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Humans have observed many wonders across the cosmos. Yet, much of our universe is still shrouded in mystery.
Among those mysteries is the formation of our universe,
which should have resulted in a balance of matter and its corresponding counterpart, antimatter.
Much of that matter is thought to exist in the form of dark matter, which can't be directly observed.
Much of the antimatter can't be found at all!
Studying fundamental particles originating from sources up to billions of light years away
may hold the key to understanding both the composition and history of our universe.
Welcome to the world of particle physics currently being explored from low-Earth orbit
by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, AMS-02, installed on the International Space Station (ISS).
Title - Finding the Invisible. A NASA ScienceCast.
Planets, stars, interstellar gas, dust. What we're able to observe across the universe
comprises less than 5 percent of the total content found throughout the universe.
The other 95 percent is dark - dark matter as well as dark energy.
Dark Matter doesn't interact with or produce light, as far as we know.
It doesn't consist of normal matter, or matter that can be observed directly.
So how do you improve understanding of something that can't be observed?
One way is to look for evidence of its interactions.
Kirt Costello, the ISS Program Chief Scientist at Johnson Space Center,
explains how the giant magnet of AMS-02 is working to help scientists test and modify their theories.
"Scientists are using AMS-02 to look at cosmic rays, charged particles that travel near the speed of light.
AMS-02 categorizes each cosmic ray, looking at a high energy range
to see whether that stellar phenomena that we can measure, can account for all of the cosmic rays we're seeing.
But, if you see something in the spectra that doesn't fit, then this could be evidence of dark matter interactions."
By studying cosmic rays scientists are also able to search for antimatter.
The Big Bang theory of the universe's origin requires a 50/50 ratio of matter to antimatter,
but to date the amount of antimatter found doesn't come close to matching the amount of matter known to exist.
Costello says, "One of the goals of the mission is to detect antimatter
and see if there are any large collections of it out there somewhere."
When particles pass through the strong magnetic field produced by AMS-02, their paths bend.
Antimatter particles stand out, because their paths bend in the opposite direction compared to matter particles.
The instrument searches for antimatter with a sensitivity three orders of magnitude greater than the original AMS,
which flew in space in June of 1998 aboard the space shuttle Discovery.
This could support the discovery of antimatter pools that were previously undetectable.
A key factor in our ability to get the most out of AMS-02 is time.
Originally expected to have a lifespan of three years, the instrument has continued to perform
into its eighth year of operation aboard the orbiting laboratory.
In late 2019 and early 2020, astronauts conducted a series of space walks
to replace AMS-02's cooling pumps, which were failing.
Extending the life of the instrument will provide scientists more time
in their quest to unveil some of the universe's greatest mysteries.
For more on scientific studies being done on and from the space station, go to www.nasa.gov/iss-science.
For more information about the origins of the universe, visit science.nasa.gov.