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♪ MUSIC PLAYING ♪

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>> ignition sequence start.

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[background ♪ music]

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>> good morning, and welcome to

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Mission Control Houston.

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you are looking at the

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International Space Station

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flight control room, and the

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orbit two team, as they monitor

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the space station and work with

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the crew of a busy work week.

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on top of a routine dose, the

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crew members also spend time on

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visiting vehicle operations.

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that is the departure of dragon

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cargo ship, and the arrival of

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Soyuz spacecraft with no one on

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board.

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>> welcome to feet to the

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ground, this week there has been

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a lot of traffic coming and

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going around the International

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Space Station.

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late Monday, an uncrewed Soyuz,

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and S-14 started on its second

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descent.

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originally rendezvous view with

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the station on Saturday.

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this was aborted after a problem

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was discovered in the rendezvous

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was discovered in its original

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docking.

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for it to successfully dock,

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bringing with it, 1,450 pounds

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of cargo, and experimental,

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4,050 pounds of human rob knot.

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after a 33-day mission to the

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International Space Station, the

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dragon missile was released to

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begin a six hour trip back down.

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splashing down in the pacific

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ocean, the capsule returned

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nearly 2700 pounds of hardware.

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the third mission to the

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station.

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on Monday, NASA astronaut

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Christina Koch reached the half

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way point of her 328 day

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mission.

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took a ride to the mission --

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this -- since arriving, she has

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been busy doing science

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experiments.

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the 164 days left in her mission

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will add up to become the

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longest duration single flight

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for a woman.

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Koch celebrated this, and the

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female space pioneer

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>> I have truly been inspired of

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the struggle and triumphs of so

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many women, who break all

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aspects in society.

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I also have the honor for the

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first woman to set foot on the

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moon during NASA's art mice

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program.

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not only her, but the women who

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go to Mars

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>> keep asking questions, we

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will see you next week.

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>> Koch earned many of the

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credentials selected as an

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astronaut.

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they don't tell the whole story.

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her dabbling with lightning and

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a foreign trip that changed her

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perspective on life.

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>> one thing I love is outdoor

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activities.

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I love rock climbing, surfing,

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camping, backpacking, anything

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that is a challenge, puts me in

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a circumstance that would be

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hard to get out of, or enjoy the

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outdoors.

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so, those are some of my

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favorite things.

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>>> my favorite vacation ever is

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camping trips with my younger

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trips, she is about 20 years

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younger than me.

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we love to go out and we have a

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ball.

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one thing people are surprised

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to hear about me, I have ridden

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a motorcycle solo across the

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country.

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I camped along the way by

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myself.

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it was a phenomenal trip.

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I just enjoyed every minute of

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of kind of seeing the country.

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>>> when I was in college, I was

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majoring in physics, and took it

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upon myself to build a lightning

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machine.

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it produces lightning strikes

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that are fairly long.

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I remember it was a summer

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project for me, and I invited a

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bunch of my friends from college

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to check it out.

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they were baffled how I did it,

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or why I chose to do it.

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I think thee knew it was near

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and dear to my heart.

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I am a geek at heart.

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I studied in Ghana, and that

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trip was one of the most

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profound experiences in my life.

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it taught me everything not

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everything I learned in life,

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was not the same world around.

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it was just one of many ways.

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I learned about an entirely

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different culture and came to

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love it.

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>> Christine Koch and her

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teammates serve for researchers

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who are looking into a wide

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range of scientific topics.

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that includes some topics we

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have to master.

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starting with our return with

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American astronauts to the moon

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in 2024 as part of the art mice

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program.

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it will be critical to how to

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interact with particles of dust

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that interact.

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and we are using the Hermes how

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particles move in microgravity

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over a long period of time.

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>> If you look at astroids, and

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look at the moon, you will see

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the dust that covers the entire

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surface.

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what is happening, the solar

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system is dynamic.

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we have astroids -- the surface

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is getting bombarded all the

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time.

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so, why would we want to study

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it, and on the space station in

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it is -- we have already sent

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robotic to study.

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every time and there already

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diverse astroids.

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we need to understand how to

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interact with the astroids.

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if you are going to anchor, you

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need to understand how to

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interact with the regulate.

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>>> this is actually what you

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find on the space station, as

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well.

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there are four experiments.

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each one is a tube.

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about the size of a Pringle can.

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this is what we are actually

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studying.

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the main piece of data we are

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getting is the movement of the

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department.

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over the course of about a year,

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we will get this basically time

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lapse imagery, and so we are

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looking at the long-term effect

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of microgravity.

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>>> also, something we have on

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astroids is vacuum, so we want

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to expose our to the vacuum of

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space.

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the idea is Hermes will be open

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to other astroids and other

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astronauts that will be

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available to study.

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we think it is a wonderful time

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to study.

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we are excited what it will

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bring researchers in the future.

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>> the NASA-led effort to

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return astronauts to the moon in

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a sustainable fashion is moving

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ahead all across the country.

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here's an update of the progress

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of work being done on the Orion

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spacecraft, and the ground

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hardware that will support those

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missions coming up in just a few

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years.

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[background ♪ music]

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[background ♪ music]

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>> one area of research being

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conducted on board the

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International Space Station is

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science that defence us how to

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make those future long-duration

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missions safe and successful

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journeys for the human

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explorers, and that comes to

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learning how the human body

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reacts to prolonged exposure to

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the environment.

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we are also looking how to

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provide the supplies astronauts

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will need in space that will

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last from years.

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supplies such a fresh food.

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>> space gardening.

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[background ♪ music]

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>> presented by science at

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NASA.

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Statesman said: "If you have a

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garden and a library, you have

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everything you need."

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Humans attempting some day to

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make Mars their home, may make

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success from the orator from

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Rome.

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as for the library, books can

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now be stored digitally.

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but how does your garden grow in

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space in to find out, scientists

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have been studying plant growth

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on the International Space

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Station, or ISS.

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it could help boost extra

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terrestrial -- or gardens.

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recently, it has been available

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tasting snacks to crew members.

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however, scientists are not done

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trying to unlock the growing

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plants.

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>>> so, we are studying how

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plants adapt to the space flight

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environment.

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our findings will also help us

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understand how plants might

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respond to new and challenging

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environment here on earth.

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Paul and her colleague, Robert

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they are row, have been growing

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plants in space since 1999,

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where they launched their first

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permanent on space shuttle

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Colombia.

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several experiments followed.

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one of their most compelling,

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certain root growth strategies

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that require gravity really

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don't.

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they grow away from -- planet.

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terrestrial plants use gravity

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as a cue, and use touch to

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maneuver around obstacles.

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in the late 1800s, Charles

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Darwin, demonstrated that plants

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growing along a a tilted

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surface, don't send their plants

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away from the feed, but instead,

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send them to the right or left.

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he high pot sized, that this

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growing pattern, was a

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combination roots touching their

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way across the surface, and

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gravity pulling straight down on

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them.

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>>> in an experiment in 2010,

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Paul and fur row discovered

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roots in plants growing in

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microgravity on the space

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station skewed their their

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counter parts.

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it shows us something we would

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have never known otherwise.

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grants grow in -- good news.

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that's one less impediment

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growing plants in space.

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they will agree without gravity

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as a cue.

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the experiment also studied the

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patterns of again I can

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expression.

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space plants change the way they

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express their genes in order to

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produce specific proteins

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helpful in gravity.

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Paul explains, when living

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organisms are faced with

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environmental change, their

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response almost always changes.

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they switch on certain genes.

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plants are pros at this.

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Paul says, undergo a kind of

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remodeling in space.

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the genes associated with the

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fell wall are often in the

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switch positions than they are

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in earth.

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the researchers are not yet sure

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what purpose this serves, but

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intend to find out.

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>>> Paul and fur row are not

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alone.

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many other scientists are

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studying plants on the space

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station to know how to grow

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plants in this environment.

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it is for the quest to provide

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humans with everything they

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00:21:17,709 --> 00:21:19,144
need, with everything they may

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00:21:19,144 --> 00:21:20,278
be.

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for more about gardening in

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00:21:22,514 --> 00:21:25,884
space, visit our website.

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00:21:25,884 --> 00:21:27,252
for more on the growth of

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00:21:27,252 --> 00:21:29,888
science, both on and off our

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00:21:29,888 --> 00:21:31,690
home planet.

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visit science.NASA.gov.

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>> the laboratories on the

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00:21:40,432 --> 00:21:41,066
International Space Station

333
00:21:41,066 --> 00:21:44,002
provide a setting that allow

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00:21:44,002 --> 00:21:47,806
astronauts to do experiments.

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00:21:47,806 --> 00:21:49,274
that is to say experiments they

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00:21:49,274 --> 00:21:51,076
cannot do on earth.

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00:21:51,076 --> 00:21:52,110
for example, there is an

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00:21:52,110 --> 00:21:53,745
experiment that is studying

339
00:21:53,745 --> 00:21:57,816
quartz and clay, on the

340
00:21:57,816 --> 00:22:00,619
particles that cluster together.

341
00:22:00,619 --> 00:22:39,424
[background ♪ music]

342
00:22:39,424 --> 00:22:39,991
[background ♪ music]

343
00:22:39,991 --> 00:23:13,992
>> the International Space

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00:23:13,992 --> 00:23:15,794
Station is home to some

345
00:23:15,794 --> 00:23:17,095
equipment that could help answer

346
00:23:17,095 --> 00:23:18,797
some big questions in modern

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00:23:18,797 --> 00:23:22,033
physics.

348
00:23:22,033 --> 00:23:25,036
but cold atom lab that are 10

349
00:23:25,036 --> 00:23:28,306
times colder than deep space.

350
00:23:28,306 --> 00:23:29,674
thanks to the microgravity on

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00:23:29,674 --> 00:23:32,310
the space station we can observe

352
00:23:32,310 --> 00:23:34,679
those atoms for much longer than

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00:23:34,679 --> 00:23:45,690
we can on earth.

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00:23:45,690 --> 00:23:46,358
[background ♪ music]

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00:23:46,358 --> 00:25:14,246
>> we have shown you a couple of

356
00:25:14,246 --> 00:25:15,680
experiments taking place on the

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00:25:15,680 --> 00:25:17,315
International Space Station.

358
00:25:17,315 --> 00:25:19,117
let's take a look at one up

359
00:25:19,117 --> 00:25:19,484
close.

360
00:25:19,484 --> 00:25:22,254
>>> last year, flight engineer,

361
00:25:22,254 --> 00:25:23,255
Serena Aunon-Chancellor turned

362
00:25:23,255 --> 00:25:24,789
on a camera while she was

363
00:25:24,789 --> 00:25:27,125
working with the NGX cancer

364
00:25:27,125 --> 00:25:28,994
therapy experiment.

365
00:25:28,994 --> 00:25:31,363
let us watch as she grew and

366
00:25:31,363 --> 00:25:33,231
examined certain cells.

367
00:25:33,231 --> 00:25:35,667
this is an effort to find if

368
00:25:35,667 --> 00:25:39,037
cells grown in space can test

369
00:25:39,037 --> 00:25:40,305
methods on the ground for

370
00:25:40,305 --> 00:25:41,907
certain cancer medications.

371
00:25:41,907 --> 00:25:45,043
>> good morning, welcome to ISS.

372
00:25:45,043 --> 00:25:49,748
today, I am working on the IGS

373
00:25:49,748 --> 00:25:51,683
cancer trial up here.

374
00:25:51,683 --> 00:25:53,251
I have spent quite a bit of time

375
00:25:53,251 --> 00:25:55,186
working on this.

376
00:25:55,186 --> 00:25:58,924
we are looking at an endothelia

377
00:25:58,924 --> 00:25:59,624
cell.

378
00:25:59,624 --> 00:26:01,860
you find these within every

379
00:26:01,860 --> 00:26:04,629
blood vessel in your body.

380
00:26:04,629 --> 00:26:06,932
scientists believe that cells in

381
00:26:06,932 --> 00:26:10,001
our body grow very similar up

382
00:26:10,001 --> 00:26:14,172
here on ISS.

383
00:26:14,172 --> 00:26:18,376
a lot of times they grow on the

384
00:26:18,376 --> 00:26:21,179
ground but don't live very long.

385
00:26:21,179 --> 00:26:22,948
and they think they grow better

386
00:26:22,948 --> 00:26:25,684
in space.

387
00:26:25,684 --> 00:26:27,519
>>> why is this important?

388
00:26:27,519 --> 00:26:31,556
>>> well the endothelia cell,

389
00:26:31,556 --> 00:26:36,928
the blood supplies get bigger

390
00:26:36,928 --> 00:26:38,897
and bigger.

391
00:26:38,897 --> 00:26:41,566
most of us have experienced

392
00:26:41,566 --> 00:26:43,635
someone with cancer.

393
00:26:43,635 --> 00:26:48,073
can we grow these in orbit to

394
00:26:48,073 --> 00:26:50,809
test new cancer drugs, and if we

395
00:26:50,809 --> 00:26:53,945
can stop that tumor blood supply

396
00:26:53,945 --> 00:26:55,747
from growing, we can beat

397
00:26:55,747 --> 00:26:56,514
cancer.

398
00:26:56,514 --> 00:26:57,882
that's one of of the experiments

399
00:26:57,882 --> 00:26:59,884
we are doing here on the space

400
00:26:59,884 --> 00:27:00,618
station.

401
00:27:00,618 --> 00:27:05,023
>>> when we are done working

402
00:27:05,023 --> 00:27:07,525
with them, we put them in

403
00:27:07,525 --> 00:27:09,527
something called stable 2, which

404
00:27:09,527 --> 00:27:11,463
is up in the ceiling.

405
00:27:11,463 --> 00:27:13,264
it feels all nice, warm and

406
00:27:13,264 --> 00:27:15,834
comfortable, because it is, it

407
00:27:15,834 --> 00:27:17,836
is like the temperature of the

408
00:27:17,836 --> 00:27:18,970
human body.

409
00:27:18,970 --> 00:27:21,072
we have had them for almost two

410
00:27:21,072 --> 00:27:23,541
months now.

411
00:27:23,541 --> 00:27:27,045
we did the nutrients, they are

412
00:27:27,045 --> 00:27:29,114
like, miniature crew members

413
00:27:29,114 --> 00:27:30,382
living with us.

414
00:27:30,382 --> 00:27:34,953
we are going to this new bio

415
00:27:34,953 --> 00:27:36,488
cells.

416
00:27:36,488 --> 00:27:39,824
these bio cells, have been

417
00:27:39,824 --> 00:27:41,993
treated with cancer therapy

418
00:27:41,993 --> 00:27:44,195
drugs that have been tested out

419
00:27:44,195 --> 00:27:45,397
here.

420
00:27:45,397 --> 00:27:46,431
we are looking at the cells of

421
00:27:46,431 --> 00:27:48,299
the researchers.

422
00:27:48,299 --> 00:27:50,735
look at the images I take from

423
00:27:50,735 --> 00:27:53,705
them on the microscope.

424
00:27:53,705 --> 00:27:54,806
the connection between the

425
00:27:54,806 --> 00:28:33,078
endothelia cells.

426
00:28:33,078 --> 00:28:34,813
you can see some of of the

427
00:28:34,813 --> 00:28:38,583
formation here, and some -- so,

428
00:28:38,583 --> 00:28:43,822
a really good representation of

429
00:28:43,822 --> 00:28:45,190
them.

430
00:28:45,190 --> 00:28:49,260
>> the International Space

431
00:28:49,260 --> 00:28:51,029
Station provides a working

432
00:28:51,029 --> 00:28:52,764
laboratory for astronauts in the

433
00:28:52,764 --> 00:28:55,700
microgravity environment.

434
00:28:55,700 --> 00:28:57,102
solar energy is a key element in

435
00:28:57,102 --> 00:28:59,104
keeping those laboratories

436
00:28:59,104 --> 00:28:59,971
running.

437
00:28:59,971 --> 00:29:01,773
astronauts rely on this

438
00:29:01,773 --> 00:29:05,977
renewable energy source, to

439
00:29:05,977 --> 00:29:08,346
power their machines as well as

440
00:29:08,346 --> 00:29:11,216
the ones they need for survival.

441
00:29:11,216 --> 00:29:16,821
in this video, Ricky Arnold

442
00:29:16,821 --> 00:29:19,824
explains how to use the solar

443
00:29:19,824 --> 00:29:21,259
raise as they produce energy for

444
00:29:21,259 --> 00:29:34,939
the ISS as they orbit 250 miles

445
00:29:34,939 --> 00:29:36,674
in --

446
00:29:36,674 --> 00:29:40,812
>> hi, are well company on board

447
00:29:40,812 --> 00:29:41,346
to the International Space

448
00:29:41,346 --> 00:29:42,780
Station.

449
00:29:42,780 --> 00:29:46,751
I am astronaut Ricky Arnold.

450
00:29:46,751 --> 00:29:51,489
you can see subterfusion,

451
00:29:51,489 --> 00:29:54,192
laptops and other things for

452
00:29:54,192 --> 00:29:55,627
experiments.

453
00:29:55,627 --> 00:29:57,061
you can see more laptops,

454
00:29:57,061 --> 00:29:59,197
cameras, and other equipment,

455
00:29:59,197 --> 00:30:02,500
all stuff that uses electrical

456
00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:03,501
power.

457
00:30:03,501 --> 00:30:05,436
our electrical system has about

458
00:30:05,436 --> 00:30:08,439
8 miles or 13 kilometers of

459
00:30:08,439 --> 00:30:10,375
wiring to make it all work.

460
00:30:10,375 --> 00:30:12,377
where does the energy come from?

461
00:30:12,377 --> 00:30:13,611
let's have a look.

462
00:30:13,611 --> 00:30:15,980
>>> from here, from other

463
00:30:15,980 --> 00:30:19,184
windows, you can see the solar

464
00:30:19,184 --> 00:30:23,254
raise soaking in the sunlight.

465
00:30:23,254 --> 00:30:26,991
these are made of solar cells.

466
00:30:26,991 --> 00:30:30,061
together the solar rays contain

467
00:30:30,061 --> 00:30:35,800
6,000 -- and cover about 672

468
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:37,168
square feet more than half an

469
00:30:37,168 --> 00:30:39,604
area of a football field.

470
00:30:39,604 --> 00:30:40,171
that's huge.

471
00:30:40,171 --> 00:30:44,375
the solar rays provide about 62%

472
00:30:44,375 --> 00:30:46,377
more power than we need in the

473
00:30:46,377 --> 00:30:48,746
daytime.

474
00:30:48,746 --> 00:30:50,381
that extra power goes to

475
00:30:50,381 --> 00:30:53,184
charging our lithium batteries.

476
00:30:53,184 --> 00:30:54,619
they provide the power we need

477
00:30:54,619 --> 00:30:56,554
during the 16 night times we

478
00:30:56,554 --> 00:30:58,556
have per day on the space

479
00:30:58,556 --> 00:30:59,424
station.

480
00:30:59,424 --> 00:31:02,927
the energy our solar rays can

481
00:31:02,927 --> 00:31:06,331
produce, and we can generate

482
00:31:06,331 --> 00:31:08,132
power, and one is like a wind

483
00:31:08,132 --> 00:31:10,435
mill, that attracts the sun

484
00:31:10,435 --> 00:31:12,237
during the day, and the other

485
00:31:12,237 --> 00:31:15,473
one attracts the Sunday's

486
00:31:15,473 --> 00:31:16,674
inclination.

487
00:31:16,674 --> 00:31:18,610
the power system uses direct

488
00:31:18,610 --> 00:31:23,047
current to provide energy, water

489
00:31:23,047 --> 00:31:24,916
recovery system and science

490
00:31:24,916 --> 00:31:25,750
experiments.

491
00:31:25,750 --> 00:31:27,118
thank you for coming on board

492
00:31:27,118 --> 00:31:27,819
today.

493
00:31:27,819 --> 00:31:52,810
now back to earth.

494
00:31:52,810 --> 00:31:54,946
>> if you would like to get at

495
00:31:54,946 --> 00:31:56,114
another look at the story or any

496
00:31:56,114 --> 00:31:58,549
of the ones we have had for you

497
00:31:58,549 --> 00:32:02,120
today, check us out on YouTube

498
00:32:02,120 --> 00:32:03,054
and Facebook.

499
00:32:03,054 --> 00:32:04,622
while you are there, look around

500
00:32:04,622 --> 00:32:06,357
because you will find other cool

501
00:32:06,357 --> 00:32:08,293
stuff about NASA and America's

502
00:32:08,293 --> 00:32:10,628
human space flight program.

503
00:32:10,628 --> 00:32:11,796
while you are there on the

504
00:32:11,796 --> 00:32:14,465
internet, check out, Houston, we

505
00:32:14,465 --> 00:32:15,900
have a podcast.

506
00:32:15,900 --> 00:32:17,302
they are talking about their

507
00:32:17,302 --> 00:32:19,237
work in all aspects of space

508
00:32:19,237 --> 00:32:20,605
exploration.

509
00:32:20,605 --> 00:32:22,907
we post new episodes every

510
00:32:22,907 --> 00:32:24,542
Friday.

511
00:32:24,542 --> 00:32:27,345
we talk to Frank white about the

512
00:32:27,345 --> 00:32:30,114
overview effect.

513
00:32:30,114 --> 00:32:31,983
about astronauts who view our

514
00:32:31,983 --> 00:32:34,719
planet from far away.

515
00:32:34,719 --> 00:32:40,758
go to NASA.com/podcast.

516
00:32:40,758 --> 00:32:44,462
all of our other podcasts are

517
00:32:44,462 --> 00:32:46,931
there, too.

518
00:32:46,931 --> 00:32:50,768
you can listen to a.m. podcast,

519
00:32:50,768 --> 00:32:52,370
and sound cloud.

520
00:32:52,370 --> 00:32:53,771
this is Mission Control,

521
00:32:53,771 --> 00:33:03,781
Houston.