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Welcome

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to another episode

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of NASA's Science Live.

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An opportunity

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for you to interact

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with NASA experts

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and have your questions

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answered in real time.

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I'm your host,

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Raquel Villanueva

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And today

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we are going to talk

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about NASA's Psyche mission.

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If you have questions

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throughout today's show,

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you can send them

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in using the hashtag.

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Ask NASA on social media

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or drop them

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into the comment box

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wherever you're watching.

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The psyche spacecraft

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is preparing

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to launch October 5th

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to explore a unique asteroid.

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Also called psyche,

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orbiting the sun

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between Mars and Jupiter.

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Scientists

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believe the asteroid

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may consist

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of a significant amount

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of nickel iron metal

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mixed with rock.

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It could contain metal

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from the core of

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what is called a planetesimal,

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which is a building

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block of an early rocky planet.

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Psyche may offer

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a unique window

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into the violent

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history of collisions

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that created

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terrestrial planets like Earth.

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I am joined today

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by two psyche mission experts

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who are going to help

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answer your questions

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about the journey

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to a metal rich asteroid.

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Dr.

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Carver Bierson

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is a psyche post-doc

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at Arizona State University.

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Welcome. CARVER

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Thank you so much

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for having me.

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And Dr.

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Rhona Oran is the psyche

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magnetometer investigation

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scientist at Massachusetts

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Institute of Technology.

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Welcome, Rona.

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Excited to be here.

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Thank you both

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so much for joining us

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to chat about this mission.

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Now, I have a question for you

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both to start.

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This is the first time

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we are sending a spacecraft

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to see a metal rich asteroid.

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What do you think

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we will discover about psyche?

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We'll start with Carver.

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Yeah.

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I mean,

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one of the exciting things

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about going to a type of world

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we've never been to before

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is there's

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so many new types of things

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you might find that

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we've never seen.

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For example,

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some people talked

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about the possibility

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of maybe

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there's ion volcanism,

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ion volcanoes on psyche

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and we just don't know

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if they're there or not

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until we arrive.

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It's exciting to see

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what we might find.

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Rona, what about you?

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Yes, Psyche is indeed

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a very unique object

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that we've never

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explored before,

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and there are

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many open questions.

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The more we look at it

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through telescopes,

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the less we know

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what kind of body is it?

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Less it fits into our mold

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of what planets

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type of planetary

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bodies are made up

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and unique to.

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The magnetometer investigation

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that I'm involved in

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is that psyche presents

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the possibility to be

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the first ever detection

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of a magnetized asteroid.

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So all asteroid we visited

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before were not magnetized

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and made of rock

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because psyche's metal rich.

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It may actually

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be magnetized out now.

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Speaking of metal rich cover,

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if we haven't visited

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this asteroid yet,

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how do we know that

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it may be the exposed nickel

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iron core of an early planetary

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building block?

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What observations have

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contributed to this theory?

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Yeah, there's two big ones.

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One is

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we can look at the mass

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of the density of psyche

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that tells us something

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about what's composed of.

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And the other is looking

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at how

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light and particular radio

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waves bounce off the surface.

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That indicates that there's

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definitely some metal

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at the surface.

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We don't know

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how much is metal.

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There might still be

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some rock mixed in,

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but there's definitely

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some amount of metal

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at the surface of psyche.

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And Rona, what could studying

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psyche teach us

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about Earth's own metal core?

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Yes.

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So our core is also man

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made of metal,

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and we assume it has

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a lot of heavy metals in it,

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but it's so deep

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inside the earth

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that we actually have no chance

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of ever revisiting it.

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So while we do know

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that we have a core,

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we don't know

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exactly how it formed,

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when it formed,

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how we generated

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the magnetic field

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that we have that protects us

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from the space environment.

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And so visiting psyche

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would actually be

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the first time humans,

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and probably

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the only time humans

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will ever have a chance

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to visit the core.

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Wow.

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Well, we have some

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questions coming in

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from viewers watching out line.

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Remember,

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you can submit

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using the hashtag.

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Ask NASA

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or by posting them

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in the comments section

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wherever you are

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watching today.

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So let's get to

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some of these questions.

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Our first is from Swizzway,

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I hope I'm saying that

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right on Facebook.

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Who wants to know

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what caused the asteroid belt

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and what broke up the planets?

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Carver,

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do you want to start with that?

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Sure.

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So the asteroid

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belt, in one sense,

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is kind of

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the leftover materials

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from planet formation.

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So you have a bunch of material

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that as the solar system

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was forming

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and lots of small bits of rock

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and ice

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and mostly rock in the inner

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solar system coming together

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to build the planets

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in between Mars and Jupiter.

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Have these leftover bits,

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some of them formed

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into larger planetesimals

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that then would have impacted

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into each other,

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scattering apart,

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breaking into smaller pieces.

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And it could be

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that psyche

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was one of those larger

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planetesimals

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that had a big impact

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like this.

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And so it's just the core

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that's leftover

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for us to go visit. Now

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has a great answer.

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Now, Kalyan

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asks,

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Once you get an accurate

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size of psyche,

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do you think you'll be able

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to have a good estimate

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of the size of the parent body?

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Rhona Carver

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I don't know

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which one

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wants to take that question.

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That's an excellent question.

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It's a very,

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very creative question.

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So, yeah,

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so what we can tell

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when you see a rock

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expose in space,

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you can tell from

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the mineralogy

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how much pressure

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it sustained in

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the Western temperatures

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it was created in.

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So you can kind of estimate

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what pressure to be that way

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and what pressure

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that is,

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the overlaying layers

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of the planet

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like we have momentum in the

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and the crust.

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So if you look at the rocks,

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you can actually estimate

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what they created under

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a lot of pressure.

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If so, they were created

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in a bigger planet.

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And Rhoda, we have another

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question coming in for you.

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Ravi on ex

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asks, Is Psyche

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a remnant of

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the core of a protoplanet?

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Um,

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I think the definition

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of a protoplanet

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on planetesimal

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or kind of like it

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depends on how you look at it.

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So it's basically

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if it is a remnant of a core,

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it is a remnant of the body

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that grew and grew and grew

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and started forming a core.

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But then something

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happened to it.

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That's stopped that and create

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and stopped it

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from being an actual planet

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like the other planets

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that we see

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that are nice and round

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and have a soil, etc..

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So it is a remnant of something

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that was starting to become

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a planet. If it is core

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00:07:23,276 --> 00:07:24,143
now Carver, would you

305
00:07:24,143 --> 00:07:27,146
like to add to that?

306
00:07:27,380 --> 00:07:28,014
No, I think that was

307
00:07:28,014 --> 00:07:29,415
a great answer.

308
00:07:29,415 --> 00:07:29,949
Perfect.

309
00:07:29,949 --> 00:07:31,984
Now let's move on to Juan

310
00:07:31,984 --> 00:07:33,820
Pablo Hernandez on YouTube,

311
00:07:33,820 --> 00:07:34,854
who asks,

312
00:07:34,854 --> 00:07:35,888
How will the mission

313
00:07:35,888 --> 00:07:37,857
show us what psyche looks like

314
00:07:37,857 --> 00:07:39,392
and will we take samples

315
00:07:39,392 --> 00:07:39,859
from it?

316
00:07:39,859 --> 00:07:40,226
Carver

317
00:07:40,226 --> 00:07:42,829
I can hand that one to you.

318
00:07:42,829 --> 00:07:43,095
Yeah.

319
00:07:43,095 --> 00:07:44,330
So the psyche

320
00:07:44,330 --> 00:07:45,264
mission is not going

321
00:07:45,264 --> 00:07:47,200
to take samples of the surface,

322
00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:48,167
and instead we're going to use

323
00:07:48,167 --> 00:07:48,668
a host

324
00:07:48,668 --> 00:07:49,569
of different instruments

325
00:07:49,569 --> 00:07:50,369
to look at it

326
00:07:50,369 --> 00:07:51,404
while we're orbiting

327
00:07:51,404 --> 00:07:52,538
the asteroid.

328
00:07:52,538 --> 00:07:54,140
So we have two cameras

329
00:07:54,140 --> 00:07:55,541
that are going to take images

330
00:07:55,541 --> 00:07:57,376
in different wavelengths.

331
00:07:57,376 --> 00:07:58,177
We have a gamma ray

332
00:07:58,177 --> 00:07:59,645
and neutron spectrometer

333
00:07:59,645 --> 00:07:59,912
that's going

334
00:07:59,912 --> 00:08:00,947
to give us more information

335
00:08:00,947 --> 00:08:02,081
about what that surface is

336
00:08:02,081 --> 00:08:03,716
made out of.

337
00:08:03,716 --> 00:08:04,550
And we're going to do

338
00:08:04,550 --> 00:08:06,118
gravity science as well

339
00:08:06,118 --> 00:08:08,454
with the main antenna

340
00:08:08,454 --> 00:08:09,822
essentially looking at exactly

341
00:08:09,822 --> 00:08:11,824
how mass is distributed

342
00:08:11,824 --> 00:08:12,959
across the surface

343
00:08:12,959 --> 00:08:16,028
of the satellite.

344
00:08:16,128 --> 00:08:16,662
Thank you.

345
00:08:16,662 --> 00:08:17,196
And, you

346
00:08:17,196 --> 00:08:17,697
know, people

347
00:08:17,697 --> 00:08:19,198
are tuning in live right now,

348
00:08:19,198 --> 00:08:20,199
and we've touched on this

349
00:08:20,199 --> 00:08:21,033
a little bit.

350
00:08:21,033 --> 00:08:21,934
But for those of you

351
00:08:21,934 --> 00:08:23,236
just joining us, let's

352
00:08:23,236 --> 00:08:25,538
answer a Nando's question.

353
00:08:25,538 --> 00:08:27,240
How did you conclude that

354
00:08:27,240 --> 00:08:29,108
this asteroid may give clues

355
00:08:29,108 --> 00:08:31,077
to Rocky planet formation?

356
00:08:31,077 --> 00:08:31,377
Don't Dodo

357
00:08:31,377 --> 00:08:31,677
Rona,

358
00:08:31,677 --> 00:08:32,044
would you like

359
00:08:32,044 --> 00:08:34,647
to take that one?

360
00:08:34,647 --> 00:08:35,381
Sure.

361
00:08:35,381 --> 00:08:38,618
So 99% of the asteroid I see in

362
00:08:38,618 --> 00:08:40,086
the asteroid

363
00:08:40,086 --> 00:08:41,687
belt are made of rock.

364
00:08:41,687 --> 00:08:43,789
And the old asteroid

365
00:08:43,789 --> 00:08:44,590
that we visited

366
00:08:44,590 --> 00:08:45,791
are made of rock

367
00:08:45,791 --> 00:08:47,627
and actually metallic asteroid,

368
00:08:47,627 --> 00:08:48,928
something that we call m-class

369
00:08:48,928 --> 00:08:50,029
asteroids is something

370
00:08:50,029 --> 00:08:51,697
that we haven't really seen.

371
00:08:51,697 --> 00:08:52,598
We see them as really,

372
00:08:52,598 --> 00:08:53,699
really little dots.

373
00:08:53,699 --> 00:08:54,667
We haven't visited them

374
00:08:54,667 --> 00:08:55,801
by spacecraft.

375
00:08:55,801 --> 00:08:57,904
But as Carver mentioned before,

376
00:08:57,904 --> 00:08:59,071
they do reflect the light

377
00:08:59,071 --> 00:08:59,839
in a certain way

378
00:08:59,839 --> 00:09:00,072
that they

379
00:09:00,072 --> 00:09:00,640
reflect

380
00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:01,774
electromagnetic radiation

381
00:09:01,774 --> 00:09:02,375
in a certain way

382
00:09:02,375 --> 00:09:02,942
that suggests

383
00:09:02,942 --> 00:09:04,076
that they are shiny.

384
00:09:04,076 --> 00:09:05,444
They're like a metal.

385
00:09:05,444 --> 00:09:08,247
So we know that they consist of

386
00:09:08,247 --> 00:09:09,448
a lot of metal in them.

387
00:09:09,448 --> 00:09:10,383
We don't know exactly

388
00:09:10,383 --> 00:09:11,350
how it looks like is it's

389
00:09:11,350 --> 00:09:12,351
the big chunk of metal.

390
00:09:12,351 --> 00:09:15,321
Is metal mixed with rock.

391
00:09:15,388 --> 00:09:16,789
But from that we know

392
00:09:16,789 --> 00:09:18,724
that they are very special

393
00:09:18,724 --> 00:09:20,359
because most of the material in

394
00:09:20,359 --> 00:09:22,061
the universe is not iron

395
00:09:22,061 --> 00:09:23,362
and is not nickel.

396
00:09:23,362 --> 00:09:24,597
So if you have a big clump

397
00:09:24,597 --> 00:09:25,631
of that material

398
00:09:25,631 --> 00:09:27,233
all tied together,

399
00:09:27,233 --> 00:09:28,935
it's most likely was created

400
00:09:28,935 --> 00:09:29,902
inside a planet

401
00:09:29,902 --> 00:09:30,536
where everything

402
00:09:30,536 --> 00:09:32,071
sank to the bottom.

403
00:09:32,071 --> 00:09:32,972
And in order

404
00:09:32,972 --> 00:09:33,940
for that to happen,

405
00:09:33,940 --> 00:09:35,308
that is that information

406
00:09:35,308 --> 00:09:35,741
where you have

407
00:09:35,741 --> 00:09:36,576
a lot of material

408
00:09:36,576 --> 00:09:37,410
coming together

409
00:09:37,410 --> 00:09:38,611
and forming a core

410
00:09:38,611 --> 00:09:41,814
and then a mental and a trust.

411
00:09:41,881 --> 00:09:42,715
And we've been talking

412
00:09:42,715 --> 00:09:45,551
about metal, but Rogerville T as

413
00:09:45,551 --> 00:09:47,219
what kind of minerals is NASA

414
00:09:47,219 --> 00:09:49,589
expecting in psyche?

415
00:09:49,589 --> 00:09:51,223
Can we expand on that as well?

416
00:09:51,223 --> 00:09:53,759
Rona?

417
00:09:53,759 --> 00:09:57,229
I may defer this to cover more.

418
00:09:57,296 --> 00:09:59,231
All right. Carver.

419
00:09:59,231 --> 00:10:00,232
Yeah,

420
00:10:00,232 --> 00:10:01,334
I'm not sure exactly

421
00:10:01,334 --> 00:10:01,901
what minerals

422
00:10:01,901 --> 00:10:03,536
we're going to find, in part

423
00:10:03,536 --> 00:10:05,271
because we don't know exactly

424
00:10:05,271 --> 00:10:06,639
what that rocky

425
00:10:06,639 --> 00:10:07,873
component of psyche

426
00:10:07,873 --> 00:10:09,175
is at this point.

427
00:10:09,175 --> 00:10:10,076
And that's one of the things

428
00:10:10,076 --> 00:10:10,977
that we want to learn

429
00:10:10,977 --> 00:10:12,378
when we get there

430
00:10:12,378 --> 00:10:13,913
and use

431
00:10:13,913 --> 00:10:14,747
our imaging cameras

432
00:10:14,747 --> 00:10:16,015
and spectrometers that

433
00:10:16,015 --> 00:10:19,118
bring with.

434
00:10:19,185 --> 00:10:19,885
Great answer.

435
00:10:19,885 --> 00:10:20,786
And Juan Pablo

436
00:10:20,786 --> 00:10:21,887
Hernandez on YouTube

437
00:10:21,887 --> 00:10:22,922
wants to know

438
00:10:22,922 --> 00:10:24,824
how long will the mission be

439
00:10:24,824 --> 00:10:25,191
and will

440
00:10:25,191 --> 00:10:25,625
the probe

441
00:10:25,625 --> 00:10:28,928
tell us how psyche was formed?

442
00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:31,998
Do I take that one again?

443
00:10:32,231 --> 00:10:33,933
Sure.

444
00:10:33,933 --> 00:10:34,700
So it's going to

445
00:10:34,700 --> 00:10:35,568
take the mission

446
00:10:35,568 --> 00:10:37,136
about five years to get there.

447
00:10:37,136 --> 00:10:37,737
So the spacecraft

448
00:10:37,737 --> 00:10:39,205
is going to arrive at Psyche

449
00:10:39,205 --> 00:10:41,507
in August of 2029.

450
00:10:41,507 --> 00:10:41,741
And we're

451
00:10:41,741 --> 00:10:42,541
to spend a little over

452
00:10:42,541 --> 00:10:44,343
two years in orbit

453
00:10:44,343 --> 00:10:46,078
at different levels, slowly

454
00:10:46,078 --> 00:10:47,680
getting closer and closer

455
00:10:47,680 --> 00:10:48,814
to the asteroid.

456
00:10:48,814 --> 00:10:52,585
Learning more as we descend.

457
00:10:52,652 --> 00:10:53,386
And what was the second

458
00:10:53,386 --> 00:10:55,921
half of that question?

459
00:10:55,921 --> 00:10:56,756
How will it tell us

460
00:10:56,756 --> 00:11:00,259
how psyche was formed at?

461
00:11:00,326 --> 00:11:01,661
A lot of that's going to be

462
00:11:01,661 --> 00:11:02,728
in really learning

463
00:11:02,728 --> 00:11:04,196
what psyche is.

464
00:11:04,196 --> 00:11:05,665
As we said, you know, there's

465
00:11:05,665 --> 00:11:06,065
right now

466
00:11:06,065 --> 00:11:07,166
there's so much we don't know.

467
00:11:07,166 --> 00:11:07,466
We know

468
00:11:07,466 --> 00:11:09,135
there's some amount of metal,

469
00:11:09,135 --> 00:11:10,670
but knowing what

470
00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:11,637
how much metal,

471
00:11:11,637 --> 00:11:13,539
how much rock is there?

472
00:11:13,539 --> 00:11:15,274
How were they mixed together

473
00:11:15,274 --> 00:11:17,009
or not on the surface?

474
00:11:17,009 --> 00:11:18,310
And what's the details

475
00:11:18,310 --> 00:11:19,779
of that chemistry?

476
00:11:19,779 --> 00:11:20,913
That's what we're those are

477
00:11:20,913 --> 00:11:21,747
the clues we're going to use

478
00:11:21,747 --> 00:11:22,481
to try and figure out

479
00:11:22,481 --> 00:11:24,517
how psyche formed

480
00:11:24,617 --> 00:11:25,551
right now.

481
00:11:25,551 --> 00:11:26,285
Rona Carver We

482
00:11:26,285 --> 00:11:27,219
have a bit of a longer

483
00:11:27,219 --> 00:11:27,920
question coming

484
00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:28,587
in, so I'm going

485
00:11:28,587 --> 00:11:29,221
to need your help

486
00:11:29,221 --> 00:11:30,022
deciding who's

487
00:11:30,022 --> 00:11:31,424
going to answer this one

488
00:11:31,424 --> 00:11:33,893
for wins on X asks

489
00:11:33,893 --> 00:11:35,728
How do gaseous elements

490
00:11:35,728 --> 00:11:36,696
settle during

491
00:11:36,696 --> 00:11:38,130
planetary formation,

492
00:11:38,130 --> 00:11:38,898
influencing

493
00:11:38,898 --> 00:11:40,099
planetary structures

494
00:11:40,099 --> 00:11:41,534
and phenomena?

495
00:11:41,534 --> 00:11:43,035
How does the distribution

496
00:11:43,035 --> 00:11:44,236
contribute to diverse

497
00:11:44,236 --> 00:11:45,938
planetary characteristics

498
00:11:45,938 --> 00:11:51,077
across our solar system?

499
00:11:51,177 --> 00:11:53,779
Okay, so when we look

500
00:11:53,779 --> 00:11:55,081
at the solar systems

501
00:11:55,081 --> 00:11:56,048
being born,

502
00:11:56,048 --> 00:11:57,583
we actually don't just see gas.

503
00:11:57,583 --> 00:11:58,784
We see gas and dust.

504
00:11:58,784 --> 00:11:59,885
And that's really important

505
00:11:59,885 --> 00:12:00,619
when you have those

506
00:12:00,619 --> 00:12:02,288
tiny grains of dust.

507
00:12:02,288 --> 00:12:03,155
And at some point

508
00:12:03,155 --> 00:12:04,256
in our solar system,

509
00:12:04,256 --> 00:12:05,791
we know that around 4.6

510
00:12:05,791 --> 00:12:07,026
billion years ago,

511
00:12:07,026 --> 00:12:07,760
we formed what

512
00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:09,595
we call the first solids.

513
00:12:09,595 --> 00:12:10,930
So if you look at the universe,

514
00:12:10,930 --> 00:12:11,530
when it creates

515
00:12:11,530 --> 00:12:13,399
stars, it's only gas.

516
00:12:13,399 --> 00:12:14,400
But at some point

517
00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:15,568
our solar system starts

518
00:12:15,568 --> 00:12:16,969
creating little solids

519
00:12:16,969 --> 00:12:17,937
that you can still see

520
00:12:17,937 --> 00:12:18,604
in meteorites

521
00:12:18,604 --> 00:12:19,472
that fall to the earth

522
00:12:19,472 --> 00:12:20,573
that nothing touched them.

523
00:12:20,573 --> 00:12:21,440
You can actually see them

524
00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:22,942
just as they were.

525
00:12:22,942 --> 00:12:24,543
And from that point on,

526
00:12:24,543 --> 00:12:25,311
you can think about

527
00:12:25,311 --> 00:12:26,278
a lot of grains,

528
00:12:26,278 --> 00:12:28,114
just like sticking together,

529
00:12:28,114 --> 00:12:29,181
have billions of

530
00:12:29,181 --> 00:12:31,317
years to do that.

531
00:12:31,383 --> 00:12:32,818
And then slowly you

532
00:12:32,818 --> 00:12:34,453
start to form the planets.

533
00:12:34,453 --> 00:12:35,588
So depending on

534
00:12:35,588 --> 00:12:36,589
what kind of dust

535
00:12:36,589 --> 00:12:37,757
mixture you start with,

536
00:12:37,757 --> 00:12:38,891
that would

537
00:12:38,891 --> 00:12:40,693
determine what kind of planet

538
00:12:40,693 --> 00:12:41,994
you're going to form.

539
00:12:41,994 --> 00:12:43,596
So if you have almost

540
00:12:43,596 --> 00:12:44,630
no metal around,

541
00:12:44,630 --> 00:12:46,298
you will have less metal in the

542
00:12:46,298 --> 00:12:47,066
in those grains

543
00:12:47,066 --> 00:12:49,168
that you would create.

544
00:12:49,168 --> 00:12:50,069
And we also see

545
00:12:50,069 --> 00:12:51,203
that our planets

546
00:12:51,203 --> 00:12:52,438
really, really change

547
00:12:52,438 --> 00:12:53,506
the way you sample.

548
00:12:53,506 --> 00:12:54,440
If you look at the planet,

549
00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:56,008
they are close to the sun

550
00:12:56,008 --> 00:12:57,476
like Venus and Mercury

551
00:12:57,476 --> 00:12:58,811
and Mars and us.

552
00:12:58,811 --> 00:13:00,146
There are terrestrial planets,

553
00:13:00,146 --> 00:13:00,880
while the planets

554
00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:01,914
that are further out from

555
00:13:01,914 --> 00:13:02,715
the sun

556
00:13:02,715 --> 00:13:04,416
have our gaseous

557
00:13:04,416 --> 00:13:06,418
giants like Jupiter and Saturn.

558
00:13:06,418 --> 00:13:07,753
So all of those things

559
00:13:07,753 --> 00:13:08,287
really have

560
00:13:08,287 --> 00:13:09,622
this diversity of planets,

561
00:13:09,622 --> 00:13:10,389
as you mentioned.

562
00:13:10,389 --> 00:13:11,223
And it really depends

563
00:13:11,223 --> 00:13:12,091
where you will find,

564
00:13:12,091 --> 00:13:13,058
when you will find

565
00:13:13,058 --> 00:13:13,993
what was around

566
00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:17,496
you when you were formed.

567
00:13:17,596 --> 00:13:17,997
Thank you.

568
00:13:17,997 --> 00:13:18,964
Rhona and I have

569
00:13:18,964 --> 00:13:21,534
another question for you.

570
00:13:21,534 --> 00:13:24,170
Ding Panda on YouTube is asking

571
00:13:24,170 --> 00:13:25,271
being a metal world

572
00:13:25,271 --> 00:13:27,039
with Magna properties

573
00:13:27,039 --> 00:13:27,907
or possible

574
00:13:27,907 --> 00:13:29,241
magnetic properties,

575
00:13:29,241 --> 00:13:30,943
what possible interferences

576
00:13:30,943 --> 00:13:35,047
are being planned for already?

577
00:13:35,147 --> 00:13:36,448
Excellent question.

578
00:13:36,448 --> 00:13:36,749
Okay.

579
00:13:36,749 --> 00:13:37,883
So we are really,

580
00:13:37,883 --> 00:13:38,951
really excited

581
00:13:38,951 --> 00:13:39,885
about the opportunity

582
00:13:39,885 --> 00:13:40,619
to discover

583
00:13:40,619 --> 00:13:42,021
that psyche is magnetized.

584
00:13:42,021 --> 00:13:43,088
We don't know if it is,

585
00:13:43,088 --> 00:13:44,723
so we really plan the mission,

586
00:13:44,723 --> 00:13:46,058
the instruments we worked

587
00:13:46,058 --> 00:13:47,159
with, the engineering teams

588
00:13:47,159 --> 00:13:47,760
and everyone

589
00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:48,694
to really make sure

590
00:13:48,694 --> 00:13:49,395
that if

591
00:13:49,395 --> 00:13:50,763
there is a magnetic

592
00:13:50,763 --> 00:13:52,131
field in those rocks,

593
00:13:52,131 --> 00:13:54,433
we will be able to measure it.

594
00:13:54,433 --> 00:13:57,770
So we are planning on actually

595
00:13:57,770 --> 00:13:59,505
detecting the disturbances

596
00:13:59,505 --> 00:14:00,639
as small as they can be

597
00:14:00,639 --> 00:14:01,473
that we can actually

598
00:14:01,473 --> 00:14:03,142
detect them.

599
00:14:03,142 --> 00:14:04,143
On the other hand,

600
00:14:04,143 --> 00:14:05,377
there is a possibility

601
00:14:05,377 --> 00:14:06,111
that psyche will

602
00:14:06,111 --> 00:14:07,346
be very magnetized

603
00:14:07,346 --> 00:14:08,747
and then it will form

604
00:14:08,747 --> 00:14:09,915
a cocoon around it,

605
00:14:09,915 --> 00:14:11,217
what we call the magnetosphere,

606
00:14:11,217 --> 00:14:12,685
which is basically the area

607
00:14:12,685 --> 00:14:13,819
around the body

608
00:14:13,819 --> 00:14:15,454
as it's shielded by its own

609
00:14:15,454 --> 00:14:16,622
magnetic field and shields

610
00:14:16,622 --> 00:14:18,157
out of this space

611
00:14:18,157 --> 00:14:20,926
radiation and space particles.

612
00:14:21,026 --> 00:14:22,027
So this all

613
00:14:22,027 --> 00:14:24,096
spacecraft are actually built

614
00:14:24,096 --> 00:14:25,130
with shielding

615
00:14:25,130 --> 00:14:27,266
on their instruments

616
00:14:27,266 --> 00:14:28,467
and on their hall

617
00:14:28,467 --> 00:14:28,868
in order

618
00:14:28,868 --> 00:14:29,668
to protect them

619
00:14:29,668 --> 00:14:30,836
from space radiation

620
00:14:30,836 --> 00:14:32,304
and from external assembly

621
00:14:32,304 --> 00:14:33,639
that builds.

622
00:14:33,639 --> 00:14:35,941
So we've already made sure

623
00:14:35,941 --> 00:14:36,842
that if psyche is

624
00:14:36,842 --> 00:14:37,443
magnetized,

625
00:14:37,443 --> 00:14:37,977
we're not going

626
00:14:37,977 --> 00:14:40,980
to damage the spacecraft.

627
00:14:41,013 --> 00:14:41,513
Thank you.

628
00:14:41,513 --> 00:14:42,414
Both have been offering

629
00:14:42,414 --> 00:14:43,883
some great insights so far.

630
00:14:43,883 --> 00:14:45,117
We have some more questions

631
00:14:45,117 --> 00:14:46,051
to get to.

632
00:14:46,051 --> 00:14:48,287
Luis Pava on YouTube asks,

633
00:14:48,287 --> 00:14:49,555
When is the mission

634
00:14:49,555 --> 00:14:50,456
launching

635
00:14:50,456 --> 00:14:51,724
and on what rocket is it

636
00:14:51,724 --> 00:14:53,492
going to be launched on Cava?

637
00:14:53,492 --> 00:14:55,461
Do you have an idea?

638
00:14:55,461 --> 00:14:55,761
Yeah.

639
00:14:55,761 --> 00:14:56,929
So the plan is to launch

640
00:14:56,929 --> 00:14:58,797
on October 5th

641
00:14:58,797 --> 00:14:59,031
and it's

642
00:14:59,031 --> 00:14:59,298
going to be

643
00:14:59,298 --> 00:15:00,566
launching on a space

644
00:15:00,566 --> 00:15:03,769
X Falcon heavy rocket.

645
00:15:03,836 --> 00:15:04,970
Perfect. Thank you.

646
00:15:04,970 --> 00:15:07,473
And Jacob on Facebook asks

647
00:15:07,473 --> 00:15:08,607
what methods are used

648
00:15:08,607 --> 00:15:10,376
to determine the density

649
00:15:10,376 --> 00:15:10,843
of such

650
00:15:10,843 --> 00:15:12,544
a cosmological body

651
00:15:12,544 --> 00:15:14,713
like psyche?

652
00:15:14,713 --> 00:15:16,515
Ooh, wrote a carver.

653
00:15:16,515 --> 00:15:19,718
Rona, do you want to take that?

654
00:15:19,785 --> 00:15:21,820
So mostly how we determine

655
00:15:21,820 --> 00:15:23,389
the density of bodies

656
00:15:23,389 --> 00:15:24,056
that we see from

657
00:15:24,056 --> 00:15:25,257
very far away

658
00:15:25,257 --> 00:15:25,658
is actually

659
00:15:25,658 --> 00:15:26,959
to determine their size

660
00:15:26,959 --> 00:15:27,793
and their mass.

661
00:15:27,793 --> 00:15:29,862
And that gives you the density,

662
00:15:29,862 --> 00:15:31,063
the size you can kind of

663
00:15:31,063 --> 00:15:32,998
get from radio observations.

664
00:15:32,998 --> 00:15:33,399
And Carver

665
00:15:33,399 --> 00:15:35,901
may want to add to that later.

666
00:15:35,901 --> 00:15:37,670
And the density you can

667
00:15:37,670 --> 00:15:38,871
the mass, you can determine

668
00:15:38,871 --> 00:15:40,139
by how this body interacts

669
00:15:40,139 --> 00:15:41,573
with other bodies next to it.

670
00:15:41,573 --> 00:15:42,942
So usually

671
00:15:42,942 --> 00:15:43,943
we just look at this body

672
00:15:43,943 --> 00:15:45,411
and how it behaves with respect

673
00:15:45,411 --> 00:15:46,045
to other bodies

674
00:15:46,045 --> 00:15:47,313
using telescopes

675
00:15:47,313 --> 00:15:48,480
for a very long time.

676
00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:49,281
This is how we do it

677
00:15:49,281 --> 00:15:50,482
for planets inside

678
00:15:50,482 --> 00:15:50,916
and outside

679
00:15:50,916 --> 00:15:52,251
of the solar system.

680
00:15:52,251 --> 00:15:54,453
And the same for asteroids.

681
00:15:54,453 --> 00:15:55,454
We may want to think more

682
00:15:55,454 --> 00:15:57,723
about the

683
00:15:57,723 --> 00:15:59,725
sure and cool

684
00:15:59,725 --> 00:16:00,659
things about what

685
00:16:00,659 --> 00:16:01,393
we've been able to do with

686
00:16:01,393 --> 00:16:03,262
psyche is the RC Row

687
00:16:03,262 --> 00:16:04,396
telescope was actually used

688
00:16:04,396 --> 00:16:05,397
to send radar

689
00:16:05,397 --> 00:16:07,166
signals at psyche and listen

690
00:16:07,166 --> 00:16:08,500
to how they bounce back.

691
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:09,034
And from that

692
00:16:09,034 --> 00:16:09,468
we actually have

693
00:16:09,468 --> 00:16:11,236
a pretty good idea of the size,

694
00:16:11,236 --> 00:16:12,404
shape of psyche,

695
00:16:12,404 --> 00:16:14,506
at least on a broad scale

696
00:16:14,506 --> 00:16:15,441
right now.

697
00:16:15,441 --> 00:16:16,141
And that helps

698
00:16:16,141 --> 00:16:17,643
with figuring out the science

699
00:16:17,643 --> 00:16:18,744
for that density

700
00:16:18,744 --> 00:16:19,478
estimate my friend

701
00:16:19,478 --> 00:16:21,547
was talking about.

702
00:16:21,613 --> 00:16:22,181
Perfect.

703
00:16:22,181 --> 00:16:22,848
Thank you.

704
00:16:22,848 --> 00:16:23,349
So we

705
00:16:23,349 --> 00:16:24,083
have another question

706
00:16:24,083 --> 00:16:24,550
from Lees

707
00:16:24,550 --> 00:16:25,751
Pavel wants to know

708
00:16:25,751 --> 00:16:27,486
what instruments are on board

709
00:16:27,486 --> 00:16:30,756
the spacecraft aft.

710
00:16:30,823 --> 00:16:34,326
Rona, would you like

711
00:16:34,426 --> 00:16:36,562
I Sorry, I didn't hear you.

712
00:16:36,562 --> 00:16:37,563
I was saying, Rona,

713
00:16:37,563 --> 00:16:37,997
would you like

714
00:16:37,997 --> 00:16:39,798
to take that one? Yeah.

715
00:16:39,798 --> 00:16:40,032
Yeah.

716
00:16:40,032 --> 00:16:41,200
So we have three main

717
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:42,134
science instruments.

718
00:16:42,134 --> 00:16:43,068
It's a magnetometer

719
00:16:43,068 --> 00:16:43,635
that measures

720
00:16:43,635 --> 00:16:44,703
the magnetic field.

721
00:16:44,703 --> 00:16:45,537
It would be measuring

722
00:16:45,537 --> 00:16:46,438
the magnetic field

723
00:16:46,438 --> 00:16:48,807
around psyche and from psyche.

724
00:16:48,807 --> 00:16:52,277
Hopefully we have the

725
00:16:52,344 --> 00:16:53,112
the imager

726
00:16:53,112 --> 00:16:53,545
that would be

727
00:16:53,545 --> 00:16:54,446
imaging the surface

728
00:16:54,446 --> 00:16:55,247
of psyche,

729
00:16:55,247 --> 00:16:56,882
characterize its surface,

730
00:16:56,882 --> 00:16:58,617
characterize craters,

731
00:16:58,617 --> 00:16:59,818
any kind of structures

732
00:16:59,818 --> 00:17:01,887
on it, geological structures.

733
00:17:01,887 --> 00:17:03,889
And we have to a gamma ray

734
00:17:03,889 --> 00:17:04,923
neutron spectrometer,

735
00:17:04,923 --> 00:17:06,091
which is basically a detector

736
00:17:06,091 --> 00:17:07,326
that picks up

737
00:17:07,326 --> 00:17:08,494
particles that spatter

738
00:17:08,494 --> 00:17:10,029
off of the surface

739
00:17:10,029 --> 00:17:11,930
because of cosmic radiation.

740
00:17:11,930 --> 00:17:13,665
And that helps us determine

741
00:17:13,665 --> 00:17:15,267
the chemical

742
00:17:15,267 --> 00:17:17,102
content of the minerals

743
00:17:17,102 --> 00:17:18,837
that were spotted from.

744
00:17:18,837 --> 00:17:19,872
So how much iron,

745
00:17:19,872 --> 00:17:20,939
how much nickel

746
00:17:20,939 --> 00:17:22,741
the surface has,

747
00:17:22,741 --> 00:17:23,375
and putting

748
00:17:23,375 --> 00:17:24,476
all of this together

749
00:17:24,476 --> 00:17:27,312
with the gravity experiment

750
00:17:27,312 --> 00:17:27,579
that we'll

751
00:17:27,579 --> 00:17:28,547
be using the high again

752
00:17:28,547 --> 00:17:30,616
antennas and the radio,

753
00:17:30,616 --> 00:17:31,984
as Carver mentioned before,

754
00:17:31,984 --> 00:17:33,552
if for those of you that didn't

755
00:17:33,552 --> 00:17:35,220
hear beginning

756
00:17:35,220 --> 00:17:36,522
putting it all together,

757
00:17:36,522 --> 00:17:37,956
we would be able to

758
00:17:37,956 --> 00:17:41,026
build the history of psyche.

759
00:17:41,126 --> 00:17:41,794
You both are doing

760
00:17:41,794 --> 00:17:42,928
such a fantastic job.

761
00:17:42,928 --> 00:17:44,396
Answered all these questions.

762
00:17:44,396 --> 00:17:45,030
I have one for you.

763
00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:45,798
Carver

764
00:17:45,798 --> 00:17:47,666
Hydraulic on YouTube asks

765
00:17:47,666 --> 00:17:48,934
Why are some asteroids

766
00:17:48,934 --> 00:17:49,635
made of metal

767
00:17:49,635 --> 00:17:52,638
but others are not?

768
00:17:52,638 --> 00:17:52,971
You know,

769
00:17:52,971 --> 00:17:54,206
that's a great question

770
00:17:54,206 --> 00:17:55,374
and that's part of why

771
00:17:55,374 --> 00:17:57,576
we're going to psyche.

772
00:17:57,576 --> 00:17:58,944
This will be the first metal

773
00:17:58,944 --> 00:17:59,578
rich asteroid

774
00:17:59,578 --> 00:18:00,946
that we've gone and visited

775
00:18:00,946 --> 00:18:02,581
and explored in this way.

776
00:18:02,581 --> 00:18:03,682
And that's one of our questions

777
00:18:03,682 --> 00:18:04,550
is how did it

778
00:18:04,550 --> 00:18:07,519
get to be this way?

779
00:18:07,519 --> 00:18:09,121
We have some ideas,

780
00:18:09,121 --> 00:18:10,589
some hypotheses going in,

781
00:18:10,589 --> 00:18:11,924
like maybe it was part

782
00:18:11,924 --> 00:18:14,026
of a larger planetesimal

783
00:18:14,026 --> 00:18:15,394
where this was the core

784
00:18:15,394 --> 00:18:15,861
and then there was

785
00:18:15,861 --> 00:18:17,596
some sort of Rocky Mountain top

786
00:18:17,596 --> 00:18:19,264
that got stripped off

787
00:18:19,264 --> 00:18:20,666
in a giant collision

788
00:18:20,666 --> 00:18:23,135
and giant impact.

789
00:18:23,135 --> 00:18:25,070
But we don't know if that's

790
00:18:25,070 --> 00:18:26,138
what happened or not,

791
00:18:26,138 --> 00:18:26,605
and that's

792
00:18:26,605 --> 00:18:27,272
why we're going

793
00:18:27,272 --> 00:18:29,708
there, is to find out.

794
00:18:29,775 --> 00:18:30,642
And we have one more

795
00:18:30,642 --> 00:18:31,977
question for you from Iceland.

796
00:18:31,977 --> 00:18:33,212
Animations on YouTube

797
00:18:33,212 --> 00:18:34,046
wants to know

798
00:18:34,046 --> 00:18:39,518
how big is the psyche asteroid?

799
00:18:39,618 --> 00:18:40,252
Its radius

800
00:18:40,252 --> 00:18:43,255
is a 250 kilometers.

801
00:18:43,489 --> 00:18:44,256
So it's about the size

802
00:18:44,256 --> 00:18:46,358
of the state of Massachusetts.

803
00:18:46,358 --> 00:18:47,192
I was going to ask for

804
00:18:47,192 --> 00:18:48,093
like another reference

805
00:18:48,093 --> 00:18:49,561
point for people. Perfect.

806
00:18:49,561 --> 00:18:52,297
Thank you so much, Rona.

807
00:18:52,297 --> 00:18:52,798
Now,

808
00:18:52,798 --> 00:18:54,566
the questions are fantastic.

809
00:18:54,566 --> 00:18:56,401
Please keep sending them in.

810
00:18:56,401 --> 00:18:58,370
It's incredible.

811
00:18:58,370 --> 00:19:00,239
Yeah, it's incredible to see

812
00:19:00,239 --> 00:19:01,740
that we're going to visit this

813
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:03,242
mysterious metal rich

814
00:19:03,242 --> 00:19:04,843
asteroid with psyche.

815
00:19:04,843 --> 00:19:05,944
Now, let's take a

816
00:19:05,944 --> 00:19:07,279
little bit of a deeper

817
00:19:07,279 --> 00:19:10,449
dive into the mission.

818
00:19:10,549 --> 00:19:11,350
At the end of the day,

819
00:19:11,350 --> 00:19:12,050
it's always

820
00:19:12,050 --> 00:19:14,486
a philosophical question of

821
00:19:14,486 --> 00:19:16,021
why are we in this universe

822
00:19:16,021 --> 00:19:18,223
space just inspired

823
00:19:18,223 --> 00:19:19,358
everyone of different

824
00:19:19,358 --> 00:19:20,125
backgrounds,

825
00:19:20,125 --> 00:19:21,326
different nationalities.

826
00:19:21,326 --> 00:19:22,561
So I think it gives in

827
00:19:22,561 --> 00:19:23,162
a chance,

828
00:19:23,162 --> 00:19:24,663
kind of hope for humanity

829
00:19:24,663 --> 00:19:25,731
as human beings.

830
00:19:25,731 --> 00:19:26,765
If we're not exploring,

831
00:19:26,765 --> 00:19:27,766
then what are we doing?

832
00:19:27,766 --> 00:19:28,901
It's extremely difficult

833
00:19:28,901 --> 00:19:29,968
science of technology,

834
00:19:29,968 --> 00:19:31,436
but it's possible.

835
00:19:31,436 --> 00:19:32,638
My name is Lisa Dominguez

836
00:19:32,638 --> 00:19:34,406
and my job is to assemble

837
00:19:34,406 --> 00:19:35,474
all the different components

838
00:19:35,474 --> 00:19:36,775
for the safety spacecraft.

839
00:19:36,775 --> 00:19:37,676
I'm Julie Lee,

840
00:19:37,676 --> 00:19:39,178
and my job is to propel

841
00:19:39,178 --> 00:19:40,212
the psyche spacecraft

842
00:19:40,212 --> 00:19:41,513
to a metal rich asteroid.

843
00:19:41,513 --> 00:19:42,447
I am very annoying.

844
00:19:42,447 --> 00:19:43,916
My name is Christina Hernandez.

845
00:19:43,916 --> 00:19:44,917
My name is Venus

846
00:19:44,917 --> 00:19:45,684
Ashwagandha Timothy.

847
00:19:45,684 --> 00:19:46,852
And I'm making sure

848
00:19:46,852 --> 00:19:48,086
that we built a spacecraft

849
00:19:48,086 --> 00:19:49,021
that's ready to explore

850
00:19:49,021 --> 00:19:50,856
a metal world.

851
00:19:50,856 --> 00:19:51,823
What's really exciting

852
00:19:51,823 --> 00:19:52,491
about psyche

853
00:19:52,491 --> 00:19:53,892
being a metal rich asteroid is

854
00:19:53,892 --> 00:19:54,860
we haven't yet

855
00:19:54,860 --> 00:19:56,562
had the opportunity

856
00:19:56,562 --> 00:19:57,296
to explore

857
00:19:57,296 --> 00:19:59,164
for a planetary core,

858
00:19:59,164 --> 00:19:59,798
and that's what

859
00:19:59,798 --> 00:20:00,666
we actually think

860
00:20:00,666 --> 00:20:01,733
happened to psyche.

861
00:20:01,733 --> 00:20:02,401
There is a theory

862
00:20:02,401 --> 00:20:04,203
that this metallic asteroid

863
00:20:04,203 --> 00:20:05,003
may be

864
00:20:05,003 --> 00:20:05,637
very closely

865
00:20:05,637 --> 00:20:07,306
related to the materials

866
00:20:07,306 --> 00:20:08,240
that made up the core

867
00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:09,208
of our own planet.

868
00:20:09,208 --> 00:20:10,409
It could have been the remnant

869
00:20:10,409 --> 00:20:12,211
of a planetary collision

870
00:20:12,211 --> 00:20:13,378
billions of years ago

871
00:20:13,378 --> 00:20:14,780
in our solar system.

872
00:20:14,780 --> 00:20:15,847
All that's left

873
00:20:15,847 --> 00:20:17,983
is the metal rich remnant.

874
00:20:17,983 --> 00:20:19,618
Scientists hypothesize

875
00:20:19,618 --> 00:20:22,154
that by studying this asteroid,

876
00:20:22,154 --> 00:20:22,888
we think that could give us

877
00:20:22,888 --> 00:20:23,822
a lot more insights on

878
00:20:23,822 --> 00:20:24,623
what our actual

879
00:20:24,623 --> 00:20:25,390
planet is doing.

880
00:20:25,390 --> 00:20:26,258
So this is the

881
00:20:26,258 --> 00:20:27,326
psyche spacecraft.

882
00:20:27,326 --> 00:20:27,926
We're basically

883
00:20:27,926 --> 00:20:28,827
looking on a spaceship

884
00:20:28,827 --> 00:20:30,362
that's going into space.

885
00:20:30,362 --> 00:20:31,196
And welcome

886
00:20:31,196 --> 00:20:32,731
to the highway to JPL.

887
00:20:32,731 --> 00:20:34,032
We pulled together

888
00:20:34,032 --> 00:20:35,300
all the different components

889
00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:36,268
that everyone's building

890
00:20:36,268 --> 00:20:37,736
and so this is where we control

891
00:20:37,736 --> 00:20:38,937
this spacecraft

892
00:20:38,937 --> 00:20:39,838
and dictate

893
00:20:39,838 --> 00:20:41,406
how things happen on the floor.

894
00:20:41,406 --> 00:20:42,741
This is where I work on the low

895
00:20:42,741 --> 00:20:43,742
voltage power supply

896
00:20:43,742 --> 00:20:45,043
for the psyche mission.

897
00:20:45,043 --> 00:20:46,044
It's pretty exciting

898
00:20:46,044 --> 00:20:46,845
to watch something

899
00:20:46,845 --> 00:20:47,679
that we build

900
00:20:47,679 --> 00:20:48,714
with our own hands.

901
00:20:48,714 --> 00:20:49,348
This is something

902
00:20:49,348 --> 00:20:50,282
that you've spent years

903
00:20:50,282 --> 00:20:51,149
on launch

904
00:20:51,149 --> 00:20:52,284
here in a couple of years,

905
00:20:52,284 --> 00:20:53,118
reach psyche

906
00:20:53,118 --> 00:20:55,020
and send back science data.

907
00:20:55,020 --> 00:20:56,188
We formed a really,

908
00:20:56,188 --> 00:20:57,723
really critical team.

909
00:20:57,723 --> 00:20:59,258
The diversity of skill sets

910
00:20:59,258 --> 00:21:00,292
that each one of us

911
00:21:00,292 --> 00:21:01,093
in our community

912
00:21:01,093 --> 00:21:02,261
brought to the team

913
00:21:02,261 --> 00:21:03,629
to make this kind of impact

914
00:21:03,629 --> 00:21:04,496
to society

915
00:21:04,496 --> 00:21:05,764
is what inspires me

916
00:21:05,764 --> 00:21:07,532
to be an engineer in the

917
00:21:07,532 --> 00:21:15,274
space exploration sector.

918
00:21:15,340 --> 00:21:16,475
Seeing that video

919
00:21:16,475 --> 00:21:17,442
makes me think about

920
00:21:17,442 --> 00:21:18,877
how many individuals

921
00:21:18,877 --> 00:21:19,444
are required

922
00:21:19,444 --> 00:21:22,047
to achieve a mission like this.

923
00:21:22,047 --> 00:21:22,848
Now I have a question

924
00:21:22,848 --> 00:21:24,116
for both of you.

925
00:21:24,116 --> 00:21:25,517
In what way

926
00:21:25,517 --> 00:21:26,685
has your experience

927
00:21:26,685 --> 00:21:27,919
with the Psyche team

928
00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:31,556
been the most meaningful?

929
00:21:31,623 --> 00:21:33,392
Carver would you like to start?

930
00:21:33,392 --> 00:21:34,660
Sure. Yeah.

931
00:21:34,660 --> 00:21:36,428
So I joined the psyche team

932
00:21:36,428 --> 00:21:37,629
relatively recently

933
00:21:37,629 --> 00:21:38,597
a few years ago.

934
00:21:38,597 --> 00:21:39,498
So I was joining

935
00:21:39,498 --> 00:21:40,565
in the midst of COVID

936
00:21:40,565 --> 00:21:41,266
and everything else

937
00:21:41,266 --> 00:21:42,434
that was happening,

938
00:21:42,434 --> 00:21:43,735
and it was really wonderful

939
00:21:43,735 --> 00:21:44,536
to just

940
00:21:44,536 --> 00:21:45,370
how welcoming

941
00:21:45,370 --> 00:21:46,605
the team was to me

942
00:21:46,605 --> 00:21:48,407
as I was joining on.

943
00:21:48,407 --> 00:21:48,840
Even though

944
00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:49,574
there was all the chaos

945
00:21:49,574 --> 00:21:50,242
going on

946
00:21:50,242 --> 00:21:51,043
and everyone's

947
00:21:51,043 --> 00:21:51,877
in the middle of trying

948
00:21:51,877 --> 00:21:52,778
to get the spacecraft

949
00:21:52,778 --> 00:21:54,246
ready for launch,

950
00:21:54,246 --> 00:21:54,646
there's still

951
00:21:54,646 --> 00:21:55,814
so much excitement

952
00:21:55,814 --> 00:21:56,815
and so much passion

953
00:21:56,815 --> 00:21:58,784
about all the wonderful science

954
00:21:58,784 --> 00:22:00,886
that we're going to be doing.

955
00:22:00,986 --> 00:22:01,853
It's great to hear.

956
00:22:01,853 --> 00:22:04,456
What about you, Rona?

957
00:22:04,456 --> 00:22:06,425
It's been such an inspiring,

958
00:22:06,425 --> 00:22:07,859
inspiring and exciting

959
00:22:07,859 --> 00:22:09,027
experience,

960
00:22:09,027 --> 00:22:10,329
really seeing this team

961
00:22:10,329 --> 00:22:11,763
come together.

962
00:22:11,763 --> 00:22:13,432
I joined in 2017

963
00:22:13,432 --> 00:22:14,266
and really seeing

964
00:22:14,266 --> 00:22:15,701
the team build

965
00:22:15,701 --> 00:22:17,169
and evolve and add people

966
00:22:17,169 --> 00:22:18,303
and then go into COVID

967
00:22:18,303 --> 00:22:19,304
and then come back.

968
00:22:19,304 --> 00:22:20,472
And somehow we managed

969
00:22:20,472 --> 00:22:21,640
to actually

970
00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:22,641
build the spacecraft.

971
00:22:22,641 --> 00:22:23,575
And it's really

972
00:22:23,575 --> 00:22:24,910
like the combination

973
00:22:24,910 --> 00:22:26,011
of talking to people

974
00:22:26,011 --> 00:22:26,945
and working with people

975
00:22:26,945 --> 00:22:27,746
that have so much

976
00:22:27,746 --> 00:22:30,682
different experiences than you.

977
00:22:30,682 --> 00:22:31,850
And the first time going

978
00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:33,819
to see the psyche spacecraft

979
00:22:33,819 --> 00:22:34,886
when it was being built

980
00:22:34,886 --> 00:22:35,454
where it's still

981
00:22:35,454 --> 00:22:36,388
with their bare bones

982
00:22:36,388 --> 00:22:37,522
and then seeing it again

983
00:22:37,522 --> 00:22:38,590
at JPL,

984
00:22:38,590 --> 00:22:39,958
almost ready for launch

985
00:22:39,958 --> 00:22:40,425
before

986
00:22:40,425 --> 00:22:42,060
being delivered to the Cape.

987
00:22:42,060 --> 00:22:43,395
It was really exciting to see

988
00:22:43,395 --> 00:22:45,964
it all actually come to life.

989
00:22:46,031 --> 00:22:47,032
Yeah, to see the

990
00:22:47,032 --> 00:22:48,333
physical embodiment

991
00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:49,167
of what you've been working

992
00:22:49,167 --> 00:22:51,470
so hard on.

993
00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:53,338
Yes, absolutely.

994
00:22:53,338 --> 00:22:53,805
All right.

995
00:22:53,805 --> 00:22:54,439
Thank you.

996
00:22:54,439 --> 00:22:55,607
Now let's get to more

997
00:22:55,607 --> 00:22:56,908
of your questions online.

998
00:22:56,908 --> 00:22:57,542
And please

999
00:22:57,542 --> 00:22:58,276
keep sending them

1000
00:22:58,276 --> 00:22:59,378
in using the hashtag.

1001
00:22:59,378 --> 00:23:00,412
Ask NASA

1002
00:23:00,412 --> 00:23:01,513
or put them in the chat

1003
00:23:01,513 --> 00:23:02,581
wherever you are

1004
00:23:02,581 --> 00:23:04,049
watching today.

1005
00:23:04,049 --> 00:23:04,950
So we have Ron

1006
00:23:04,950 --> 00:23:06,251
Carlson on YouTube

1007
00:23:06,251 --> 00:23:08,086
who asks, Will Psyche's

1008
00:23:08,086 --> 00:23:09,254
magnetic field

1009
00:23:09,254 --> 00:23:10,589
be measured and mapped?

1010
00:23:10,589 --> 00:23:12,357
Presumably it's very cold

1011
00:23:12,357 --> 00:23:12,958
and will have some

1012
00:23:12,958 --> 00:23:15,060
magnetization locked in

1013
00:23:15,060 --> 00:23:17,362
from at least its collisions.

1014
00:23:17,362 --> 00:23:17,796
Rona,

1015
00:23:17,796 --> 00:23:18,663
that sounds like a question

1016
00:23:18,663 --> 00:23:20,298
for you.

1017
00:23:20,298 --> 00:23:22,334
Amazing question.

1018
00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:22,667
Yes.

1019
00:23:22,667 --> 00:23:23,735
So we will be measuring

1020
00:23:23,735 --> 00:23:25,404
the magnetic field

1021
00:23:25,404 --> 00:23:26,671
we have designed with our

1022
00:23:26,671 --> 00:23:27,906
all of our collaborators,

1023
00:23:27,906 --> 00:23:29,107
the NSA and

1024
00:23:29,107 --> 00:23:30,575
Denmark Technical University.

1025
00:23:30,575 --> 00:23:32,377
And if read Dimity

1026
00:23:32,377 --> 00:23:33,512
to magnetometers,

1027
00:23:33,512 --> 00:23:36,148
to semi-circular objects

1028
00:23:36,148 --> 00:23:36,548
that measure

1029
00:23:36,548 --> 00:23:37,616
the magnetic fields very,

1030
00:23:37,616 --> 00:23:38,950
very delicately

1031
00:23:38,950 --> 00:23:40,118
and try to tell

1032
00:23:40,118 --> 00:23:41,286
if the body

1033
00:23:41,286 --> 00:23:42,154
that you see here on

1034
00:23:42,154 --> 00:23:44,055
the video is actually harbor

1035
00:23:44,055 --> 00:23:44,923
or some magnetic field

1036
00:23:44,923 --> 00:23:46,258
that's locked into the rock.

1037
00:23:46,258 --> 00:23:47,559
So these rocks formed

1038
00:23:47,559 --> 00:23:49,528
in the inside magnetic field

1039
00:23:49,528 --> 00:23:50,395
and what they were

1040
00:23:50,395 --> 00:23:51,496
in the molten state,

1041
00:23:51,496 --> 00:23:52,397
and then

1042
00:23:52,397 --> 00:23:53,665
they slowly froze

1043
00:23:53,665 --> 00:23:54,733
and became solid,

1044
00:23:54,733 --> 00:23:56,368
locking in that magnetic field

1045
00:23:56,368 --> 00:23:57,035
and that ancient

1046
00:23:57,035 --> 00:23:57,836
magnetic field

1047
00:23:57,836 --> 00:23:58,737
is the field that we are

1048
00:23:58,737 --> 00:24:01,673
trying to now detect.

1049
00:24:01,740 --> 00:24:02,240
Wow.

1050
00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:02,874
Thank you.

1051
00:24:02,874 --> 00:24:04,409
And Gary Walters on

1052
00:24:04,409 --> 00:24:05,877
X is asking a question

1053
00:24:05,877 --> 00:24:06,945
we've touched on before.

1054
00:24:06,945 --> 00:24:08,380
But if you're just tuning in,

1055
00:24:08,380 --> 00:24:09,748
he wants to know,

1056
00:24:09,748 --> 00:24:11,149
will the spacecraft

1057
00:24:11,149 --> 00:24:12,484
retrieve any materials

1058
00:24:12,484 --> 00:24:15,487
from the asteroid carver?

1059
00:24:15,620 --> 00:24:17,189
So we're not going to retrieve

1060
00:24:17,189 --> 00:24:19,624
any samples from psyche.

1061
00:24:19,624 --> 00:24:20,325
We're just going to be

1062
00:24:20,325 --> 00:24:21,393
using our instruments

1063
00:24:21,393 --> 00:24:22,694
as we're in orbit

1064
00:24:22,694 --> 00:24:24,162
to study the surface

1065
00:24:24,162 --> 00:24:24,896
and get better

1066
00:24:24,896 --> 00:24:26,064
and better maps of psyche

1067
00:24:26,064 --> 00:24:26,731
as we get

1068
00:24:26,731 --> 00:24:27,766
closer and closer

1069
00:24:27,766 --> 00:24:30,769
and closer to the asteroid.

1070
00:24:30,969 --> 00:24:31,837
Ray and Carver,

1071
00:24:31,837 --> 00:24:33,371
a few more people are asking,

1072
00:24:33,371 --> 00:24:34,272
when will

1073
00:24:34,272 --> 00:24:37,275
this mission be launched?

1074
00:24:37,275 --> 00:24:38,143
We're going to be launching

1075
00:24:38,143 --> 00:24:40,245
October 5th

1076
00:24:40,245 --> 00:24:41,413
and then it's going to be

1077
00:24:41,413 --> 00:24:42,948
about five years

1078
00:24:42,948 --> 00:24:44,115
before it arrives

1079
00:24:44,115 --> 00:24:45,350
at psyche itself.

1080
00:24:45,350 --> 00:24:46,751
So it'll arrive at the

1081
00:24:46,751 --> 00:24:51,056
asteroid in August of 2029.

1082
00:24:51,122 --> 00:24:51,423
Great.

1083
00:24:51,423 --> 00:24:52,524
Thank you.

1084
00:24:52,524 --> 00:24:54,626
Curtis Horne on YouTube asks,

1085
00:24:54,626 --> 00:24:56,495
Do we know about near-Earth

1086
00:24:56,495 --> 00:24:57,262
asteroids

1087
00:24:57,262 --> 00:25:00,265
that are also metallic?

1088
00:25:00,398 --> 00:25:02,000
Rona

1089
00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:03,602
I don't believe we do. I don't.

1090
00:25:03,602 --> 00:25:04,970
I mean, we should get back to

1091
00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:05,570
that question.

1092
00:25:05,570 --> 00:25:06,505
I don't believe

1093
00:25:06,505 --> 00:25:07,873
there are any big ones.

1094
00:25:07,873 --> 00:25:08,974
Psyche is definitely

1095
00:25:08,974 --> 00:25:09,741
unique in the sense

1096
00:25:09,741 --> 00:25:11,276
that it's the largest known

1097
00:25:11,276 --> 00:25:12,777
metallic object

1098
00:25:12,777 --> 00:25:14,546
ever observed by mankind.

1099
00:25:14,546 --> 00:25:16,047
So

1100
00:25:16,047 --> 00:25:17,616
I don't know if there may be

1101
00:25:17,616 --> 00:25:18,750
metallic objects

1102
00:25:18,750 --> 00:25:20,585
near the earth.

1103
00:25:20,585 --> 00:25:23,889
Great question.

1104
00:25:23,955 --> 00:25:25,390
Yeah.

1105
00:25:25,390 --> 00:25:26,458
Well, we'll get back to him

1106
00:25:26,458 --> 00:25:29,394
with an answer. Yeah.

1107
00:25:29,394 --> 00:25:30,262
Thank you.

1108
00:25:30,262 --> 00:25:31,162
And then Johnny

1109
00:25:31,162 --> 00:25:33,031
Cheese on YouTube asks

1110
00:25:33,031 --> 00:25:35,033
how many cameras are on board

1111
00:25:35,033 --> 00:25:35,700
and what will the

1112
00:25:35,700 --> 00:25:40,171
resolutions of the images be?

1113
00:25:40,238 --> 00:25:41,306
So the psyche

1114
00:25:41,306 --> 00:25:41,740
spacecraft

1115
00:25:41,740 --> 00:25:44,376
has two imagers on board,

1116
00:25:44,376 --> 00:25:45,977
and the image

1117
00:25:45,977 --> 00:25:47,212
quality of the resolution

1118
00:25:47,212 --> 00:25:48,346
is going to get better

1119
00:25:48,346 --> 00:25:49,381
as we move later on

1120
00:25:49,381 --> 00:25:50,448
as basically as the spacecraft

1121
00:25:50,448 --> 00:25:51,917
gets closer to the surface,

1122
00:25:51,917 --> 00:25:52,384
we'll be able to see

1123
00:25:52,384 --> 00:25:54,886
more detail on the surface

1124
00:25:54,886 --> 00:25:55,987
with the best images.

1125
00:25:55,987 --> 00:25:56,488
We're hoping to be

1126
00:25:56,488 --> 00:25:57,923
about five meters

1127
00:25:57,923 --> 00:25:58,657
per pixel

1128
00:25:58,657 --> 00:25:59,758
or about 15 feet

1129
00:25:59,758 --> 00:26:02,060
per pixel across

1130
00:26:02,060 --> 00:26:04,596
on the surface.

1131
00:26:04,696 --> 00:26:05,297
And I have

1132
00:26:05,297 --> 00:26:06,064
another question for you.

1133
00:26:06,064 --> 00:26:07,265
Carver Max Schiff,

1134
00:26:07,265 --> 00:26:09,134
it's on YouTube, wants to know

1135
00:26:09,134 --> 00:26:10,235
what's the difference

1136
00:26:10,235 --> 00:26:11,469
between an asteroid

1137
00:26:11,469 --> 00:26:15,674
and a protoplanet.

1138
00:26:15,774 --> 00:26:16,775
Two asteroids

1139
00:26:16,775 --> 00:26:17,676
we see today

1140
00:26:17,676 --> 00:26:19,010
in our solar system.

1141
00:26:19,010 --> 00:26:20,512
Most of them are spread out

1142
00:26:20,512 --> 00:26:23,081
between Mars and Jupiter.

1143
00:26:23,081 --> 00:26:24,416
Much, much smaller

1144
00:26:24,416 --> 00:26:25,383
chunks of rock

1145
00:26:25,383 --> 00:26:26,484
than the Earth

1146
00:26:26,484 --> 00:26:28,720
or even our own moon.

1147
00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:29,721
A protoplanet

1148
00:26:29,721 --> 00:26:30,822
would have been an object

1149
00:26:30,822 --> 00:26:33,525
early in solar system history

1150
00:26:33,525 --> 00:26:34,326
that was growing,

1151
00:26:34,326 --> 00:26:35,460
getting much, much larger,

1152
00:26:35,460 --> 00:26:37,562
and some of those protoplanets

1153
00:26:37,562 --> 00:26:38,396
would have gone on

1154
00:26:38,396 --> 00:26:40,098
to become the planets

1155
00:26:40,098 --> 00:26:41,533
that we see in our solar system

1156
00:26:41,533 --> 00:26:43,702
today, like we're standing on

1157
00:26:43,702 --> 00:26:44,736
Earth here.

1158
00:26:44,736 --> 00:26:45,537
And some of those

1159
00:26:45,537 --> 00:26:46,438
other protoplanets

1160
00:26:46,438 --> 00:26:48,106
may have collided with others

1161
00:26:48,106 --> 00:26:49,574
and merged

1162
00:26:49,574 --> 00:26:51,843
to form bigger protoplanets

1163
00:26:51,843 --> 00:26:52,677
and some of them

1164
00:26:52,677 --> 00:26:53,545
may have collided

1165
00:26:53,545 --> 00:26:55,313
and broken apart.

1166
00:26:55,313 --> 00:26:56,081
And some of that

1167
00:26:56,081 --> 00:26:57,148
debris from them

1168
00:26:57,148 --> 00:26:58,750
breaking apart is still left

1169
00:26:58,750 --> 00:27:02,220
over in the asteroid belt.

1170
00:27:02,287 --> 00:27:02,587
Great.

1171
00:27:02,587 --> 00:27:03,154
Thank you.

1172
00:27:03,154 --> 00:27:05,090
And Roosevelt on YouTube

1173
00:27:05,090 --> 00:27:06,591
asks, Is psyche

1174
00:27:06,591 --> 00:27:07,926
a magnetic planet?

1175
00:27:07,926 --> 00:27:09,260
Will it have the potential

1176
00:27:09,260 --> 00:27:11,062
to save water molecules

1177
00:27:11,062 --> 00:27:12,731
from solar winds?

1178
00:27:12,731 --> 00:27:14,466
Rona

1179
00:27:14,466 --> 00:27:17,435
Oh, very interesting question.

1180
00:27:17,435 --> 00:27:19,170
Well, if it is magnetized,

1181
00:27:19,170 --> 00:27:20,472
it may be able to

1182
00:27:20,472 --> 00:27:21,840
protect its own surface

1183
00:27:21,840 --> 00:27:23,808
from the solar wind.

1184
00:27:23,808 --> 00:27:26,578
However, it is very low chance,

1185
00:27:26,578 --> 00:27:28,079
if at all, that it has water

1186
00:27:28,079 --> 00:27:31,082
molecules around its surface.

1187
00:27:31,282 --> 00:27:33,718
We have very low gravity

1188
00:27:33,718 --> 00:27:35,487
compared to the earth.

1189
00:27:35,487 --> 00:27:36,755
Even the moon has very,

1190
00:27:36,755 --> 00:27:39,224
very little water molecules

1191
00:27:39,224 --> 00:27:40,892
hovering around its surface,

1192
00:27:40,892 --> 00:27:42,327
very hard to detect.

1193
00:27:42,327 --> 00:27:43,928
So we don't believe an object

1194
00:27:43,928 --> 00:27:44,629
like psyche

1195
00:27:44,629 --> 00:27:45,630
would likely have

1196
00:27:45,630 --> 00:27:47,365
water molecules surrounded

1197
00:27:47,365 --> 00:27:48,566
by magnetic field

1198
00:27:48,566 --> 00:27:49,601
will definitely,

1199
00:27:49,601 --> 00:27:50,568
if it exists, will

1200
00:27:50,568 --> 00:27:51,503
definitely be able

1201
00:27:51,503 --> 00:27:53,038
to shield it, at least in part

1202
00:27:53,038 --> 00:27:54,906
from solar radiation,

1203
00:27:54,906 --> 00:27:58,710
solar, wind and cosmic rays.

1204
00:27:58,777 --> 00:27:59,110
And we're

1205
00:27:59,110 --> 00:27:59,778
still getting some

1206
00:27:59,778 --> 00:28:00,578
great questions

1207
00:28:00,578 --> 00:28:02,247
that are coming in.

1208
00:28:02,247 --> 00:28:03,682
A viewer on YouTube is asking

1209
00:28:03,682 --> 00:28:04,949
what is the diameter

1210
00:28:04,949 --> 00:28:06,785
and the gravity of the psyche?

1211
00:28:06,785 --> 00:28:08,553
Asteroid Carver.

1212
00:28:08,553 --> 00:28:11,556
Do you know that one

1213
00:28:11,756 --> 00:28:13,191
rotor you just gave the size

1214
00:28:13,191 --> 00:28:15,560
a minute ago and you want to.

1215
00:28:15,560 --> 00:28:17,862
The outer is 250 kilometers?

1216
00:28:17,862 --> 00:28:18,263
I don't know.

1217
00:28:18,263 --> 00:28:19,197
It's in miles,

1218
00:28:19,197 --> 00:28:19,698
but it's

1219
00:28:19,698 --> 00:28:20,398
basically the size

1220
00:28:20,398 --> 00:28:21,633
of Massachusetts.

1221
00:28:21,633 --> 00:28:22,600
And I don't know

1222
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:23,435
about the gravity.

1223
00:28:23,435 --> 00:28:25,937
Maybe Carver

1224
00:28:25,937 --> 00:28:28,673
can estimate.

1225
00:28:28,673 --> 00:28:29,441
We could maybe

1226
00:28:29,441 --> 00:28:30,709
get back to the Earth.

1227
00:28:30,709 --> 00:28:32,343
Yeah,

1228
00:28:32,343 --> 00:28:33,878
well, that was a great question

1229
00:28:33,878 --> 00:28:34,746
from this viewer.

1230
00:28:34,746 --> 00:28:36,114
We will get back to you

1231
00:28:36,114 --> 00:28:37,315
with that answer, too.

1232
00:28:37,315 --> 00:28:37,716
Thank you.

1233
00:28:37,716 --> 00:28:38,783
And I really do like

1234
00:28:38,783 --> 00:28:39,651
when you put it

1235
00:28:39,651 --> 00:28:40,885
in like that size method,

1236
00:28:40,885 --> 00:28:42,087
the size of Massachusetts,

1237
00:28:42,087 --> 00:28:42,887
that really adds

1238
00:28:42,887 --> 00:28:44,823
some great perspective on it.

1239
00:28:44,823 --> 00:28:46,791
Bonnie on Facebook asks

1240
00:28:46,791 --> 00:28:48,927
if the inner core of a planet

1241
00:28:48,927 --> 00:28:50,328
was going through space,

1242
00:28:50,328 --> 00:28:51,596
what would you call it,

1243
00:28:51,596 --> 00:28:57,235
an asteroid or something else?

1244
00:28:57,302 --> 00:28:57,602
We'll call

1245
00:28:57,602 --> 00:29:00,605
it psyche.

1246
00:29:00,805 --> 00:29:02,640
That's a perfect answer.

1247
00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:04,008
Kevin Cook on YouTube

1248
00:29:04,008 --> 00:29:05,610
wants to know how close will

1249
00:29:05,610 --> 00:29:06,311
the spacecraft

1250
00:29:06,311 --> 00:29:11,182
come to the psyche asteroid?

1251
00:29:11,249 --> 00:29:12,517
I think the closest approach

1252
00:29:12,517 --> 00:29:17,956
is around 70 kilometers.

1253
00:29:18,056 --> 00:29:18,957
Thank you.

1254
00:29:18,957 --> 00:29:21,192
And then a viewer wants to know

1255
00:29:21,192 --> 00:29:22,827
what is the amount of material

1256
00:29:22,827 --> 00:29:24,295
within the asteroid belt

1257
00:29:24,295 --> 00:29:25,764
be enough to form a planet.

1258
00:29:25,764 --> 00:29:26,898
What is the possibility

1259
00:29:26,898 --> 00:29:27,766
that the belt is

1260
00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:29,501
a transition phase

1261
00:29:29,501 --> 00:29:33,638
like Saturn's rings cover

1262
00:29:33,705 --> 00:29:36,007
so there's not enough

1263
00:29:36,007 --> 00:29:37,542
mass in the asteroid belt

1264
00:29:37,542 --> 00:29:38,710
to form planets

1265
00:29:38,710 --> 00:29:41,613
even of like the size of Mars?

1266
00:29:41,613 --> 00:29:43,581
There's just not that much

1267
00:29:43,581 --> 00:29:47,886
material left over there.

1268
00:29:47,986 --> 00:29:50,488
And we see a lot of surfaces

1269
00:29:50,488 --> 00:29:51,489
on some of these asteroids

1270
00:29:51,489 --> 00:29:52,924
that are very old

1271
00:29:52,924 --> 00:29:54,359
and have a lot of craters

1272
00:29:54,359 --> 00:29:55,927
from previous missions,

1273
00:29:55,927 --> 00:29:57,128
like the dawn spacecraft

1274
00:29:57,128 --> 00:29:58,129
that went to visit

1275
00:29:58,129 --> 00:30:00,265
the asteroid Vesta.

1276
00:30:00,265 --> 00:30:01,199
So we know that there's

1277
00:30:01,199 --> 00:30:02,200
a lot of these asteroids

1278
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:03,868
that have been there for

1279
00:30:03,868 --> 00:30:07,472
all of solar system history.

1280
00:30:07,539 --> 00:30:08,907
And it's not something that's

1281
00:30:08,907 --> 00:30:10,708
actively like forming

1282
00:30:10,708 --> 00:30:11,810
and creating new planets

1283
00:30:11,810 --> 00:30:13,411
there right now.

1284
00:30:13,411 --> 00:30:15,313
These are just the leftovers

1285
00:30:15,313 --> 00:30:16,681
from these processes

1286
00:30:16,681 --> 00:30:17,248
that happened

1287
00:30:17,248 --> 00:30:18,049
when all the plants

1288
00:30:18,049 --> 00:30:18,716
were forming

1289
00:30:18,716 --> 00:30:21,686
billions of years ago.

1290
00:30:21,686 --> 00:30:22,821
And I think I have a follow up

1291
00:30:22,821 --> 00:30:23,521
question for you.

1292
00:30:23,521 --> 00:30:25,757
Shalom Hammer on YouTube asks,

1293
00:30:25,757 --> 00:30:30,128
Does Psyche have any moons?

1294
00:30:30,195 --> 00:30:31,796
It does not have any moons

1295
00:30:31,796 --> 00:30:33,765
that we know of at

1296
00:30:33,765 --> 00:30:34,132
this time,

1297
00:30:34,132 --> 00:30:35,333
and we wouldn't expect there

1298
00:30:35,333 --> 00:30:36,000
to be any that

1299
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:37,402
we haven't seen yet

1300
00:30:37,402 --> 00:30:38,069
unless there's maybe

1301
00:30:38,069 --> 00:30:41,005
just some very small debris

1302
00:30:41,005 --> 00:30:42,040
kind of trapped or out

1303
00:30:42,040 --> 00:30:42,507
in orbit.

1304
00:30:42,507 --> 00:30:43,675
But

1305
00:30:43,675 --> 00:30:44,576
we haven't seen any

1306
00:30:44,576 --> 00:30:46,644
moons of psyche.

1307
00:30:46,644 --> 00:30:47,378
Thank you. Cover.

1308
00:30:47,378 --> 00:30:48,847
And we have another question

1309
00:30:48,847 --> 00:30:49,981
coming in from J

1310
00:30:49,981 --> 00:30:53,418
to X on X is asking.

1311
00:30:53,518 --> 00:30:55,019
It is an interesting mission.

1312
00:30:55,019 --> 00:30:56,387
No two ways about it.

1313
00:30:56,387 --> 00:30:57,989
But what does NASA's plan to do

1314
00:30:57,989 --> 00:30:58,523
with the data?

1315
00:30:58,523 --> 00:30:59,190
Follow in its

1316
00:30:59,190 --> 00:31:00,658
successful mission?

1317
00:31:00,658 --> 00:31:01,526
Further research

1318
00:31:01,526 --> 00:31:02,227
and understanding

1319
00:31:02,227 --> 00:31:03,661
only or a basis

1320
00:31:03,661 --> 00:31:05,530
for follow on missions

1321
00:31:05,530 --> 00:31:09,000
to similar objects? Rona

1322
00:31:09,067 --> 00:31:10,602
That's an excellent question.

1323
00:31:10,602 --> 00:31:12,670
So we are explorers.

1324
00:31:12,670 --> 00:31:13,638
We always think about

1325
00:31:13,638 --> 00:31:15,506
the next mission.

1326
00:31:15,506 --> 00:31:16,741
So every mission

1327
00:31:16,741 --> 00:31:17,675
that every planet

1328
00:31:17,675 --> 00:31:18,376
that we visit,

1329
00:31:18,376 --> 00:31:19,978
every object that we visit,

1330
00:31:19,978 --> 00:31:21,913
all the information

1331
00:31:21,913 --> 00:31:23,348
is gathered, is analyzed

1332
00:31:23,348 --> 00:31:24,115
by the scientists

1333
00:31:24,115 --> 00:31:25,283
that built instruments

1334
00:31:25,283 --> 00:31:25,917
and being

1335
00:31:25,917 --> 00:31:27,218
then distributed to the public.

1336
00:31:27,218 --> 00:31:28,253
So you can actually go

1337
00:31:28,253 --> 00:31:29,087
and ask the websites

1338
00:31:29,087 --> 00:31:30,722
and download all the data

1339
00:31:30,722 --> 00:31:32,156
from previous missions.

1340
00:31:32,156 --> 00:31:33,057
And then

1341
00:31:33,057 --> 00:31:34,459
you and everybody around

1342
00:31:34,459 --> 00:31:35,326
the world can think about

1343
00:31:35,326 --> 00:31:35,760
what would be

1344
00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:36,828
the next question,

1345
00:31:36,828 --> 00:31:37,562
the next object

1346
00:31:37,562 --> 00:31:39,831
we would be going to explore.

1347
00:31:39,831 --> 00:31:41,933
And even before then,

1348
00:31:41,933 --> 00:31:43,001
when we plan a mission,

1349
00:31:43,001 --> 00:31:43,768
we only plan it

1350
00:31:43,768 --> 00:31:45,870
to so many years

1351
00:31:45,870 --> 00:31:48,172
through years of orbiting.

1352
00:31:48,172 --> 00:31:48,940
That's where it's like you,

1353
00:31:48,940 --> 00:31:50,008
for example.

1354
00:31:50,008 --> 00:31:51,910
But if the spacecraft

1355
00:31:51,910 --> 00:31:52,777
remains intact,

1356
00:31:52,777 --> 00:31:53,578
we always think about,

1357
00:31:53,578 --> 00:31:55,179
Oh, if we actually survived

1358
00:31:55,179 --> 00:31:56,080
those first two years,

1359
00:31:56,080 --> 00:31:57,382
what are we going to do next?

1360
00:31:57,382 --> 00:31:58,316
Are we going to

1361
00:31:58,316 --> 00:31:59,484
land on the object?

1362
00:31:59,484 --> 00:32:00,118
Are we going to go

1363
00:32:00,118 --> 00:32:01,252
visit another object?

1364
00:32:01,252 --> 00:32:02,420
And almost every mission

1365
00:32:02,420 --> 00:32:03,221
in recent years

1366
00:32:03,221 --> 00:32:04,622
that you've seen

1367
00:32:04,622 --> 00:32:06,891
actually extended itself

1368
00:32:06,891 --> 00:32:08,259
and chose another target.

1369
00:32:08,259 --> 00:32:09,193
So you don't

1370
00:32:09,193 --> 00:32:10,328
you don't even have to wait

1371
00:32:10,328 --> 00:32:11,262
for the next mission.

1372
00:32:11,262 --> 00:32:12,397
We'll just keep exploring

1373
00:32:12,397 --> 00:32:13,464
with the spacecraft

1374
00:32:13,464 --> 00:32:15,800
that we have. Hopefully

1375
00:32:15,867 --> 00:32:16,401
those are some

1376
00:32:16,401 --> 00:32:17,435
exciting possibilities.

1377
00:32:17,435 --> 00:32:17,835
Carver

1378
00:32:17,835 --> 00:32:20,038
Do you have anything to add?

1379
00:32:20,038 --> 00:32:21,873
No, that was a great answer.

1380
00:32:21,873 --> 00:32:22,373
Perfect.

1381
00:32:22,373 --> 00:32:23,608
We'll go on to space

1382
00:32:23,608 --> 00:32:25,176
guy on YouTube.

1383
00:32:25,176 --> 00:32:27,345
Why Psyche aren't there

1384
00:32:27,345 --> 00:32:28,780
any closer asteroids

1385
00:32:28,780 --> 00:32:31,316
that could be visited?

1386
00:32:31,316 --> 00:32:31,983
Give that one to you.

1387
00:32:31,983 --> 00:32:34,218
Cover. Sure.

1388
00:32:34,218 --> 00:32:34,986
I mean, the thing

1389
00:32:34,986 --> 00:32:36,621
that makes psyche special is

1390
00:32:36,621 --> 00:32:38,156
it is the largest

1391
00:32:38,156 --> 00:32:39,791
metallic asteroid

1392
00:32:39,791 --> 00:32:40,525
that we know of

1393
00:32:40,525 --> 00:32:42,427
in our solar system.

1394
00:32:42,427 --> 00:32:43,494
We don't know

1395
00:32:43,494 --> 00:32:44,762
of any other large

1396
00:32:44,762 --> 00:32:45,930
object like this

1397
00:32:45,930 --> 00:32:48,499
that we could go visit.

1398
00:32:48,499 --> 00:32:51,302
And so if we want to understand

1399
00:32:51,302 --> 00:32:52,870
what psyche is, what

1400
00:32:52,870 --> 00:32:55,006
these metallic asteroids are

1401
00:32:55,006 --> 00:32:56,474
and what their relationship

1402
00:32:56,474 --> 00:32:58,743
is to the earth and its core,

1403
00:32:58,743 --> 00:33:02,647
this is the place to go.

1404
00:33:02,714 --> 00:33:03,181
Great.

1405
00:33:03,181 --> 00:33:05,216
And Summer Sanaa.

1406
00:33:05,216 --> 00:33:07,151
No man on YouTube asks,

1407
00:33:07,151 --> 00:33:08,419
How was the psyche

1408
00:33:08,419 --> 00:33:09,520
mission planned?

1409
00:33:09,520 --> 00:33:10,054
I'll give that one

1410
00:33:10,054 --> 00:33:12,623
to you, Rona.

1411
00:33:12,690 --> 00:33:13,224
Well, it's an

1412
00:33:13,224 --> 00:33:14,092
interesting story.

1413
00:33:14,092 --> 00:33:17,628
So at first

1414
00:33:17,695 --> 00:33:19,464
the idea was that

1415
00:33:19,464 --> 00:33:21,065
we've seen

1416
00:33:21,065 --> 00:33:22,233
a lot of different types

1417
00:33:22,233 --> 00:33:22,867
of asteroids.

1418
00:33:22,867 --> 00:33:23,568
We've seen the asteroid.

1419
00:33:23,568 --> 00:33:24,102
It's a rocky,

1420
00:33:24,102 --> 00:33:24,502
the asteroid

1421
00:33:24,502 --> 00:33:25,737
that they're metallic.

1422
00:33:25,737 --> 00:33:27,105
And there was a big question

1423
00:33:27,105 --> 00:33:28,706
that was, are they

1424
00:33:28,706 --> 00:33:29,540
are they coming from

1425
00:33:29,540 --> 00:33:30,508
the same parent body?

1426
00:33:30,508 --> 00:33:31,976
Did they used to be the same

1427
00:33:31,976 --> 00:33:33,745
body in the past?

1428
00:33:33,745 --> 00:33:34,512
Or actually,

1429
00:33:34,512 --> 00:33:36,180
are we seeing separate bodies

1430
00:33:36,180 --> 00:33:36,714
that evolved

1431
00:33:36,714 --> 00:33:38,783
completely separately?

1432
00:33:38,783 --> 00:33:40,018
And then the idea emerged

1433
00:33:40,018 --> 00:33:40,485
that maybe

1434
00:33:40,485 --> 00:33:41,185
what's called

1435
00:33:41,185 --> 00:33:43,421
a partially differentiated part

1436
00:33:43,421 --> 00:33:44,822
is it's a very big term

1437
00:33:44,822 --> 00:33:45,957
to say that

1438
00:33:45,957 --> 00:33:47,325
maybe some planets,

1439
00:33:47,325 --> 00:33:48,126
that there are some

1440
00:33:48,126 --> 00:33:49,060
planetary bodies

1441
00:33:49,060 --> 00:33:51,195
that evolved didn't

1442
00:33:51,195 --> 00:33:52,730
come as in the flavor

1443
00:33:52,730 --> 00:33:55,733
of core mantle

1444
00:33:55,867 --> 00:33:57,301
crust like our planet,

1445
00:33:57,301 --> 00:33:58,236
but maybe they were

1446
00:33:58,236 --> 00:33:59,637
kind of something in between,

1447
00:33:59,637 --> 00:34:01,139
just like a core in the mantle

1448
00:34:01,139 --> 00:34:02,507
or something like that.

1449
00:34:02,507 --> 00:34:04,809
And then if that was correct,

1450
00:34:04,809 --> 00:34:05,777
then maybe some

1451
00:34:05,777 --> 00:34:06,544
of the meteorites

1452
00:34:06,544 --> 00:34:07,678
that we are seeing

1453
00:34:07,678 --> 00:34:08,546
and some of the asteroids

1454
00:34:08,546 --> 00:34:09,113
that we were seeing

1455
00:34:09,113 --> 00:34:10,448
were all part of this,

1456
00:34:10,448 --> 00:34:13,651
those bodies that were

1457
00:34:13,718 --> 00:34:15,153
only like partially

1458
00:34:15,153 --> 00:34:16,687
becoming a planet.

1459
00:34:16,687 --> 00:34:17,955
And in order to address

1460
00:34:17,955 --> 00:34:19,323
this question,

1461
00:34:19,323 --> 00:34:20,792
the Jet propulsion Laboratory

1462
00:34:20,792 --> 00:34:21,859
at NASA

1463
00:34:21,859 --> 00:34:22,827
approached the scientist

1464
00:34:22,827 --> 00:34:24,595
that started this mission,

1465
00:34:24,595 --> 00:34:25,363
Professor

1466
00:34:25,363 --> 00:34:26,497
Linda Stanton,

1467
00:34:26,497 --> 00:34:28,766
Ben Weiss and others,

1468
00:34:28,766 --> 00:34:30,234
and asked them

1469
00:34:30,234 --> 00:34:32,036
how will they design a mission

1470
00:34:32,036 --> 00:34:33,438
that would actually

1471
00:34:33,438 --> 00:34:34,705
answer that question?

1472
00:34:34,705 --> 00:34:36,774
And that started the whole idea

1473
00:34:36,774 --> 00:34:38,276
of bringing together

1474
00:34:38,276 --> 00:34:39,510
all the people that can build

1475
00:34:39,510 --> 00:34:40,111
spacecraft

1476
00:34:40,111 --> 00:34:41,179
and build instruments

1477
00:34:41,179 --> 00:34:41,946
and address

1478
00:34:41,946 --> 00:34:43,414
other science questions

1479
00:34:43,414 --> 00:34:44,015
and build

1480
00:34:44,015 --> 00:34:47,318
this mission together.

1481
00:34:47,385 --> 00:34:48,252
It's so great

1482
00:34:48,252 --> 00:34:49,787
to hear about the process

1483
00:34:49,787 --> 00:34:50,721
that went into

1484
00:34:50,721 --> 00:34:52,190
putting this mission together.

1485
00:34:52,190 --> 00:34:53,057
And I just want to

1486
00:34:53,057 --> 00:34:53,691
thank you both again

1487
00:34:53,691 --> 00:34:54,492
for answering

1488
00:34:54,492 --> 00:34:55,593
such great questions

1489
00:34:55,593 --> 00:34:56,594
that are coming in.

1490
00:34:56,594 --> 00:34:58,029
And please keep sending

1491
00:34:58,029 --> 00:34:59,030
more our way.

1492
00:34:59,030 --> 00:35:00,264
Our experts are going to be

1493
00:35:00,264 --> 00:35:01,466
right back to answer

1494
00:35:01,466 --> 00:35:02,867
some of your questions.

1495
00:35:02,867 --> 00:35:04,735
But right now,

1496
00:35:04,735 --> 00:35:05,303
a closer

1497
00:35:05,303 --> 00:35:06,671
look at how the psyche

1498
00:35:06,671 --> 00:35:07,839
mission team

1499
00:35:07,839 --> 00:35:08,840
is preparing for the

1500
00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:13,945
targeted October 5th launch.

1501
00:35:14,011 --> 00:35:15,113
There aren't

1502
00:35:15,113 --> 00:35:16,948
many classes of objects

1503
00:35:16,948 --> 00:35:19,050
left in our solar system

1504
00:35:19,050 --> 00:35:20,284
that we haven't looked at up

1505
00:35:20,284 --> 00:35:22,053
close with a spacecraft

1506
00:35:22,053 --> 00:35:23,221
and one of them

1507
00:35:23,221 --> 00:35:23,821
that's left

1508
00:35:23,821 --> 00:35:27,091
is the metal asteroids.

1509
00:35:27,158 --> 00:35:29,227
16 Psyche is an asteroid

1510
00:35:29,227 --> 00:35:30,895
that orbits the sun out

1511
00:35:30,895 --> 00:35:32,263
between Mars and Jupiter.

1512
00:35:32,263 --> 00:35:32,697
The reason

1513
00:35:32,697 --> 00:35:34,432
that psyche is unique

1514
00:35:34,432 --> 00:35:36,601
is that it is metal rich.

1515
00:35:36,601 --> 00:35:37,235
It's believed

1516
00:35:37,235 --> 00:35:39,804
that it may be a remnant core

1517
00:35:39,804 --> 00:35:41,105
of an early planetesimal

1518
00:35:41,105 --> 00:35:42,273
that was formed in the very,

1519
00:35:42,273 --> 00:35:43,407
very earliest parts

1520
00:35:43,407 --> 00:35:44,142
of the formation

1521
00:35:44,142 --> 00:35:45,376
of the solar system.

1522
00:35:45,376 --> 00:35:46,677
And after this planet

1523
00:35:46,677 --> 00:35:47,512
started forming

1524
00:35:47,512 --> 00:35:48,412
and this metal core

1525
00:35:48,412 --> 00:35:49,680
formed inside of that,

1526
00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:51,415
it collided with other bodies

1527
00:35:51,415 --> 00:35:52,283
that then stripped

1528
00:35:52,283 --> 00:35:53,551
off the rocky mantle,

1529
00:35:53,551 --> 00:35:56,187
leaving this core in place.

1530
00:35:56,187 --> 00:35:58,890
This is the part of planets

1531
00:35:58,890 --> 00:36:01,792
that we can't sample directly.

1532
00:36:01,792 --> 00:36:02,426
It's too hot,

1533
00:36:02,426 --> 00:36:03,327
the pressure is too high

1534
00:36:03,327 --> 00:36:04,629
or instruments would melt.

1535
00:36:04,629 --> 00:36:05,363
Can't drill a hole

1536
00:36:05,363 --> 00:36:06,230
that deep in the earth

1537
00:36:06,230 --> 00:36:07,198
or other planets.

1538
00:36:07,198 --> 00:36:09,367
So how do we study the core

1539
00:36:09,367 --> 00:36:10,334
of our planet?

1540
00:36:10,334 --> 00:36:11,769
Psyche gives us the opportunity

1541
00:36:11,769 --> 00:36:12,737
to visit a core

1542
00:36:12,737 --> 00:36:14,038
the only way that humankind

1543
00:36:14,038 --> 00:36:14,939
can ever do.

1544
00:36:14,939 --> 00:36:15,473
And it would be

1545
00:36:15,473 --> 00:36:16,974
the first metal objects

1546
00:36:16,974 --> 00:36:21,746
that humankind is ever visited.

1547
00:36:21,812 --> 00:36:22,780
After launch, we

1548
00:36:22,780 --> 00:36:23,848
cruised through

1549
00:36:23,848 --> 00:36:25,316
interplanetary space

1550
00:36:25,316 --> 00:36:26,918
for a number of years.

1551
00:36:26,918 --> 00:36:27,418
First,

1552
00:36:27,418 --> 00:36:28,819
we fly by Mars

1553
00:36:28,819 --> 00:36:30,087
for gravity, assist

1554
00:36:30,087 --> 00:36:31,155
that'll slingshot us

1555
00:36:31,155 --> 00:36:32,857
into the asteroid belt,

1556
00:36:32,857 --> 00:36:33,925
and then we're thrusting

1557
00:36:33,925 --> 00:36:35,493
all the way from there

1558
00:36:35,493 --> 00:36:40,965
to finally arriving at Psyche.

1559
00:36:41,065 --> 00:36:43,134
We'll go into four orbits

1560
00:36:43,134 --> 00:36:44,101
to collect

1561
00:36:44,101 --> 00:36:45,436
the necessary measurements

1562
00:36:45,436 --> 00:36:46,337
that we need from

1563
00:36:46,337 --> 00:36:48,039
our three primary instruments.

1564
00:36:48,039 --> 00:36:49,440
So our payload consists

1565
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:51,175
of a couple of imagers,

1566
00:36:51,175 --> 00:36:51,976
which are cameras

1567
00:36:51,976 --> 00:36:54,045
that take pictures of psyche.

1568
00:36:54,045 --> 00:36:54,879
Also a gamma ray

1569
00:36:54,879 --> 00:36:55,913
neutron spectrometer,

1570
00:36:55,913 --> 00:36:56,948
which allows us to measure

1571
00:36:56,948 --> 00:36:58,182
the elemental composition

1572
00:36:58,182 --> 00:36:59,617
of the surface of psyche.

1573
00:36:59,617 --> 00:37:00,685
And then a magnetometer,

1574
00:37:00,685 --> 00:37:01,285
which will allow us

1575
00:37:01,285 --> 00:37:02,753
to detect a magnetic field

1576
00:37:02,753 --> 00:37:04,288
that's left at psyche.

1577
00:37:04,288 --> 00:37:05,923
If psyche still has

1578
00:37:05,923 --> 00:37:07,158
some sort of remnant

1579
00:37:07,158 --> 00:37:08,025
magnetic field

1580
00:37:08,025 --> 00:37:09,327
that that probably tells us

1581
00:37:09,327 --> 00:37:10,261
it really was a core.

1582
00:37:10,261 --> 00:37:11,596
It's a strong indicator.

1583
00:37:11,596 --> 00:37:12,897
We also use the radio

1584
00:37:12,897 --> 00:37:13,731
on the spacecraft

1585
00:37:13,731 --> 00:37:14,498
as an instrument

1586
00:37:14,498 --> 00:37:16,234
so we can map out the gravity

1587
00:37:16,234 --> 00:37:17,101
and map out the

1588
00:37:17,101 --> 00:37:20,771
interior structure. That way.

1589
00:37:20,871 --> 00:37:21,472
We're using a

1590
00:37:21,472 --> 00:37:22,940
particular thruster technology

1591
00:37:22,940 --> 00:37:23,407
hall effect,

1592
00:37:23,407 --> 00:37:24,475
thruster technology.

1593
00:37:24,475 --> 00:37:24,909
They operate

1594
00:37:24,909 --> 00:37:25,476
five times

1595
00:37:25,476 --> 00:37:26,143
more efficiently

1596
00:37:26,143 --> 00:37:27,111
than normal rockets,

1597
00:37:27,111 --> 00:37:28,746
so they use a lot less fuel

1598
00:37:28,746 --> 00:37:30,047
and is what allows us

1599
00:37:30,047 --> 00:37:30,715
to get into orbit

1600
00:37:30,715 --> 00:37:31,983
around this asteroid.

1601
00:37:31,983 --> 00:37:33,384
Solar electric propulsion

1602
00:37:33,384 --> 00:37:34,018
has been around

1603
00:37:34,018 --> 00:37:34,952
for quite a while

1604
00:37:34,952 --> 00:37:36,387
and it has flown before,

1605
00:37:36,387 --> 00:37:37,421
But we're continuing

1606
00:37:37,421 --> 00:37:38,723
to push the boundaries.

1607
00:37:38,723 --> 00:37:38,990
We're going

1608
00:37:38,990 --> 00:37:40,858
to have big five panel

1609
00:37:40,858 --> 00:37:42,793
fold out solar panels

1610
00:37:42,793 --> 00:37:43,594
that will provide

1611
00:37:43,594 --> 00:37:44,762
the electricity

1612
00:37:44,762 --> 00:37:46,197
for the thrusters,

1613
00:37:46,197 --> 00:37:48,633
which use as propellant.

1614
00:37:48,633 --> 00:37:50,368
The noble Gas xenon.

1615
00:37:50,368 --> 00:37:51,302
This will be the first time

1616
00:37:51,302 --> 00:37:51,869
that hall effect

1617
00:37:51,869 --> 00:37:52,603
thrusters have flown

1618
00:37:52,603 --> 00:37:55,840
in deep space.

1619
00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:56,407
Studying

1620
00:37:56,407 --> 00:37:57,375
the evolution of

1621
00:37:57,375 --> 00:37:58,609
a planetary body

1622
00:37:58,609 --> 00:38:00,678
is a detective story.

1623
00:38:00,678 --> 00:38:01,746
There's a magic to

1624
00:38:01,746 --> 00:38:02,647
when you actually are

1625
00:38:02,647 --> 00:38:04,015
on the launch pad

1626
00:38:04,015 --> 00:38:05,516
and you say we're go for launch

1627
00:38:05,516 --> 00:38:06,717
and you feel like

1628
00:38:06,717 --> 00:38:07,718
singing and dancing

1629
00:38:07,718 --> 00:38:08,719
and you feel like throwing up

1630
00:38:08,719 --> 00:38:09,820
at the same time.

1631
00:38:09,820 --> 00:38:10,988
Let's go discover things

1632
00:38:10,988 --> 00:38:12,056
about our solar system

1633
00:38:12,056 --> 00:38:12,390
that we have

1634
00:38:12,390 --> 00:38:13,824
no other way to do.

1635
00:38:13,824 --> 00:38:14,859
I think that it's

1636
00:38:14,859 --> 00:38:16,927
fundamental to who we are

1637
00:38:16,927 --> 00:38:18,396
and also who we should be.

1638
00:38:18,396 --> 00:38:19,964
It's an incredible opportunity

1639
00:38:19,964 --> 00:38:21,165
to be a part of

1640
00:38:21,165 --> 00:38:29,707
the team making that happen.

1641
00:38:29,807 --> 00:38:30,708
It is great

1642
00:38:30,708 --> 00:38:31,976
hearing about the mission

1643
00:38:31,976 --> 00:38:33,477
and what it will discover

1644
00:38:33,477 --> 00:38:34,378
and it seems like

1645
00:38:34,378 --> 00:38:35,146
many of our viewers

1646
00:38:35,146 --> 00:38:36,480
are feeling the same way.

1647
00:38:36,480 --> 00:38:37,048
We have

1648
00:38:37,048 --> 00:38:38,215
lots of questions

1649
00:38:38,215 --> 00:38:39,417
still coming in,

1650
00:38:39,417 --> 00:38:41,619
so let's get to a few more.

1651
00:38:41,619 --> 00:38:42,687
Our next question

1652
00:38:42,687 --> 00:38:43,654
comes from Dave

1653
00:38:43,654 --> 00:38:44,755
Panda on YouTube.

1654
00:38:44,755 --> 00:38:46,090
Who asks, Will

1655
00:38:46,090 --> 00:38:48,059
the data collected be immediate

1656
00:38:48,059 --> 00:38:49,527
release to the public

1657
00:38:49,527 --> 00:38:50,728
if not released

1658
00:38:50,728 --> 00:38:52,129
as it's received?

1659
00:38:52,129 --> 00:38:54,131
When will the data be released?

1660
00:38:54,131 --> 00:38:54,632
Rona,

1661
00:38:54,632 --> 00:38:57,201
do you want to take that one?

1662
00:38:57,201 --> 00:38:58,936
We have a total run of

1663
00:38:58,936 --> 00:39:01,939
just a few weeks,

1664
00:39:02,173 --> 00:39:02,807
so we just

1665
00:39:02,807 --> 00:39:04,975
we just have to make sure that

1666
00:39:04,975 --> 00:39:05,343
the data

1667
00:39:05,343 --> 00:39:07,044
is clean and organized

1668
00:39:07,044 --> 00:39:08,479
and processed correctly

1669
00:39:08,479 --> 00:39:12,683
and it's really fairly quickly.

1670
00:39:12,750 --> 00:39:14,652
And then we have a viewer on X

1671
00:39:14,652 --> 00:39:15,586
asking

1672
00:39:15,586 --> 00:39:16,654
what will happen

1673
00:39:16,654 --> 00:39:18,189
to the spacecraft upon

1674
00:39:18,189 --> 00:39:20,958
mission completion?

1675
00:39:21,058 --> 00:39:23,260
Carver Do you know?

1676
00:39:23,260 --> 00:39:23,761
Sure.

1677
00:39:23,761 --> 00:39:26,197
I mean, right now,

1678
00:39:26,197 --> 00:39:26,997
we don't know.

1679
00:39:26,997 --> 00:39:27,531
There's going to be

1680
00:39:27,531 --> 00:39:28,299
about a two year

1681
00:39:28,299 --> 00:39:29,900
period of science operations

1682
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:30,534
as we're moving

1683
00:39:30,534 --> 00:39:32,236
closer and closer

1684
00:39:32,236 --> 00:39:33,237
and then kind of as Ron

1685
00:39:33,237 --> 00:39:33,838
was talking

1686
00:39:33,838 --> 00:39:35,306
about a little bit earlier,

1687
00:39:35,306 --> 00:39:36,574
once we get to the end

1688
00:39:36,574 --> 00:39:37,541
of that period of time,

1689
00:39:37,541 --> 00:39:38,075
then there'll be

1690
00:39:38,075 --> 00:39:38,776
discussions about,

1691
00:39:38,776 --> 00:39:39,143
okay, well,

1692
00:39:39,143 --> 00:39:40,044
what do we do now

1693
00:39:40,044 --> 00:39:40,745
with everything

1694
00:39:40,745 --> 00:39:41,612
that we've learned over

1695
00:39:41,612 --> 00:39:42,546
this amount of time,

1696
00:39:42,546 --> 00:39:43,280
looking at

1697
00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:44,348
how much fuel is left

1698
00:39:44,348 --> 00:39:46,784
on the spacecraft.

1699
00:39:46,784 --> 00:39:47,952
There'll be conversations

1700
00:39:47,952 --> 00:39:48,652
then to try and figure out

1701
00:39:48,652 --> 00:39:50,454
what those next steps might be,

1702
00:39:50,454 --> 00:39:51,555
but we don't know how

1703
00:39:51,555 --> 00:39:52,556
the mission will end

1704
00:39:52,556 --> 00:39:54,792
at this point.

1705
00:39:54,792 --> 00:39:55,860
It's still a question mark.

1706
00:39:55,860 --> 00:39:59,330
So bubble science on se x

1707
00:39:59,397 --> 00:40:00,765
metal rich,

1708
00:40:00,765 --> 00:40:01,866
which metals are

1709
00:40:01,866 --> 00:40:05,002
expected to be found?

1710
00:40:05,069 --> 00:40:05,703
Rona do you want to

1711
00:40:05,703 --> 00:40:08,305
take that question? Sure.

1712
00:40:08,305 --> 00:40:09,173
We mostly

1713
00:40:09,173 --> 00:40:10,608
think about iron a nickel

1714
00:40:10,608 --> 00:40:12,476
when we talk about psyche.

1715
00:40:12,476 --> 00:40:13,177
We know from

1716
00:40:13,177 --> 00:40:14,345
how light is reflected

1717
00:40:14,345 --> 00:40:15,546
off the surface,

1718
00:40:15,546 --> 00:40:16,313
as we explained

1719
00:40:16,313 --> 00:40:18,182
before in the beginning,

1720
00:40:18,182 --> 00:40:19,116
that it does

1721
00:40:19,116 --> 00:40:21,352
have a lot of metal content.

1722
00:40:21,352 --> 00:40:23,454
We don't know how much.

1723
00:40:23,454 --> 00:40:23,788
We don't

1724
00:40:23,788 --> 00:40:24,688
how if it's only

1725
00:40:24,688 --> 00:40:26,157
in the surface, mostly

1726
00:40:26,157 --> 00:40:28,159
in the inside of the body,

1727
00:40:28,159 --> 00:40:29,560
but it's mostly

1728
00:40:29,560 --> 00:40:30,561
iron and nickel

1729
00:40:30,561 --> 00:40:31,429
and minerals

1730
00:40:31,429 --> 00:40:34,432
that contain iron and nickel

1731
00:40:34,498 --> 00:40:35,499
and burn.

1732
00:40:35,499 --> 00:40:36,267
I think we answered

1733
00:40:36,267 --> 00:40:37,168
this question beforehand,

1734
00:40:37,168 --> 00:40:38,135
but if you're just tuning

1735
00:40:38,135 --> 00:40:39,270
in, Bonnie

1736
00:40:39,270 --> 00:40:41,305
Berger on Facebook asks,

1737
00:40:41,305 --> 00:40:42,606
How close will the craft

1738
00:40:42,606 --> 00:40:46,544
get to psyche in its orbit?

1739
00:40:46,644 --> 00:40:47,244
Is this something

1740
00:40:47,244 --> 00:40:47,745
we might have to

1741
00:40:47,745 --> 00:40:50,014
get back to them?

1742
00:40:50,014 --> 00:40:51,715
I could run 70 kilometers,

1743
00:40:51,715 --> 00:40:52,650
so a little bit

1744
00:40:52,650 --> 00:40:54,318
less than psyche's

1745
00:40:54,318 --> 00:40:55,820
actual radius.

1746
00:40:55,820 --> 00:40:57,221
So set as a PSYCHE'S

1747
00:40:57,221 --> 00:40:59,723
radius is 113 kilometers.

1748
00:40:59,723 --> 00:41:01,759
Its diameter is

1749
00:41:01,759 --> 00:41:02,660
twice that

1750
00:41:02,660 --> 00:41:02,960
almost the

1751
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:05,029
size of Massachusetts.

1752
00:41:05,029 --> 00:41:07,031
And we are going to be as close

1753
00:41:07,031 --> 00:41:08,666
as around a little bit

1754
00:41:08,666 --> 00:41:10,167
less than its own radius.

1755
00:41:10,167 --> 00:41:11,836
So we're going to see it

1756
00:41:11,836 --> 00:41:14,672
pretty close.

1757
00:41:14,738 --> 00:41:15,506
Very nice.

1758
00:41:15,506 --> 00:41:16,507
And Sojourner, our

1759
00:41:16,507 --> 00:41:17,808
Facebook wants to know,

1760
00:41:17,808 --> 00:41:19,109
will the psyche module

1761
00:41:19,109 --> 00:41:21,078
be collecting any other images

1762
00:41:21,078 --> 00:41:22,079
or taking any

1763
00:41:22,079 --> 00:41:22,880
other measurements

1764
00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:23,581
on its journey

1765
00:41:23,581 --> 00:41:25,082
to the asteroid carver?

1766
00:41:25,082 --> 00:41:29,820
Would you like that question?

1767
00:41:29,887 --> 00:41:31,155
I'm not aware of a Rona.

1768
00:41:31,155 --> 00:41:33,023
Do you have anything?

1769
00:41:33,023 --> 00:41:33,390
Yes.

1770
00:41:33,390 --> 00:41:34,825
So the minute

1771
00:41:34,825 --> 00:41:35,493
we launch,

1772
00:41:35,493 --> 00:41:37,828
we will go through a process

1773
00:41:37,828 --> 00:41:38,596
where we turn on

1774
00:41:38,596 --> 00:41:39,430
all of our instruments

1775
00:41:39,430 --> 00:41:42,666
one by one, a few days apart,

1776
00:41:42,733 --> 00:41:44,535
and we start measuring

1777
00:41:44,535 --> 00:41:46,203
from the very beginning

1778
00:41:46,203 --> 00:41:47,204
for the magnetometer.

1779
00:41:47,204 --> 00:41:48,138
We will be measuring

1780
00:41:48,138 --> 00:41:48,772
the solar, wind,

1781
00:41:48,772 --> 00:41:50,508
magnetic field all the way

1782
00:41:50,508 --> 00:41:52,476
in the several years of cruise.

1783
00:41:52,476 --> 00:41:53,177
And we're going to

1784
00:41:53,177 --> 00:41:54,311
be analyzing it

1785
00:41:54,311 --> 00:41:55,646
and looking at

1786
00:41:55,646 --> 00:41:57,381
how eruptions from the sun

1787
00:41:57,381 --> 00:41:59,517
transfer as our spacecraft

1788
00:41:59,517 --> 00:42:00,651
will also be doing

1789
00:42:00,651 --> 00:42:01,619
a mars flyby.

1790
00:42:01,619 --> 00:42:03,120
So we'll be flying by Mars

1791
00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:03,487
in order

1792
00:42:03,487 --> 00:42:04,922
to get some gravity going

1793
00:42:04,922 --> 00:42:06,223
and get us

1794
00:42:06,223 --> 00:42:07,992
to the asteroid faster.

1795
00:42:07,992 --> 00:42:09,360
So when we get closer to Mars,

1796
00:42:09,360 --> 00:42:10,761
we're definitely going to use

1797
00:42:10,761 --> 00:42:12,263
that as a science opportunity

1798
00:42:12,263 --> 00:42:13,898
and use our instruments to

1799
00:42:13,898 --> 00:42:17,268
measure Mars's environment.

1800
00:42:17,368 --> 00:42:18,269
Thank you, Rona.

1801
00:42:18,269 --> 00:42:18,836
Now we have

1802
00:42:18,836 --> 00:42:19,904
a question from Dawn

1803
00:42:19,904 --> 00:42:20,905
on Facebook.

1804
00:42:20,905 --> 00:42:22,106
Who asks.

1805
00:42:22,106 --> 00:42:24,775
Of all the words in the world,

1806
00:42:24,775 --> 00:42:25,910
the language,

1807
00:42:25,910 --> 00:42:31,215
why call it psyche?

1808
00:42:31,315 --> 00:42:31,649
I don't know.

1809
00:42:31,649 --> 00:42:32,149
Which one of you

1810
00:42:32,149 --> 00:42:35,019
wants to take that one first.

1811
00:42:35,019 --> 00:42:35,553
Well, it's

1812
00:42:35,553 --> 00:42:36,120
actually called

1813
00:42:36,120 --> 00:42:37,821
officially sixth in Psyche

1814
00:42:37,821 --> 00:42:39,323
and the sixth in there

1815
00:42:39,323 --> 00:42:40,558
is actually

1816
00:42:40,558 --> 00:42:41,458
the number

1817
00:42:41,458 --> 00:42:43,527
of how many asteroids

1818
00:42:43,527 --> 00:42:44,428
were discovered.

1819
00:42:44,428 --> 00:42:46,597
So it was the number 16.

1820
00:42:46,597 --> 00:42:47,698
So that kind of tells you

1821
00:42:47,698 --> 00:42:49,266
how far away in history

1822
00:42:49,266 --> 00:42:50,901
it was named that way.

1823
00:42:50,901 --> 00:42:51,969
So no one living

1824
00:42:51,969 --> 00:42:53,103
today was involved in

1825
00:42:53,103 --> 00:42:54,705
giving it that name.

1826
00:42:54,705 --> 00:42:56,307
And it was called psyche

1827
00:42:56,307 --> 00:42:57,575
after the soul of the

1828
00:42:57,575 --> 00:42:59,877
of the humans and.

1829
00:42:59,877 --> 00:43:01,211
Its astronomical symbol

1830
00:43:01,211 --> 00:43:02,680
is actually a butterfly wing,

1831
00:43:02,680 --> 00:43:03,614
which is

1832
00:43:03,614 --> 00:43:05,883
kind of an allusion to a soul.

1833
00:43:05,883 --> 00:43:07,518
And that's just the name

1834
00:43:07,518 --> 00:43:08,686
that was given to it

1835
00:43:08,686 --> 00:43:10,254
back in the day in the

1836
00:43:10,254 --> 00:43:11,922
by the observatory in Torino

1837
00:43:11,922 --> 00:43:13,290
in Italy that observed

1838
00:43:13,290 --> 00:43:15,559
it for the first time.

1839
00:43:15,626 --> 00:43:16,627
That's a great story

1840
00:43:16,627 --> 00:43:17,494
on its history.

1841
00:43:17,494 --> 00:43:18,629
Thank you, Rona.

1842
00:43:18,629 --> 00:43:19,797
And Mohammed on

1843
00:43:19,797 --> 00:43:21,265
Facebook wants to know

1844
00:43:21,265 --> 00:43:24,268
how fast is psyche's day

1845
00:43:24,268 --> 00:43:27,638
or year, maybe day?

1846
00:43:27,671 --> 00:43:28,906
I'm not quite sure

1847
00:43:28,906 --> 00:43:29,907
how we can interpret that.

1848
00:43:29,907 --> 00:43:32,610
Rona, do you have an idea?

1849
00:43:32,610 --> 00:43:32,943
Yeah.

1850
00:43:32,943 --> 00:43:34,378
So did this cover mentioned

1851
00:43:34,378 --> 00:43:35,579
about the seasons earlier

1852
00:43:35,579 --> 00:43:37,481
on in the broadcast?

1853
00:43:37,481 --> 00:43:38,916
Psyche is actually tilted,

1854
00:43:38,916 --> 00:43:42,453
tilted on its

1855
00:43:42,519 --> 00:43:43,287
rotation axis

1856
00:43:43,287 --> 00:43:44,321
and tilted on the plane

1857
00:43:44,321 --> 00:43:45,823
where it orbits the sun.

1858
00:43:45,823 --> 00:43:47,992
So it always has one half

1859
00:43:47,992 --> 00:43:49,526
pointing towards the sun.

1860
00:43:49,526 --> 00:43:51,295
It does rotate around itself

1861
00:43:51,295 --> 00:43:52,563
in a period of four.

1862
00:43:52,563 --> 00:43:53,464
So you could say

1863
00:43:53,464 --> 00:43:55,432
that's our day.

1864
00:43:55,432 --> 00:43:56,533
But as I said,

1865
00:43:56,533 --> 00:43:57,668
because the rotation axis

1866
00:43:57,668 --> 00:43:58,869
is actually lying down,

1867
00:43:58,869 --> 00:44:01,338
you always have the North

1868
00:44:01,338 --> 00:44:02,906
basically towards the sun

1869
00:44:02,906 --> 00:44:03,941
and the south pointing

1870
00:44:03,941 --> 00:44:06,176
towards the away from it.

1871
00:44:06,176 --> 00:44:07,544
And then you have to wait

1872
00:44:07,544 --> 00:44:08,612
inside this year

1873
00:44:08,612 --> 00:44:09,580
as the object

1874
00:44:09,580 --> 00:44:11,281
is orbiting the sun

1875
00:44:11,281 --> 00:44:12,549
and then different part of

1876
00:44:12,549 --> 00:44:14,752
it will be facing the sun.

1877
00:44:14,752 --> 00:44:16,053
So but in 4 hours

1878
00:44:16,053 --> 00:44:18,722
we have a full rotation

1879
00:44:18,789 --> 00:44:19,890
for hours.

1880
00:44:19,890 --> 00:44:21,592
And Carver, I have a question.

1881
00:44:21,592 --> 00:44:22,493
You, Kayla

1882
00:44:22,493 --> 00:44:24,461
wardle on YouTube asks,

1883
00:44:24,461 --> 00:44:26,063
Does the psyche asteroid

1884
00:44:26,063 --> 00:44:27,097
actually have

1885
00:44:27,097 --> 00:44:28,198
the two craters

1886
00:44:28,198 --> 00:44:29,667
depicted in the picture?

1887
00:44:29,667 --> 00:44:31,669
If so, how did you determine

1888
00:44:31,669 --> 00:44:32,202
the craters?

1889
00:44:32,202 --> 00:44:34,738
Are there?

1890
00:44:34,738 --> 00:44:35,072
Yeah.

1891
00:44:35,072 --> 00:44:38,342
So what we see right now

1892
00:44:38,342 --> 00:44:40,511
with the radar data from her,

1893
00:44:40,511 --> 00:44:41,445
see where they're bouncing

1894
00:44:41,445 --> 00:44:42,312
these radar signals

1895
00:44:42,312 --> 00:44:43,147
off the psyche

1896
00:44:43,147 --> 00:44:43,947
and listening to

1897
00:44:43,947 --> 00:44:45,349
those returns is

1898
00:44:45,349 --> 00:44:46,316
we can see that

1899
00:44:46,316 --> 00:44:47,317
there are divots, that

1900
00:44:47,317 --> 00:44:49,386
this is not just a smooth round

1901
00:44:49,386 --> 00:44:50,554
sphere, has a very

1902
00:44:50,554 --> 00:44:51,989
complicated shape

1903
00:44:51,989 --> 00:44:53,991
and does look like there's two

1904
00:44:53,991 --> 00:44:55,592
to probably two big

1905
00:44:55,592 --> 00:44:56,727
ish craters

1906
00:44:56,727 --> 00:44:59,296
or big divots of some kind

1907
00:44:59,296 --> 00:45:02,066
near the southern pole.

1908
00:45:02,066 --> 00:45:03,500
But we don't know exactly

1909
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:04,702
what those look like yet

1910
00:45:04,702 --> 00:45:05,969
because again, right now

1911
00:45:05,969 --> 00:45:06,704
all of our images

1912
00:45:06,704 --> 00:45:07,938
are very fuzzy,

1913
00:45:07,938 --> 00:45:09,540
essentially very low resolution

1914
00:45:09,540 --> 00:45:10,374
view of what

1915
00:45:10,374 --> 00:45:12,643
the shape of psyche looks like.

1916
00:45:12,643 --> 00:45:14,278
So they may look

1917
00:45:14,278 --> 00:45:15,012
quite different

1918
00:45:15,012 --> 00:45:17,081
from how we have artists

1919
00:45:17,081 --> 00:45:18,916
imagining it right now.

1920
00:45:18,916 --> 00:45:19,783
Or maybe it will look

1921
00:45:19,783 --> 00:45:20,317
pretty similar

1922
00:45:20,317 --> 00:45:21,485
with two large craters

1923
00:45:21,485 --> 00:45:22,086
there like

1924
00:45:22,086 --> 00:45:24,388
we see on some other asteroids.

1925
00:45:24,388 --> 00:45:24,855
Vesta,

1926
00:45:24,855 --> 00:45:26,690
which has a very large crater

1927
00:45:26,690 --> 00:45:29,793
near its southern pole as well.

1928
00:45:29,860 --> 00:45:30,761
Really excited to

1929
00:45:30,761 --> 00:45:31,962
see those first pictures

1930
00:45:31,962 --> 00:45:32,362
come in

1931
00:45:32,362 --> 00:45:33,931
and see how accurate the

1932
00:45:33,931 --> 00:45:37,735
the artist's illustration was.

1933
00:45:37,801 --> 00:45:40,704
And Danielle on YouTube asks,

1934
00:45:40,704 --> 00:45:42,306
Why is there such an increase

1935
00:45:42,306 --> 00:45:43,006
in the number of these

1936
00:45:43,006 --> 00:45:43,707
smaller bodies

1937
00:45:43,707 --> 00:45:45,476
found more than years ago

1938
00:45:45,476 --> 00:45:46,643
with them being so small

1939
00:45:46,643 --> 00:45:48,011
compared to planets?

1940
00:45:48,011 --> 00:45:49,079
How do we detect them

1941
00:45:49,079 --> 00:45:50,447
in the first place?

1942
00:45:50,447 --> 00:45:52,816
Rona.

1943
00:45:52,816 --> 00:45:54,284
Excellent question.

1944
00:45:54,284 --> 00:45:55,819
The short answer is technology.

1945
00:45:55,819 --> 00:45:57,087
We have better telescopes.

1946
00:45:57,087 --> 00:45:57,821
We have better

1947
00:45:57,821 --> 00:45:58,822
computer programs

1948
00:45:58,822 --> 00:45:59,723
that can detect

1949
00:45:59,723 --> 00:46:01,992
a very small signals.

1950
00:46:01,992 --> 00:46:03,927
So we are able to do

1951
00:46:03,927 --> 00:46:05,162
the unimaginable

1952
00:46:05,162 --> 00:46:06,563
of seeing planets

1953
00:46:06,563 --> 00:46:09,266
in faraway solar systems.

1954
00:46:09,266 --> 00:46:12,970
And really just by analyzing

1955
00:46:13,070 --> 00:46:14,037
the the light

1956
00:46:14,037 --> 00:46:14,671
that's coming off

1957
00:46:14,671 --> 00:46:16,340
of their stars.

1958
00:46:16,340 --> 00:46:17,307
So you can imagine

1959
00:46:17,307 --> 00:46:18,509
what kind of sensitivity

1960
00:46:18,509 --> 00:46:19,409
we have been building

1961
00:46:19,409 --> 00:46:21,512
in the last few years.

1962
00:46:21,578 --> 00:46:24,581
And we're just able to

1963
00:46:24,748 --> 00:46:26,784
divert more resources, computer

1964
00:46:26,784 --> 00:46:28,218
and telescope resources

1965
00:46:28,218 --> 00:46:29,486
to detect those bodies.

1966
00:46:29,486 --> 00:46:30,020
And of course,

1967
00:46:30,020 --> 00:46:32,055
there is the interest of

1968
00:46:32,055 --> 00:46:33,791
planetary safety

1969
00:46:33,791 --> 00:46:34,958
of monitoring asteroids

1970
00:46:34,958 --> 00:46:36,994
that may transverse or orbit

1971
00:46:36,994 --> 00:46:38,428
and they may present a risk.

1972
00:46:38,428 --> 00:46:39,363
So there's definitely

1973
00:46:39,363 --> 00:46:39,997
a lot of effort

1974
00:46:39,997 --> 00:46:41,431
put into

1975
00:46:41,431 --> 00:46:44,001
tracking down the tiniest body,

1976
00:46:44,001 --> 00:46:44,968
because the tiniest body

1977
00:46:44,968 --> 00:46:46,203
can produce a lot of damage

1978
00:46:46,203 --> 00:46:48,438
if it comes our way.

1979
00:46:48,438 --> 00:46:49,173
Yes.

1980
00:46:49,173 --> 00:46:49,640
Thank you,

1981
00:46:49,640 --> 00:46:50,874
Rona and Elaine

1982
00:46:50,874 --> 00:46:53,010
Hughes on X asks,

1983
00:46:53,010 --> 00:46:54,378
Is there an instrument

1984
00:46:54,378 --> 00:46:56,246
to measure density or variances

1985
00:46:56,246 --> 00:46:57,247
of gravitational

1986
00:46:57,247 --> 00:47:01,285
field on psyche?

1987
00:47:01,351 --> 00:47:02,820
In a sense, there is.

1988
00:47:02,820 --> 00:47:04,321
So the main radio

1989
00:47:04,321 --> 00:47:06,056
dish that we use to communicate

1990
00:47:06,056 --> 00:47:07,491
all the data back to Earth,

1991
00:47:07,491 --> 00:47:08,559
we can also use

1992
00:47:08,559 --> 00:47:10,160
to track the spacecraft

1993
00:47:10,160 --> 00:47:12,062
really precisely.

1994
00:47:12,062 --> 00:47:13,063
So as the spacecraft

1995
00:47:13,063 --> 00:47:13,997
is going in its orbit,

1996
00:47:13,997 --> 00:47:14,398
it's getting

1997
00:47:14,398 --> 00:47:16,767
tugged on by psyche.

1998
00:47:16,767 --> 00:47:18,001
And if there's a

1999
00:47:18,001 --> 00:47:19,503
large density difference,

2000
00:47:19,503 --> 00:47:20,070
a large mount

2001
00:47:20,070 --> 00:47:21,605
nearby, it's going to feel

2002
00:47:21,605 --> 00:47:23,707
that tug at psyche's surface.

2003
00:47:23,707 --> 00:47:25,375
We can measure that and see

2004
00:47:25,375 --> 00:47:26,977
what does the detailed

2005
00:47:26,977 --> 00:47:29,079
gravity of psyche look like.

2006
00:47:29,079 --> 00:47:30,314
What are those density

2007
00:47:30,314 --> 00:47:31,715
variations 

2008
00:47:31,715 --> 00:47:34,151
within psyche itself?

2009
00:47:34,151 --> 00:47:35,319
And see what

2010
00:47:35,319 --> 00:47:36,954
that tells us about

2011
00:47:36,954 --> 00:47:38,488
how psyche is put together,

2012
00:47:38,488 --> 00:47:41,525
what it's made of.

2013
00:47:41,592 --> 00:47:42,326
Thank you, Carver.

2014
00:47:42,326 --> 00:47:44,461
And we know that lots of people

2015
00:47:44,461 --> 00:47:45,562
are still joining

2016
00:47:45,562 --> 00:47:46,864
in to the broadcast

2017
00:47:46,864 --> 00:47:47,798
and learning

2018
00:47:47,798 --> 00:47:48,866
about the psyche mission

2019
00:47:48,866 --> 00:47:50,067
with us in real time.

2020
00:47:50,067 --> 00:47:51,134
So Kevin

2021
00:47:51,134 --> 00:47:52,736
Brant Cook has a question

2022
00:47:52,736 --> 00:47:53,871
we've touched on before,

2023
00:47:53,871 --> 00:47:55,138
but since he's just tuning

2024
00:47:55,138 --> 00:47:56,240
in, Rona,

2025
00:47:56,240 --> 00:47:58,575
how close will the psyche probe

2026
00:47:58,575 --> 00:48:01,578
come to the asteroid?

2027
00:48:01,645 --> 00:48:03,714
Yes, so the psyche probe

2028
00:48:03,714 --> 00:48:05,249
will start orbiting

2029
00:48:05,249 --> 00:48:07,084
the asteroid

2030
00:48:07,084 --> 00:48:08,518
a few hundreds of kilometers

2031
00:48:08,518 --> 00:48:09,419
above the surface.

2032
00:48:09,419 --> 00:48:10,888
But then it would slowly go

2033
00:48:10,888 --> 00:48:11,989
into increasingly

2034
00:48:11,989 --> 00:48:13,090
smaller orbits,

2035
00:48:13,090 --> 00:48:15,626
as you can see here.

2036
00:48:15,626 --> 00:48:16,493
And you can see that

2037
00:48:16,493 --> 00:48:17,728
some of them are tilted

2038
00:48:17,728 --> 00:48:19,029
in a different orientation.

2039
00:48:19,029 --> 00:48:19,730
So the closest

2040
00:48:19,730 --> 00:48:20,797
one is the one that you see

2041
00:48:20,797 --> 00:48:22,332
that's vertical,

2042
00:48:22,332 --> 00:48:23,667
that's what we call orbit,

2043
00:48:23,667 --> 00:48:24,801
and that's the closest one.

2044
00:48:24,801 --> 00:48:25,602
And that's

2045
00:48:25,602 --> 00:48:27,571
about 70 kilometers, about

2046
00:48:27,571 --> 00:48:30,307
above the surface.

2047
00:48:30,407 --> 00:48:30,807
Thank you.

2048
00:48:30,807 --> 00:48:31,575
And another question

2049
00:48:31,575 --> 00:48:32,376
we touched on before.

2050
00:48:32,376 --> 00:48:34,344
Tamir Rice on YouTube asks,

2051
00:48:34,344 --> 00:48:34,978
How long will

2052
00:48:34,978 --> 00:48:35,979
the spacecraft study

2053
00:48:35,979 --> 00:48:39,716
the psyche asteroid Carver?

2054
00:48:39,783 --> 00:48:40,517
The main mission

2055
00:48:40,517 --> 00:48:41,752
is planned to be a little over

2056
00:48:41,752 --> 00:48:43,520
two years in orbit,

2057
00:48:43,520 --> 00:48:45,122
starting with that high orbit.

2058
00:48:45,122 --> 00:48:45,589
They're always talking

2059
00:48:45,589 --> 00:48:46,957
about slowly getting closer

2060
00:48:46,957 --> 00:48:48,358
and closer to the surface

2061
00:48:48,358 --> 00:48:51,028
as we learn more.

2062
00:48:51,028 --> 00:48:52,129
And then another question

2063
00:48:52,129 --> 00:48:53,864
from Tomer on YouTube.

2064
00:48:53,864 --> 00:48:55,265
Could this psyche asteroid

2065
00:48:55,265 --> 00:48:58,802
collide with Earth Carver?

2066
00:48:58,869 --> 00:49:01,171
So psyche asteroid has been out

2067
00:49:01,171 --> 00:49:02,306
in the asteroid belt

2068
00:49:02,306 --> 00:49:03,407
between Mars and Jupiter

2069
00:49:03,407 --> 00:49:04,408
for all of solar

2070
00:49:04,408 --> 00:49:05,409
system history.

2071
00:49:05,409 --> 00:49:05,909
It looks to be on

2072
00:49:05,909 --> 00:49:07,411
an incredibly stable orbit.

2073
00:49:07,411 --> 00:49:09,513
So

2074
00:49:09,513 --> 00:49:11,014
it's not going to ever cross

2075
00:49:11,014 --> 00:49:11,882
Earth's orbit

2076
00:49:11,882 --> 00:49:12,783
and have any chance

2077
00:49:12,783 --> 00:49:15,519
of colliding with the earth.

2078
00:49:15,519 --> 00:49:16,586
Right. Thank you.

2079
00:49:16,586 --> 00:49:17,821
And then Professor

2080
00:49:17,821 --> 00:49:18,722
Marco Nunez,

2081
00:49:18,722 --> 00:49:19,589
Jorge

2082
00:49:19,589 --> 00:49:20,757
from the Aerospace

2083
00:49:20,757 --> 00:49:22,960
Academy of Mexico asks,

2084
00:49:22,960 --> 00:49:24,127
How is it possible

2085
00:49:24,127 --> 00:49:25,762
to bring some STEM activity

2086
00:49:25,762 --> 00:49:26,997
or STEM activity

2087
00:49:26,997 --> 00:49:28,432
to middle school classrooms

2088
00:49:28,432 --> 00:49:30,567
about the psyche mission?

2089
00:49:30,567 --> 00:49:31,468
Rona Carver,

2090
00:49:31,468 --> 00:49:32,035
would you both like

2091
00:49:32,035 --> 00:49:34,471
to take that one?

2092
00:49:34,538 --> 00:49:36,873
That is an excellent question.

2093
00:49:36,873 --> 00:49:39,876
Psyche has a huge effort

2094
00:49:39,876 --> 00:49:40,377
when it comes

2095
00:49:40,377 --> 00:49:43,380
to outreach and education.

2096
00:49:43,480 --> 00:49:45,782
And if you would like to

2097
00:49:45,782 --> 00:49:48,385
contact us, Cassie Bowman

2098
00:49:48,385 --> 00:49:49,286
that was involved with

2099
00:49:49,286 --> 00:49:50,320
this broadcast

2100
00:49:50,320 --> 00:49:52,823
will be able to

2101
00:49:52,823 --> 00:49:54,224
share a lot of opportunities

2102
00:49:54,224 --> 00:49:55,225
and different initiatives

2103
00:49:55,225 --> 00:49:56,026
that the psyche mission

2104
00:49:56,026 --> 00:49:57,828
has for college students

2105
00:49:57,828 --> 00:49:59,262
and elementary school

2106
00:49:59,262 --> 00:50:00,364
and middle school children

2107
00:50:00,364 --> 00:50:03,600
that we are involved with.

2108
00:50:03,667 --> 00:50:06,103
This would be a fantastic

2109
00:50:06,103 --> 00:50:07,871
mission to learn about.

2110
00:50:07,871 --> 00:50:10,407
And Don on YouTube asks,

2111
00:50:10,407 --> 00:50:11,508
Does the team anticipate

2112
00:50:11,508 --> 00:50:12,943
the possibility of discovering

2113
00:50:12,943 --> 00:50:14,044
previously unknown

2114
00:50:14,044 --> 00:50:15,078
or undiscovered

2115
00:50:15,078 --> 00:50:16,813
elements on psyche?

2116
00:50:16,813 --> 00:50:19,416
Carver.

2117
00:50:19,416 --> 00:50:21,418
We don't expect to find

2118
00:50:21,418 --> 00:50:22,919
new types of elements

2119
00:50:22,919 --> 00:50:24,087
that we haven't seen

2120
00:50:24,087 --> 00:50:25,022
other places

2121
00:50:25,022 --> 00:50:25,889
in the solar system

2122
00:50:25,889 --> 00:50:27,324
before created in our lives

2123
00:50:27,324 --> 00:50:28,759
before.

2124
00:50:28,759 --> 00:50:29,726
What we expect to see

2125
00:50:29,726 --> 00:50:30,427
is kind of

2126
00:50:30,427 --> 00:50:31,661
different combinations

2127
00:50:31,661 --> 00:50:33,463
on the surface,

2128
00:50:33,463 --> 00:50:34,898
the minerals that we find

2129
00:50:34,898 --> 00:50:35,632
are going to be minerals

2130
00:50:35,632 --> 00:50:36,233
that we've seen

2131
00:50:36,233 --> 00:50:37,300
other places before,

2132
00:50:37,300 --> 00:50:37,868
but it's how

2133
00:50:37,868 --> 00:50:38,802
they're put together

2134
00:50:38,802 --> 00:50:39,436
that's going to tell us

2135
00:50:39,436 --> 00:50:41,204
the story of psyche

2136
00:50:41,204 --> 00:50:42,072
and how it

2137
00:50:42,072 --> 00:50:46,476
got to be the way it is.

2138
00:50:46,543 --> 00:50:47,277
We have another

2139
00:50:47,277 --> 00:50:48,111
question about launch.

2140
00:50:48,111 --> 00:50:49,346
I'll see if we can answer this

2141
00:50:49,346 --> 00:50:51,281
one Crash on YouTube asks,

2142
00:50:51,281 --> 00:50:53,216
How long is the launch window?

2143
00:50:53,216 --> 00:50:55,018
I know it's instantaneous,

2144
00:50:55,018 --> 00:50:56,186
but how many days do

2145
00:50:56,186 --> 00:50:57,287
we have a chance?

2146
00:50:57,287 --> 00:50:58,455
I'm already expecting

2147
00:50:58,455 --> 00:51:00,724
to spend some time at the Cape.

2148
00:51:00,724 --> 00:51:02,192
That's great to hear.

2149
00:51:02,192 --> 00:51:02,959
Rona Carver.

2150
00:51:02,959 --> 00:51:05,962
Do you have an answer?

2151
00:51:05,996 --> 00:51:07,597
Well, we're all planning

2152
00:51:07,597 --> 00:51:09,132
and excitedly

2153
00:51:09,132 --> 00:51:09,966
waiting to spending

2154
00:51:09,966 --> 00:51:11,868
some time on the Cape.

2155
00:51:11,868 --> 00:51:12,769
So the launch window

2156
00:51:12,769 --> 00:51:14,871
for each day is very,

2157
00:51:14,871 --> 00:51:15,572
very short.

2158
00:51:15,572 --> 00:51:17,407
We plan to launch around

2159
00:51:17,407 --> 00:51:19,376
10 a.m., 10:30 a.m..

2160
00:51:19,376 --> 00:51:21,845
And if the conditions

2161
00:51:21,845 --> 00:51:22,446
are not permitted,

2162
00:51:22,446 --> 00:51:23,213
we're just going to skip

2163
00:51:23,213 --> 00:51:24,347
to the next day.

2164
00:51:24,347 --> 00:51:25,682
I think the entirety

2165
00:51:25,682 --> 00:51:27,184
of the launch opportunity

2166
00:51:27,184 --> 00:51:28,885
is about 3 to 4 weeks,

2167
00:51:28,885 --> 00:51:31,421
but I can double check.

2168
00:51:31,421 --> 00:51:32,122
Yeah, well,

2169
00:51:32,122 --> 00:51:32,923
we'll get back to you

2170
00:51:32,923 --> 00:51:33,924
with an answer.

2171
00:51:33,924 --> 00:51:34,257
Thank you.

2172
00:51:34,257 --> 00:51:34,724
Crashing

2173
00:51:34,724 --> 00:51:35,392
excited for you

2174
00:51:35,392 --> 00:51:36,827
to go to the Cape.

2175
00:51:36,827 --> 00:51:38,161
And I just want to say

2176
00:51:38,161 --> 00:51:38,962
that we are

2177
00:51:38,962 --> 00:51:40,697
actually running out of time.

2178
00:51:40,697 --> 00:51:41,765
But I do have

2179
00:51:41,765 --> 00:51:42,666
one final question

2180
00:51:42,666 --> 00:51:43,633
for both of you.

2181
00:51:43,633 --> 00:51:43,867
You know,

2182
00:51:43,867 --> 00:51:45,235
we have lots of viewers

2183
00:51:45,235 --> 00:51:46,837
today interested in the work

2184
00:51:46,837 --> 00:51:48,605
both of you are doing.

2185
00:51:48,605 --> 00:51:49,573
What advice

2186
00:51:49,573 --> 00:51:50,607
do you have for people

2187
00:51:50,607 --> 00:51:52,075
who may want to get involved

2188
00:51:52,075 --> 00:51:54,444
in scientific research?

2189
00:51:54,444 --> 00:51:57,547
Carver, we'll start with you.

2190
00:51:57,647 --> 00:51:58,014
Yeah.

2191
00:51:58,014 --> 00:51:58,915
So I think the

2192
00:51:58,915 --> 00:52:00,050
biggest piece of advice

2193
00:52:00,050 --> 00:52:01,952
I would ask lots of questions,

2194
00:52:01,952 --> 00:52:03,286
be really curious

2195
00:52:03,286 --> 00:52:05,088
about the world around you

2196
00:52:05,088 --> 00:52:05,689
and dig in

2197
00:52:05,689 --> 00:52:07,424
and try to find these answers

2198
00:52:07,424 --> 00:52:09,059
and keep poking

2199
00:52:09,059 --> 00:52:10,427
and asking those good questions

2200
00:52:10,427 --> 00:52:12,662
because that will drive you to,

2201
00:52:12,662 --> 00:52:13,897
you know, working

2202
00:52:13,897 --> 00:52:15,398
and trying to find answers

2203
00:52:15,398 --> 00:52:18,001
to those questions.

2204
00:52:18,001 --> 00:52:18,869
Curiosity.

2205
00:52:18,869 --> 00:52:22,139
And Rhona, what about you?

2206
00:52:22,205 --> 00:52:22,706
Definitely.

2207
00:52:22,706 --> 00:52:24,174
I'll double down on curiosity.

2208
00:52:24,174 --> 00:52:25,208
Remain curious.

2209
00:52:25,208 --> 00:52:26,576
Cultivate your curiosity.

2210
00:52:26,576 --> 00:52:28,278
Follow it,

2211
00:52:28,278 --> 00:52:30,614
and also be creative about it.

2212
00:52:30,614 --> 00:52:31,781
There is no single way

2213
00:52:31,781 --> 00:52:32,883
to be part of the space

2214
00:52:32,883 --> 00:52:34,684
exploration community

2215
00:52:34,684 --> 00:52:35,685
that you don't have to be

2216
00:52:35,685 --> 00:52:37,120
a physicist, astrophysicist,

2217
00:52:37,120 --> 00:52:38,188
or an engineer.

2218
00:52:38,188 --> 00:52:39,222
There are many different ways

2219
00:52:39,222 --> 00:52:40,924
in which you can participate

2220
00:52:40,924 --> 00:52:44,261
in this great human adventure

2221
00:52:44,361 --> 00:52:45,262
and always look

2222
00:52:45,262 --> 00:52:45,996
for opportunities

2223
00:52:45,996 --> 00:52:46,630
and see them

2224
00:52:46,630 --> 00:52:47,531
when they come your way,

2225
00:52:47,531 --> 00:52:48,231
because that's

2226
00:52:48,231 --> 00:52:50,700
really important.

2227
00:52:50,767 --> 00:52:51,868
That's a great point.

2228
00:52:51,868 --> 00:52:54,004
Space is for everyone.

2229
00:52:54,004 --> 00:52:54,738
I'd like to thank you

2230
00:52:54,738 --> 00:52:55,906
both individually.

2231
00:52:55,906 --> 00:52:56,740
Thank you, Dr.

2232
00:52:56,740 --> 00:52:57,774
Carver Pearson,

2233
00:52:57,774 --> 00:52:59,976
for your time today.

2234
00:52:59,976 --> 00:53:00,777
Thank you so much

2235
00:53:00,777 --> 00:53:02,412
for having me.

2236
00:53:02,412 --> 00:53:03,313
And then, Dr.

2237
00:53:03,313 --> 00:53:04,214
Rhona Aran,

2238
00:53:04,214 --> 00:53:06,917
thank you again for your time.

2239
00:53:06,917 --> 00:53:08,852
Thank you so much.

2240
00:53:08,852 --> 00:53:10,520
Now, it was a pleasure talking

2241
00:53:10,520 --> 00:53:11,321
to both of you

2242
00:53:11,321 --> 00:53:11,988
and learning

2243
00:53:11,988 --> 00:53:14,691
about the psyche mission.

2244
00:53:14,691 --> 00:53:15,125
You know,

2245
00:53:15,125 --> 00:53:16,226
I'd like to also think

2246
00:53:16,226 --> 00:53:17,727
everyone tuning in online.

2247
00:53:17,727 --> 00:53:18,562
I love that

2248
00:53:18,562 --> 00:53:19,729
we were able to answer

2249
00:53:19,729 --> 00:53:22,032
so many interesting questions.

2250
00:53:22,032 --> 00:53:23,300
We hope you'll keep following

2251
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:24,868
NASA's efforts to study

2252
00:53:24,868 --> 00:53:26,937
these mysterious worlds.

2253
00:53:26,937 --> 00:53:28,405
To stay updated,

2254
00:53:28,405 --> 00:53:29,339
follow NASA's

2255
00:53:29,339 --> 00:53:31,741
solar system on Facebook

2256
00:53:31,741 --> 00:53:33,310
and Instagram,

2257
00:53:33,310 --> 00:53:34,744
to learn more about psyche

2258
00:53:34,744 --> 00:53:36,479
and stay updated on its

2259
00:53:36,479 --> 00:53:37,581
October 5th

2260
00:53:37,581 --> 00:53:38,882
launch, visit

2261
00:53:38,882 --> 00:53:41,885
nasa.gov slash psyche.

2262
00:53:41,985 --> 00:53:44,321
And if you're a social media

2263
00:53:44,321 --> 00:53:45,488
creator interested

2264
00:53:45,488 --> 00:53:46,856
in attending the launch

2265
00:53:46,856 --> 00:53:48,725
and getting a behind the scenes

2266
00:53:48,725 --> 00:53:49,893
look at NASA's

2267
00:53:49,893 --> 00:53:51,328
Kennedy Space Center,

2268
00:53:51,328 --> 00:53:52,729
submit an application

2269
00:53:52,729 --> 00:53:54,030
for our two day

2270
00:53:54,030 --> 00:53:55,298
in-person NASA's

2271
00:53:55,298 --> 00:53:56,900
Social applications

2272
00:53:56,900 --> 00:53:57,667
are now open,

2273
00:53:57,667 --> 00:53:58,535
and the deadline

2274
00:53:58,535 --> 00:53:59,769
to apply is noon

2275
00:53:59,769 --> 00:54:01,504
Eastern Time on Monday,

2276
00:54:01,504 --> 00:54:03,073
August 28.

2277
00:54:03,073 --> 00:54:04,307
Thank you again and

2278
00:54:04,307 --> 00:54:05,342
see you next time.