[Orchestral music plays]
In 1903, the Wright brothers
used American ingenuity to achieve the first powered,
controlled and sustained flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
But over the next decade,
European nations invested in aviation research,
leaving the United States behind,
by the time of the First World War.
To advance U.S. flight research,
a committee of government, military,
and industry leaders was formed in 1915.
It was called the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.
The NACA.
It contributed to some of the most important advancements
in the history of flight.
And its people,
its laboratories,
and legacy,
became the basis for NASA,
at the dawn of the space age.
[Sustained music chord ]
Founded in 1917,
Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory was the first established NACA facility.
With only one wind tunnel, two hangars, and an initial staff of 11 people,
flight research in the early years was humble.
By the time the first wind tunnel began operations,
the design was already obsolete.
But the next lab influenced the shape of wings for generations to come.
The variable density tunnel put Langley at the forefront of aeronautical research,
becoming the prototype for subsequent pressurized wind tunnels.
Another breakthrough was the development of protective engine covers.
They reduced drag while cooling the engine.
An unexpected achievement that defied conventional wisdom.
This accomplishment was honored in 1929 with the prestigious Collier Trophy.
Langley engineers relentlessly designed cutting edge test facilities
and devised practical solutions for problems encountered with flight.
By 1939, there was no more space to build,
so expansion moved west.
The core group of researchers
at new labs across the country came from Langley.
At the end of World War Two,
the NACA initiated research into rockets and faster than sound flight.
Human spaceflight in the United States began at Langley
with the Space Task Group, which managed Project Mercury.
As the first NASA research center,
Langley continues to innovate in aeronautics, space technology,
and science,
more than 100 years after its founding.
[Music plays]
Before NASA and before Silicon Valley,
American aeronautics needed space to grow.
The onset of World War Two made it clear that if the U.S.
wanted a competitive advantage in aeronautics research,
it had to expand its footprint.
In 1939,
the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the NACA,
chose Moffett Field in California as the new location for this effort.
Built next door to a naval airfield,
the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory
had the resources and the space
to develop world-class test and research facilities.
That included the world's largest wind tunnel,
which opened in 1944.
Wind tunnels at Ames
operated around the clock.
They provided the data needed to devise quick
and practical solutions to potentially fatal problems.
Testing at Ames of the iconic P-51 Mustang
led to modifications that fixed
unwanted vibrations in flight.
The formation of ice on wings
was an even more serious concern.
Ames engineers developed a system that redirected hot air
from the engine to the wings,
saving countless lives as a result.
This work earned the Collier Trophy,
the nation's highest award in aviation.
The supersonic age and the Cold War put high-speed aeronautics
and missile research at the forefront of Ames activities.
Test pilots
flew the most unique aircraft ever built.
Researchers continued to build innovative wind tunnels.
And revolutionary insights from flight research produced breakthroughs
that made it possible to safely return humans from space.
[Distant whooshing sounds]
To get off the ground, you need an engine.
20 years before rockets carried the first humans out of our atmosphere,
the NACA built a laboratory dedicated to aircraft propulsion.
Construction began in 1941, in Cleveland,
and became what we know today as
NASA's Glenn Research Center.
The focus on piston engine performance during the war
evolved into testing some of the nation's first jet engines,
improving turbojet and ramjet designs in the 1940s and 50s.
Researchers at the lab advanced aviation safety,
expanded the NACA's award winning icing research,
and developed crash fire prevention and passenger restraints.
In the atomic age,
It was in Ohio that the NACA investigated
nuclear propulsion systems for aircraft and rockets.
Beginning in 1958,
the lab applied its aeronautics expertise to space.
High-energy propellant research
led to NASA using liquid hydrogen
in most upper stage rockets, and the Space Shuttle.
Investigations continued into cryogenic
propellant handling and microgravity research.
In 1962, the center became responsible
for the Centaur rocket program,
that sent the Surveyor spacecraft to the Moon,
launched probes to the outer planets,
and placed scores of satellites into orbit.
[String music echoes into distance]
Above the deserts of Southern California in 1947,
the American rocket powered X-1
experimental aircraft broke the sound barrier.
It signaled the future of aviation
and opened a new chapter in the history of flight.
An important part of the X-1 team
came from the NACA's Langley Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia.
This group of research engineers and test pilots
founded the NACA's High-Speed Flight Research Station
west of the Mojave Desert,
which became NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center.
Armstrong has been home to the design
and testing of experimental aircraft since the sound barrier was broken.
Whether taking the X-15 to the edge of space,
or testing the concepts that allowed
the space shuttle to land back on Earth,
going to space and returning
has always required flight testing in the atmosphere.
The NACA's legacy
lives on today at NASA's research centers.
After more than 100 years since its establishment in 1915,
the NACA's creativity and pursuit
of the fundamental challenges of flight
in the skies above
and the space beyond, remind us,
that the first “A” in NASA is aeronautics.
[String music plays]