064 01:07:05,988 --> 01:07:08,824 >> IS SIMILAR AS THE ARTEMIS 2065 01:07:08,824 --> 01:07:10,359 PROGRAM IS TO APOLLO IN GOING TO 2066 01:07:10,359 --> 01:07:13,629 THE MOON, A LOT OF IT ENDS RIGHT 2067 01:07:13,629 --> 01:07:15,031 THERE, BECAUSE THE BASIC 2068 01:07:15,031 --> 01:07:16,365 REQUIREMENTS FOR WHAT IT HAS TO 2069 01:07:16,365 --> 01:07:18,100 DO AND HOW LONG IT HAS TO GO, 2070 01:07:18,100 --> 01:07:20,770 FOR HOW MANY PEOPLE IT WILL 2071 01:07:20,770 --> 01:07:21,637 CARRY ARE ALL DIFFERENT FROM 2072 01:07:21,637 --> 01:07:21,971 APOLLO. 2073 01:07:21,971 --> 01:07:23,305 THAT LEADS YOU TO SOMEWHAT 2074 01:07:23,305 --> 01:07:26,175 DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS AND DESIGN. 2075 01:07:26,175 --> 01:07:26,709 >> THAT MAKES SENSE. 2076 01:07:26,709 --> 01:07:30,613 >> SO WE HAVE THE SLS ROCKETS, 2077 01:07:30,613 --> 01:07:31,847 THE ORION SPACECRAFT, AND THE F 2078 01:07:31,847 --> 01:07:32,181 GATEWAY. 2079 01:07:32,181 --> 01:07:33,983 CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE 2080 01:07:33,983 --> 01:07:35,718 ABOUT GATEWAY? 2081 01:07:35,718 --> 01:07:37,787 >> THAT WILL BE MY NEXT FAVORITE 2082 01:07:37,787 --> 01:07:38,187 SPACESHIP. 2083 01:07:38,187 --> 01:07:39,422 I CANNOT WAIT FOR A GATEWAY. 2084 01:07:39,422 --> 01:07:42,224 I THINK IT WILL BE FASCINATING. 2085 01:07:42,224 --> 01:07:45,094 IT IS DESIGN IN MIND TO BE 2086 01:07:45,094 --> 01:07:47,329 ESSENTIALLY THE FIRST 2087 01:07:47,329 --> 01:07:47,963 INTERPLANETARY SPACE TUG. 2088 01:07:47,963 --> 01:07:49,832 IT IS A SPACESHIP THAT CAN HAVE 2089 01:07:49,832 --> 01:07:51,500 THE CAPABILITY OF ALLOWING US TO 2090 01:07:51,500 --> 01:07:53,202 MANEUVER THINGS IN SPACE AND 2091 01:07:53,202 --> 01:07:55,938 PROPELLING OTHER VEHICLES TO 2092 01:07:55,938 --> 01:07:57,740 MARS. 2093 01:07:57,740 --> 01:07:58,874 BUT IT IS AN ORBITING SHIP 2094 01:07:58,874 --> 01:08:01,177 AROUND THE MOON, THAT GETS US 2095 01:08:01,177 --> 01:08:02,978 CLOSE TO 1,000 MILES OF THE MOON 2096 01:08:02,978 --> 01:08:04,980 SURFACE AND AS FAR AWAY AS 2097 01:08:04,980 --> 01:08:05,414 40,000 MILES. 2098 01:08:05,414 --> 01:08:13,622 IT IS IN THIS ORBIT THAT ALLOWS 2099 01:08:13,622 --> 01:08:14,390 YOU TO LAND ON ANY PLACE ON THE 2100 01:08:14,390 --> 01:08:14,690 MOON. 2101 01:08:14,690 --> 01:08:16,058 WHICH WE DID NOT HAVE WITH 2102 01:08:16,058 --> 01:08:17,560 APOLLO. 2103 01:08:17,560 --> 01:08:18,861 THE ORBIT TRAJECTORY WAS 2104 01:08:18,861 --> 01:08:20,629 SPECIFIC AND COULD ONLY LAND ON 2105 01:08:20,629 --> 01:08:21,130 THE EQUATOR. 2106 01:08:21,130 --> 01:08:24,967 THIS ALLOWS US TO GO TO THE 2107 01:08:24,967 --> 01:08:26,936 POLES THAT WE WERE TALKING ABOUT 2108 01:08:26,936 --> 01:08:27,803 EARLIER. 2109 01:08:27,803 --> 01:08:29,972 IT HAS A UNIQUE PROPULSION, THE 2110 01:08:29,972 --> 01:08:30,873 SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION AND IS 2111 01:08:30,873 --> 01:08:31,774 MORE POWERFUL THAN ANYTHING OF 2112 01:08:31,774 --> 01:08:33,742 THAT TYPE THAT WE HAVE SEEN 2113 01:08:33,742 --> 01:08:34,376 BEFORE. 2114 01:08:34,376 --> 01:08:35,377 THAT IS THE PROPULSION THAT WE 2115 01:08:35,377 --> 01:08:36,979 WILL NEED WHEN WE ARE FAR FROM 2116 01:08:36,979 --> 01:08:38,848 HOME LIKE ON OUR JOURNEY TO 2117 01:08:38,848 --> 01:08:39,582 MARS. 2118 01:08:39,582 --> 01:08:41,183 AND SO WE -- I ALSO LOVE THE 2119 01:08:41,183 --> 01:08:42,885 FACT THAT IT IS OPEN 2120 01:08:42,885 --> 01:08:43,586 ARCHITECTURE. 2121 01:08:43,586 --> 01:08:44,887 ALL THE PORTS ARE GOING TO BE 2122 01:08:44,887 --> 01:08:46,889 MADE AVAILABLE. 2123 01:08:46,889 --> 01:08:48,657 BECAUSE WE WANT TO HAVE 2124 01:08:48,657 --> 01:08:49,391 COMMERCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL 2125 01:08:49,391 --> 01:08:50,526 PARTNERS DOCKING, COMING AND 2126 01:08:50,526 --> 01:08:52,228 GOING AND HAVING HUMANS ON IT 2127 01:08:52,228 --> 01:08:54,864 AND NOT HAVING HUMANS ON IT, IT 2128 01:08:54,864 --> 01:08:55,931 IS GOING TO BE VACATION HOME 2129 01:08:55,931 --> 01:08:56,532 TYPE OF THING. 2130 01:08:56,532 --> 01:08:58,567 AND ASTRONAUTS WILL BE THERE FOR 2131 01:08:58,567 --> 01:08:59,335 A FEW WEEKS OR MONTHS AT A TIME 2132 01:08:59,335 --> 01:09:00,970 AND THEN IT WILL BE EMPTY FOR 2133 01:09:00,970 --> 01:09:01,837 SOME TIME. 2134 01:09:01,837 --> 01:09:04,507 AND IT REALLY IS A DIFFERENT 2135 01:09:04,507 --> 01:09:06,408 APPROACH, THE THINKING ABOUT 2136 01:09:06,408 --> 01:09:07,143 LONG TERM HUMAN EXPLORATION AND 2137 01:09:07,143 --> 01:09:07,443 SPACE. 2138 01:09:07,443 --> 01:09:10,112 >> IT IS LIKE A SPACE CONDO. 2139 01:09:10,112 --> 01:09:10,813 [LAUGHTER] 2140 01:09:10,813 --> 01:09:11,647 >> I LIKE THAT IDEA. 2141 01:09:11,647 --> 01:09:14,984 >> IT IS A STAGING PLACE, WE 2142 01:09:14,984 --> 01:09:16,085 HANG OUT THERE FOR A WHILE, AND 2143 01:09:16,085 --> 01:09:18,954 THEN WE LEAVE. 2144 01:09:18,954 --> 01:09:20,022 THEN WE WILL COME BACK LATER AND 2145 01:09:20,022 --> 01:09:22,791 PICK BACK UP. 2146 01:09:22,791 --> 01:09:25,194 >> IT IS A PROPULSION, IT WILL 2147 01:09:25,194 --> 01:09:27,963 BE A TUGBOAT, AND IS ALLOWING 2148 01:09:27,963 --> 01:09:28,797 OTHER SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON IT. 2149 01:09:28,797 --> 01:09:32,168 PUTTING A TELESCOPE ON IT, WHY 2150 01:09:32,168 --> 01:09:32,468 NOT? 2151 01:09:32,468 --> 01:09:33,936 CONTROLLING THE ROVERS ON THE 2152 01:09:33,936 --> 01:09:35,104 SURFACE FROM IT. 2153 01:09:35,104 --> 01:09:37,239 >> IT HAS A LOT OF POTENTIAL. 2154 01:09:37,239 --> 01:09:39,041 >> WE HAVE ANIMATION OF GATEWAY 2155 01:09:39,041 --> 01:09:39,909 TO SHOW. 2156 01:09:39,909 --> 01:09:44,213 >> THERE WE GO, THIS IS SHOWING 2157 01:09:44,213 --> 01:09:45,548 ALL OF THE DIFFERENT COMPONENT 2158 01:09:45,548 --> 01:09:47,850 MODULES FROM BOTH COMMERCIAL AND 2159 01:09:47,850 --> 01:09:48,584 INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS AS WELL 2160 01:09:48,584 --> 01:09:50,953 AS NASA BEING ASSEMBLED TO FORM 2161 01:09:50,953 --> 01:09:53,756 EVENTUALLY THIS REALLY 2162 01:09:53,756 --> 01:09:55,791 FUNCTIONAL OUTPOST AND ORBIT 2163 01:09:55,791 --> 01:09:56,258 AROUND THE MOON. 2164 01:09:56,258 --> 01:09:58,661 >> AND IT ALSO LETS US HAVE 2165 01:09:58,661 --> 01:09:59,428 CONSTANT COMMUNICATION WITH THE 2166 01:09:59,428 --> 01:10:00,162 EARTH, WHICH IS SOMETHING YOU 2167 01:10:00,162 --> 01:10:02,364 WILL NOT HAVE WHEN YOU GO TO 2168 01:10:02,364 --> 01:10:04,166 MARS, BUT AT LEAST THIS TIME 2169 01:10:04,166 --> 01:10:07,036 WHEN WE ARE WORKING OUT ALL OF 2170 01:10:07,036 --> 01:10:07,736 THE INTERESTING CHALLENGES OF 2171 01:10:07,736 --> 01:10:09,071 BEING AWAY FROM PLANET EARTH AND 2172 01:10:09,071 --> 01:10:13,175 IN THIS ENVIRONMENT FOR A LONG 2173 01:10:13,175 --> 01:10:14,043 PERIOD TIME IT IS A PROVING 2174 01:10:14,043 --> 01:10:14,677 GROUND. 2175 01:10:14,677 --> 01:10:16,946 AND IT IS FLEXIBLE IN TERMS OF 2176 01:10:16,946 --> 01:10:18,380 WHAT IT CAN BE USED FOR. 2177 01:10:18,380 --> 01:10:24,820 >> YOU JUST ANSWERED A QUESTION, 2178 01:10:24,820 --> 01:10:27,990 IS TO MISS A JOINT VENTURE IN 2179 01:10:27,990 --> 01:10:29,725 THE WAY THAT THE INTERNATIONAL 2180 01:10:29,725 --> 01:10:31,594 SPACE SYSTEM IS INTERNATIONAL? 2181 01:10:31,594 --> 01:10:33,329 >> VERY MUCH SO. 2182 01:10:33,329 --> 01:10:36,131 >> AND OTHER PARTNERS AS WELL, 2183 01:10:36,131 --> 01:10:38,434 INTERNATIONAL SPATE SYSTEM EIGHT 2184 01:10:38,434 --> 01:10:39,368 PARTNERS. 2185 01:10:39,368 --> 01:10:41,937 WE ARE A VERY DIFFERENT SPECIES 2186 01:10:41,937 --> 01:10:44,273 AND WE WERE YEARS AGO. 2187 01:10:44,273 --> 01:10:46,242 SO AS THE FUTURE OF SPACE IS FOR 2188 01:10:46,242 --> 01:10:48,744 THE WHOLE WORLD, AND WE HAVE A 2189 01:10:48,744 --> 01:10:50,679 LOT OF NATIONS, YOU KNOW, 2190 01:10:50,679 --> 01:10:52,615 WORKING IN SPACE IN TERMS OF 2191 01:10:52,615 --> 01:10:54,016 THEIR ECONOMICS OR THE 2192 01:10:54,016 --> 01:10:54,483 COMMUNICATION. 2193 01:10:54,483 --> 01:10:56,518 AND THEY WILL BE PARTNERING 2194 01:10:56,518 --> 01:10:59,755 WITH, YOU KNOW, THIS IS WHAT THE 2195 01:10:59,755 --> 01:11:00,856 ARTEMIS PROGRAM IS ABOUT. 2196 01:11:00,856 --> 01:11:03,926 >> WE HAVE A QUESTION HERE, IS 2197 01:11:03,926 --> 01:11:08,764 GATEWAY BIGGER THAN THE ISS? 2198 01:11:08,764 --> 01:11:10,466 >> NO, ISS IS REALLY HUGE, AND 2199 01:11:10,466 --> 01:11:12,101 GATEWAY BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH 2200 01:11:12,101 --> 01:11:14,937 FURTHER AWAY WILL BE A MUCH MORE 2201 01:11:14,937 --> 01:11:16,372 COMPACT VEHICLE. 2202 01:11:16,372 --> 01:11:18,907 IT WILL HAVE A LOT OF THE 2203 01:11:18,907 --> 01:11:20,209 FUNCTIONALITY THAT ISS DOES, 2204 01:11:20,209 --> 01:11:22,845 JUST A LITTLE BIT SMALLER. 2205 01:11:22,845 --> 01:11:24,346 A LOT SMALLER. 2206 01:11:24,346 --> 01:11:26,215 >> IT WILL STILL NEED TO BE 2207 01:11:26,215 --> 01:11:28,951 OCCUPIED, THE ISS, AMAZING 2208 01:11:28,951 --> 01:11:29,585 ACHIEVEMENT, CONTINUOUSLY 2209 01:11:29,585 --> 01:11:32,855 OCCUPIED FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. 2210 01:11:32,855 --> 01:11:40,929 NOVEMBER OF 2,000, WERE THE 2211 01:11:40,929 --> 01:11:41,964 FIRST OCCUPANTS. 2212 01:11:41,964 --> 01:11:44,500 AND IT HAS TO BE DESIGNED 2213 01:11:44,500 --> 01:11:45,968 DIFFERENTLY, BECAUSE IT HAS TO 2214 01:11:45,968 --> 01:11:47,670 SUPPORT A PERIOD WHERE IT DOES 2215 01:11:47,670 --> 01:11:48,771 NOT HAVE HUMANS. 2216 01:11:48,771 --> 01:11:49,571 SO THAT CAN BE DONE BECAUSE OF 2217 01:11:49,571 --> 01:11:54,376 OUR ADVANCEMENT IN ROBOTICS AND 2218 01:11:54,376 --> 01:11:55,110 AUTONOMY AND SMART SOFTWARE. 2219 01:11:55,110 --> 01:11:56,779 I KNOW IT IS A DIFFERENT 2220 01:11:56,779 --> 01:11:58,781 VEHICLE, BUT WE ARE STARTING TO 2221 01:11:58,781 --> 01:12:00,182 SEE SELF-DRIVING CARS, 2222 01:12:00,182 --> 01:12:01,116 SELF-DRIVING TRUCKS, THE 2223 01:12:01,116 --> 01:12:03,052 SATELLITES ARE A LOT MORE 2224 01:12:03,052 --> 01:12:03,585 AUTONOMOUS. 2225 01:12:03,585 --> 01:12:04,953 WE ARE A SMARTER SPECIES NOW. 2226 01:12:04,953 --> 01:12:06,722 AND NOW SPACE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE 2227 01:12:06,722 --> 01:12:07,423 OF THE KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HAVE 2228 01:12:07,423 --> 01:12:09,325 GAINED IN THAT FIELD. 2229 01:12:09,325 --> 01:12:10,759 >> I THINK WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE 2230 01:12:10,759 --> 01:12:13,095 MORE QUESTION. 2231 01:12:13,095 --> 01:12:18,100 >> OUR QUESTIONS ARE THE BEST. 2232 01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:18,934 >> MAY BE THIS ONE. 2233 01:12:18,934 --> 01:12:21,437 WHAT ARE SOME OF THE DESIGN 2234 01:12:21,437 --> 01:12:22,171 CHALLENGES THAT HAVE YET TO BE 2235 01:12:22,171 --> 01:12:24,406 SOLVED ON THE TRIP? 2236 01:12:24,406 --> 01:12:26,842 >> THERE ARE SO MANY. 2237 01:12:26,842 --> 01:12:28,977 >> THERE IS A LOT OF WORK TO DO. 2238 01:12:28,977 --> 01:12:31,046 >> WE WERE JUST TALKING ABOUT 2239 01:12:31,046 --> 01:12:32,748 APOLLO EARLIER IN THE SHOW AIRED 2240 01:12:32,748 --> 01:12:34,850 WHEN THE CHARGE CAME TO GO TO 2241 01:12:34,850 --> 01:12:38,220 THE MOON IN '61, IT WAS ONLY 20 2242 01:12:38,220 --> 01:12:40,356 DAYS AFTER THEY DID A FIRST 2243 01:12:40,356 --> 01:12:40,856 SUBORBITAL FLIGHT. 2244 01:12:40,856 --> 01:12:42,825 THEY ARE NOT FIGURED OUT TO DO 2245 01:12:42,825 --> 01:12:45,928 RENDEZVOUS ON TWO SPACE CRAFTS. 2246 01:12:45,928 --> 01:12:47,096 THEY HAD NOT DONE A SPACEWALK. 2247 01:12:47,096 --> 01:12:49,365 THEY DID NOT DO A SPACE SUIT. 2248 01:12:49,365 --> 01:12:54,136 I MEAN THEY LITERALLY WENT FROM 2249 01:12:54,136 --> 01:12:56,538 A SINGLE PERSON ON TOP OF A 2250 01:12:56,538 --> 01:12:59,074 ROCKET THAT JUST WHEN IN SPACE 2251 01:12:59,074 --> 01:13:00,542 FOR 20 MINUTES TO ACTUALLY GOING 2252 01:13:00,542 --> 01:13:02,177 A QUARTER OF A MILLION MILES 2253 01:13:02,177 --> 01:13:02,845 AWAY AND LANDING ON ANOTHER 2254 01:13:02,845 --> 01:13:05,681 WORLD AND COMING BACK SAFELY. 2255 01:13:05,681 --> 01:13:08,817 >> SO WE ARE IN A MUCH BETTER 2256 01:13:08,817 --> 01:13:09,251 PLACE. 2257 01:13:09,251 --> 01:13:11,587 >> BUT THERE WILL BE CHALLENGES. 2258 01:13:11,587 --> 01:13:12,988 NO DOUBT ABOUT IT. 2259 01:13:12,988 --> 01:13:14,957 AND THAT IS THE BEAUTY OF IT. 2260 01:13:14,957 --> 01:13:16,325 BECAUSE WHEN YOU HAVE A PROBLEM 2261 01:13:16,325 --> 01:13:18,794 THAT HAS NOT BEEN SOLVED, THAT 2262 01:13:18,794 --> 01:13:21,196 IS WHEN YOU GET YOUR CREATIVE 2263 01:13:21,196 --> 01:13:21,930 NEW SOLUTIONS. 2264 01:13:21,930 --> 01:13:22,398 YOU KNOW? 2265 01:13:22,398 --> 01:13:23,932 HE WILL ATTACK A PROBLEM AND 2266 01:13:23,932 --> 01:13:25,367 COME BACK WITH SOMETHING THAT NO 2267 01:13:25,367 --> 01:13:26,902 ONE HAS EVER THOUGHT OF BEFORE. 2268 01:13:26,902 --> 01:13:29,838 AND WHO KNOWS WHERE YOU CAN GO? 2269 01:13:29,838 --> 01:13:33,942 >> NICELY SAID. 2270 01:13:33,942 --> 01:13:35,744 >> I GUESS THAT IS THE PERFECT 2271 01:13:35,744 --> 01:13:36,645 WAY TO END AT THIS. 2272 01:13:36,645 --> 01:13:38,814 >> IT IS, ON THAT NOTE. 2273 01:13:38,814 --> 01:13:40,149 THAT'S ABOUT ALL THE TIME WE 2274 01:13:40,149 --> 01:13:41,583 HAVE TODAY, YOU GUYS. 2275 01:13:41,583 --> 01:13:42,951 A HUGE THANKS TO OUR GUESTS. 2276 01:13:42,951 --> 01:13:45,988 AND EVERYONE WHO JOINED US ON 2277 01:13:45,988 --> 01:13:46,321 TWITCH. 2278 01:13:46,321 --> 01:13:48,924 WE WILL BE BACK ON THURSDAY, 2279 01:13:48,924 --> 01:13:52,027 JULY 25TH, TALKING ABOUT HOW TO 2280 01:13:52,027 --> 01:13:53,262 GET AN INTERNSHIP AT NASA. 2281 01:13:53,262 --> 01:13:53,829 THAT'S HOW IT STARTS. 2282 01:13:53,829 --> 01:13:55,964 >> THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE 2283 01:13:55,964 --> 01:13:57,332 TODAY THAT STARTED AS INTERNS. 2284 01:13:57,332 --> 01:13:59,535 THAT IS OUR NEXT SHOW FOR THIS 2285 01:13:59,535 --> 01:14:02,638 GANG HERE, BUT REMEMBER TO JOIN 2286 01:14:02,638 --> 01:14:04,540 US TOMORROW AND CELEBRATING THE 2287 01:14:04,540 --> 01:14:05,307 APOLLO 50TH AND HEARING ABOUT 2288 01:14:05,307 --> 01:14:07,476 OUR FUTURE PLANS TO GO TO THE 2289 01:14:07,476 --> 01:14:09,178 MOON AND ONTO MARS. 2290 01:14:09,178 --> 01:14:11,647 SO TUNE INTO THE SPECIAL TWO 2291 01:14:11,647 --> 01:14:13,982 HOUR LIFE NASA TELEVISION 2292 01:14:13,982 --> 01:14:15,317 BROADCAST TOMORROW AT 10:00 A.M. 2293 01:14:15,317 --> 01:14:15,851 PACIFIC. 2294 01:14:15,851 --> 01:14:17,119 AND YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT THE SHOW 2295 01:14:17,119 --> 01:14:18,787 AND LEARN HOW TO WATCH IT BY 2296 01:14:18,787 --> 01:14:21,690 GOING TO NASA. 2297 01:14:21,690 --> 01:14:22,891 AND CLICK ON "EVENTS." 2298 01:14:22,891 --> 01:14:24,960 CHECK IT OUT AND WE WILL SEE YOU 2299 01:14:24,960 --> 01:14:25,260 SOON. 2300 01:14:25,260 --> 01:14:27,396 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US. 2301 01:14:27,396 --> 01:14:28,130 GOODBYE. 2302 01:14:28,130 --> 01:14:30,232 ♪ ♪