FIVE, FOUR, THREE, TWO, ONE.
♪ ♪
>> HI, EVERYBODY.
WELCOME TO ANOTHER EPISODE OF
NASA IN SILICON VALLEY LIVE.
I AM YOUR HOST TIFFANY BLAKE.
IF THIS IS YOUR FIRST TIME
TUNING INTO THE SHOW,
SILICON VALLEY LIVE IS A
CONVERSATIONAL SHOW OUT OF NASA
AMES RESOURCE CENTER WHERE WE
TALK ABOUT ALL OF THE NERDY NASA
NEWS YOU NEED TO KNOW.
I HAVE WITH ME TODAY THE VERY
AWESOME ABBY.
>> YES, I AM YOUR COHOST TODAY,
I AM ABBY TABOR.
AND WE ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY LIVE
RIGHT NOW ON TWITCH, YOUTUBE,
FACEBOOK, AND PERISCOPE.
BUT IF YOU WANT TO JOIN IN THE
CHAT AND ASK OUR GUEST QUESTIONS
DURING THE SHOW YOU NEED TO DO
THAT ON TWITCH.
GO TO www.TWITCH.TV/NASA.
SO TODAY, WE ARE TAKING A TRIP
DOWN MEMORY LANE AND
TALKING ABOUT THE UPCOMING
ANNIVERSARY OF THE APOLLO MOON
LANDING.
>> YES, I AM SUPER EXCITED ABOUT
THIS.
JULY 20TH WILL MARK THE 50TH
ANNIVERSARY OF HUMANS TAKING
THEIR FIRST STEPS ON THE MOON.
ON ANOTHER WORLD, ACTUALLY IF
YOU THINK ABOUT IT.
SO JOINING US TODAY TO TALK
ABOUT THIS HISTORIC ACHIEVEMENT
OUR OUR GUESTS KIMBERLY AND
CHAD.
WHY DON'T YOU INTRODUCE
YOURSELVES AND TELL THE END
AUDIENCE ABOUT YOURSELF.
>> THANK YOU FOR HAVING US, I AM
KIMBERLY ENNICO SMITH.
I AM A PHYSICIST AT NASA AMES
CENTER IN SILICON VALLEY.
I AM SOLVING PROBLEMS AND I WORK
A LOT WITH INSTRUMENTS AND
OMISSION DESIGN FOR NEW MISSIONS
IN SPACE.
>> AND I AM CHAD FROST, THE
DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING
HERE AT NASA AMES CENTER.
AND OUR FOLKS HAVE THE MOST
EXCELLENT ROLE OF BASICALLY
MAKING THE IDEAS AND CONCEPTS
AND MISSIONS THAT FOLKS LIKE
KIMBERLY COME UP WITH COME TO
LIFE.
THEY HAVE THESE WONDERFUL IDEAS
FOR SCIENCE AND WE GET TO BUILD
THEM.
>> AWESOME.
>> THAT IS SO COOL.
>> AWESOME JOBS, RIGHT?
BEFORE WE GET INTO TALKING ABOUT
THE APOLLO ANNIVERSARY WHICH IS
JUST TWO DAYS AWAY.
I WANT TO REMIND OUR AUDIENCE
THAT WE ARE ALSO COUNTING DOWN
TO ANOTHER IMPORTANT MILESTONE
IN HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION.
>> THAT IS WHAT THE CLOCK IS ALL
ABOUT.
SO FIVE YEARS FROM NOW NASA IS
PLANNING ON SENDING HUMANS TO
THE MOON AS PART OF THE ARTEMIS
PROGRAM THAT WE WILL TALK ABOUT
LATER ON.
AND THE CLOCK HERE IS COUNTING
DOWN THE DAYS, HOURS, MINUTES,
SECONDS UNTIL 2024, WHEN THE
FIRST WOMAN AND WHO KNOWS, THE
NEXT MAN WILL WALK ON THE MOON'S
SOUTH POLE, SOMEWHERE HUMANS
HAVE NEVER BEEN BEFORE.
WE ARE PRETTY EXCITED ABOUT
THAT.
WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT LATER IN
THE SHOW, FOR NOW LET'S GET BACK
TO APOLLO.
>> YES, APOLLO.
SO THE MOON LANDING, KIND OF A
BIG DEAL, WHAT DO YOU GUYS
THINK?
>> IT IS REALLY EXCITING TO LOOK
BACK ON IT RIGHT, WITH THE
PERSPECTIVE OF 50 YEARS.
IT WAS AN AMAZING ACHIEVEMENT
THEN, AND IT HAS NOT BEEN
DUPLICATED.
WE ARE COMING BACK TO IT IN
ARTEMIS TO FINALLY SEND HUMANS
BACK TO THE MOON.
BUT IT IS EASY TO FORGET WHAT A
HUGE UNDERTAKING IT WAS BACK 50
YEARS AGO.
SO TO GO BACK AND SORT OF DO A
RETROSPECTIVE AND REMEMBER ALL
OF THAT IS JUST AMAZING.
IT IS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY.
>> I WAS NOT EVEN A TWINKLE IN
MY PARENT'S EYES, SO I AM AFTER
APOLLO.
BUT LOOKING BACK AT LEARNING
ABOUT WHAT IT TOOK TO PUT HUMANS
ON THE MOON -- SO JULY 20TH,
1969, THE FIRST HUMANS LANDING
ON THE MOON IS A CULMINATION OF
A LOT OF WORK AND INCREDIBLE
ENGINEERING PROMISE.
THERE WAS A CHARGE BY THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
JOHN F. KENNEDY, HE ADDRESSED
CONGRESS.
AND I LOOKED THIS UP.
MAY 25TH, 1961.
THAT WAS 20 DAYS AFTER ALAN
SHEPARD DID THE FORCED
SUBORBITAL HUMAN FLIGHT.
AND HE CHARGED THE NATION TO PUT
A MAN ON THE MOON AND RETURN HIM
SAFELY TO EARTH WITHIN THE
DECADE.
>> IT IS PRETTY AUDACIOUS.
>> LESS THAN THREE WEEKS LATER.
>> LET'S GO FOR THE MOON.
HOW ABOUT THE MOON?
>> AND THEN YOU HAVE THIS
MERCURY PROGRAM THAT HAD ALL OF
THESE FIRST AND THEN THE GEMINI
THAT HAD TWO ASTRONAUTS.
AND THERE WAS A PERIOD IN THE
MID-'60s, 65 '66 WHERE THEY
HAD A HUMAN WORKING OUT ALL OF
THE DIFFERENT LEGS OF DOING
THE APOLLO MISSION.
TO PUT HUMANS ON THE MOON.
>> WHAT A TIME.
>> UNLIKE KIMBERLY I ACTUALLY
REMEMBER THE FIRST MOON LANDING.
I WAS A LITTLE KID, AND I
REMEMBER DISTINCTLY HAVING MY
LITTLE SPACE HELMET ON AND
SITTING IN FRONT OF OUR LITTLE
LITTLE -- TELEVISION WATCHING
THE FIRST MOON LANDING.
>> AMAZING.
>> IT FORMATIVE EXPERIENCE.
PROBABLY WHY I'M HERE AS A NASA
ENGINEER TODAY.
BUT TO THINK BACK ON IT, IT WAS
SUCH A HUGELY IMPACTFUL EVENT,
RELIEF, FOR ALL HUMANITY.
CERTAINLY FOR US HERE IN THE
U.S., BUT IT WAS A GLOBAL EVENT
THAT EVERYBODY THAT COULD SEE IT
OR WATCH IT DID.
IT WAS IN ALL OF THE PAPERS
AROUND THE GLOBE, BECAUSE IT WAS
SUCH A BIG DEAL.
BUT IT TOOK A LOT OF WORK TO GET
TO THAT POINT.
KIMBERLY MENTIONED THIS WHOLE
SUCCESSION OF LAUNCHES AND
MISSIONS TO CHIP AWAY AT THE
REALLY HARD ENGINEERING AND
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS, WHICH WERE
MANY, MANY, MANY TO ULTIMATELY
GET TO THE POINT WHERE WE COULD
LAUNCH A ROCKET BIG ENOUGH TO
CARRY HUMANS TO THE MOON.
AROUND THE MOON, DOWN TO THE
SURFACE OF THE MOON, AND ALL TH.
THAT WAS A NEARLY INSURMOUNTABLE
STEP OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
THAT ENORMOUS RESOURCES FROM THE
COUNTRY WERE PUT TOWARDS.
>> LET'S GET INTO THE BASICS.
SO WHO WERE THE ASTRONAUTS THAT
ACTUALLY GOT THIS GREAT
OPPORTUNITY TO LAND ON THE MOON?
>> WE ARE TALKING ABOUT
APOLLO 11.
APOLLO 11 WAS THE FIRST TIME WE
HAD HUMANS ON THE MOON.
THERE WERE THREE ASTRONAUTS PER
APOLLO MISSION.
AND TO THE ONES THAT WERE ON
THAT MISSION, WHICH WAS NOT
PREDETERMINED.
IT WAS ALL A PART OF THE ROTA
THAT THEY WERE IN.
NEIL ARMSTRONG, EDWIN ALDRIN,
AND MICHAEL COLLINS WERE THE
THREE GENTLEMEN WHO DID THIS
HISTORIC FIRST LANDING ON THE
MOON.
MICHAEL COLLINS IS THE ONE WHO
WAS IN THE COMMAND MODULE IN
ORBIT AROUND THE MOON.
YET A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE.
THAT WAS THE DESIGN OF THE
APOLLO PROGRAM.
>> WHERE DID THEY LAND WHEN THEY
REACHED THE MOON?
>> THEY WERE ALMOST ON THE
EQUATOR.
WE HAD A LITTLE MODELING HERE
THE OTHER DAY.
WE WERE LOOKING AT THE LITTLE
MOON MODEL GOING, WHERE WAS IT?
OH, IT IS RIGHT ON THE EQUATOR.
IT IS PRETTY EASY TO SPOT.
RIGHT ON THE EDGE OF THE SEA OF
TRANQUILITY.
>> IT IS ONE OF THE DARK AREAS.
IF YOU LOOK AT THE FACE IN THE
MOON, IT IS ONE OF THE EYES.
[LAUGHS]
>> FUN FACT.
>> WHAT WAS INTERESTING ON THE
ACTUAL MOON LANDING, JULY 20TH,
1969, THE MOON WAS A WAXING
CRESCENT, AND WHEN THE LANDING
OCCURRED IT WAS ABOUT 4:00 IN
THE AFTERNOON EASTERN TIME.
BUT WHEN IT WAS TIME TO OPEN UP
THE LUNAR MODULE AND TAKE THE
FIRST STEPS ON THE MOON, IT WAS
AROUND 11:00 P.M. EASTERN TIME,
THE SUN HAD SET AROUND 8:00.
SO IT WAS NIGHT TIME IF YOU ARE
ON THE EASTERN SIDE OF THE U.S.,
AND YOU COULD LOOK UP AND GO,
THERE ARE TWO PEOPLE ON THE MOON
RIGHT NOW.
>> ISN'T IT AMAZING?
>> WE WERE TALKING THE OTHER
DAY, PEOPLE WENT OUT AND LOOKED
TO SEE IF THEY COULD SEE THEM.
AND OF COURSE THEY ARE A LITTLE
TOO SMALL TO SEE IN A TELESCOPE.
BUT PEOPLE DID THAT.
THEY WERE SO EXCITED TO GO SEE.
THERE ARE PEOPLE UP THERE RIGHT
NOW.
MAYBE I CAN GO OUT AND LOOKED UP
AND SEE THEM.
I THINK THAT IS FANTASTIC.
>> THAT IS SO COOL.
WE HAVE A COMMENT THAT I WANT TO
SHARE FROM TYRANNICAL ZOMBIE.
ALLEGE IT DID NOT KNOW THAT WE
WERE PLANNING TO GO BACK TO THE
MOON.
THIS IS AWESOME AND I AM SO
EXCITED.
>> WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT IN A
FEW MINUTES FOR SURE.
>> TO GET TO THE MOON WE NEED TO
GET TO THE MOST POWERFUL ROCKET
THAT HAD NEVER BEEN -- UP TO NOW
PUTTING HUMANS OR EVEN OTHER
SPACECRAFT ORBITING AROUND THE
EARTH, TO ACTUALLY ESCAPE THE
EARTH'S GRAVITY AND THEN HAVE
ENOUGH FUEL TO GO TO THE MOON
WAS A QUARTER OF A MILLION MILES
AWAY, A THREE DAY TRIP.
AND THEN TO COME BACK AT, THAT
WAS A BIG ROCKET.
>> YEAH.
>> THAT WAS FROM SATURN V, AND
THEY FORGET JUST WHAT A HUGE
ROCKET THAT WAS, THE SATURN V
IS -- IT WAS ALMOST 400 FEET
TALL.
>> WHAT DOES THAT COMPARE TO?
>> TALLER THAN THE STATUE OF
LIBERTY.
I THINK WE HAVE A GRAPHIC ERA.
COMPARING.
AND THIS IS A GRAPHIC FROM BACK
IN THE DAY.
IT IS HUGE.
>> IT IS REALLY 7 MILLION POUNDS
OF THRUST.
AND CHAD, YOU WERE TALKING ABOUT
SEEING A FALCON 9 LAUNCH AND YOU
COULD FEEL IT.
>> IS FORTUNATE TO BE AT KENNEDY
SPACE CENTER OF FEW MONTHS AGO
FOR A FALCON HEAVY LAUNCH.
IT WAS A PRETTY BIG ROCKET.
AND YOU SEE THESE ON TV.
AND YOU'RE LIKE OKAY, THERE IS A
LOT OF SMOKE AND LIGHT.
AND UP IT GOES.
AND THAT IS TRUE, BUT IT DOES
NOT COME ACROSS ON TV, THAT YOU
FEEL IT.
BECAUSE YOU CAN VISCERALLY FEEL
IT IN YOUR BODY.
BECAUSE ALL OF THAT POWER AND
LAUNCH IS COMING OUT TO.
AND IT IS ROLLING TOWARDS.
SO YES, THERE IS FIRE AND SMOKE.
AND YOU FEEL THE LAUNCH.
THE FALCON HEAVY IS A LOT
SMALLER THAN THIS ROCKET.
>> IS THE SATURN V STILL THE
MOST POWERFUL ROCKET THAT IS
BLOWN TILL NOW?
>> IT IS TODAY.
33 OF THEM WERE FLOWN THROUGHOUT
THE TEST PROGRAM.
>> OH, WOW.
THAT IS IMPRESSIVE.
WHAT WAS IN THE SATURN V ROCKET?
THESE AMAZING SPACESHIPS?
THESE APOLLO ENGINEERS WERE
CREATIVE, ELEGANT, AND PRECISE.
>> I WOULD THINK THAT YOU WOULD
HAVE TO BE IN ORDER TO BE SO
AMBITIOUS --
>> TO PULL THIS OFF.
>> WE HAD TWO AMAZING
SPACECRAFTS.
WE HAD WHAT WE CALL SORT OF THE
COMMAND MODULE, THE ORION.
SORRY.
>> EXCITED ABOUT ORION.
>> THE APOLLO CAPSULE AND A
COMMAND MODULE THAT HAD ALL OF
THE FUEL.
AND THEN IT WAS A STAGED ON TOP
THE LUNAR EXCURSION BOTTLE
DURING LAUNCH.
AND THEN IT MOVED OFF AND IT
PURO ADDED AROUND AND ATTACHED
ITSELF.
AND WE HAD THIS COMBINATION OF
TWO DIFFERENT, OR ONE COULD SAY
THREE OR FOUR DIFFERENT
SPACECRAFT TOGETHER GOING TO THE
MOON.
AND THEN WE HAD THE THREE
ASTRONAUTS THAT ARE IN APOLLO.
>> THE COMMAND MODULE IS CALLED
COLUMBIA, AND THEN IT WAS TIME
FOR THE LUNAR LANDING ON JULY
JULY 20TH, BUZZ ALDRIN AND
ARMSTRONG WOULD MOVE INTO THE
LUNAR EXCURSION MODULE AND THEY
WOULD COME APART, MICHAEL
COLLINS WILL GO AND ORBIT AROUND
THE MOON.
AND I AM LEFT WITH THE LUNAR
MODULE, WHICH NEIL ARMSTRONG
THEN PILOTED TO THEN LAND ON THE
MOON.
>> YES.
>> THE TWO ASTRONAUTS ON THE
MOON.
AND MICHAEL COLLINS IS ORBITING
THE MOON, THE LONELIEST JOB IN
THE WORLD.
SO EXTRAORDINARY TO BE ON THE
FAR SIDE.
ANOTHER STORY ABOUT THAT.
AND THEN THE TWO ASTRONAUTS
EGRESS, AND SET FOOT ON THE MOO
MOON.
>> SO TELL THEM ABOUT THE DEBATE
OVER THE FIRST WORDS SPOKEN FROM
THE MOON THAT YOU TOLD ME ABOUT.
>> WELL, SO, WE ALL KNOW OR WE
MAY IF YOU ARE READING ABOUT
HOUSTON, TRANQUILITY BASE, THE
EAGLE HAS LANDED.
BECAUSE THE LUNAR EXCURSION
MODEL IS CALLED EAGLE.
COLUMBIA ORBIT, AND THE EAGLE
HAS LANDED.
>> WE HAVE OFFERED THAT.
>> IT IS PILOTED BY ARMSTRONG
AND IS ABOUT TO LAND, THERE ARE
THESE TWO POLLS, THREE OF THE
FOUR LEGS HAD THESE POLLS ABOUT
FIVE LONG, AND WHEN THEY TOUCH
THE SURFACE OF THE MOON, BUZZ
ALDRIN CALLED OUT YOU CAN HEAR
THIS.
THEY ARE GOING THROUGH A
CHECKLIST.
AND SOMEHOW BETWEEN "CONTACT
LIGHT," AND 20 SECONDS LATER WE
LANDED ON THE MOON.
AND BUZZ ALDRIN COMES BACK ON
AND SAYS "HOUSTON, TRANQUILITY
BASE HERE, THE EAGLE HAS
LANDED."
IT COULD HAVE BEEN ENGINES STOP.
>> IT IS WHATEVER YOU WANT IN
YOUR DEFINITION.
>> CONTACT LIGHT IS WHEN THEY
DID HAVE --
IF YOU ARE EAGLE EYES, YOU CAN
LOOK AT THE PICTURES OF THE
EAGLE AND LOOK TO SEE THAT THE
POST HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN TO
90 DEGREES AND ARE STICKING OUT,
BECAUSE THEY DID NOT SINK INTO
THE SURFACE WHERE THEY LANDED.
>> I SEE.
>> NO ONE HAD ANY IDEA HOW SOFT
OR FLUFFY OR DEEP THE DUST ON
THE LUNAR SURFACE MIGHT BE.
THEY DID NOT KNOW AS WE LAND TO
THE SPACECRAFT, IS IT GOING TO
SINK 3 FEET INTO THE SERVICE?
OR IS IT GOING TO BE HARD AS A
ROCK OR SOMEWHERE IN BETWEEN?
WE DID NOT KNOW.
SO WE HAD THESE PROBES ON THE
LANDING TO TRY AND SEE.
>> I MEAN, IT IS MY FAVORITE
SPACESHIP.
BECAUSE IT WAS DESIGNED TO EXIST
IN A VACUUM.
IT HAD THE THINNEST WALLS, THIN
AS ALUMINUM FOIL, BUZZ ALDRIN
HAS A STORY THAT YOU CAN PUT A
PIN THROUGH IT.
AND THAT WAS PROTECTING THE
ASTRONAUTS FROM THE EMPTINESS OF
SPACE.
THAT WAS ALL BECAUSE OF THE
WEIGHT.
>> OF COURSE PLAYED >> HERE AT
THE PERIOD WHERE THE ASTRONAUTS
ARE ON THE SURFACE.
APOLLO WAS ONLY THERE FOR 21.5
HOURS, BUT IN TERMS OF WALKING
AROUND, ONLY 2.5 HOURS.
>> OH, MAN.
>> ONLY 2.5 HOURS OUTSIDE THE
VEHICLE.
>> PRODUCTIVE.
>> THEY COULD WALK 300 FEET AWAY
FROM THE EAGLE.
>> TAKING A BUNCH OF PICTURES,
DID SOME EXPERIMENTS.
>> WHAT KIND OF EXPERIMENTS?
>> WHAT WERE THOSE?
>> ONE IN THE MAIN ONES WAS TO
PUT A SEISMOMETER, THEY WERE
INTERESTED IN MOON QUAKES.
SO HERE IN CALIFORNIA WE HAVE
EARTHQUAKES.
SO HE MOON QUAKE, IN THE '60s
WE DID NOT KNOW WHAT THE MOON
SURFERS OR INTERIOR WAS LIKE AND
THEY DID REGISTER MOON QUAKES.
THEY HAD AN INSTRUMENT TO
MEASURE DUST, THEY HAD A FLAG
THAT THEY PUT OUT TO SEE WHAT
WAS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, AND ONE
OF THE NEATEST INSTRUMENTS --
>> MY FAVORITE.
THEY DEPLOYED A LASER RETRO
REFLECTOR, IT WAS A CORNER
REFLECTOR THAT HAS THIS GREAT
PROPERTY OF IF YOU SHINE A LASER
AT IT, IT REFLECTS THE LASER
STRAIGHT BACK FROM WHERE IT
CAME.
SO THEY DEPLOYED THIS ON THE
SURFACE OF THE MOON, AND THEY
COULD SHINE LASERS FROM EARTH AT
THE MOON AND THE LASER WOULD BE
REFLECTED STRAIGHT BACK AND THEY
COULD MEASURE HOW LONG IT TOOK
THE LASER TO GO TO THE MOON AND
BACK AND GET A VERY, VERY
PRECISE RANGE MEASUREMENT.
AND IT IS A REALLY COOL
INSTRUMENT.
THEY DEPLOYED OTHERS ON THE
SURFACE OF THE MOON.
AND THEY ARE STILL BEING USED
TODAY.
>> IS IMPRESSIVE.
>> WE HAVE LEARNED THAT THE MOON
IS RECEIVING FROM US ABOUT
1.5 INCHES PER YEAR.
>> IT IS GOING AWAY?
>> IF YOU STICK AROUND LONG
ENOUGH.
>> AND A CONFIRMED EINSTEIN'S
THEORY OF GENERAL RELATIVITY BY
REFINED KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOON'S
ORBIT AROUND THE EARTH.
>> REALLY IMPRESSIVE.
NOW WE HAVE HAD HER ASTRONAUTS
DEPLOYED AND THEY'VE TOOK
PICTURES AND VIDEOS IMPLANTED OF
FLAG, THEY HAD A PHONE
CONVERSATION WITH PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT NIXON.
AND NEIL ARMSTRONG'S FIRST WORDS
ON THE MOON "SMALL STEP FOR MAN,
GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND."
WE COME IN PEACE FOR ALL OF
HUMANKIND WAS ON ON THE PLAQ.
>> WE HAVE AN IMAGE --
THERE WE GO.
>> THAT IS BUZZ ALDRIN, AND NEIL
ARMSTRONG TAKING THAT PICTURE.
>> YOU CAN SEE THE REFLECTION.
>> YES, THE REFLECTION.
SO THE OTHER THING THEY DID WAS
COLLECT SOIL SAMPLES AND ROCK
SAMPLES.
AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT
ARMSTRONG DID RIGHT AS HE GOT
OUT WAS HE TOOK A CONTINGENCY A
SAMPLE IN CASE THEY NEEDED TO
GET BACK TO EARTH RIGHT AWAY, HE
HAD SOMETHING AND PUT IT IN HIS
RIGHT THIGH POCKET AND HAD A
SOIL SAMPLE.
DURING THE COURSE OF 2.5 HOURS,
THEY WERE ABLE TO COLLECT ROCKS
AND SOILS THAT HAS TRANSFORMED
LUNAR SCIENCE.
>> QUITE A BIT.
THEY PICKED UP QUITE A BIT OF
MATERIAL.
>> 40 POUNDS OR SO.
>> OVER THE COURSE OF ALL OF THE
APOLLO MISSIONS --
>> 800 POUNDS OVER SIX MISSIONS.
AND THEY HAVE BEEN INSTRUMENTAL.
SO AFTER THEY HAD GONE INTO -- I
WILL GO BACK TO MY MODEL.
WE HAVE COLLECTED OUR SCIENCE,
THE GREAT THING ABOUT ENGINEERS
IS NOW WE HAVE THE DEPART OF THE
ESSENCE STAGE THAT HAD TO WORK
ON THE FIRST TIME.
I KNOW IT WILL RENDEZVOUS WITH
MIKE COLLINS AND HE WILL HAVE
HIS BODY REUNITED.
THE GENTLEMEN ARE BACK IN SPACE.
>> HEY, MIKE.
>> NOW IT IS TIME TO COME HOME.
SO IT GETS JETTISONED, AND WE
WIND UP HAVING HOOPS, THE APOLLO
CAPSULE -- FALLING APART.
THIS GETS JETTISONED.
AND THEY RETURN HOME RETURN
HOME.
>> WE WILL TALK ABOUT THAT MORE
LATER.
I WANT TO MENTION, YOU GUYS
ANSWERED THE QUESTION, HOW LONG
DID THEY STAY ON THE MOON DURING
THE APOLLO MISSIONS.
THIS WHEN YOU SAID THEY WERE ON
THE SURFACE --
>> FOR 21.5 HOURS, BUT THEIR
ACTUAL WALKING WAS ONLY A 2.5
HOURS PRIOR >> WHAT ABOUT THEY
HAD TO TAKE A NAP BEFORE THEY
COULD LEAVE?
OR THEY HAD TO HAVE A REST
PERIOD?
>> I THINK THERE WAS SOME
NAPPING.
THEY SPENT A REALLY INTENSE TIME
NOT ONLY GETTING TO THE MOON,
BUT BRINGING THE LAND ARE DOWN
FROM CORPORATE TO LAND, AS YOU
MAY HAVE SEEN IN SOME OF THE
MOVIES AND OTHER COVERAGE, THAT
WAS A VERY EXCITING RIDE THAT
DID NOT TO LAND RIGHT WHERE THEY
THOUGHT THEY WERE GOING TO BE.
>> OVERSHOT BY ABOUT 4 MILES.
>> OVERSHOT AND HAD TO FIND A
LESS BOLD RE-AREA.
A PLACE THAT WAS SUITABLE TO
LAND.
AND THEY ALMOST RAN OUT OF FUEL.
SO THEY NEEDED A LITTLE BIT OF
DOWNTIME.
AND THEY WERE ALSO THE INHERENT
IN LIMITATIONS OF YOU ONLY HAVE
SO MUCH OXYGEN IN SO MANY
SUPPLIES.
YOU ARE ONLY EQUIPPED TO BE
THERE FOR THIS RELATIVELY SHORT
TIME.
AND THEY KNOCKED IT OUT THE VERY
FIRST TIME ANYONE HAD DONE IT.
THEY WERE BEING VERY
CONSERVATIVE IN ALL REGARDS.
>> UNDERSTANDABLY.
>> AND LEARNING WHILE DOING SO.
AND THEN TO FOLLOW THE APOLLO
MISSIONS THAT WOULD FOLLOW ON
APOLLO 11.
YOU ARE ALWAYS BUILDING ON WHAT
YOU ARE LEARNING FROM.
WITH THE LATER APOLLO MISSIONS
SPENT THREE DAYS ON THE SURFACE
DOING EXPERIMENTS.
HAD THE ROVER AND DID LOTS OF
OTHER THINGS.
>> THIS ANSWERS MY QUESTION
WHICH WAS SERIOUSLY, THEY HAD TO
GO TO SLEEP?
THEY ARE ON THE MOON.
>> THE ENGINEERS TOOK OUT THE
SEATS IN THE APOLLO 11 LANDER.
SO THEY WERE JUST LIKE SLEEPING
ON THE FLOOR.
THEY PUT A HAMMOCK IN, BUT IN
ORDER TO SAVE WEIGHT, THEY GOT
RID OF THE SEATS.
>> IT IS INTERESTING TO FLY THE
LUNAR MODULE, I HAVE SOME STICK
TIME IN OUR SIMULATOR FOR THE
LUNAR MODULE.
>> WHAT?
>> I GOT TO "LAND ON THE MOON"
WITH RUSTY AND CHARLIE DUKE WHO
ARE FELLOW LUNAR MODULE PILOTS.
AND YOU ARE STANDING UP.
YOU ARE FLYING NOTHING.
THERE IS NO SEAT.
YOU ARE STANDING UP, AND
BRINGING NOTHING IN AND FLYING
IT.
BOTH OF THOSE GUYS ARE
CRACKER JACK AT IT, BECAUSE THEY
FLEW THE REAL THING.
THEY WERE BOTH STILL VERY GOOD
AT IT.
MUCH BETTER THAN US.
BUT JUST THAT EXPERIENCE OF WHAT
IS IT REALLY LIKE TO TRY AND FLY
AND LAND ON THE MOON?
IT IS NOT LIKE FLYING AN
AIRPLANE.
IT IS NOT LIKE FLYING A
HELICOPTER.
IT IS A COMPLETELY UNIQUE AND
DIFFERENT EXPERIENCE.
>> IT HAS TO BE, RIGHT?
IT IS NOT THE EARTH.
>> WE HAVE TO RELEARN THAT ALL
AGAIN FOR THE PROGRAM.
>> AND WE ARE SMARTER TOO.
WE LEARNED SO MUCH BY SOME OF
THE VIDEOS OF BUZZ AND NEIL
JUMPING AROUND THE SURFACE OF
APOLLO 11, THEY ARE TRYING OUT
DIFFERENT STEPS, THEY ARE TRYING
TO FIGURE OUT HOW TO WALK WITH
THE BULKY SPACESHIPS.
YOU SEE THEM HOPPING IN ALL OF
THAT.
IT IS A PART OF THE EXPERIMENT
AS WELL.
WE WANTED TO KNOW HOW WE COULD
WORK AND LIVE IN THE ENVIRONMEN
ENVIRONMENT.
>> IS THAT WHY?
THEY LOOK LIKE THEY ARE HAVING
FUN.
>> IT WAS PRETTY MUCH THE MOST
EFFICIENT WAY TO WALK.
>> HAVING TO ADAPT IN THE MOMENT
AND LEARN EXACTLY, THOSE
QUESTIONS THAT WE DID NOT KNOW.
>> WE CAN ONLY SIMULATE SO MUCH.
YOU HAVE TO GO THERE.
AND THAT'S WHERE YOU WILL MAKE
THE BIG LEAPS OF KNOWLEDGE AND
UNDERSTANDING.
>> MOVING IN THOSE SUITS IS
INSANE.
>> YOU HAVE THE BIG CHUNKY THING
OFF OF YOUR SHOULDER.
>> THE LUNAR MODULE IS YOUR
FAVORITE SPACECRAFT?
>> MY FAVORITE.
>> I WANT YOU TO KNOW THAT
APERTURE COMBINES AS MY
GRANDFATHER HELPED TO DESIGN THE
LUNAR MODULE.
>> THAT IS SO AWESOME.
>> THE REASON THAT THE LUNAR
MODULE IS MY FAVORITE IS BECAUSE
IT IS ONE OF THE FEW VEHICLES
THAT WE HAVE EVER BELTED THAT
WAS REALLY DESIGNED ONLY FOR THE
SPACE ENVIRONMENT.
HE NEVER HAS TO GO THROUGH AND
ATMOSPHERE.
SO IT DOES NOT LOOK LIKE AN
ATMOSPHERIC VEHICLE.
AND INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE, BUT THEY ARE
NOT VERY MANY THAT ARE LIKE
THAT.
ALMOST EVERYTHING ELSE EITHER
HAS TO GO UP THERE AN ATMOSPHERE
OR HAS TO GO BACK THROUGH AN
ATMOSPHERE, AND IT IS A VERY
DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT TYPE OF
VEHICLE.
>> I CAN SEE THAT.
SO THERE ARE PEOPLE THAT BUILD
SPACE CRAFTS OR DESIGN THEM.
THAT MATTERS.
VERY COOL.
SO ONE COOL THING ABOUT
CELEBRATING THE ANNIVERSARY IS
THAT WE HAVE BEEN GATHERING
PEOPLE'S MEMORIES.
SO I THOUGHT ABOUT WHAT IS MY
MEMORY OF APOLLO 50TH.
I WAS NOT BORN, BUT IT MADE ME
THINK, MY DAD HAD THIS VIDEOTAPE
THAT HE SAT ME AND MY SISTER
DOWN IN FRONT OF AND POPPED IT
ON THE VCR AND IT WAS THIS WEIRD
GRAINY BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE.
I DID NOT KNOW WHAT IT WAS, BUT
IT WAS THE APOLLO 11 MOON
LANDING.
AT THAT TIME, I DON'T KNOW IN
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OR SOMETHING
AND I DID NOT GET IT, BUT I KNEW
THAT IT MATTERED TO MY DAD WHO
MADE US SIT AND WATCH IT.
>> THAT IS SO COOL.
THAT IS PROBABLY WHY YOU ARE
HERE AT NASA TOO.
>> NOW YOU CAN WATCH IT ON THE
WEB.
>> TRYING TO THINK ABOUT JUST
BEING BACK THERE AND JUST IT WAS
A DEFINING MOMENT IN HISTORY IN
THAT CENTURY.
JUST FOR THE WHOLE WORLD TUNING
IN AND WATCHING THIS.
>> THAT IS AMAZING, RIGHT?
EVERYONE ACROSS THE ENTIRE GLOBE
LOOKING UP AT THE MOON ALL AT
ONCE.
THAT IS JUST AMAZING, RIGHT?
>> YOU HAVE SOME OF THOSE
MEMORIES TO SHARE WITH US?
>> I DO, SO WE HAVE MORE
STORIES, AND THEY ARE ACTUALLY
FROM YOU ALL, WE INVITED PEOPLE
AROUND THE WORLD TO SHARE THEIR
APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING STORIES.
WE COLLECTED THE RESPONSES, AND
THEY ARE A PART OF OUR NASA
EXPLORERS PODCAST.
AND HERE IS ONE THAT WE HAVE
HERE FROM ELLEN IN CALISTOGA,
CALIFORNIA.
>> WE WERE ALL GLUED TO OUR
TELEVISION THIS DAY.
IT WAS A TELEVISION THAT ONLY
GOT THREE CANDLES.
I AM GRATEFUL THAT WE WERE ABLE
TO WATCH.
IT WAS QUITE FUZZY, BUT IT WAS
SO EXCITING.
AND ME BEING YOUNG, I
IMMEDIATELY WENT OUTSIDE WITH A
PAIR OF BINOCULARS TO STARE AT
THE MOON TO SEE IF I COULD SEE
NEIL ARMSTRONG WALKING ON THE
MOON.
WHEN YOU ARE YOUNG, ANYTHING IS
POSSIBLE.
>> SO NICE.
THAT WAS AMAZING.
SO IF YOU WANT TO HEAR MORE
STORIES LIKE ELLEN'S YOU CAN GO
TO www.NASA.gov/ApolloStories
AND BROWSE THOSE.
AND NOW WE HAVE A WHOLE BUNCH OF
QUESTIONS WAITING FOR US.
SHOULD WE JUMP TO --
>> WE SHOULD.
>> OUR QUESTIONS SECTION?
DO YOU WANT TO LEAD US OFF INTO
RAPID FIRE QUESTION TIME?
>> REALLY QUICKLY.
OKAY, SO, WE HAVE HERE FROM AN
EASTER EGG -- WHY THE MOON
BEFORE MARS?
>> I THINK THERE ARE A NUMBER OF
REASONS.
THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE WAS
SENDING HUMANS TO MARS IS THAT
IT IS SO MUCH FURTHER AWAY.
IT TAKES A LOT LONGER TO GET
THERE THEN GOING TO THE MOON.
AND THAT DURATION INTRODUCES
LOTS AND LOTS OF BIG PROBLEMS.
THERE ARE A LONGER EXPOSURE TO
RADIATION.
LONGER EXPOSURE TO REALLY
GRAVITY, LIVING IN BASICALLY A
TIN CAN.
FOR POTENTIALLY MONTHS.
PLUS ALL OF THE TECHNICAL
DEVICES AND SYSTEMS THAT HAVE TO
BE RELIABLE ENOUGH TO LAST THAT
LONG.
AND RATHER THAN JUST MAKE A GO
OF IT AND GIVE IT YOUR BEST
SHOT, IT IS EASIER TO PROVE ALL
OF THAT A LITTLE BIT CLOSER TO
HOME.
WE HAVE A LONG PERIOD OF HAVING
HUMANS IN EARTH ORBIT ON THE
SPACE STATION.
THE NEXT BIG STEP IS TO GO THAT
MUCH FURTHER AWAY FROM US AND
SPEND THAT MUCH MORE TIME, THAT
TAKES US TO THE MOON.
>> AND MARS IS A VERY DIFFERENT
MIND-SET AS WELL.
COMMUNICATION COULD BE
20 MINUTES, 30 MINUTES AND VERY
INDEPENDENT WHEN YOU ARE OUT
THERE ON YOUR OWN DOING SPACE
EXPLORATION.
>> HERE IS ONE.
HOW MUCH FUEL DID IT TAKE TO
LIFT THE LUNAR MODULE?
THE LEM OFF OF THE MOON?
>> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION.
I REMEMBER SEEING THE NUMBER FOR
THE LEM CREW MODULE, AND I WANT
TO SAY, DON'T QUOTE ME ON THIS
BUT IT WAS A FEW HUNDRED
GALLONS.
IT WAS NOT A HUGE AMOUNT TO.
BUT IT ONLY HAD THAT ONE JOB TO
DO.
>> AND IT HAD TO WORK THAT ONE
TIME.
>> I KNOW THAT THE NUMBER IS
PUBLISHED.
I DO NOT HAVE IT AT THE TIP OF
MY TONGUE, BUT ALL OF THE APOLLO
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ARE OUT
THERE.
YOU CAN GO ONLINE AND DOWNLOAD
ALL OF THE APOLLO REPORTS, ALL
OF THE EXPERIENCED REPORTS.
LIKE ALL OF THOSE TECHNICAL
DETAILS ARE ALL IN THERE.
YOU CAN LIFT THEM UP.
IT'S REALLY COOL TO BROWSE
THROUGH IT.
>> DOES EVERYBODY HAVE THE
APOLLO TECHNICAL MANUAL AT HOME?
>> I DO.
>> FULL OF FUN FACTS.
>> IT IS ON MY LAPTOP IN MY
OFFICE.
>> THERE ARE SOME EXCITED
COMMENTS LIKE CAN'T WAIT TO
EXPERIENCE THE SAME THING IN
FIVE YEARS THAT SOME DID 50
YEARS AGO.
THAT'S RIGHT, WE ARE THE ARTEMIS
GENERATION.
>> WE ARE THUS ARTEMIS
GENERATION.
WE ARE LEARNING FROM APOLLO.
ON THE SHOULDERS OF APOLLO.
>> WE HAVE A QUESTION, I THINK
BECAUSE WE TALK SO MUCH ABOUT
THE ASTRONAUTS.
WHAT DID IT TAKE TO BECOME AN
ASTRONAUT?
>> GOOD QUESTION.
>> WHAT DO THEY HAVE TO DO IN
ORDER TO LAND ON THE MOON?
>> EDUCATION, SKILLED,
DETERMINATION, A LITTLE LUCK,
RIGHT?
THE LAST ASTRONAUT CLASS HAD
SOMETHING LIKE --
>> 18,000 APPLICATIONS.
>> I WANT TO BE AN ASTRONAUT
WHEN I GROW UP.
THE FUTURE ASTRONAUTS FOR
SUSTAINED HUMANS IN SPACE, WE
ARE GOING TO NEED ALL DIFFERENT
TYPES.
ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS, BUT WE
WILL NEED PEOPLE WHO CAN KEEP
THE MACHINES WORKING.
YOU NEED PLUMBERS COMING IN
EIGHT SURVEYORS COMING IN NEED
FOLKS WHO CAN CLIMB DOWN CANYON
WALLS, SPELUNKING YOURS.
WE WILL NEED ALL TYPES OF --
YES, ALL KINDS OF SPECIALTIES.
>> MAYBE THIS WILL BE THE LAST
ONE, BUT WE WILL GET BACK
TOMORROW, BUT ASKING YOU
KIMBERLY, HOW LONG DID YOU GO TO
COLLEGE TO GET THE KNOWLEDGE FOR
YOUR CURRENT JOB?
>> I STAYED IN SCHOOL FOR A VERY
LONG TIME.
I DID FOUR YEARS AS AN
UNDERGRADUATE, GOT A PHYSICS
DEGREE, A GREAT DEGREE TO LEARN
HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS.
THEN I DID FOUR YEARS IN GRAD
SCHOOL AND GOT A PhD IN
ASTROPHYSICS.
SO YES, I STAYED IN SCHOOL AND I
REMEMBER WHEN I GOT MY FIRST
JOB, WHICH WAS CALLED A POSTDOC
AFTER YOUR DOCTORATE, I WENT TO
ANOTHER UNIVERSITY AND MY DAD
WOULD SAY, ARE YOU STILL IN
SCHOOL?
YOU'RE NOT GETTING PAID THIS
TIME.
[LAUGHTER]
SO YES, A GOOD 18 YEARS OF
SCHOOLING OUTSIDE OF HIGH SCHOO
HIGH SCHOOL.
WELL WORTH IT.
>> IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE
TOO, WE NEVER STOP LEARNING.
>> NEVER STOP LEARNING.
A JOB HERE WORKING IN THE SPACE
PROGRAM, YOU NEVER STOP
LEARNING.
>> IN A GOOD WAY, OBVIOUSLY.
BY THE TIME YOU ARE DOING YOUR
PhD, IT IS SOMETHING YOU'RE
PASSIONATE ABOUT.
AND LOVING IT, RIGHT?
>> I DO THINK SCHOOL, AT LEAST
FOR ME, SCHOOL GOT EVEN MORE FUN
AND EXCITING THE MORE YEARS OF
IT I HAD.
I THINK BACK TO LIKE MY FRESHMAN
YEAR OF COLLEGE, AND IT WAS A
LOT OF WORK.
AND IT WAS REALLY CHALLENGING
AND I DID NOT KNOW WHAT I WAS
DOING.
AS I SPENT MORE YEARS IN MY
ACADEMIC CAREER, IT ACTUALLY GOT
EASIER AND MORE FUN.
IT STOPPED BEING CHALLENGING.
BUT IT TOOK ON A DIFFERENT NOTE.
SO IF YOU'RE JUST STARTING IN
COLLEGE, OR IF YOU ARE IN
HIGH SCHOOL, OR EVEN ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL, IT DOES GET EASIER.
AND I WOULD ARGUE THAT IT GETS
MORE FUN AS YOU GO ALONG.
SO DON'T BE AFRAID OF SPENDING
LOTS OF YEARS IN SCHOOL.
>> THAT IS GREAT ADVICE.
>> THAT IS A GOOD POINT.
WE'LL GET BACK TO MORE QUESTIONS
LATER.
BEFORE WE MOVE ON, I JUST WANT
TO LET PEOPLE KNOW, I WANT TO
INVITE YOU TO JOIN US IN
CELEBRATING THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING
AND HEAR ABOUT OUR FUTURE PLANS
TO GO TO THE MOON AND ONTO MARS
BY TUNING INTO A SPECIAL TWO OUR
LIFE NASA TELEVISION BROADCAST
TOMORROW AT 10:00 A.M. PACIFIC,
SO TO LEARN ABOUT THE SHOW AND
HOW TO WATCH, YOU CAN GO TO
www.NASA.gov/Apollo50th AND
CLICK ON "EVENTS" ."
WILL YOU WATCH?
>> DEFINITELY, I WILL BE
WATCHING.
THIS STUFF IS REALLY, REALLY
COOL.
IT IS NICE TO GO BACK IN TIME
AND REVISIT HISTORY AND SEE THAT
COMING IN ON WHAT I MEAN?
SO LET'S DIG A LITTLE BIT DEEPER
INTO THE APOLLO HISTORY AND TALK
ABOUT ALL OF THE COOL FACTS THAT
YOU DON'T KNOW ABOUT IN ORDER TO
DO THAT, WE HAVE OUR HISTORIAN
HERE, JAMES.
>> HI, TIFFANY, HOW ARE YOU?
>> TELL IT TO US ABOUT YOURSELF.
>> I AM JAMES ANDERSON, I AM THE
NASA HISTORIAN WHO HAS BEEN HERE
FOR A COUPLE OF MONTHS RIGHT
HERE IN THE EXCITEMENT LEADING
UP TO --
YEAH, EXACTLY.
I JUMPED RIGHT IN.
AND IN THE LAST FEW MONTHS, THEY
HAVE BEEN REALLY WONDERFUL.
WE HAVE HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO
MEET A LOT OF THE APOLLO
VETERANS WHO WORKED AT AMES.
AND JUST GETTING TO HEAR EVEN
MORE STORIES FROM THAT TIME,
MANY OF WHICH ARE NOT THE ONES
THAT YOU HEAR ALL THE TIME.
>> THE CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT.
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THAT TIME
AT AMES?
>> IT HAS BEEN AN EXCITING TIME.
DURING THE WHOLE APOLLO PROGRAM,
THE SCOPE OF THE NUMBER OF
PEOPLE INVOLVED AT ITS PEAK,
THERE WERE AROUND 400,000
AMERICANS, MEN AND WOMEN FROM
DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS WORKING ON
THE APOLLO PROJECT.
AND HERE AT AMES, IT WAS ALSO A
TIME OF BUILDING TOO.
A NUMBER OF NEW FACILITIES CAME
ONLINE AND GOT FUNDING AT THAT
TIME.
AND A LOT OF THE RESEARCH,
DIRECTLY INFLUENCING THE DESIGN
OF APOLLO.
>> WOW.
THAT IS AMAZING.
400,000 PEOPLE ALL COMING
TOGETHER TO SOLVE THIS AMBITIOUS
AND REALLY GET THIS PLAN GOING.
THAT IS TO GET TO THE MOON.
THAT IS AMAZING.
>> IT IS INCREDIBLY HUGE EFFORT.
>> WHAT ARE SOME OF THE
FACILITIES THAT THEY WERE
BUILDING TO SUPPORT THE NEW
MISSIONS?
>> FUNNY THAT YOU SHOULD ASK.
I BROUGHT SOME HISTORICAL
ARTIFACTS WITH ME TODAY.
[LAUGHTER]
FROM OUR FACILITIES HERE AT
AMES.
KIMBERLY WAS SHOWING A LITTLE
BIT EARLIER THE MODEL OF THE
APOLLO COMMAND MODULE.
I HAVE ANOTHER MODEL OF THE
APOLLO COMMAND MODULE.
SO YOU HAVE THIS ONE HERE.
IT LOOKS JUST LIKE IT.
IT HAS THE EXACT SAME SHAPE OF
APOLLO.
THE ONE SIDE IS POINTY AND THE
OTHER SIDE NOT, BUT WHY IS THAT,
CHAD?
>> THIS IS ONE OF THE UNIQUE
CONTRIBUTIONS THAT WAS MADE NOT
JUST TO THE APOLLO PROGRAM, BUT
ALL OF THE MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
PROGRAMS AT THE TIME.
BUT RB ALLEN WAS ONE OF THE
ANALYSIS HERE AT THE CENTER,
LATER ONE OF THE CENTER'S, AND
HE WAS STUDYING HOW TO PROTECT
THE VEHICLES FROM HEAT AS THEY
CAME BACK INTO THE EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE.
PREVIOUSLY ALL OF THE HIGH-SPEED
VEHICLES, THEY WERE VERY POINTY,
SORT OF LIKE THE FRONT AND HAD A
SHARP POINT, BECAUSE THAT WAS
THE LEAST AMOUNT OF DRAG COMING
BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, BUT
THEY GOT TOO HOT.
AND ALAN REALIZED WITH THIS VERY
BLUNT SHAPE IT CREATED A LOT
MORE DRAG AND IT WOULD SLOW THEM
DOWN, BUT IT ALLOWED THE HEAT
TO GO OUT AND AROUND AND THE
HEAT WOULD NOT BE TRANSFERRED
INTO THE SURFACE OF THE VEHICLE,
SO BASICALLY THE CREW MEMBERS IN
THE VEHICLE WOULD BE PROTECTED
FROM ALL THAT HEAT AS A CAME
BACK INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
AND OF COURSE WE ARE DOING
BASICALLY THE SAME CONCEPT TO
TODAY.
SO IT WAS REALLY A LASTING
CONTRIBUTION THAT HE MADE.
>> WITH ALL OF THE VEHICLES
RETURNING FROM THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION IN THE COMMERCIAL
CREW, THE BOEING AND THE SPACEX
CAPSULES FOLLOW THE SAME
ENGINEERING, COMMON DESIGN.
>> THE DESIGN ENGINEERING OF
SOMETHING.
>> HOW WOULD YOU COME UP WITH
THAT SHAPE?
>> HE WAS AN ECCENTRIC CHARACTER
AND IT REALLY IS --
>> THE BEST IDEAS COME FROM THE
ACENTRIC.
>> IT IS AN ODD IDEA THAT CAME
OUT TO WORK VERY WELL.
AND THAT CONCEPT, THE BLUNT BODY
CONCEPT WAS DEVELOPED OLDER THAN
NASA ITSELF, IT WAS FOUNDED IN
1958, BUT ALAN CAME UP WITH THAT
IDEA HERE AT AMES IN THE '50s.
>> SO AMES BEFORE IT WAS NASA
AMES.
>> SOLVING A PROBLEM THAT WAS
GOING TO BE, NOT JUST, WAS GOING
TO BE USED DECADES LATER.
>> THAT IS INCREDIBLE TOO.
FORWARD THINKING.
>> WHAT DO YOU DO WITH THAT
MODEL?
IS IT SOLID METAL?
>> IT IS, AND YOU LAUNCH THEM.
IN ONE OF THE FACILITY IS THAT
WAS BUILT, CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN
1964 ON WHAT IS KNOWN AS THE
HYPER VELOCITY FREE FLIGHT
FACILITY, AND OPENED IN 1965,
AND THIS MODEL, AND I HAVE
ANOTHER ONE HERE, THIS FACILITY,
IMAGINE THE 275 FEET ALONG,
3.5 FEET IN DIAMETER, AND FROM
ONE AND YOU HAVE A REALLY HIGH
SPEED STREAM OF AIR AT ONE END,
AND AT THE OTHER, YOU HAVE A
CANON.
>> A CANON.
[LAUGHTER]
>> WHAT DO WE DO WITH THE CANON?
>> WELL, YOU SHOOT IT.
>> MAKE SENSE.
SPEAK WITH THESE ARE MADE HERE
IN AMES' MACHINE SHOPS.
THIS IS ANOTHER APOLLO MODEL,
QUITE A BIT SMALLER THAN THE
FIRST ONE THAT WE SAW, BUT
ACTUALLY THIS ONE, IT WOULD BE
LOADED INTO THE CANON AT ONE
AND, AND LAUNCHED UPSTREAM INTO
THE AIR SO THAT IT WAS TRAVELING
REALLY, REALLY FAST.
>> WE LOOKED THIS UP AND THE
FACILITY HAS A TOP SPEED FOR
THAT MODEL OF ABOUT 27,000 MILES
PER HOUR, SO IT IS REALLY MOVIN
MOVING.
>> WOW.
>> IN ORDER TO REPRODUCE THE
CONDITIONS OF A CAPSULE COMING
BACK INTO THE EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE, OR THE ATMOSPHERE OF
ANOTHER WORLD.
>> AND TRAVELING IN THE SAME
POSITION AS THE MOON.
THIS WAS A UNIQUE PROBLEM WHEN
YOU ARE SENDING SOMETHING FAR
AWAY AND IS COMING BACK AT A
MUCH FASTER SPEED.
>> WE HAVE AN IMAGE OF WHAT THEY
WOULD SEE TAKING HIGH-SPEED
PHOTOS, TELL US WHAT THAT IS ALL
ABOUT.
>> YOU ARE LOOKING AT IN IMAGE
OF THE SHOCK WAVE THAT IS COMING
OFF OF THE TINY MODEL AS IT
COMES DOWN THE TUBE, SO IN THIS
IMAGE THE CAPSULE IS TRAVELING
FROM RIGHT TO LEFT AS IT COMES
INTO THE ATMOSPHERE, THE
SHOCK WAVE IS CREATED AND WE
TALKED EARLIER ABOUT HOW THIS
BLUNT SHAPE ON THE END OF THE
CAPSULE PROTECTS IT FROM THE
HEAT.
HERE YOU CAN SEE IT AS MAKING
THE LAYER, THE SHOCK WAVE IS
MAKING A LAYER AROUND THE
CAPSULE THAT IS PROTECTING IT
FROM THE HEAT GENERATED BY
FRICTION AS IT COMES INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE.
IT IS AN AMAZING PHOTO, YOU
CAN -- THIS WAS BACK IN THE
PREDIGITAL AGE.
SO THEY HAD CAMERAS SET UP DOWN
THE TUNNEL TO SNAP PICTURES AS
THE THING WAS FLYING DOWN IT.
>> AMAZING.
IT IS AMAZING.
WE HAVE A COMMENT HERE SAYING
AMAZING HOW FAR WE HAVE COME IN
SUCH A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME.
>> IF YOU THINK ABOUT IT, 50
YEARS IS NOT THAT LONG.
>> IT IS NOT THAT LONG.
>> AWESOME STREAM, NASA,
THANK YOU.
THANKS FOR WATCHING.
I HAD ANOTHER COMMENT TO SHARE.
I'M OVER THE MOON ABOUT THE
ARTEMIS MISSION.
>> SO ARE WE.
>> EXCELLENT, JAMES, DID YOU
BRING ANYTHING ELSE FOR US?
>> WE HAVE ANOTHER EXCITING
ARTIFACT HERE.
>> GUESS WHAT THIS IS.
LET ME GET OUT OF THE WAY.
>> JAMES IS BRINGING ALL OF THE
COOL STUFF.
>> IT IS ENCASED IN GLASS.
>> TELL US WHAT THAT IS.
>> THAT IS A GENUINE MOON ROCK.
THIS ONE WAS RETURNED BY APOLLO
15, AND WAYS UNDER 1 POUND.
0.3 POUNDS, AND I DON'T KNOW, I
GET SHIVERS EVERY TIME I SEE IT.
IT IS SO WEIRD JUST TO WRAP YOUR
MIND AROUND --
>> THAT ROCK HAS BEEN A LONG
WAY.
>> 3.4 BILLION YEARS OLD.
>> WOW.
>> THAT IS KIND OF THE AGE OF
THE FIRST LIFE CRAWLING OUT OF
THE OCEAN --
>> HERE ON EARTH.
>> THAT IS THE UNDERSTANDING.
THE MOON IS A TREASURE TROVE OF
SCIENCE.
IT PRESERVES ANCIENT HISTORY OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
AND EVEN TODAY, RESEARCHERS
APPLIED TO NASSAU TO LOOK AT
SAMPLES OF THE APOLLO MOON ROCK,
AND WE ARE STILL LEARNING NEW
THINGS.
>> I LOVE THAT IN A WAY IT KIND
OF JUST LOOKS LIKE A ROCK,
BECAUSE IT REMINDS ME THAT THESE
OBJECTS AND PLACES IN SPACE ARE
PART OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, JUST
LIKE EARTH.
>> I'M NOTICING THAT I DON'T
KNOW IF IT COMES ACROSS ON THE
VIDEO, BUT IT KIND OF SPARKLES.
>> I WAS GOING TO SAY THAT IT IS
SPARKLY.
>> AND I AM LOOKING AT THE
MONITOR IN THE STUDIO, AND I AM
NOT SURE THAT THAT REALLY COMES
ACROSS.
IT IS NOT JUST THIS GRAY LUMP,
THERE ARE SOME REALLY NEAT
THINGS GOING ON THAT KIND OF
BRINGS IT -- BRINGS IT TO LIFE.
BUT THAT IS NOT QUITE --
>> FAR FROM THAT, BUT AT THE
TIME IN THE 1960s, WE DID NOT
KNOW WHETHER LIFE WAS ON OTHER
WORLDS.
AND IT IS STILL A QUEST THAT
NASA AND HUMANITY IS LOOKING
FOR.
ARE WE ALONE?
>> AND WHEN THE APOLLO SAMPLES
WERE RETURNED, AMES WAS 1 OF 2
NASA CENTERS THAT ANALYZE THE
SAMPLES AND LOOK FOR WHETHER OR
NOT THEY ACTUALLY HAD LIFE OR
SIGNS OF LIFE.
>> THAT IS SO COOL.
>> HOW DID THEY DO IT?
>> I THINK WE ACTUALLY HAVE SOME
FOOTAGE OF THIS.
>> WE DO, HERE IN THE ARCHIVES.
SO FROM THE ARCHIVES HERE AT
AMES, SOME RECENTLY REDISCOVERED
FOOTAGE THAT WE ARE SEEING NOW.
WHAT IS GOING ON HERE, KIMBERLY?
>> OH, THIS IS APOLLO 11 SOIL
SAMPLES BROUGHT TO THE AMES
LUNAR BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, AND
BEING HELD IN A STERILE GLOVE
BOX IN A CLEAN ROOM.
END.
NUC PETRI DISHES COMING AND WHAT
THEY ARE TRYING TO DO IS SEE IF
LIFE GROWS ON THE LUNAR SAMPLE.
AND THEY ARE MIMICKING
CONDITIONS FOR WHICH LIFE HAS
BEEN KNOWN TO GROW ON EARTH.
BACTERIA, MICROBES, AND THE
LIKE.
AND LOOKING AT IT THROUGH A
MICROSCOPE.
AND YOU KNOW, IT IS A VERY
DEDICATED SYSTEMATIC STUDY.
AND IT LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR
THE BEGINNING OF WHAT WE CALL
ASTROBIOLOGY, AT THE TIME IT WAS
CALLED XO BIOLOGY, THE STUDY OF
THE SEARCH FOR LIFE ELSEWHERE IN
THE UNIVERSE AND THE STUDY OF
THE ORIGIN OF LIFE HERE.
AND THE TECHNIQUE HERE, THEY
LEARNED THAT THE LUNAR CYCLES DO
NOT HAVE LIFE.
>> YOU HAVE TO CHECK.
>> LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR
MORE RESEARCH.
>> THAT TECHNIQUE AND MORE
TECHNIQUES FOR AMINO ACIDS AND
CARBON COMPOUNDS.
>> DO STUFF WITH LIFE, LED TO
THE DEVELOPMENTS THAT FLEW ON
VIKING THAT WENT TO MAR'S IN
1976.
AND TO SEVERAL PACKAGES THAT
WERE ALSO EXPLORING LIFE ON
OTHER PLACES IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM.
OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM TODAY IS WAY DIFFERENT
AND A MUCH MORE BEAUTIFUL
DIVERSE SOLAR SYSTEM THEN THE
SCIENTISTS BACK IN THE '60s
COULD'VE EVER IMAGINED.
WE WERE SENDING THEM OUT TO
PLUTO, OUT THROUGH THE GIANT
PLANETS, THE MOONS OF THE GIANT
PLANETS.
IT IS AN AMAZING PLACE TO
EXPLORE.
>> WE ARE STILL LOOKING TODAY.
>> WE HAVE YET TO FIND OUR LIFE
ON THE PLAYER BLUE DOT, THE
WORLD HERE IS STILL
ONE-OF-A-KIND.
>> MORE TO COME, YOU KNOW?
>> ALWAYS MORE TO LOOK FORWARD
TO.
I HAVE A FEW MOON ROCK
QUESTIONS, MAYBE WE CAN TAKE
THEM AS RAPID-FIRE.
FIRST OF ALL, WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOON ROCKS
AND EARTH ROCKS?
AND ARE THEY MORE POROUS
COMPARED TO THE ONES ON EARTH OR
THE SAME?
>> IT IS A RANGE.
SHORT ANSWER, THE ROCKS ON THE
MOON ARE VERY SIMILAR TO THOSE
ON EARTH.
SO WE HAVE IGNEOUS THAT WERE
MADE IN THE VOLCANO, WE HAVE
METAMORPHIC WITH HIGH
TEMPERATURES AND HIGH PRESSURES.
WE HAVE NOT QUITE SEDIMENTARY
THAT WERE MADE ON THE EARTH WITH
WIND AND WATER, ON THE MOON THEY
ARE CALLED BRACKETS, THEY ARE
SHOCKED.
THEY ARE DIFFERENT TYPES.
THE MOON ON AVERAGE IS LIGHTER
IN TERMS OF THE ROCKS.
IT IS LESS DENSE.
THIS CAN LEAD TO ANOTHER
DISCUSSION OF HOW THE EARTH AND
MOON FORM.
THEY ARE SIMILAR, BUT DIFFERENT.
WE ARE ALL MADE OF STARDUST,
ESSENTIALLY AT THE END OF THE
DAY.
>> HISTORY QUESTION FOR JAMES,
DID THE ORIGINAL MISSION CONTROL
COMPUTER STILL WORK?
>> THE COMPUTERS THEMSELVES, THE
IMAGES HAVE BEEN USED TO
RECREATE THE MISSION CONTROL
ROOM IN HOUSTON.
I WOULD ACTUALLY HAVE TO CHECK,
BUT I KNOW THAT THE RECREATION
WAS DONE -- SOME OF THE MATERIAL
IN THERE IS ORIGINAL, AND OTHER
STUFF WAS SOURCED ON eBAY.
SO THE COFFEE POT, THE ASHTRAYS,
ALL OF THAT STUFF TO REALLY GIVE
THE FEEL OF WHAT MISSION CONTROL
WAS LIKE DURING THAT TIME.
AND THE FLIGHT DIRECTOR JEAN
KRANTZ, WHEN HE WENT IN JUST A
FEW WEEKS AGO AND SAW THIS
INSTALLATION, I THINK HE MADE
THAT COMMENT IT WAS SOMETHING
LIKE HE COULD HEAR THE VOICES OF
ALL THE CONTROLLERS AT THEIR
COMPUTER STATIONS AT THEIR
MONITORS THAT RECREATION WAS SO
SPOT ON THAT IT JUST BROUGHT
BACK A REALLY INTENSE MOMENT OF
A MEMORY OF HOW COULD YOU NOT
FORGET.
>> SO THEY GOT IT RIGHT.
>> HOW BEAUTIFUL.
EXCELLENT.
ONE LAST COMMENT BEFORE THE MOON
ROCK HAS TO GO AWAY.
MOON ROCK!
>> THAT WAS A GREAT COMMENT.
>> AND MORE MOON ROCKS ARE
COMING EVEN THOUGH WE STILL HAVE
A LOT OF THE STUDYING, THEY'RE
UP IN SAMPLES HAVE BEEN KEPT
IN -- HAVE NOT BEEN TOUCHED IN
47, 50 YEARS THAT ARE BEING
LOOKED AT, BECAUSE THE
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT TODAY IS
MUCH MORE ADVANCED.
I AM THINKING THE SCIENTISTS OF
THE PREVIOUS GENERATION WHO LEFT
THE GIFT TO US TODAY SO THAT WE
CAN CONTINUE OUR SEARCH OF
KNOWLEDGE.
AND WHEN WE GET EVEN DIFFERENT
MOON ROCKS FROM DIFFERENT PLACES
OF THE MOON, WE WILL BE ABLE TO
ANSWER SOME PRETTY TOUGH
QUESTIONS THAT WE HAVE NOT BEEN
ABLE TO ANSWER.
THEY GAVE US A HUGE LEAP.
>> TIME CAPSULE.
>> WE WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE AN
UPDATE SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE.
>> THANK YOU, JAMES, FOR JOINING
US.
AND LOOKING AT THE HISTORY.
>> WE WILL SEE YOU ANOTHER TIME.
>> DO NOT FORGET TO JOIN US IN
CELEBRATING THEIR 50TH
ANNIVERSARY OF THE APOLLO 11
LANDING AND HEAR ABOUT HER
FUTURE PLANS TO GO FORWARD TO
THE MOON AND ONTO MARS BY TUNING
IN TO A SPECIAL TWO OUR LIVE
NASA TELEVISION BROADCAST
TOMORROW AT 10:00 A.M.
LEARN MORE ABOUT THE SHOW AND
HOW TO WATCH BY GOING TO
www.NASA.gov/Apollo50th.
AND DON'T FORGET TO CLICK ON
"EVENTS."
>> APOLLO 50TH PAID >> DID I SAY
40TH?
I MEANT 50TH.
>> JUST ADD TEN.
>> LET'S TALK ABOUT OUR NEXT
GIANT LEAP.
>> ARTEMIS?
>> YES, ARTEMIS.
WHAT IS ARTEMIS?
WHY DO WE CALL IT ARTEMIS?
>> ARTEMIS WAS APOLLO'S TWIN
SISTER.
>> IF YOU KNOW YOUR GREEK
MYTHOLOGY.
IN LATIN IT IS DIANA, BUT IN
GREEK IT IS ARTEMIS.
>> KIMBERLY FUN FACTS.
>> I LIKE THE WORD.
THEY ARE EVOCATIVE.
THE GODDESS OF THE MOON.
IT IS VERY APPROPRIATE.
AND ALSO WITH THE ARTEMIS
CHARGE, WE WILL PLACE THE FIRST
WOMAN ON THE MOON WITH THE NEXT
CREW TO GO TO THE MOON.
AN AMAZING LEAP FOR WOMANKIND
AND HUMANKIND.
IT'S ABOUT TIME.
YOU KNOW THAT THEY ARE YOUNG
WOMEN OUT THERE, STUDENTS, YOUNG
GIRLS WHO ARE ALIKE, WATCH OUT,
MOON.
I'M COMING FOR YOU.
>> SINCE WE ARE HAVING ARTEMIS
AS A SUSTAINABLE LUNAR
EXPLORATION, IT IS DIFFERENT
THAN APOLLO.
IT WAS A ROAD TRIP.
A ROAD TRIP TO THE MOON.
AND A HUGE ENGINEERING CHALLENGE
TO ADJUST EVEN CONCEIVED GOING
FROM A SUBORBITAL FLIGHT TO
GOING TO THE MOON AND BACK IN
LESS THAN TEN YEARS AND TO BUILD
THAT WHOLE INFRASTRUCTURE WITH A
VERY ELEGANT BUT COMPLICATED
STATISTICAL SOLUTION WAS IMMENS
IMMENSE.
ARTEMIS IS DIFFERENT.
WE ARE NOT DOING IT ALONE.
NO LONGER THE REALM OF
GOVERNMENTS AND SUPERPOWERS.
IT IS A DIFFERENT ERA.
WE HAVE COMMERCIAL AND
INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS,
SUSTAINABLE PRESENCE, AND YOU
KNOW, IN THE PURSUIT OF
KNOWLEDGE AND IN THE PURSUIT OF
INNOVATION WITH OPPORTUNITIES
FOR ECONOMIC AND MORE SPIN-OFFS,
THE APOLLO PROGRAM GAVE US A LOT
OF SPIN-OFFS, THINGS THAT WE USE
TODAY AS A RESULT OF THE
RESEARCH AND TO THE ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT.
>> IT IS NOT JUST TO GO.
THE OBJECTIVE OF APOLLO WAS TO
GO TO THE MOON AND TO RETURN.
THAT WAS THE OBJECTIVE.
WITH ARTEMIS IT IS TO HAVE A
LONGER-TERM SUSTAINED PRESENCE,
AND IT IS THE PATH TO MARS.
>> WHICH IS THE NEXT GIANT LEAP
TO GO TO MARS.
>> AS KIMBERLY SAID, IT IS
FUNDAMENTALLY A DIFFERENT
APPROACH THAN APOLLO WAS.
IT IS THE SAME BASIC
DESTINATION, BUT WE ARE NOT
GOING TO LAND DIRECTLY ON THE
MOON, WE ARE GOING TO THE
GATEWAY FIRST THAT WILL BE
ORBITING AN ORBITING SPACE
STATION AROUND THE MOON, AND
GOING DOWN TO THE SURFACE FROM
GATEWAY, WE ARE GOING TO THE
SOUTH POLE, WHICH IS A VERY
DIFFERENT PLACE AND MANY
RESPECTS MORE CHALLENGE THEM
WHERE APOLLO WAS LANDING, SO
THERE ARE MANY FASCINATING
DIFFERENT THINGS THAT ARE GOING
INTO ARTEMIS THAT WERE NEVER
REALLY SOMETHING THAT WAS EVEN
APPROACHABLE BACK IN THE APOLLO
ERA.
IT IS A BIG STRETCH FROM WHERE
WE WERE ACT WITH APOLLO.
AND OF COURSE WE HAVE A LONGER
OBJECTIVE THAN TAKING WHAT WE
LEARNED FROM THE MOON PORTION
AND TAKING THAT WITH US TO MARS.
>> NICE SUMMARY.
>> THERE WERE A BUNCH OF
QUESTIONS THAT WE WILL GET TO
ABOUT THE GOALS AND WHAT IS
DIFFERENT.
AND I THINK THAT YOU JUST GAVE A
GOOD OVERVIEW AND GETTING US
STARTED.
>> A HUGE PART AND REALLY KIND
OF THE FIRST AND BIGGEST STEP
FOUR ARTEMIS IS HOW DO YOU
LAUNCH, HOW DO YOU GET THERE?
WE ARE TALKING ABOUT CARRYING A
LOT OF MATERIAL.
WE TALKED EARLIER ABOUT THE
SATURN V.
BUT THE BIG ROCKET FOR ARTEMIS
IS THE SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM SLS.
IF YOU THOUGHT SATURN V WAS
IMPRESSIVE, SLS IS EVEN MORE
IMPRESSIVE, YOU CAN SEE VIDEO
HERE.
>> AND ANIMATION.
THE ROCKETS AND THE ENGINE IS
ALREADY UNDER A LOT OF TESTS
RIGHT NOW.
>> AND A LOT OF THIS MATERIAL
THAT WE LEARN FROM DOING THE
SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS.
SO IT IS A LITTLE BIT SHORTER
THAN THE SATURN V.
322 FEET TALL, SATURN V WAS
360 FEET.
SO IT IS 41 FEET SHORTER.
BUT THAT IS ALSO A LOT BIGGER
THAN THE SPACE SHUTTLE, WHICH IS
ONE THAT WE ARE USED TO FLYING.
THE SHUTTLE IS HUGE, ONLY
184 FEET TALL, SO AS WE SAID
EARLIER, SATURN V IS TALLER THAN
THE STATUE OF LIBERTY AND SO IS
SLS.
>> IT IS GOING TO BE WHEN WE
HAVE IT FLYING, IT WILL BE THE
BIGGEST ROCKET EVER BUILT.
>> WOW.
>> THE CAPABILITY TO GO TO
SATURN AND JUPITER.
THIS IS A VERY CAPABLE MACHINE.
>> WE TALKED ABOUT HOW MUCH LESS
PRELUDE THE SATURN V HAD.
AND SLS IS OVER 1 MILLION POUNDS
MORE THRUST POWERFUL.
IT CAN DELIVER MORE CARGO TO THE
MOON THEN THE SHUTTLE COULD TAKE
TO LOWER EARTH ORBIT.
JUST AN ENORMOUS CAPABILITY AND
AS KIMBERLY NOTED, IT TAKES US
TO LOTS OF OTHER DESTINATIONS IN
THE FUTURE.
THIS IS A HUGE CAPABILITY.
A UNIQUE CAPABILITY.
IT IS NOT SOMETHING THAT YOU
NEED TO PUT SATELLITES INTO
ORBIT, FOR EXAMPLE.
>> IT IS SOMETHING MORE.
>> IT IS FOR THIS VERY UNIQUE
MISSION.
>> WE HAVE A COMMENT HERE, WHEN
THEIR ASTRONAUTS ON THE MOON, I
WILL STAND AND WAVED AT THE FULL
MOON.
I HOPE THEY WAVE BACK.
>> I'M SURE THAT THEY WILL BE
WAVING BACK.
>> ARTEMIS IF I GET MY WISH I
WON'T TAYLOR LAND ASTRONAUTS ON
THE FAR SIDE OF THE MOON.
WE HAVE NOT BEEN THERE YET.
IT WAS ONLY FOR POINTS OF THE
SURFACE OF THE MOON.
THE UNKNOWN TERRITORIES ON THE
MOON.
>> WE ALSO HAVE NOT YET BEEN TO
THE SOUTH POLE.
>> ANY OF THE POLES.
TO REMIND EVERYONE WHAT WE ARE
COUNTING DOWN HERE, THE TIME
UNTIL 2024 WHEN THE ARTEMIS
MISSION WHILE LAND PEOPLE AT THE
SOUTH POLE POINT OF THE MOON.
THERE WAS A QUESTION SUMMIT HE
WAS ASKING WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT
THE LUNAR SOUTH POLE.
CAN YOU TELL US QUICKLY?
>> IN THE LAST TEN YEARS OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOON,
FLIPPING ITSELF ON ITS HEAD AND
WE LEARNED THAT THERE IS MORE ON
THE MOON.
OF THE APOLLO GENERATION WE
THOUGHT THE MOON WAS BONE DRY,
TURNS OUT THERE IS WATER ALL
OVER THE MOON IN DIFFERENT
SOURCES.
BUT THE POLES HAVE LARGE
QUANTITIES OF WATER.
>> THIS IS NOT LIQUID WATER.
>> IT IS FROZEN WATER AND WATER
IN DIFFERENT --
FROZEN WATERS.
>> CRYSTALS IN THE SOIL.
>> IT IS SCIENTIFICALLY
INTERESTING, BECAUSE I SHOULD
NOT HAVE BEEN THERE, WHY IS IT
THERE.
WE WANT TO KNOW WHY IT IS THEY
ARE AND WHERE IT HAS COME ABOUT
FROM A HUMAN EXPLORATION, IT IS
WATER IS H2O THAT CAN BE USED
FOR HYDROGEN OXYGEN FOR FUEL,
OXYGEN TO BREATHE, SO GOING TO
THE POLLS IS A STEP IN HUMAN
EXPLORATION USING RESOURCES
OFF OF THE LAND.
AND THE SAME TECHNIQUES YOU
WOULD USE TO HARVEST THE MOON
WATER IS SIMILAR TO WHAT WE DO
ON MARS, BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT
MARS IS A FROZEN SURFACE WATER
AS WELL.
>> PERFECT TRAINING GROUND.
>> THAT'S A BIG REASON TO GO TO
THE SOUTH POLE.
THE SOUTH POLE IS HARD BECAUSE,
IT IS IN A LOT MORE SHADOW.
THE SUNLIGHT IS AT A LOWER
ANGLE, SO YOU HAVE TO REALLY
THINK ABOUT HOW YOU BUILD YOUR
MISSION MUCH MORE CAREFULLY.
HOW YOU GENERATE ELECTRICITY.
HOW YOU STAY WARM.
THERE IS A WHOLE NEW SET OF
CHALLENGES THAT WE REALLY DID
NOT HAVE TO WORRY TOO MUCH ABOUT
IN THE APOLLO MISSION.
>> YOU LIKE HARD STUFF.
NOTHING EASY.
>> WE DO THINGS NOT BECAUSE THEY
ARE EASY, BUT BECAUSE THEY ARE
HARD.
AND THE ARTEMIS PROGRAM WILL
HAVE HUMANS ON THE MOON FOR
WEEKS AT A TIME INITIALLY,
CULMINATING TWO MONTHS AT A
TIME.
THAT IS ALSO DIFFERENT THAN
APOLLO.
APOLLO 11 WAS 2.5 HOURS ON THE
SURFACE.
THE 21 HOURS ON THE SURFACE AND
2.5 HOURS WALKING AROUND.
WE WANT TO SPEND UP TO THREE
DAYS ON THE SURFACE.
SO THIS IS A VERY DIFFERENT
APPROACH TO BEING OFF WORLD FOR
LONG PERIODS OF TIME COMING AND
HOW YOU DO THAT FOR AN
ENGINEERING SOLUTION, YOUR
POWER, YOUR FUEL, YOUR WATER
COMING OR AIR, YOUR ENERGY.
A TEMPERATURE, EXTREME
EXPERIENCE CAN ALL BE OVERCOME.
AND THE SOLUTIONS WILL BE
AMAZING.
>> YOU ANSWERED A QUESTION, WHAT
ARE SOME NEW DIFFICULTIES WITH
ARTEMIS THAT WERE NOT PRESENT
DURING THE APOLLO MISSIONS?
>> DURATION.
>> THAT'S ONE OF THE BIGGEST
ONES.
WE ARE SENDING HUMANS OUT THERE
FOR LONGER PERIODS OF TIME, AND
THEY ARE BEYOND THE SHIELDING
FROM RADIATION THAT IS SUPPORTED
BY EARTH'S MAGNETOSPHERE.
WHEN ASTRONAUTS ARE ON THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION FOR
LONG PERIODS OF TIME, UP TO A
YEAR AS RECORD, THAT IS A
CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENT, BUT IT
DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME DEGREE OF
EXPOSURE TO RADIATION THAT GOING
OUT AWAY FROM EARTH HAS.
SO THAT IS ONE OF THE BIG
HURDLES.
>> NASA WILL NEED A LOT OF
DOCTORS AND BIOLOGISTS AND
PEOPLE WHO STUDY HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY TO WORK ON MITIGATION
AND ALSO TO HELP WITH HOW HUMANS
POINT OF LONG DURATION BASED
EXPLORATION AND HOW THE HUMAN
BODY REACTS AND RECOVERS.
>> IT IS GOING TO HAPPEN AT MARS
TOO.
>> THIS QUESTION SOME OF YOUR
ANSWERS ALREADY ANSWER THE
QUESTION, WHAT ARE THE MAIN
SCIENTIFIC GOALS OF THE ARTEMIS
MOON MISSION, THEY ARE THINGS
THAT WE WANT TO FIND OUT, RIGHT,
THOSE ARE OUR GOALS?
>> SCIENTIFICALLY, SOME OF THE
BIGGEST UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
EVEN AFTER PROCESSING THE
WONDERFUL LUNAR SAMPLES FROM
APOLLO, WE STILL DO NOT KNOW
WHAT REALLY HAPPENED DURING THE
EARLY PHASES OF OUR SOLAR
SYSTEM, BECAUSE THE ROCK SAMPLES
THAT WE HAVE MIGHT HAVE A BIAS
IN IT.
THEY MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN
SAMPLING SOME OF THE OLDEST
PLACES ON THE MOON.
LOOKING FOR OLDER ROCKS.
HOW THE MOON'S INTERIOR LOOKS
LIKE, WE WOULD LIKE TO HAVE
SAMPLES OF THE MOON FROM THE
MANTLE, SOMETHING BELOW THE
CRUST.
THAT WILL TAKE GOING TO
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE MOON
WHERE WE CAN GET TO THE MANTLE
AND UNDERSTAND HOW THAT MOON
FORMED AND HOW IT COOLED.
AND THE MOON ALSO POTENTIALLY
COULD TELL US WHAT HAPPENED WITH
THE EARLY SUN.
WE ARE INTERESTED IN HOW THE SUN
BEHAVED, AND IT COULD LOOK AT
SOLAR SYSTEMS WHERE WE ARE
LOOKING AT PLANETS AROUND OTHER
STARS TODAY.
AND MORE PLANETS AND STARS OUT
THERE.
SO THE VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE IS
CHANGING, WE HAVE THE SOLAR
SYSTEM IN THE BACKYARD, THE MOON
HAS THE ANSWERS TO SOME OF THESE
QUESTIONS.
THE EARLY STAGES.
>> THERE IS ALSO THE BASIC
SCIENCE AROUND HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY,
WHICH IS AS WE SAID, HOW DOES
THE HUMAN BODY RESPOND TO
RADIATION EXPOSURE, LONG-TERM
DEPRIVATION OF GRAVITY.
ALL OF THESE THINGS.
THOSE ARE REALLY BASIC QUESTIONS
THAT ARE IMPORTANT FOR OUR
EVENTUAL JOURNEY TO MARS, BUT
ALSO JUST THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE
THAT IS OFTEN REALLY HELPFUL IN
UNEXPECTED WAYS FOR IMPROVING
LIFE ON EARTH.
>> AS AN ASTROPHYSICIST, I WOULD
BE AMISS IF I DID NOT SAY THAT I
WOULD LOVE TO PUT A TELESCOPE ON
THE FAR SIDE OF THE MOON.
IT WOULD OPEN UP A DIFFERENT
RANGE OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM, BECAUSE IT SHIELDS
FROM THE RADIO EMISSIONS FROM
THE EARTH.
SO IT IS A NEW WINDOW INTO THE
UNIVERSE RIGHT IN OUR BACKYARD,
BECAUSE THE FAR SIDE IS FACING
AWAY FROM US.
>> WE CAN MAKE IT REALLY BIG.
>> COME NICE, MAYBE WE'LL GET
YOUR TELESCOPE.
>> I WILL GET MY TELESCOPE ON
THE FAR SIDE AND THE MOON.
>> SPEAKING OF HUMAN BODIES,
WHAT KIND OF SPACE SUIT SHOULD
BE USED?
BIG AND BULKY BUT SAFE?
OR SMALL, TIGHT, BUT FLEXIBLE?
>> THERE'S BEEN SOME EXCITING
WORK DONE EXACTLY IN THIS AREA.
AND THERE ARE A NUMBER OF
DIFFERENT DESIGNS THAT ARE STILL
BEING CONSIDERED, BUT THEY KIND
OF HIT BOTH ENDS OF THAT
SPECTRUM, SOME OF THEM LOOK LIKE
MORE TRADITIONAL BULKIER SUITS,
BECAUSE IT OFFERS A LOT OF
PROTECTION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT.
TO SOME OF THEM ARE A LITTLE BIT
MORE STREAMLINED AND SLEEKER,
BECAUSE THEY ARE EASIER TO WALK
AROUND IN AND DO THINGS AND GET
STUFF DONE.
THEY JUST DON'T WEIGH AS MUCH.
BUT I THINK THAT THE JURY IS
STILL OUT AS TO WHICH IS THE
PREFERRED ONE RIGHT NOW.
IT IS AN AREA OF ONGOING
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
>> THE PARTICULAR DESIGN OF ONE
OF THE LANDERS TO DEAL WITH
LUNAR DUST, IT IS A HAZARD
BECAUSE IT IS GLASSLIKE, THERE
IS NO FLOWING WATER TO SMOOTH IT
OUT.
IN ONE OF THEM HAS YOU IN YOUR
SPACE SUIT AND YOU LEAVE YOUR
SPACE SUIT ON THE OUTSIDE, UD
CLOAK OR SOMETHING, AND
THEREFORE THE DUST DOES NOT GET
INTO YOUR HABITAT.
>> NEVER COMES IN.
>> I THAT IDEA.
>> THERE IS A HATCH THAT DOCS,
SO THAT YOUR SUIT ALWAYS STAYS
ON THE OUTSIDE WHERE ALL THE
DIRT AND CONTAMINANTS DAY.
>> AND THERE IS A LOT OF WORK
AHEAD.
WHEN YOU'RE ON THE SURFACE DOING
THINGS, YOU WILL LEARN LIKE THE
APOLLO ASTRONAUTS LEARNED THAT
THEY WILL SKIP AND HOP TO
MANEUVER IN THAT BULKY THING.
TO THE ARTEMIS ASTRONAUTS WILL
FIND NEW THINGS WITH THEIR
SPACE SUITS AND WHAT TO CHANGE.
I CAN'T DRILL AS MUCH TIME I
CAN'T CLIMB, I CAN'T PROPEL DOWN
THE CRATER, THE EASY WAY THAT
THEY WOULD LIKE.
THERE WILL BE A LOT OF SUIT
DESIGNS FOR THE APPLICATION, WE
NEED THOSE SOLUTIONS AND WE NEED
TO LEARN THOSE AS WE EXPLORE
MORE.
>> ALWAYS LEARNING.
>> DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION IN
MIND?
>> I THINK I DO, WE HAVE ONE
HERE FOR CHAD, IT IS ABOUT THE
SLS, WHY ARE WE DESIGNING A NEW
SYSTEM TO GET TO THE MOON AND
NOT JUST USING THE SAME APOLLO
EQUIPMENT THAT THEY USED LAST
TIME?
>> IT IS A GOOD QUESTION.
>> DO YOU WANT TO TELL EVERYBODY
WHAT THE FULL SYSTEM CONSISTS
OF?
>> THAT IS THE MAIN ONE THAT WE
ARE TALKING ABOUT.
BUT THERE IS ALSO AN EQUIVALENT
TO ALL OF THE APOLLO VEHICLES
THAT KIMBERLY WAS SHOWING WITH
THE PROPS, THERE IS A COMMAND
MODULE, ORION, AN EQUIVALENT TO
THE SERVICE MODULE THAT THE
EUROPEANS ARE PROVIDING.
A LUNAR VEHICLE, THAT WILL BE
PUTTING THE HUMANS DOWN ON THE
MOON.
WHAT IS DIFFERENT FROM APOLLO'S
WE ALSO HAVE A GATEWAY WHICH IS
ORBITING SPACE STATION AROUND
THE MOON.
AND OF COURSE THE BIG ROCKETS.
SO THE QUESTION IS WHY DON'T WE
USE WHAT WE HAD IN THE APOLLO
ERA, IN PRINCIPLE YOU COULD USE
THOSE DESIGNS.
FOR ONE THING WE WOULD LIKE TO
CARRY ADDITIONAL PEOPLE.
AND THE APOLLO CAPSULE WAS ONLY
BIG ENOUGH TO CARRY THREE.
WE WOULD REALLY LIKE TO CARRY
FOUR.
>> WE HAVE SOME VIDEO FOOTAGE OF
THE ORION CAPSULE.
>> THEY CAN RUN THAT.
I WILL TALK WHILE WE GO.
AND YOU CAN SEE THAT IT IS A
PRETTY GOOD SIZE PAID ONE OF THE
OTHER REASONS IS THAT ALL OF
THOSE DESIGNS HAVE NOT BEEN
PRODUCED FOR 50 YEARS.
TO GO BACK AND TO RECOVER THE
DESIGN IN THE TOOLING, IT IS
BASICALLY AS BIG A JOB AS MAKING
A NEW ONE.
>> THERE IS A STORY ABOUT HOW
AMES PARTICIPATED IN THE
21ST CENTURY DETECTIVE STORY ON
THE REENTRY OF THE THERMAL
SYSTEM.
AND THEY ARE CALLED A CHEMICAL
SYSTEM A LA CODE.
AND THEY HAD TO REENTER THE
CHEMICAL FORMULA.
AND THE 21ST CENTURY VERSION OF
THAT IS ON THE ORION CAPSULE, SO
WE THANK THE APOLLO ENGINEERS
FOR PROVIDING THAT GROUNDWORK,
AND WE ARE USING THAT.
SPEAK OF THE LEARNING, THE
IDEAS, IT IS NOT TO THE ACTUAL
SPECIFIC DESIGNS THAT ARE
CARRIED ALONG IN THE RAM, AND A
LOT OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE
PROGRAM HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN IN
DEVELOPMENT NOW FOR MORE THAN
TEN YEARS.
SO WE ARE NOT STARTING FROM
SCRATCH TODAY.
THIS HAS BEEN IN DEVELOPMENT FOR
SOME TIME.
BUT A LOT OF TIMES IF YOU WANT
TO TAKE LITERALLY THE OLD DESIGN
AND REUSE IT, IT CAN BE JUST AS
MUCH WORK AS DOING A CLEAN SHEET
OF PAPER.
DURING THE NEW DESIGN, IT ALLOWS
YOU TO BRING ALL OF THE LATEST
TECHNOLOGY AND IDEAS THAT WILL
MAKE THINGS LIGHTER, MORE
COST-EFFECTIVE, AND IN MANY
CASES A LOT SAFER.
WE ARE ALWAYS LOOKING AT THOSE
THINGS AS WE COME UP WITH NEW
PIECES.
>> EVEN THE ORION CAPSULE THAT
WE ARE LOOKING AT, IT IS
ESSENTIALLY APOLLO ON STEROIDS,
THERE IS AN INCREDIBLE AMOUNT OF
COMPUTING POWER THAT THE APOLLO
CAPSULE DID NOT HAVE.
AND CAN CARRY A LOT MORE
PAYLOAD, AND IT SUPPORTS MORE
ASTRONAUTS FOR LONGER DURATIONS
IN SPACE.
SO A VERY DIFFERENT DESIGN.
>> IS SIMILAR AS THE ARTEMIS
PROGRAM IS TO APOLLO IN GOING TO
THE MOON, A LOT OF IT ENDS RIGHT
THERE, BECAUSE THE BASIC
REQUIREMENTS FOR WHAT IT HAS TO
DO AND HOW LONG IT HAS TO GO,
FOR HOW MANY PEOPLE IT WILL
CARRY ARE ALL DIFFERENT FROM
APOLLO.
THAT LEADS YOU TO SOMEWHAT
DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS AND DESIGN.
>> THAT MAKES SENSE.
>> SO WE HAVE THE SLS ROCKETS,
THE ORION SPACECRAFT, AND THE F
GATEWAY.
CAN YOU TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE
ABOUT GATEWAY?
>> THAT WILL BE MY NEXT FAVORITE
SPACESHIP.
I CANNOT WAIT FOR A GATEWAY.
I THINK IT WILL BE FASCINATING.
IT IS DESIGN IN MIND TO BE
ESSENTIALLY THE FIRST
INTERPLANETARY SPACE TUG.
IT IS A SPACESHIP THAT CAN HAVE
THE CAPABILITY OF ALLOWING US TO
MANEUVER THINGS IN SPACE AND
PROPELLING OTHER VEHICLES TO
MARS.
BUT IT IS AN ORBITING SHIP
AROUND THE MOON, THAT GETS US
CLOSE TO 1,000 MILES OF THE MOON
SURFACE AND AS FAR AWAY AS
40,000 MILES.
IT IS IN THIS ORBIT THAT ALLOWS
YOU TO LAND ON ANY PLACE ON THE
MOON.
WHICH WE DID NOT HAVE WITH
APOLLO.
THE ORBIT TRAJECTORY WAS
SPECIFIC AND COULD ONLY LAND ON
THE EQUATOR.
THIS ALLOWS US TO GO TO THE
POLES THAT WE WERE TALKING ABOUT
EARLIER.
IT HAS A UNIQUE PROPULSION, THE
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION AND IS
MORE POWERFUL THAN ANYTHING OF
THAT TYPE THAT WE HAVE SEEN
BEFORE.
THAT IS THE PROPULSION THAT WE
WILL NEED WHEN WE ARE FAR FROM
HOME LIKE ON OUR JOURNEY TO
MARS.
AND SO WE -- I ALSO LOVE THE
FACT THAT IT IS OPEN
ARCHITECTURE.
ALL THE PORTS ARE GOING TO BE
MADE AVAILABLE.
BECAUSE WE WANT TO HAVE
COMMERCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL
PARTNERS DOCKING, COMING AND
GOING AND HAVING HUMANS ON IT
AND NOT HAVING HUMANS ON IT, IT
IS GOING TO BE VACATION HOME
TYPE OF THING.
AND ASTRONAUTS WILL BE THERE FOR
A FEW WEEKS OR MONTHS AT A TIME
AND THEN IT WILL BE EMPTY FOR
SOME TIME.
AND IT REALLY IS A DIFFERENT
APPROACH, THE THINKING ABOUT
LONG TERM HUMAN EXPLORATION AND
SPACE.
>> IT IS LIKE A SPACE CONDO.
[LAUGHTER]
>> I LIKE THAT IDEA.
>> IT IS A STAGING PLACE, WE
HANG OUT THERE FOR A WHILE, AND
THEN WE LEAVE.
THEN WE WILL COME BACK LATER AND
PICK BACK UP.
>> IT IS A PROPULSION, IT WILL
BE A TUGBOAT, AND IS ALLOWING
OTHER SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS ON IT.
PUTTING A TELESCOPE ON IT, WHY
NOT?
CONTROLLING THE ROVERS ON THE
SURFACE FROM IT.
>> IT HAS A LOT OF POTENTIAL.
>> WE HAVE ANIMATION OF GATEWAY
TO SHOW.
>> THERE WE GO, THIS IS SHOWING
ALL OF THE DIFFERENT COMPONENT
MODULES FROM BOTH COMMERCIAL AND
INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS AS WELL
AS NASA BEING ASSEMBLED TO FORM
EVENTUALLY THIS REALLY
FUNCTIONAL OUTPOST AND ORBIT
AROUND THE MOON.
>> AND IT ALSO LETS US HAVE
CONSTANT COMMUNICATION WITH THE
EARTH, WHICH IS SOMETHING YOU
WILL NOT HAVE WHEN YOU GO TO
MARS, BUT AT LEAST THIS TIME
WHEN WE ARE WORKING OUT ALL OF
THE INTERESTING CHALLENGES OF
BEING AWAY FROM PLANET EARTH AND
IN THIS ENVIRONMENT FOR A LONG
PERIOD TIME IT IS A PROVING
GROUND.
AND IT IS FLEXIBLE IN TERMS OF
WHAT IT CAN BE USED FOR.
>> YOU JUST ANSWERED A QUESTION,
IS TO MISS A JOINT VENTURE IN
THE WAY THAT THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE SYSTEM IS INTERNATIONAL?
>> VERY MUCH SO.
>> AND OTHER PARTNERS AS WELL,
INTERNATIONAL SPATE SYSTEM EIGHT
PARTNERS.
WE ARE A VERY DIFFERENT SPECIES
AND WE WERE YEARS AGO.
SO AS THE FUTURE OF SPACE IS FOR
THE WHOLE WORLD, AND WE HAVE A
LOT OF NATIONS, YOU KNOW,
WORKING IN SPACE IN TERMS OF
THEIR ECONOMICS OR THE
COMMUNICATION.
AND THEY WILL BE PARTNERING
WITH, YOU KNOW, THIS IS WHAT THE
ARTEMIS PROGRAM IS ABOUT.
>> WE HAVE A QUESTION HERE, IS
GATEWAY BIGGER THAN THE ISS?
>> NO, ISS IS REALLY HUGE, AND
GATEWAY BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH
FURTHER AWAY WILL BE A MUCH MORE
COMPACT VEHICLE.
IT WILL HAVE A LOT OF THE
FUNCTIONALITY THAT ISS DOES,
JUST A LITTLE BIT SMALLER.
A LOT SMALLER.
>> IT WILL STILL NEED TO BE
OCCUPIED, THE ISS, AMAZING
ACHIEVEMENT, CONTINUOUSLY
OCCUPIED FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS.
NOVEMBER OF 2,000, WERE THE
FIRST OCCUPANTS.
AND IT HAS TO BE DESIGNED
DIFFERENTLY, BECAUSE IT HAS TO
SUPPORT A PERIOD WHERE IT DOES
NOT HAVE HUMANS.
SO THAT CAN BE DONE BECAUSE OF
OUR ADVANCEMENT IN ROBOTICS AND
AUTONOMY AND SMART SOFTWARE.
I KNOW IT IS A DIFFERENT
VEHICLE, BUT WE ARE STARTING TO
SEE SELF-DRIVING CARS,
SELF-DRIVING TRUCKS, THE
SATELLITES ARE A LOT MORE
AUTONOMOUS.
WE ARE A SMARTER SPECIES NOW.
AND NOW SPACE CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE
OF THE KNOWLEDGE THAT WE HAVE
GAINED IN THAT FIELD.
>> I THINK WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE
MORE QUESTION.
>> OUR QUESTIONS ARE THE BEST.
>> MAY BE THIS ONE.
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE DESIGN
CHALLENGES THAT HAVE YET TO BE
SOLVED ON THE TRIP?
>> THERE ARE SO MANY.
>> THERE IS A LOT OF WORK TO DO.
>> WE WERE JUST TALKING ABOUT
APOLLO EARLIER IN THE SHOW AIRED
WHEN THE CHARGE CAME TO GO TO
THE MOON IN '61, IT WAS ONLY 20
DAYS AFTER THEY DID A FIRST
SUBORBITAL FLIGHT.
THEY ARE NOT FIGURED OUT TO DO
RENDEZVOUS ON TWO SPACE CRAFTS.
THEY HAD NOT DONE A SPACEWALK.
THEY DID NOT DO A SPACE SUIT.
I MEAN THEY LITERALLY WENT FROM
A SINGLE PERSON ON TOP OF A
ROCKET THAT JUST WHEN IN SPACE
FOR 20 MINUTES TO ACTUALLY GOING
A QUARTER OF A MILLION MILES
AWAY AND LANDING ON ANOTHER
WORLD AND COMING BACK SAFELY.
>> SO WE ARE IN A MUCH BETTER
PLACE.
>> BUT THERE WILL BE CHALLENGES.
NO DOUBT ABOUT IT.
AND THAT IS THE BEAUTY OF IT.
BECAUSE WHEN YOU HAVE A PROBLEM
THAT HAS NOT BEEN SOLVED, THAT
IS WHEN YOU GET YOUR CREATIVE
NEW SOLUTIONS.
YOU KNOW?
HE WILL ATTACK A PROBLEM AND
COME BACK WITH SOMETHING THAT NO
ONE HAS EVER THOUGHT OF BEFORE.
AND WHO KNOWS WHERE YOU CAN GO?
>> NICELY SAID.
>> I GUESS THAT IS THE PERFECT
WAY TO END AT THIS.
>> IT IS, ON THAT NOTE.
THAT'S ABOUT ALL THE TIME WE
HAVE TODAY, YOU GUYS.
A HUGE THANKS TO OUR GUESTS.
AND EVERYONE WHO JOINED US ON
TWITCH.
WE WILL BE BACK ON THURSDAY,
JULY 25TH, TALKING ABOUT HOW TO
GET AN INTERNSHIP AT NASA.
THAT'S HOW IT STARTS.
>> THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE
TODAY THAT STARTED AS INTERNS.
THAT IS OUR NEXT SHOW FOR THIS
GANG HERE, BUT REMEMBER TO JOIN
US TOMORROW AND CELEBRATING THE
APOLLO 50TH AND HEARING ABOUT
OUR FUTURE PLANS TO GO TO THE
MOON AND ONTO MARS.
SO TUNE INTO THE SPECIAL TWO
HOUR LIFE NASA TELEVISION
BROADCAST TOMORROW AT 10:00 A.M.
PACIFIC.
AND YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT THE SHOW
AND LEARN HOW TO WATCH IT BY
GOING TO NASA.
AND CLICK ON "EVENTS."
CHECK IT OUT AND WE WILL SEE YOU
SOON.
THANK YOU FOR JOINING US.
GOODBYE.
♪ ♪